syringae pv. actinidiae Takikdawa et al. 1989 JUL10 . by the . probably reflects the plugging of the vascular system firstcane. Leaveswill cup, and wilt then dry out. This extremity of the shoot and moves towards the parent infected startsshoots wilt. Thewilting at the and wilt die. Later in the year, theydevelop, rapidly todevelopor, if they do Buds oninfected canes fail within andbetween orchards. the allows spread of the pathogen This exudate pathogenic bacteria, can alsobe found. contains the dropstissues. However, of whiteexudate, which from infected copious production of a red exudate In earlyspring the symptom most is thevisible and autumn. spring in as such low, arerelatively temperatures preferentially whenthe Infections occur Symptoms andLife Cycle: andAustraliaZealand are free of the disease. by the related pathogen Iran and the USArefer to a different disease caused reportsEarlier of bacterial canker of kiwifruit from This diseaseispresent in Japan, Koreaand Italy. Distribution andHost Range: Bacterial canker of kiwifruit (Fig. 1), caused by the bacterium Pseudomonassyringae Classification: Disease syringae caused by leaf spots necrotic angular small and (c); summer early in anddying shootwilting infected Fig. 1. affects different species of . significant, as is the case with the current outbreak in Latina (Italy). described inJapan in1984. It wassubsequentlyisolated in Korea andin Italy. Its economicalimpact can be majority of kiwifruit (green grown andaround yellow-fleshed) commercially the world. This pathogen was first Nakajima M Rhees George J, Vanneste JL JL Vanneste J, George Rhees aiaaY Takikawa Further Reading: [email protected] Key64 + 07 Ph: Zealand. New 959 4547, Contact: Vanneste. Hamilton, Plant&Food Research, Joel http://www.batteriosi.it JL Vanneste a Drop of white exudate from an infected kiwifruit shoot (a); production of red exudate from an infected cane (b); an cane (b); aninfected from red of exudate production shoot (a); kiwifruit infected an from exudate of white Drop pv : actinidiae et al et al et al . (1989) . (1989) . (2002) . (2002) (2010) (2010) Bacterial canker of kiwifruit D: Bacteria, C: , O: , F: (d). Photo credits J. L. Vanneste. L. J. credits Photo (d). Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan of Society the Phytopathological of Annals New Zealand Plant Plant Protection Zealand New Journal of General Plant Pathology Plant ofGeneral Journal P. s. Actinidia et al pv. Pathogen ofthemonth Pathogen ofthemonth . Plant Pathology syringae including including b . New . New A. deliciosa 59 , 453-464 , In press. press. In 63, cd both copper and streptomycin havebeen found. resistant to control of this pathogen, strains of Psa In Japan where the use of streptomycinfor isallowed copper canlead to strains that arecopper-resistant. of copper containing products. However,overuse of today. The risk of infectioncan be reduced by the use autumn, are the best recommendations available during the suspected infection periods of spring and good orchard hygiene,and the prevention of infection and options are limited. through inoculum Reducing bacterial diseases, control isdifficult with Typically Control: spring. can moveinto these woundsand laydormant until conditions are warm andstill showery, the bacteria During harvest and leaf fall, whenenvironmental those toxins. produce coronatine. notHowever, allstrainsof Psa or suchas phaseolotoxin pathogen of phytotoxins halo.Thishalo a yellow revealsproduction by the angular necrotic spots on leaves, often surrounded by During summer the symptomsare most visible small c 68, 68-74. and A. chinensis 55, 437-444 ,species that thetwo constitute the – – pv. July July actinidiae Pseudomonas 2010 2010 (Psa),