Identification of the Relationship between Tourism Industry Development and Economic Growth of

Esmael Nasiri Hendeh Khaleh* Geography and Urban Planning, Payame Noor University of Alborz, Karaj, Faramarz Hadavi Geography and Urban Planning, Payame Noor University of , Tehran, Iran Mahdi Zamani Natural Geography-Geomorphology, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran

Received: 2015/06/23 Accepted: 2015/07/29

Abstract: Today, tourism industry, as a dynamic industry, has devoted an important part of production activities in the world by its The Scientific-Research development-oriented features. Hence its development in a country Quarterly Journal of Urban requires factors such as an appropriate strategy, planning and efficient Economics and Management management. In this paper, the status of tourism industry in Zanjan ISSN: 2345-2870 Indexed in: ISC, EconLit, Province has been evaluated using SWOT technique and Input-Output Econbiz, SID, Noormags, table. The use of expert judgment of “Delphi” is used so that the Magiran, Ensani, Civilica, judgment of the expert group a list of internal factors (strengths and RICeST weaknesses) and external (opportunities and threats) influencing the www. en.iueam.ir approach taken and the quantification was carried out .Methods of data Vol. 4, No. 3(15) collection and data analysis are applied and descriptive-analytical. Summer 2016 According to the research findings, Zanjan province can become one of Pages: 75-93 the big tourism hubs in the country because of its special geographical Downloaded from iueam.ir at 1:01 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 location and being between two industrial hubs of Tehran and East. Azerbaijan Provinces. Its strategy is defensive one, and strategies were proposed based on QSPM matrix at the end. Based on research findings in Zanjan province, tourism industry and its related sectors, in terms of linking with other sectors of the economy, can be considered as leading sectors in the economy of Zanjan Province. Therefore, this industry can boost the whole economy of Zanjan by supplying tourism services, demand for enjoying them, and producing tourism goods in other sectors. With regard to these potentials, tourism should be placed on the priority of the province planners in order to exploit them in line with the economy of this province. Keywords: Tourism industry, Economy development, Zanjan province, Input-Output table, SWOT technique JEL Classification: L83, O16, N35, C01

* Corresponding author: [email protected] A Quarterly Journal of Urban Economics and Management ______76

1- Introduction and it states as a ratio. For instance, Today, cities become more complex income multiplier is between 0.4 and 2 in as they expand and develop and they are most cases. In large economies that are changing affected by different human and various and wide revenue, multiplier is natural factors. These changes sometimes between 1.5 and 2 at the highest level and turn cities into distinct and different areas in less diverse economies, the coefficient that each of them has particular economic, is about 0.5 percent. In economic social, and cultural features; particularly calculations of tourism, two increasing those cities that are more dynamic coefficients have been noted; the first one economically and they are places to find is revenue increase coefficient, and the job opportunities. One of the sectors that other is employment increase ratio. has been the reason of fundamentally Revenue increase coefficient leads to economic, social, and cultural changes in increase occupations in construction and cities and today it is called as an servicing sectors (Doswell, 1990). The economically dynamic industry is tourism. nature and volume of tourism industry This dynamic industry is the main source have been changed in the last forty years. of revenue, employment, growth of private Today, tourism is one of the biggest sector and development of infrastructure economic activities in the world and their in many countries (Dallen, 2014). Tourism revenue is more than one hundred billion industry has considerable role in economic dollars that is more than oil, automobile, development of different areas, it can and chemical industries. It seems that its create culturally, and socially important growth model is so that it will be the changes in destination, leading to social largest exporting industry by the end of development and progress through revenue this century. Any planning for development

Downloaded from iueam.ir at 1:01 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 distribution, employment, and reducing of tourism industry requires to be based poverty, and create public welfare and on specific national, regional, and local health. This industry has considerable conditions and circumstances that it needs impacts on economy and economic issues to advanced models to analyze and plan. of cities, areas, and countries including Existing potential in tourism in Zanjan employment, human resources, per capita Province with its old history indicates that revenue, international trade, payment its cities welcome tourists during the balance sheet etc. (Landberg, 2010). The year; therefore, tourism industry and its multiplier of tourism is measurement of boom at the level of Zanjan cities can ideally economic impacts of tourism. The prepare the ground for economic growth multiplier impact is obtained by combination and development of cities directly. Visitors’ of direct spending (by tourists), indirect presence in the cities of Zanjan Province one (like re-supply), and induced costs leads to increase revenue and creates (such as using wage) of tourists. The employment in different areas of the city coefficient has measured tourism revenue since tourists’ costs are considered as an leakage to outside of economy structure economic income for community members. and created indirect impacts in economy Revenue of tourism was 835214 million 77 ______Identification of the Relationship between Tourism Industry Development …

Rials in the cities of Zanjan Province in What is the economic role of tourism June, July, and August 2011. Totally, the on economic growth of Zanjan Province? number of direct jobs of tourists’ entrance Research hypothesis states that one was more than 1200 people. If we count of the main drivers of economic growth on indirect job opportunities, it will be a of Zanjan Province is development of considerable figure (Management and tourism industry because of great potential Planning Organization of Zanjan Province, in this Province. 2011). This is a good opportunity for economic investment and development in 2- Literature Review order to be used by residents and tourists During last years, many researches by providing appropriate facilities. Thus, have been done in the field of tourism as this research aims to evaluate, identify, a new industry. Their results indicate and explain tourism potentials share of important role of tourism development in Zanjan Province as an economically economic development of different areas important and profitable activity and tries and regions. Table1 represents some of the to investigate the impact of this industry results of these studies in the field of on economic dynamics of Zanjan cities. tourism. This paper aims to answer this question: Table1. Summary and results of previous studies related to tourism Researcher Year Title Research summary and result The role of urban Noorbakhs In this paper, the process of urban tourism, tourism attractions, its types, and economic impact tourism on economic and 2010 of urban tourism, particularly in metropolises have been examined. It aims to present a development of Akbarpoor relationship between urban tourism and urban economy development. metropolises Investigating the role of In this research, the relationship between development of urban development and Mehrabi tourism on the economy economic development in Kerman Province has been investigated. The index of Basharabadi 2011 of Kerman Province and physical development has been calculated by using Fuzzy Logic and based on 12 et.al. physical development social and economic indicators and four components including economic, Downloaded from iueam.ir at 1:01 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 of its cities infrastructure, social, and cultural development of Kerman cities. It has been stated in this research that development of tourism industry in Kurdistan An analysis of effective Movahhed Province is faced with some problems such as unemployment and it is of great importance. factors on tourism and Kahzadi 2010 Thus, in order to diversify economic growth resources of Kurdistan Province and exchange development of earnings, and create new job opportunities in this province, development of tourism Kurdistan Province industry is of great importance. In this research, the results of economic impacts of tourists’ presence in Nowrooz in Assessing the the city of Ahwaz from perspective of economically direct activists including hoteling consequences of urban activities and restaurant, food and clothing industries, handicraft and transportation Ranjbar and 2012 tourists by statistical indicated that they had economically positive outcomes particularly in service sectors. Jarfi method case study: city Moreover, the results indicated that tourism in the city of Ahwaz has prepared the of Ahwaz ground for employment and output in the economy of host society economically, and it has leaded to multi-economy in urban areas. Tourism development Economic profit of tourism activity can be investigated directly and indirectly. Landberg 0202 in urban areas Economically, revenue of tourism works as exporting for Italy. World Economically, tourism is counted as the largest and most diverse industry in many Forecasting tourism by Tourism 0200 provinces of Turkey. Tourism is one of the five important resources of earning foreign 2020 Organization exchange for Turkey. An introduction to the The results indicated that there is direct relationship between development of Weaver 0202 impact of tourism on shopping centers and creating tourists; particular department stores by improving urban economy urban economy and development of other economic sectors in Brazil. In this research, the relationship between tourism attractions and economic development of areas has been proved. This study was done in California, U.S. and it indicated that Tourism and economic Haman 0202 national value was increased and economy was strengthened in urban areas during development 2011 to 2014 because of tourism resources in California. Thus, strengthening urban economy has been one of the direct results of investment in tourism industry. Resource: (Researchers’ findings) A Quarterly Journal of Urban Economics and Management ______78

3- Theoretical Principles urban tourism may have income and a lot Today, tourism has been changed of job creation and it is regarded as a into one of the biggest levers of socio- complement to attract investment. Direct economic developments in human history advantages of tourism are related to job in order that number of international creation in facilities such as hotels, tourists did not exceed more than 250 restaurants, and tourism centers, secondary million people in 1950, but it reached to consumption periods occur, subsidies and 594 million people in 1992. Moreover, supporting industries are created, and according to the World Tourism local economy would take advantage of Organization, it increased to one billion created impacts on household’s revenue people in 2010 (Ghorbani, 2003). The (Selby, 2004). In summary, the importance findings of the World Travel & Tourism of tourism industry is of following issues; Council indicated that about 4 million and 1. It generates job 2. It leads to enter 260 thousand people in the world were foreign exchange to the country (it employed in dependent jobs on tourism increases foreign exchange revenue). 3. It industry, because of demand via travel in increases tax revenues in the country 4. It 2011. The statistics indicate that today, facilitates redistribution of wealth (Kohn, travel and tourism are effective directly or 1998). Emergence of tourism as a process indirectly more than 10 percent on that can have a good position in the creating jobs globally, nationally, and economy of industrial countries and regionally (Goldener & Ritchie, 2003). change economy of these countries into Attention to tourism issue is more servicing economy practically is one of important when tourism industry is the economically considerable issues is counted as the second revenue resource in the last two decades. In grouping of the

Downloaded from iueam.ir at 1:01 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 more than 49 developing countries world touristic areas, progress of advanced according to the available statistics. western countries is evident at the top of However, according to the reports of the the world tourism activities in a way that, World Tourism Organization, more than these countries are in the first categories 43 percent of employment was related to both in terms of tourism revenue and tourism sector in 2010 (Saghayi, 2006). tourist attraction. According to the statistics Increasingly, tourism is used as one of MasterCard Worldwide Company, important component of economic twenty most visited tourism destinations development strategies and potentially, in the world in 2013 are as diagram1: 79 ______Identification of the Relationship between Tourism Industry Development …

20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Number of tourists

(million people)

3. Paris3.

20. Lima

5. Dubai5.

10. Seoul

14. Rome 13. Milan

15. Taipei

19. Tokyo London1.

7. Istanbul7.

17. 17. Vienna

18. Riyadh

2. Bangkok2.

6. New6. York

16. Shanghai

4. Singapore4.

11. Barcelona

9. Hong9.Kong 12. Amsterdam KualaLumpur 8. Diagram1. The world top 20 urban tourism destinations in 2013 Reference: (Hedrick-Wong & Choog, 2013)

According to the evidences and competitive conditions. In a subsistence forecasts of the World Tourism economy, such as an economy that may Organization, it is expected that the be seen in a less-developed region, Middle East will be the first rank with 6.7 increase in the value of each new dollar percent by 2020 in attracting tourism; will have a subtle multiplier effect. This afterwards, South Asia and Africa are kind of economy has a voracious appetite placed in next ranks. Moreover, it has for imports. Thus, much intended money Downloaded from iueam.ir at 1:01 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 been estimated that more than 1560 before having multiplier effects gets out million people will visit around the world of economy arena. In a developed economy as tourists in 2020. However, such as Canada, the leakage is slight and development of communication network, dollars of tourism affect greatly about particularly air transport, is necessary. In creating 2.5 dollars before they are fully development of tourism industry at used (i.e. multiplier impact at 2.5 percent). international level, those countries will be Figure1 and table2 represent multiplier successful that produce tourism process of revenue and coefficient multiplier commodities effectively and the difference effect of income derived from tourism for between primary sources of this industry number of countries. These countries can have influential role. Those resources are be categorized according to their dependency known as relative merits and they can rate on imports goods and services and keep a country or region in ideally their tendency to tourism imports.

A Quarterly Journal of Urban Economics and Management ______80

Table2. Tourism income multiplier Source Income multiplier Destination Income multiplier Turkey 1.96 Northern Ireland 1.10 Britain 1.73 Island 0.64 Republic of 1.72 Hong Kong 1.02 Ireland Dominican Egypt 1.23 1.20 Republic Jamaica 1.23 Cyprus 1.14 Reference :( Fletcher et al., 2013)

Tourists’ costs Direct costs

Businesses related to tourism

Earned revenue Employees’ Imports/ Indirect that is spent for payments that is Savings Leakages local goods and spent for local costs services goods and services

All businesses

Imports/ Earned revenue Employees’ Induced Downloaded from iueam.ir at 1:01 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 that is spent for payments that is Savings Leakages local goods and spent for local costs

services goods and services

Figure1. The process of tourism income multiplier Reference: (Sharply and Telfer, 2012)

Tourism Industry in Iran to Iran were from neighboring countries, In 1998, the World Tourism Organization 7 percent from other countries of the stated in a report about tourism in Iran Middle East, and the other 20 percent was that although the industry in Iran increased from rest of the world. In other words, 21 percent regarding international tourists according to the available statistics, the and its revenues of this industry increased biggest market of Iran’s tourism is 22 percent, these figures are very slight neighboring countries. According to the comparing with potentials of tourism statistics in 1999, Azerbaijan and Turkey development in this country. Moreover, were the biggest tourism market for Iran 73 percent of international tourists entered (Heydar and Hosseinzadeh Dalir, 2003). 81 ______Identification of the Relationship between Tourism Industry Development …

In the report of the World Tourism stronger results; it has been tried to use Organization journal in 2002, Iran ranked quantitative method as well. In order to 67 in the world in terms of number of use experts’ view, Delphi method was foreign tourists and ranked 72 in terms of used (Skulmoski et al., 2007). Statistical revenue from tourism. In 2000, number of population includes all tourism experts tourists entered into Iran is about 0.002 and 300 of them were selected via (about 0.2 percent) of tourists traveled in Cochran formula as statistical sample. In the world. However, revenue that Iran the following, after experts’ judgment, a earned from tourism is about 0.001 (about list of effective internal factors (strengths 0.1 percent) of total revenue that different and weaknesses) and external factors countries in the world earned from tourism. (opportunities and threats) on tourism Iran ranked 7 in the Middle East in the industry was prepared. The following field of number of entered foreign tourists steps have been performed to quantify. In and ranked 7 in terms of foreign tourists fact, analysis method of the mentioned entrance (the World Tourism model has been done in a four-step Organization, 2012). In terms of tourism process as a hierarchy: and historical attractions, Iran is counted 1. Evaluation of strategically internal as top 10 countries in the world, but it and external factors of environmental and could not obtain an appropriate share geographical structure of Zanjan Province: from international tourism. Despite All internal and external factors of monuments such as Persepolis, Naghsh environmental and geographical structure Rostam, Chaghazanbil, and Historical of Zanjan Province were evaluated and Soltanieh Dome (in Zanjan Province) important factors were identified and which have been registered on the prioritized. To evaluate strategically

Downloaded from iueam.ir at 1:01 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 UNESCO World Heritage List as well as internal and external factors, IFE and EFE diversity of climate and having four matrixes were used. seasons, Iran has not been successful to 2. How to determine the type of give new life to the tourism industry. strategies on the coordinates: Based on the rating of the status quo for strengths 4- Research Methodology and opportunities, the worst value is 1 This research has qualitative and and the best one is 5. In addition, for quantitative approach with applied weaknesses and threats, the worst value is method. Data were collected by library -5 and the best one is -1. Afterwards, they studies. Available resources provided are multiplied on weighted index based information of the studied area that most on the importance. Finally, all strengths, of them are not available via field studies. weaknesses, opportunities, and threats In order to evaluate the role of tourism were added separately, then, the scores industry on economic development of were added on X-axis that include final Zanjan Province, input-output table and score of strengths and weaknesses, SWOT method were used. SWOT is a thereupon, the scores were added on Y- qualitative method, yet in order to obtain A Quarterly Journal of Urban Economics and Management ______82

axis that include final score of and analyzing them, quadruplet strategies opportunities and threats. of SWOT have been presented. Through 3. Formulating quadruplet strategies this evaluation, four types of strategies of SWOT: Comparing strengths, weaknesses, including WO, SO, ST, and WT were opportunities, and threats in SWOT table obtained (table3).

Table3- Quadruplet strategies of SWOT Internal environment Strengths (S) Weaknesses (W) External Offensive strategy (SO) Adaptive strategy (WO) Opportunities (O) environment (Maximum-maximum) (Minimum-maximum) Contingent strategy (ST) Defensive strategy (WT) Threats (T) (Maximum-minimum) (Minimum-minimum) Reference: (Hekmatniya and Mousavi, 2011)

4. Prioritization of strategies by Province), and from northwest with cities using QSPM matrix of Miyaneh and Hashtrood (from Eastern Introducing the Studied Area Azerbaijan Province) (map1). This province Zanjan Province is located in the had 22164 square kilometers area, about Northwest of Islamic Republic of Iran 1.36 percent of Iran’s area, in 2006. One between latitude of 23° and 23/to of the effective factors on tourism northern 23° and 03/and longitude of 23° industry in this province is its geographical and 02/ to 24°and 02/East Greenwich. location in the country. Its proximity to Zanjan is in the neighborhood of seven Iran’s central developed region and other provinces: from north with city of capital, locating in the path of development,

Downloaded from iueam.ir at 1:01 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 Khalkhal (from Ardabil Province), city of having transit road, passing the world Roodbar (from Gilan Province) from the airway from this province, locating in the north, and from the east with city of path of important and large provinces Takestan, BoyinZahra, and Qazvin (from such as Eastern Azerbaijan and Qazvin, Qazvin province), from south with city of and specific climatic conditions resulting Hamedan (from Hamedan Province), from exposure to the southern slopes of from Southwest to the city of Bijar (from Alborz are some of the effective factors Kurdistan Province), from west with city on attracting tourism in this region. of Takab (from western Azerbaijan

83 ______Identification of the Relationship between Tourism Industry Development …

Map1. Location of the studied area and neighboring provinces Reference: (Google Maps)

5- Research Findings important once we consider geographical Tourism Potentials of Zanjan Province location of the province, existing Having historical, cultural, and natural communication facilities, and appropriate attractions and specific geographical rail and road communication network. location, Zanjan Province can change into According to table4, Zanjan Province has Downloaded from iueam.ir at 1:01 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 a tourism hub in the northwest of the 583 registered tourism attractions among country. Having monuments such as which 153 of them (26.3 percent) are Soltanieh Dome, Rakhtshooy Khaneh cultural and historical attractions and 430 Edifice, tombs, etc. natural attractions others (73.7 percent) are natural ones such as beautiful cave of Katale Khor, (Consultant engineers of Sabz Andish Soharin Plain, and moderate mountainous Payesh, 2004). climate made Zanjan Province have Tables 5 and 6 represent number of particular position because of tourism tourists visited Zanjan Province in recent potentials. Therefore, given four areas of years and statistics of tourists visited Tarom, , Zanjan, and , prominent tourism attractions in this tourism center can be drawn from Tarom province. to Hamedan. This center will be more Table4. Distribution of tourism attractions of Zanjan Province Type of attraction Number Percentage Total 322 022 Natural 222 73.7 Cultural-historical 032 26.3 Reference: (Consultant engineers of Sabz Andish Payesh, 2004) A Quarterly Journal of Urban Economics and Management ______84

Table5. Number of tourists visited the province in recent years Iranian *Foreign Percent Percent Year Percent increase Total tourists tourists increase increase 1977 60300 0 3223 0 01123 0 1981 62000 0 1100 0 60100 0 1986 00000 0 1300 0 00130 0 1991 02022 0 200 0 03032 0 1996 02200 0 362 0 02232 0 1997 00121 1 226 10 00320 1 1998 21100 2 313 13 21613 2 1999 21230 1 063 33 22600 1 2000 22300 1 1100 31 23623 1 2001 23233 2 223 -30 22000 1 2002 23600 2 000 6 26300 2 2003 22300 3 263 -2 20363 3 2004 02600 6 1333 22 06133 0 2005 110200 12 2131 20 112331 13 2006 130200 13 2232 2 132232 13 2007 120300 22 2202 23 123302 22 2008 103000 0 3210 10 102210 0 2009 302003 22 2313 -22 306312 20 2010 221022 -33 1663 -31 222623 -33 2011 313062 10 1230 -13 313212 10 2012 226226 -10 1110 -31 220336 -10 2013 222661 1 1200 2 220020 1 * According to the definition of the World Tourism Organization, settled tourists in the province have been counted. Reference: (Cultural Heritage, Handcrafts and Tourism Organization of Zanjan Province, 2014) Table6. Statistics of tourists visited prominent tourism attractions of Zanjan Province Downloaded from iueam.ir at 1:01 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 Soltanieh Rakhtshooy Year/ Percent Percent Percent Dome Khaneh Edifice attraction increase increase (people) increase (people) (people) 2004 31300 0 22322 0 - 0 2005 30220 12 30026 23 - 0 2006 23063 30 30201 3 - 0 2007 103230 12 32262 20 - 0 2008 161122 33 22222 30 02233 0 2009 120020 12 202222 36 32203 -123 2010 163320 -13 22603 -120 21060 23 2011 132363 -23 63016 -36 31600 10 2012 112300 -10 26206 -21 32030 6 2013 116030 2 30232 0 63023 12 Reference: (Cultural Heritage, Handcrafts and Tourism Organization of Zanjan Province, 2014)

85 ______Identification of the Relationship between Tourism Industry Development …

Evaluation of Tourism Industry in infrastructure bottlenecks, communication Zanjan Province and transport, residence, managing and Despite the position and importance organizing, informing, marketing, and of the fledgling industry of tourism and environmental issues. Thus, in the first its role on economic development of step of tourism investigation, prioritization Zanjan Province, representation of this of capabilities and limitations are of great role has remained descriptive and tourism importance. For this purpose, SWOT industry is faced with some problems including method was used (tables7 and8). Table7. IFE matrix of tourism structure in Zanjan Province Score of Weighted Internal strategic factors Weight status Explanations scores quo W1- Lack of information about ecotourism of Zanjan Unknown many Province in scientific and social communities of the 0.063 0 0.063 tourism attractions province and country of Zanjan Province w Lack of tourism infrastructure such as hotels and suitable 2- 0.063 2 0.190 - accommodation and communication infrastructure problems

W3- Water pollution around cities of the province 0.048 0 0.095 - W4- Increasing cold and frost period in the year and snowy areas 0.032 2 0.127 - W5- Flooding Ghezelozan river and lack of necessary 0.032 2 0.127 equipment to control floods, and salt water in some areas - W6- Inappropriate municipal waste recycling centers 0.048 2 0.143 -

Weaknesses Weaknesses W7- Leaving the province early by tourists because of no 0.048 2 0.143 accommodation and entertainment - W8- Unfavorable climate in winter and dense fog in some 0.032 2 0.127 months of the year - W9– Inappropriate distribution of urban network of Zanjan 0.048 2 0.143 Province - W10- Imbalances in the urban hierarchy of Zanjan Province 0.063 2 0.190 - S1- Rare species of protected plant and animal in the deer- rich plains of Soharin in 25 kilometers of the province 0.063 2 0.254 center with 1200 hectares and more than 1600 deer inside - the protected area of Sorkhabad S2- Popular and high peaks for climbing enthusiasts at an The potential for

Downloaded from iueam.ir at 1:01 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 altitude of 3332 m. in Angooran and Tarom areas with attracting 0.048 0 0.095 Papayi ski resort for skiers adventurous tourists S3- Katale Khor and Kharmanehsar caves as well as other unique natural caves counted as huge resource in attracting 0.048 0 0.095 - tourists to the province S4- Ghezelozan, Zanjanrood, Abharrod, Injehgolabar, Preparing the Saremsaghloo rivers, Baklor wetland in Tarom and

0.063 2 0.190 grounds for water Khandaqlu in Mahneshan, Jamalabad natural dam in Tarom, entertainment Taham dam in Zanjan, and Sharshar waterfall S5 -Two forest parks, a wildlife sanctuary and three The possibility of protected areas in the province seeing pristine 0.079 2 0.238 Strentghs natural areas for tourists S6- Achieving to productivity indicators in the country in the water storage facilities and adjustment of surface water 0.048 0 0.095 - and irrigation canals and drainage S7- Historic fame of the Silk Road, Stone and Haj Dadash Rich historical Caravanserais prepares adequate opportunity to develop 0.032 0 0.063 geography of the tourism in the nature, particularly night tourism. area S8 - Hunting-forbidden areas of Khorasanlu, Gheydar, 0.048 2 0.143 Kharmanehsar, and Fileh Khaseh with different animal types - S9 - diversity of plant, forests, shrublands, and grasslands 0.063 0 0.127 and habitat in the province - S10- Appropriate lands near rivers in order to develop 0.032 0 0.063 surface water in the province - Total 0 - 2.714 - Reference: (Researchers’ findings) A Quarterly Journal of Urban Economics and Management ______86

Table8. EFE matrix of tourism structure in Zanjan Province Score of Weighted External strategic factors Weight status Explanations scores quo Declining natural face of T1- Changing agricultural land uses and natural 0.046 2 0.138 the area as a result of too resources much human intervention T2- Grazing and cutting shrubs out of capacity 0.046 0 0.092 Soil erosion T3 - Lack of efficient utilization system to use created 0.031 2 0.092 - facilities Creating kinds of pollution T4- Inappropriate municipal waste recycling centers 0.046 0 0.092 and ugly sights

T5 -Financial inability of most industry beneficiaries in the field of equipment and launching air pollution 0.062 0 0.123 - control systems and using wastewater treatment plant

Threats T6- No presentation of environmental evaluating plans 0.077 0 0.154 - in construction projects in some cases T7 - Irregular entry and exit of animals 0.046 2 0.138 - T8- Being on the international earthquake belt and 0.046 0 0.092 - vulnerable areas and districts of the province T9- Negative balance of groundwater in some plains 0.046 2 0.138 - between areas T10- Excessive use of resources and use more than Destruction of natural 0.062 0 0.123 bearable capacity of the natural environment resources O1- Suitable conditions to reform and revive pastures in the 0.046 2 0.138 - northwest of the country O2 -The world famous protected areas and rare species 0.062 2 0.246 - of deer O3 - Geomorphological effects and phenomena in the 0.046 2 0.185 - province and creating Geopark to attract tourists O4- Suitable environment and conditions for localization 0.062 2 0.246 - development in different areas of the province Downloaded from iueam.ir at 1:01 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 O5- Proximity to cities of Tehran and Tabriz, as two tourism hubs, and neighboring with seven provinces has 0.062 2 0.246 - prepared the ground to attract tourists to this Province. O6 - Communication roads of Zanjan-Gilan, Zanjan- Hamedan, and Zanjan-Ardabil and diversity of its 0.046 0 0.092 - topography, climate and vegetation create enough opportunity for tourists.

Opportunities O7-High population of cities because of being near 0.031 0 0.062 - water resources and closeness to the roads O8 -There are considerable plains and lands in the main axis of Tehran, Zanjan, and agricultural activities in the 0.046 0 0.092 - northern lands and eastern of Khodabandeh near Ghezalozan, Zanjanrood, etc. O9- Available road access of the province to tourism resources 0.046 2 0.138 - (natural and cultural) O10- Locating cities of the province in a relatively flat area, expansion of provided communication network 0.046 2 0.138 - between and inside cities and direct and indirect influence sphere with a comprehensive network Total 0 - 2.769 - Reference: (Researchers’ findings) 87 ______Identification of the Relationship between Tourism Industry Development …

According to the above tables, the (T6) with weighted score of 0.154. The most important weaknesses, strengths, most important opportunities are global threats and opportunities are as follows fame of the protected area of the province based on weighted score that obtained and rare species of deer (O2), suitable from the importance and their status quo environment and conditions Eco-tourism and environmental structure of Zanjan development (o6), proximity to Tehran Province. The most important weaknesses and Tabriz, as two tourism hubs, and include illegal hunting and fishing in the neighboring with seven provinces of the province (w2), imbalance in urban country (o5) with weighted score of hierarchy of the province (w10) with 0.246. Location of strategy in weighted score of 0.190. The most environmental and geographical structure important strengths are protected rare of Zanjan province is represented in animal and plant species in Sohrain plain figure 2. The score on X-axis is -0.146 (S1) located in the 25 kilometers of and it is -0.28 on Y-axis indicating province center with 1200 hectares area defensive strategy and it is not in a and with more than 1600 deer inside the suitable situation locating in a risky protected area of Sorkhabad with status. The general purpose of defensive weighted score of 0.254. The most or minimum-minimum named, as survival important threat in some cases includes model is to reduce system weaknesses in no presentation of environmental order to reduce and neutralize threats. evaluating plans in construction projects

Downloaded from iueam.ir at 1:01 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021

Figure2. Type of strategy to deal with tourism in Zanjan province Reference: (Researchers’ findings)

A Quarterly Journal of Urban Economics and Management ______88

Table9. Matrix of four SWOT strategies in tourism of Zanjan Province Internal factors Strengths (S) Weaknesses (W) External factors WO1- Formulating regulations to prevent SO1- Using and modeling experiences of destruction of historical and natural attractions successful countries and provinces to attract WO2- Attention to domestic tourist (inside the domestic and international tourists province) as an influential factor on revenue SO2 - preparing and formulating a distribution and creating regional balance comprehensive resource and database for WO3 -Revising governmental support and plan of tourism attractions of Zanjan Province tourism areas and using them logically, regulations, SO3-Emphasizing on development of natural supporting rules to develop and equip infrastructures and local tourism because of relative with different facilities in urban areas of the advantages for development province Opportunities SO4- Using experienced experts’ force to create WO4 - Revising distribution of tourism facilities and public corporation bodies and promote tourism services and prioritizing redistribution of these education through different forums and facilities with high and average ability to attract meetings with people tourists to this province SO5-Preparing the ground and utilizing private WO5- It is necessary not only to review in taking sector support to invest in tourism industry of advantage of public participation of development but Province through clarification government also to prepare and implement projects and equip policies and local plans, tax collection method, urban areas in terms of tourism facilities and subsidies, and banking facilities etc. services by experts and different bodies in order to revive and develop these areas. ST1 -Preparing tourism plans for tourism hubs ST1- Preparing tourism projects for tourism hubs of the province considering to abilities and considering to actual and potential abilities of all active and potential capabilities of all tourism tourism areas areas of the province ST2 -Constructing equipped recreational and ST2- Building equipped recreational and residential complexes beside tourism places residential complexes beside tourism places ST3-Economic use of tourism resources and ST3- Economic use of tourism resources and attention to the issue of industrial-commercial attention to the issue of industrial-commercial tourism by building related factories tourism by constructing related factories Threats ST4- Accepting capacity and determining ideal limit

Downloaded from iueam.ir at 1:01 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 ST4 - Accepting capacity and determining ideal of population density in different tourism places in limit of population density in different tourism the province in order to reduce extreme pressure and places in the province to reduce extreme density to these places and preventing to destroy pressure and density to these places and them attractions and preventing to destroy them ST5 - Developing and equipping tourism paths and ST5- Developing and equipping tourism paths creating signs and regulations in these places and and mounting signs and rules in these places formulating guide books for tourists and educating and formulating guides for tourists and them educating them Reference: (Researchers’ findings)

Analyzing Position of Tourism Industry economic growth and tourism in the Economy of Zanjan Province (Dehghanizadeh, 2008). In order to analyze The application of input-output table has economic impact of tourism industry in undeniable functions in the field of types Zanjan Province, the following input- of economic analyses including output table has been presented: production capacity, planning for

89 ______Identification of the Relationship between Tourism Industry Development …

Table10. Ranking activities of hotels, dormitories, and restaurants based on the indicators of input-output table Economic Rating of Previous Rating of Rating of Previous link The integrity index activity activity component link activity activity Hotel and 0.28 2 0.22 6 0.23 0 dormitory Restaurant 0.19 6 0.05 03 0.15 02 Economic Dissemination Rating of Rating of Rating of Sensitivity index Multiplier index activity index activity activity activity Hotel and 1.17 2 1.2 6 1.3 2 dormitory Restaurant 1.02 3 0.7 20 1.2 6 Reference: (Researchers’ findings)

Hotels, dormitories, and restaurants previous component linkage indicates that are placed in the seventh and eights ranks development of tourism strategies has with previous component coefficients of significant role on economic development 0.28 and 0.19 among economic sectors of of Zanjan Province through supplying. Zanjan Province. Previous linkages Indicators of dissemination and sensitivity between these two sectors indicate that in the mentioned table indicate direct there is a direct relationship between relationship between supply and demand demands of these sectors and tourist’s i.e. development of tourism industry entrance to Zanjan Province and it can strategies has direct impact on development have considerable role in economic boom of hotels and restaurants’ activities leading of related activities with tourism industry to increase demand of these sectors for through creating demand for its production, production of other economic sectors of

Downloaded from iueam.ir at 1:01 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 particularly in areas having tourism Zanjan Province. In other words, it prepares advantages. Thus, it should be mentioned the ground for production in economic that tourism development leads to expand structure of Zanjan province. Moreover, production in the province. On the other table11 represents total revenues of hand, information in table11 about tourism of Zanjan Province in 2011.

Table11. Estimating total revenues of tourism of Zanjan Province during July to September 2011 (figures are based on million Rials) Reside Tourism Transportati Buying Title Food Total nce attractions on Souvenirs Revenue 022264 003323 03003232 02434233 020462 223002 Percentage 16.1 27.3 18.1 22.7 15.8 022 Reference: (Researchers’ calculations based on the statics of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization, yearbook of Zanjan Province, 2011)

A Quarterly Journal of Urban Economics and Management ______90

Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix additional effect inductively. On the other (QSPM) hand, government’s tax revenues are By using quantitative strategic planning increased and new investments are matrix (QSPM), all strategies were entered into tourism sector by private investigated and prioritized. In fact, every sector. Economic impacts on tourism strategic factor is measured by strategy industry like any other sectors depend on and it has been rated. Total scores were some factors and conditions that calculated, these numbers are strategy determine their intensity. Some of these priority score. Therefore, different factors include economic structure of the alternatives of strategies are determined country, tourism industry management, and prioritized in environmental and performance of supply chain of tourism geographical structure of Zanjan Province industry, and seasonality of demand. with numerical value and they can be Thus, if tourism industry can work as an compared with each other. Due to the active sector in economic downturn high volume of matrix (QSPM) calculation conditions, it has strengths and tables, they have been ignored here and weaknesses facing with opportunities and obtained strategies have been presented in threats. In the meantime, Zanjan Province, conclusion. as tourism hub and having the listed world heritage (Soltaniyeh Dome), 6- Conclusion several historical, natural, and cultural One of the most important reasons of attractions, is not excluded from this fact. governments’ attention to tourism industry Investigating strengths, weaknesses, is its economic impacts. The most opportunities, and threats of tourism important economic impacts of tourism at industry in Zanjan Province, it can be

Downloaded from iueam.ir at 1:01 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 the level of country and province is to concluded that despite potential abilities create foreign exchange earnings, balance and talents of Zanjan Province to attract of payments, employment, diversity to tourism, there is a long way to use regional economy and development. strengths of tourism industry in this Economic impacts of tourism have province ideally. Moreover, the results multiplier impact and they are expanded indicate that utilizing advantages of in different components of economic tourism industry requires attention to all system. The value chain of tourism related sectors with this industry and it industry includes a wide range of asks necessary coordination between production and service sectors. Thus, them, integrated management, and labor tourists’ direct costs to receive tourism distribution between tourism industry in services include creating direct revenue governmental and private sectors. and employment as well as other Tourism industry in this Province is businesses providing goods and tourism tended toward tourism strengths and services that create mobility indirectly. opportunities. Thus, it requires Obtained revenue by labor force is used comprehensive planning to use strengths again directly or indirectly and it creates and opportunities and combat with threats 91 ______Identification of the Relationship between Tourism Industry Development …

and weaknesses. Therefore, it should be developing education for employed people mentioned that attention to tourism in this sector industry in Zanjan Province is one of the 5. Diversification of appropriate rules essential contexts for endogenous and policies to develop tourism development; a clear horizon can be 6. Reviewing in integrated drawn in the shadow of comprehensive management system and choosing an planning based on futurology and attention integrated management to develop and to factors of this industry. In order to advance the purposes of sustainable attract tourism and move toward tourism sustainable development that can create 7. Organizing spatially-physically to integrated and coordinated development, create appropriate mechanism for investment it is necessary to pay attention to of governmental and private sector in the strategies and solutions of the industry field of tourism facilities and services in development. Thus, the results indicate Zanjan Province that strategies of tourism development in However, the matrix of strategic Zanjan Province can be a good stimulus internal and external factors of tourism in development of Zanjan Province structure indicates that total score of the economy. The results of input-output table of internal factors matrix is 2.714 analysis table indicate that tourism that is less than average of 3 and strengths industry can boom economy of Zanjan have not been used to combat weaknesses Province in terms of supply, demand, and well and weaknesses dominate strengths production. Moreover, it is necessary to in tourism structure of Zanjan Province pay attention to the strategies of spatial and total weighted score of external system of tourism in Zanjan Province in factors matrix table is 2.769. The

Downloaded from iueam.ir at 1:01 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 the form of reviewing in following obtained value is less than average and it approaches: indicates that threats dominate 1. Taking advantage of capacity and opportunities. Opportunities have not potential of attracting tourism in private been used well to combat against threats, and governmental sectors in order to but generally, matrix of external factors is contextualize multilateral development of in better conditions compared to the necessary facilities in the field of tourism matrix of internal factors. However, 2. Using governmental lands in order strategies obtained from QSPM matrix to create necessary services and welfare have been proposed as table 12 to exit infrastructures for tourists in different from status quo in the tourism structure of seasons of the year Zanjan Province, move toward attract 3. Increasing and improving tourism tourists, use potentials of the province, resources and their qualitative development and control negative impacts of tourism. 4. Identifying potential of tourism development to host society and

A Quarterly Journal of Urban Economics and Management ______92

Table12. Combined strategies in tourism of Zanjan Province priority Total score Combined strategies in tourism of Zanjan Province ST Preparing tourism projects for tourism hubs of the province considering to abilities and 1 10.906 1- active and potential capabilities of all tourism areas of the province WT Inviting Iranian and foreign investors and creating particular facilities and scores in the 2 10.149 4- field of constructing hotels, residential, recreational, forest complexes and sport lands SO Emphasizing on development of natural and local tourism because of relative advantages 3 10.058 3 - for development WO3- Revising type of planning and governmental support of tourism areas, logical use of 4 9.815 them, regulations, supportive rules to develop and equip infrastructures with different facilities of urban areas in the province WT Holding seminars and forums on investment development in tourism industry with other 5 9.735 3- organizations and related officials and entrepreneurs SO5- Preparing the ground and taking advantage of private sector’s support to invest in tourism 6 9.281 industry of province via clarification of governmental policies and local plans, how to collect tax, how to pay subsidy, banking facilities etc. WT Formulating particular rules and regulations for optimal use of attractions and tourism 7 8.915 5 - productions, and preventing destruction, pollution, and loss of these resources in these areas WO5- It is necessary to revise how to use public participation of development, preparing and 8 8.413 implementing projects, equipping urban areas in terms of tourism facilities and services and take necessary steps to revive and develop these areas by experts and different organizations

9 8.204 ST2- Building equipped recreational and residential complexes beside tourism places

7.878 SO4 Using experienced experts to create public cooperation foundations and promoting and 10 - educating tourism via different meetings and forums with people WT Explaining the concept of tourism as an industry that have unique benefits for host 11 7.708 1- societies ST4 - Accepting capacity and determining ideal limit of population density in different tourism 12 7.425 places in the province to reduce extreme pressure and density to these places and preventing to destroy them

13 7.089 WO1- Formulating regulations to prevent destruction of natural attractions by nature enemies ST5 - Developing and equipping tourism paths and creating signs and regulations in these

Downloaded from iueam.ir at 1:01 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 14 6.869 places, and formulating guide books for tourists and educating them SO Preparing and formulating a comprehensive resource and a database for tourism attractions 15 6.466 2- of the province WO Revising how to distribute tourism facilities and services and prioritizing re-distribution 16 6.322 4- of these facilities with high and average ability to attract tourism to this province ST Economic use of tourism resources and attention to the issue of industrial-commercial tourism 17 6.158 3- by constructing related factories and workshops WO Attention to domestic tourists (inside the province) as an effective factor on revenue 18 60.016 2- distribution and creating a regional balance SO Using and modeling experiences of successful provinces and countries in attracting 19 6.014 1- domestic and international tourist WT Development of human force training in tourism sector activities in order to present 20 5.476 2 - efficient services in this sector Reference: (Researchers’ findings)

7- References of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Consultant engineers of Sabz Andish Payesh Tourism of Zanjan Province. (SAP). (2004). Comprehensive plan of Dallen, J. (2014). Tourism and economic tourism of Zanjan Province, Organization growth. Dehli publish. 93 ______Identification of the Relationship between Tourism Industry Development …

Dehghanizadeh, M. (2008). Studying employment economy of Kerman Province and of economic activities of Yazd Province physical development of its cities, the by using input-output table, A collection first conference on Iran’s urban economy. of articles of the first national conference Movahhed, A., Kahzadi, S. (2010). Analyizng on development of economic activities. effective factors on tourism development Doss Weill, R. (2000). Tourism management. of Kurdistan Province by using SWOT translated by Arabi, M., Izadi, D. Tehran: model, Quarterly journal of urban cultural research center. research and planning, 1(2). Fletcher, J., Fyall, A., Gilbert, D., & Wanhill, Noorbakhsh, S.M., Akbarpoor, M. (2010). S. (2013). Tourism: principles and The role of urban tourism on economic practice. Pearson Higher Ed. development of metropolises, Quarterly Ghorbani, R. (2013). Tourism and dynamism journal of urban economy, 2nd year, of urban space, Journal of Faculty of special issue of tourism. Humanities and Social Sciences of Organization of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts Tabriz University, vol. 3. and Tourism of Zanjan Province. (2014). Goldener, C R., Ritchie, J.R.B. (2003). Ranjbar, M., Jarfi, A. (2012). Evaluating Tourism and principles, practices consequences of urban tourists on urban philosophies. (9 th ed), New York, NY: economy with statistical method, case John Wiley and Sons. study: city of Ahwaz, Geographical Haman, G. (2014). Tourism and economy Quarterly Journal of Zagros Perspective, development, New York: Longman. 4(11). Hedrick-Wong, Y., & Choog, D. (2013). Saghayi, M. (2006). Challenges of tourism MasterCard global destination cities industry in Iran and strategies for its index. MasterCard Worldwide Insights. improvement and development, collection Hekmatniya, H., Mousavi, M.N. (2011). An of articles of the conference on application of model in geography st geography and the 21 century, Islamic emphasizing on urban and regional Azad University publications, Najafabad. Downloaded from iueam.ir at 1:01 +0330 on Sunday September 26th 2021 planning, Tehran: Elme Novin Publications. Selby, M. (2004). Understanding urban tourism: Heydari, R., Hosseinzadeh Dalir, K. (2003). Image, culture and experience. IB Tauris. An investigation about evaluation of Sharply, R., Telfer, D. (2012). Planning of tourism industry in Iran, Journal of tourism development in developing Faculty of Humanities and Social countries. Translated by Zargham Borujeni, Sciences of Tabriz University, 3(9). H. Tehran: Mahkameh publications. Kohn, G. (1998). Tourism industry and Skulmoski, G J., Hartman, F T., Krahn, J. sustainable development; symbol of (2007). The Delphi Method for Graduate dynamic management, Journal of ecology, Research, Journal of Information Technology vol. 21 and 22. Education, Volume 6. Landberg, G. (2010). Tourism development in Weaver, L. (2013). Introduction to sport and urban region, New York: Long man. tourism development and impact to Management and planning organization of urban economy, Publishing London. Zanjan Province. (2011). Statistical World Tourism Organization. (2012). yearbook of Zanjan Province. Golobal tourism forcasts to the year Mehrabi Basharabadi, H., Jalayi Esfandabadi, 2020, The world, Vol 2. S.A., Shakibayi, A., Javidan, E. (2011). Studying the role of tourism on the