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The Diversity of Turtles and Tortoises in the World That Have Existed In

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The Diversity of Turtles and Tortoises in the World That Have Existed In Conservation and Trade Management of Freshwater and Terrestrial Turtles in the United States Workshop Presentation Abstracts Hilton St. Louis St. Louis, Missouri September 20-24, 2010 Convened and hosted by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, International Wildlife Trade Program Page 1 of 24 Setting the Stage for Understanding Globalization of the Asian Turtle Trade: Global, Asian, and American Turtle Diversity, Richness, Endemism, and IUCN Red List Threat Levels Anders G.J. Rhodin1 and Peter Paul van Dijk2 1Chair, IUCN Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group, Director, Chelonian Research Foundation, 168 Goodrich St., Lunenburg, MA 01462 USA [[email protected]]; 2Deputy Chair, IUCN Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group, Director, Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Conservation Program, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202 USA [[email protected]] The diversity of turtles and tortoises in the world that have existed in modern times, and currently generally recognized as distinct, consists of 334 species, of which 58 are polytypic, with 127 additional recognized subspecies, or 461 total taxa of modern turtles and tortoises. Of these, 9 species and 1 subspecies, or 10 taxa, have become extinct since 1500 AD, leaving 325 species, 126 additional subspecies, and 451 extant turtle taxa. Turtle species richness is highest in Southeast Asia, the northern Indian subcontinent, and the southeastern USA, with the latter representing a major Turtle Priority Area not included in current global conservation strategies such as biodiversity hotspots or wilderness areas. Turtle richness as based on number of taxa (species plus subspecies) per nation is highest in the world in the USA with 89 taxa, with Mexico, Australia, Brazil, Indonesia, and India rounding out the top 6 turtle richness nations. The states of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas, if counted as individual nations, would all warrant ranks near the 5th spot on the global list, reflecting the remarkable diversity and richness of turtles in the southeastern USA. In terms of endemic species and subspecies, the USA ranks number 1 globally for actual number of endemics (60 taxa), and number 2 behind Australia for percentage of endemics (67%). As of the 2010 IUCN Red List, of 207 turtle species officially listed, 129 (62%) are assessed as globally threatened (Critically Endangered, Endangered, or Vulnerable), with 70 (34%) endangered (Critically Endangered or Endangered). Based on a slightly different taxonomy assessed by the Turtle Taxonomy Working Group of the IUCN Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group, 134 species (40% of all 334 turtle species) are considered threatened, with another 10 provisionally assessed as threatened, yielding 43% of all turtles threatened. Turtles are among the most threatened of any major group of vertebrate species, nearly as high as primates (48%), and more than amphibians (30%), mammals (21%), or birds (13%). Based on additional draft Red List assessments and including Extinct in the Wild and Extinct species, 49% of all modern turtles are either extinct or threatened with extinction. Of the 129 species of turtles listed as threatened on the IUCN Red List, 88 (68%) are at least partially threatened by exploitation and trade. There are 64 species of threatened tortoises and freshwater turtles from Asia (50% of all threatened species), of which 55 (90%) are at least partially threatened by exploitation and trade. There are 14 species of threatened tortoises and freshwater turtles from the USA (11% of all threatened species), of which 7 (50%) are at least partially threatened by exploitation and trade. Page 2 of 24 Total threat levels for turtle taxa per nation are the highest in China, with the Asian nations of Vietnam, Indonesia, Myanmar, Thailand, India, and Malaysia included in the global top 10, with the USA ranking number 10, though with a low average threat level per taxon. Threat levels for tortoises and freshwater turtles in the USA were reasonably low when last evaluated for the IUCN Red List in 1996, with only 14 threatened tortoise and freshwater turtle species, of which none were assessed as Critically Endangered, 4 Endangered, and 10 Vulnerable. Provisional draft Red List assessments of 51 American tortoise and freshwater turtle species evaluated by the IUCN Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group in 2010 now result in a higher number of threatened species, partially due to more detailed knowledge of the taxonomy, status, and population trends of these species, but also because of increased exploitation in recent years. As currently provisionally drafted, the USA has 19 threatened species of tortoises and freshwater turtles, of which 3 qualify as Critically Endangered, 9 Endangered, and 7 Vulnerable, and of which 11 (58%) are at least partially threatened by exploitation and trade. Three species are provisionally assessed as Critically Endangered: Glyptemys muhlenbergii (previously Endangered), Sternotherus depressus (previously Vulnerable), and Graptemys gibbonsi (previously Near Threatened). Nine species are provisionally assessed as Endangered: Clemmys guttata, Emydoidea blandingii, Glyptemys insculpta, Graptemys caglei, Graptemys flavimaculata, Graptemys pearlensis, Pseudemys alabamensis, Gopherus agassizii, and Gopherus polyphemus. Seven species are provisionally assessed as Vulnerable: Macrochelys temminckii, Actinemys marmorata, Graptemys barbouri, Graptemys oculifera, Malaclemys terrapin, Terrapene carolina, and Trachemys gaigeae. Seven species are provisionally assessed as Near Threatened: Graptemys ernsti, Graptemys pulchra, Pseudemys gorzugi, Pseudemys rubriventris, Terrapene ornata, Trachemys stejnegeri, and Gopherus berlandieri. Five species are proposed to have moved from non-threatened to threatened status: Emydoidea blandingii, Malaclemys terrapin, Terrapene carolina, Graptemys barbouri, and Graptemys gibbonsi, with one newly described species, Graptemys pearlensis, also assessed as threatened. One species (Kinosternon sonoriense) has moved from threatened to non-threatened status, based on improved knowledge of its distribution. Of the 28 species of American tortoises and freshwater turtles included on the 1996 Red List and now re-assessed in 2010, 13 (46%) are now considered more threatened, 10 (36%) show no change in status, and 5 (18%) are now considered less threatened. Of the 19 species classified as Least Concern in 1996, 18 remain at that status and only one (Graptemys pulchra) has moved to Near Threatened. Though deteriorating somewhat since 1996, the proposed IUCN Red List status of American turtles remains on average at much lower threat levels than for Asian species. However, as levels of exploitation and trade have increased steeply in several states in recent years—thereby increasingly affecting survival status and causing some of these states to regulate or curtail commercial take of turtles—it would possibly require broader enactment of proactive conservation measures to stabilize or reduce these national threat levels. Page 3 of 24 Conservation and Trade Management of Freshwater and Terrestrial Turtle in the United States The Application of the North American Model of Wildlife Conservation to Freshwater and Terrestrial Turtles John F. Organ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Abstract: The North American Model of Wildlife Conservation (Model) is a concept that articulates a set of principles that collectively form the underpinning of wildlife conservation in the United States and Canada. Seven principles have been described. An overview of the Model will be provided, and each principle will be described and assessed for its applicability to turtles and the extent to which they have been applied to turtles in the United States. Page 4 of 24 TURTLES IN LOUISIANA Jeff Boundy Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries PO Box 98,000 Baton Rouge LA 70898-9000 Abstract.—I present a summary of recent trends in Louisiana Turtle Farm operations, Louisiana turtle exports, use of turtles in Louisiana, and the results of recent surveys for various species of turtles in the State. Page 5 of 24 Life history and demography of turtles of the United States Jeffrey E. Lovich Research Ecologist U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center 2255 North Gemini Drive, MS-9393, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 [email protected] The United States has a diverse turtle fauna with 57 native species, 22 genera and 7 families, or approximately 18% of the world’s turtles. This high diversity is reflected in the fact that the southeastern United States is recognized as a “Turtle Priority Area” for conservation. Recent analysis shows exponential increases in our knowledge of U.S. turtles, as reflected in numbers of published citations. Some species are relatively well-known by this metric while many, including threatened species, are rather poorly-known. Conservation status does not greatly influence status of knowledge although body size and range size do. Almost 40% of U.S. turtle species are threatened, a figure that is not different from the worldwide proportion. Why are turtles such an imperiled group? Research suggests that the driving factors for worldwide reptile declines include 1) habitat loss and degradation, 2) introduced invasive species, 3) environmental pollution, 4) disease, 5) unsustainable use, and 6) global climate change. With respect to unsustainable use, the literature suggests that turtles possess a co-evolved
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