Universidad De San Carlos De Guatemala Escuela De Historia Area De Arqueología Las Cresterías Del Nororiente De Petén, El

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Universidad De San Carlos De Guatemala Escuela De Historia Area De Arqueología Las Cresterías Del Nororiente De Petén, El UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA ESCUELA DE HISTORIA AREA DE ARQUEOLOGÍA LAS CRESTERÍAS DEL NORORIENTE DE PETÉN, EL PALACIO 5D-91 DE TIKAL. MIGUEL EMERENCIANO ACOSTA ZAC . Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción, Guatemala, C. A., abril de 2012 UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA ESCUELA DE HIISTORIA AREA DE ARQUEOLOGÍA LAS CRESTERÍAS DEL NORORIENTE DE PETÉN, EL PALACIO 5D-91 DE TIKAL. T E S I S Presentada por: MIGUEL EMERENCIANO ACOSTA ZAC Previo a conferirle el Grado Académico de LICENCIADO EN ARQUEOLOGÍA Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción Guatemala, C. A. abril de 2012 UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA ESCUELA DE HISTORIA AUTORIDADES UNIVERSITARIAS RECTOR: Lic. Carlos Estuardo Gálvez Barrios SECRETARIO: Dr. Carlos Guillermo Alvarado Cerezo AUTORIDADES DE LA ESCUELA DE HISTORIA DIRECTOR: Lic. Ricardo Danilo Dardón Flores SECRETAARIO: Lic. Oscar Adolfo Haeussler Paredes CONSEJO DIRECTIVO DIRECTOR: Lic. Ricardo Danilo Dardón Flores SECRETARIO: Mtro. Oscar Adolfo Haeussler Paredes Vocal I: Dr. Edgar Salvador Gutiérrez Mendoza Vocal II: Licda. Sonia Dalila Gaitán Lara Vocal III: Licda. Zoila Rodríguez Girón Vocal IV: Est. Sandra Elizabeth Xinico Batz Vocal V: Est. María Andrea Monroy Alvarado COMITÉ DE TESIS Licenciado Jorge Oswaldo Gómez Barillas Licenciado José Rodolfo Sánchez Morales Mtro. Edgar Humberto Carpio Rezzio ACTO QUE DEDICO A: Nuestro Padre Celestial Jehová A Mis Padres Jesús Miguel Acosta Soza Ester Zac de Acosta Por darme el regalo más grande “vida y amor” A Mis Hermanos Marco Tulio Juan Ramón María Ester Lizardo Nelly Jesús Anacleto Alma Angeliana Pureza María Concepción Por compartir todos los días de mi vida A Mi Esposa Amanda Isabel Por toda su paciencia A Mis Hijos Genser Miguel Branly Aldous Emerenciano Gerardo Daniel Mario Roberto María Isabel Mónica Elizabeth Rocío Andrea A Mis Amigos de la “U” Edgar Carpio, Edgar Gutiérrez, Eric Ericastilla, Rómulo Sánchez Por su apoyo incondicional A Mis Asesores Dr. Juan Pedro Laporte Molina Lic. Jorge Oswaldo Gómez Barillas Lic. José Rodolfo Sánchez Morales Mtro. Edgar Humberto Carpio Rezzio Por sus sabios consejos A Petén Tierra Bendita que me vio nacer Nota: Los criterios y opiniones emitidos en el presente documento, es responsabilidad del autor. CONTENIDO Pág. Introducción 1 Planteamiento del Problema 7 Justificación 8 Delimitación del Tema 9 Objetivos 10 Objetivos Generales 10 Objetivos Específicos 10 Hipótesis 11 Hipótesis General 11 Hipótesis Específicas 11 CAPITULO I 12 1.1 Marco Geográfico 12 1.1.1 Ubicación del Sitio Arqueológico de Tikal 12 1.1.2 Aspectos Edáficos Área de Estudio 14 1.1.2.1 Topografía 14 1.1.2.2 Suelos 15 1.1.2.3 Clima 15 1.1.2.4 Temperatura 15 1.1.3 Hidrología 16 1.1.3.1 Humedales 16 1.1.4 Flora 16 1.1.4.1 Bosque alto, mediano en serranía 18 1.1.4.2 Bosque alto, mediano intercolinar o en planicie 18 1.1.4.3 Bosque bajo 19 1.1.4.4 Bosque ripario 19 1.1.4.5 Bosque de pino 19 1.1.5 Fauna 20 1.1.5.1 Aves 20 1.1.5.1.1 Aves rapaces 20 1.1.5.2 Herpetofauna 20 i Pág. 1.1.5.3 Mamíferos 21 1.1.5.3.1 Especies cinegéticas 21 1.1.5.4 Insectos 21 CAPÍTULO II 22 2.1 Marco Referencial 22 2.1.1 Antecedentes Legales e Institucionales 22 2.1.2 El Descubrimiento de Tikal 23 2.1.3 Primeras Investigaciones en Tikal 24 2.1.4 Investigaciones Recientes en Tikal 26 2.2 Conceptos Teóricos sobre Arquitectura Maya 28 2.2.1 Arquitectura 29 2.2.2 Plataformas y Cimentación 30 2.2.3 Jamba 30 2.2.4 Dintel 30 2.2.5 Basamento 31 2.2.5.1 Basamento Escalonado 31 2.2.5.2 Basamento de Sustentación 31 2.2.6 Plataforma basal o de desplante 32 2.2.7 Escalinatas 32 2.2.8 Huella 33 2.2.9 Contra escalón 33 2.2.10 Caballete 33 2.2.11 Sofito 33 2.2.12 Soga 33 2.2.13 Friso 34 2.2.14 Moldura 34 2.2.15 Paramento 34 2.2.16 Edificio 34 2.2.17 Factura 34 2.2.18 Fachada 35 2.2.19 Faja 35 2.2.20 Recinto 35 2.2.21 Templo 35 2.2.22 Estructura 36 2.2.23 Superficie de Sustentación 36 2.2.24 Basamento Complementario 36 2.3 Otros Elementos Arquitectónicos 36 2.3.1 Travesaños o Morillos 37 2.3.2 Respiraderos 37 2.3.3 Pasacordeles 37 2.3.4 Psicoductos 37 2.3.5 Ventanas 37 2.3.6 Banquetas y Tronos 38 ii Pág. 2.3.7 Nichos y hornacinas 38 2.3.8 Mechinales 38 2.3.9 Crestería 38 CAPITULO III 40 3.1 Marco Teórico 40 CAPITULO IV 46 4.1 Metodología 46 4.1.1 La Observación Macroscópica 46 4.1.2 La Descripción 46 1.6.3 Análisis Comparativo de Tipos de Cresterías Documentadas del Área 46 1.6.4 La Identificación 46 1.6.5 La Caracterización y la Funcionalidad 46 CAPITULO V 49 5.1 Historia de la Arquitectura Maya 49 5.1.1 Tipos de Edificios 51 5.1.1.1 Arquitectura del Motagua 53 5.1.1.2 Arquitectura de Petén 53 5.1.1.3 Arquitectura de Río Bec 54 5.1.1.4 Arquitectura Puuc 54 5.1.1.5 Arquitectura Maya-Tolteca 54 CAPITULO VI 57 6.1 Estilos Arquitectónicos y Cresterías 57 6.1.1 La Arquitectura y Crestería Tipo Petén 57 6.1.2 La Arquitectura y Crestería Tipo Palenque 58 6.1.3 La Arquitectura y Crestería Tipo Peninsulares 58 6.1.4 La Arquitectura y Crestería Estilo Puuc 59 6.1.5 La Arquitectura y Crestería Estilo Río Bec 60 6.1.6 La Arquitectura y Crestería Estilo Chenes 60 6.1.7 La Arquitectura y Crestería Estilo Chenes-Rio Bec 61 6.1.8 La Arquitectura y Crestería Estilo Motagua 61 iii Pág. 6.1.9 La Arquitectura y Crestería Estilo Pasión 62 6.1.10 La Arquitectura y Crestería Estilo Maya-Tolteca 62 CAPITULO VII 64 7.1 Cresterías del Nororiente de Petén 64 7.1.1 Basamento de Sustentación 64 7.1.2 Basamento Escalonado 64 7.1.3 Basamento Complementario 64 7.1.4 Recinto 64 7.1.5 Crestería 64 7.1.1.1 Basamento de Sustentación 64 7.1.2.1 Basamento Escalonado 64 7.1.3.1 Basamento Complementario 65 7.1.5.1 Crestería 65 7.2 Yaxhá 66 7.2.1 Edificio 216 68 7.2.1.1 Basamento Complementario 68 7.2.1.2 Recinto 69 7.2.1.3 Crestería 69 7.3 Nakum 70 7.3.1 Edificio A 71 7.3.1.2 Basamento Complementario 71 7.3.1.3 Recinto 71 7.3.1.4 Crestería 72 7.4 Uaxactún 72 7.4.1 Edificio A-18 74 7.4.1.1 Basamento Complementario 74 7.4.1.2 Recinto 74 7.4.1.3 Crestería 74 7.5 Río Azul 75 7.6 Tikal 76 7.6.1 Templo I o Gran Jaguar 77 7.6.1.1 Basamento Complementario 78 7.6.1.2 Recinto 78 7.6.1.3 Crestería 79 7.6.2 Templo II o de Las Máscaras 79 7.6.2.1 Basamento Complementario 80 7.6.2.2 Recinto 81 7.6.2.3 Crestería 81 7.6.3 Templo III o del Sacerdote Jaguar 82 7.6.3.1 Basamento Complementario 83 7.6.3.2 Recinto 84 7.6.3.3 Crestería 86 7.6.4 Templo IV o de La Serpiente Bicéfala 87 7.6.4.1 Basamento Complementario 88 7.6.4.2 Recinto 88 iv Pág. 7.6.4.3 Crestería 88 7.6.5 Templo V 91 7.6.5.1 Recinto 93 7.6.5.2 Crestería 94 7.6.6 Templo VI o de Las Inscripciones 96 7.6.6.1 Basamento Complementario 96 7.6.6.2 Recinto 96 7.6.6.3 Crestería 97 7.6.7 Secuencia constructiva de las Cresterías de Tikal 98 7.6.8 Análisis Tipológico de Cresterías 100 7.6.8.1 Cresterías de los Grandes Templos 100 7.6.8.2 Cresterías de Edificios Tipo Palacio 101 CAPITULO VIII 102 8.1 La Función de la Arquitectura 102 8.2 Tipología Funcional 103 CAPITULO IX 104 9.1 Función de las Cresterías 104 9.1.1 Elemento Estructural 104 9.1.2 Elemento Ornamental 104 9.1.3 Elemento Simbólico 105 9.1.4 Cresterías Vacías o Aligerantes de Peso 105 9.1.5 Cresterías Decorativas 105 CAPITULO X 107 10.1 Plaza de Los Siete Templos 107 10.1.1 Lado Este de la Plaza 107 10.1.2 Lado Norte de la Plaza 108 10.1.3 Lado Oeste de la Plaza 108 10.1.4 Lado Sur de la Plaza 108 10.2 Descripción de los Edificios de la Plaza de Los Siete Templos 108 10.2.1 Edificio 5D-92 109 10.2.2 Los Siete Templos al Este de la Plaza 109 10.2.2.1 Templo 5D-96 109 10.2.2.2 Templo 5D-94 111 10.2.3 Triple Juego de Pelota 112 10.2.3.1 Forma Constructiva del Triple Juego de Pelota 114 10.2.4 Edificios de M. P. que sierran la Plaza de Los Siete Templos115 10.2.4.1 Edificio 5D-82 115 10.2.4.2 Edificio 5D-83 116 10.2.4.3 Edificios 5D-84, Edificio 5D-86, Edificio 5D-88 116 10.2.4.4 Edificio 5D-87 117 v Pág.
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