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Stratigraphic Architecture Bulletin 22_ GSB191-Indhold 04/03/11 12.41 Side 75 Stratigraphic architecture The overall stratigraphic architecture of the Miocene suc- Rasmussen 2009b; Fig. 80, Plates 1–9). On top of each pro- cession is best revealed by integration of seismic data with grading unit, erosional valleys and channels occur and some outcrop and borehole data. Thus, in the grid of correla- channels are characterised by having a shingled reflection tion panels presented here (Plates 1–9), the borehole and pattern (E.S. Rasmusssen 2009b). These features were outcrop data provide the critical, stratigraphic constraints formed by incision and are commonly filled with sand. whilst the sedimentary architecture between wells is based The shingled reflection pattern is interpreted to represent in large part on the seismic data. point bars of meandering river systems (E.S. Rasmussen et Inspection of seismic sections (Figs 77–79) reveals that al. 2007; E.S. Rasmussen 2009b). In between these delta the lower part of the Miocene succession is composed of lobes, seismic reflectors are parallel, commonly of low two discrete, progradational successions (Fig. 77). The first amplitude (Fig. 78); this seismic character is considered to succession includes the Vejle Fjord and Billund Formations reflect the presence of mud-dominated inter-lobe deposits and the second succession includes the Klintinghoved and (Hansen & Rasmussen 2008). In northern and central Bastrup Formations. These packages are often characterised Jylland, a successive southward migration of delta lobes by a seismic reflection pattern that shows both oblique–par- can be demonstrated (e.g. Plate 2), defining an ascending allel and sigmoidal clinoforms. The height of clinoforms shoreline trajectory (Fig. 78) indicating progradation dur- ranges between 60 m and 100 m, and dips of the clino- ing rising sea level (e.g. Helland-Hansen & Gjelberg 1994). forms commonly vary between 3° and 10° (Fig. 77). In the northern part of the study area, the Lower Miocene Clinoformal packages may alternate with units of more or is dominated by a parallel to subparallel reflection pattern less transparent seismic character (Fig. 78). This part of capping the clinoforms (Fig. 79). Boreholes penetrating the succession is interpreted to represent prograding delta this part of the succession indicate alternating mud- and lobes with alternating sand-rich and mud-rich units (E.S. sand-rich units (Fig. 79). Gravel pits and outcrops around Rasmussen et al. 2007; Hansen & Rasmussen 2008; E.S. Silkeborg indicate a dominance of braided fluvial systems South North Almstok Billund Store (offset 4 km) Vorslunde 0 Odderup coastal plain Arnum Fm Odderup Fm 100 Arnum Fm Arnum Fm Klinting- Resen Mb hoved Fm Bastrup Delta complex TWT (msec) Addit Mb 200 Vejle Fjord Fm Billund Delta complex Vejle Fjord Fm 300 50 m 2 km Top delta lobe Top Billund/Vejle Base Miocene Base Quaternary Clinoforms Top Bastrup Intra Odderup Internal reflector/surface Incised valleys Fig. 77. S–N-trending seismic section tieing the Almstok, Billund and Store Vorslunde boreholes (for location, see Fig. 1). Sand-rich delta lobes characterised by an oblique–parallel reflection pattern are indicated in yellow. Note the alternation of these sand-rich delta deposits and more clay-rich inter-lobe deposits, a characteristic feature of the Vejle Fjord–Billund Formations and the Klintinghoved–Bastrup Formations. The upper part of the section is dominated by a parallel to subparallel reflection pattern which is characteristic of the Arnum–Odderup Formations and indicates a change in sedimentation style. Seismic data courtesy of COWI a/s. 75 Bulletin 22_ GSB191-Indhold 04/03/11 12.41 Side 76 South North Resen Mb Bastrup Fm Delta lobe Klinting- hoved Addit Mb Fm Addit Mb Billund Fm Billund Fm Delta lobe Delta lobe Vejle Fjord Fm 50 m 1 km Fig. 78. Detailed seismic section of the Store Vorslunde area (for location, see Fig. 1). Sand-rich parts of the deltas are indicated in yellow, sand-rich fluvial deposits of the Addit and Resen Members are shown in red. Seismic data courtesy of COWI a/s; for legend see Fig. 77. West East Isenvad Hammerum (Offset 300 m) 100 0 Bastrup Fm Odderup Fm 50 50 200 Resen Mb Resen Mb 100 Addit Mb 100 Klintinghoved Fm Billund 150 300 150 Addit Mb Fm TWT (msec) 200 Billund Fm Vejle Fjord Fm 400 500 1 km Fig. 79. W–E-striking seismic section at Ikast (for location, see Fig. 1). The section shows a cross-section of the Billund and Bastrup delta systems as indicated by dipping reflectors both towards the west and east. In this area, the fluvial systems of the Addit and Resen Members, shown in red, are particularly well developed. Seismic courtesy of Rambøll a/s; for legend, see Fig. 77). 76 Bulletin 22_ GSB191-Indhold 04/03/11 12.41 Side 77 in this area (Hansen 1985; Hansen 1995; Jesse 1995; E.S. Above these two progradational units of the Billund/Vejle Rasmussen et al. 2007), and based on subsurface data such Fjord system and the Klintinghoved/Bastrup system (i.e. braided fluvial systems dominated in northern Jylland and above the top Bastrup reflector in Figs 77–79), a parallel parts of central Jylland from Addit to Hammerum (Plate to subparallel reflection pattern dominates the Miocene 6). In a narrow NW–SE-striking belt across central Jylland, succession (Fig. 77); this correlates with the Arnum and the seismic data show an oblique–parallel reflection pattern. Odderup Formations. The change in seismic character This represents progradation during falling sea level (Hansen indicates a change in depositional environment from pro- & 2008, E.S. Rasmussen 2009b). In southern Jylland, grading ‘Gilbert-type’ deltas to aggrading shelf and coastal there is a tendency towards a combined aggradational– plain deposits. This is illustrated on correlation panels by progradational stacking pattern (Plate 1), reflecting progra- progressive outbuilding of the Odderup Formation towards dation during rising sea level. the south-west contemporaneously with the accumulation of the marine Arnum Formation (Fig. 80; Plate 4). 77 Bulletin 22_ GSB191-Indhold 04/03/11 12.41 Side 78 South Rødding Vorbasse DGU no. 141.1141 Estrup DGU no. 123.1167 Løgumkloster DGU no. 132.1838 Almstok Billund DGU no. 159.739 DGU no. 114.1858 Gram Fm Ørnhøj Fm DGU no. 114.1857 Hodde Fm Odderup Fm A Odderup Fm Sto Stauning Mb DG Stauning Mb Arnum Fm Stauning Mb Odderup Fm Stauning Mb Stauning Mb Stauning Mb Arnum Fm Arnum Fm Vandel Mb Arnum Resen Mb Resen Mb Fm Resen ? Resen Mb Bastrup Fm Bastrup Fm Bastrup Fm Klintinghoved Fm Vejle Fjord Fm Billund Fm Brejning Fm West Stensig Stauning DGU no. 93.1062 DGU no. 93.1125 Gram Fm Ørnhøj Fm Hammerum 50 m B Hodde Fm DGU no. 85.2429 Arnum Fm Assing Mølleby Fasterholt Mb DGU no. 94.2821 Stauning Mb Hjøllund B DGU no. 86.2118 Odderup Fm Isenvad Arnum Fm DGU no. 86.2056 Arnum Fm A Bastrup Fm Resen Bastrup Fm Resen Mb Mb Bastrup Fm Resen Mb Bastrup A Bastrup Fm Fm D Kolding Fjord Mb Klintinghoved Fm Klintinghoved Fm Addit Mb Addit Mb Billund Fm Billund Fm Billund Fm Vejle Fjord Fm Vejle Fjord Fm 78 78 Bulletin 22_ GSB191-Indhold 04/03/11 12.41 Side 79 Almstok DGU no. 114.1858 Billund DGU no. 114.1857 Fasterholt Hammerum Sunds DGU no. 95.2730 DGU no. 85.2429 Store Vorslunde Gram Fm DGU no. 85.2452 Odderup Fm Klyngholt DGU no. 104.2325 Ørnhøj Fm Hodde Fm Stauning Mb Fasterholt Mb Stauning Mb Odderup Fm Stauning Mb Odderup Fm North Fasterholt Mb Arnum Fm el Mb Resen n Mb DGU no. 65.1643 Resen Mb Resen Mb Bastrup Fm Bastrup Fm Resen Mb Addit Mb Billund Fm Billund Fm Vejle Fjord Fm Billund Fm Brejning Fm Main boundaries Depositional environments Base Quaternary Sand (marine) 50 m Top Odderup Fm / Arnum Fm Sand/gravel (continental) Top Bastrup Fm / Klintinghoved Fm Clay (marine) Hjøllund B Top Billund Fm / Vejle Fjord Fm Clay (continental) Isenvad DGU no. 86.2118 DGU no. 86.2056 Top Brejning Fm Clay (lagoonal) Arnum Fm A Top Paleocene clay Coal Addit Mark Fig. 80. Two typical correlation panels showing DGU no. 97.928 the overall architecture of the Miocene succes- hoved Fm East Addit gravel pit sion in Jylland. A: S–N-trending section from Morsholt DGU no. 97.1000 Løgumkloster to Resen. Note the change in the Addit Mb DGU no. 108.148 depositional style from the forestepping delta Billund Fm lobes of the markedly progradational Billund and Bastrup Formations to the more regular, Billund Fm aggrading – weakly prograding system of the Vejle Fjord Fm Odderup Formation. B: W–E-striking section Billund Fm Billund Fm from Stauning to Morsholt. Note that the main delta lobes pinch out both to the east and Vejle Fjord Fm to the west. The two correlation panels are also Brejning Fm shown in Plates 2 and 6, together with detailed borehole logs. 79 Bulletin 22_ GSB191-Indhold 04/03/11 12.41 Side 80 Palaeogeography The Late Oligocene was characterised by a warm climate Formation took place. There is no evidence for the north- and thus a period with a high sea level (Utscher et al. 2000, ern position of the coastline at this time, but structural ele- 2009; Zachos et al. 2001; Miller et al. 2005; Larsson et al. ments such as the Sorgenfrei–Tornquist Zone or the 2006; Larsson-Lindgren 2009). The North Sea was located Fennoscandian Shield were probably important features in the northern westerly wind belt (Galloway 2002) and in controlling the location and trend of the shoreline; the consequently the north-eastern part of this sea, which cov- position of the coastline is conservatively placed in the ered present-day Denmark, was dominated by wave processes fringe area of the Fennoscandian Shield (Fig.
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