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Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, Vol. 29/1-2, Pp. 53-76

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Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, Vol. 29/1-2, Pp. 53-76 Dinoflagellate cyst stratigraphy of the Miocene Hodde and Gram Formations, Denmark STEFAN PIASECKI Piasecki, S.: Dinoflagellate cyst stratigraphy of the Miocene Hodde and Gram Formations, Denmark. DGF Bull. geol. Soc, Denmark, vol. 29, pp. 53-76, Copenhagen, June 10th, 1980. A dinoflagellate cyst stratigraphy is proposed for the Hodde and Gram Formations in western Jylland, Denmark. Four biozones are defined and the formations are dated by dinoflagellate cysts to be of Middle and Upper Miocene age, which supports previous dating by molluscs. One new genus and four new species are described: Labyrinthodinium truncatum gen. nov. sp. nov., Dinopterygium verriculum sp. nov., Ap- teodinium tectatum sp. nov. and Nematosphaeropsis aquaeducta sp. nov. Stefan Piasecki, Institut for Historisk Geologi og Palæontologi, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350^ København K, Danmark, January 18th, 1980. ""•'' During Miocene time the eastern margin of the been worked out in details. A planktonic North Sea Basin was located in Denmark. A foraminifera fauna, in sample 5.0-5.5 metres series of transgressions and regressions resulted below surface in the Gram boring, consists of in a series of interfingering marine and non- very small forms of Globorotalia continuosa marine deposits several hundred metres thick. Blow, Neogloboquadrina cf. acostaensis (Blow) Three main transgressions and two main regres­ and very few specimens of Globigerina bulloides sions have been recognized giving the basis for a d'Orb. and Neogloboquadrina dutetrei — group division of the Miocene sediments into six forma­ (Dr. F. Rögl, pers. comm.). This fauna corres­ tions (Sorgenfrei, 1940, 1958 and Rasmussen, ponds to the planktonic foraminiferal zones N 15 1956, 1961). - N 16, Upper Miocene. The Hodde and Gram Sediments from the final Miocene transgres­ Formations are assigned to the Middle and Upper sion in Denmark were formerly well exposed in Miocene respectively, mainly on the basis of the many clay and browncoal pits in western Jylland molluscan faunas from the lower part of the (Rasmussen, 1966), but today, only four Hodde Formation (below the Hodde clay) and localities show well exposed sections, namely, the fijom the Gram clay. The faunas are comparable Gram and Hauge claypits and the browncoal pits with the North German molluscan faunas (Ras­ near Fasterholt and Ørnhøj (fig. 1). The lower mussen, 1966). sediments consist of alternating sand and black The present work establishes a dinoflagellate clay which are overlain by the uniform black, cyst stratigraphy for these sediments. Samples bituminous Hodde clay. These two sedimen- were collected from measured sections in the pits tological units are united into the Hodde Forma­ at Hauge, Fasterholt and Ørnhøj. In addition a tion (Rasmussen, 1961). The Gram Formation number of samples from a boring at Gram made (Rasmussen, 1961) overlies the Hodde Forma­ by the Geological Survey of Denmark have been tion and consists of a basal glauconitic clay suc­ included in this investigation (DGU file 141 ceeded by the brown to grey fossiliferous Gram 423). Samples from this boring are not contami­ clay which becomes more silty toward the top. nated with sediments from higher levels, as only The Hodde clay and the glauconite clay contain the undisturbed core of each sample is used. no macrofossils, but the Gram clay is very rich in Standard palynological preparation techniques molluscan fossils. Benthonic foraminifera are were used, and residues were sieved through a 20 abundant in both the Hodde and Gram Forma­ Jim net and mounted as strew-preparations in tions (Kristoffersen, 1972). Planktonic Eukitt. The type species are stored in the foraminifera have been reported from the Gram Geological Museum of the University of clay only (Ersgaard et al, 1977), but have not Copenhagen (MGUH). 54 Piasecki: Miocene stratigraphy LEGEND GRAM R3RM. > HODDE FORM. Fig. 1. The distribution of the Hodde and Gram Formations in Jylland (after Rasmussen', 1966) and the positions of the localities, combined with the lithology and biostratigraphy. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, vol. 29 1980 55 Lithology mica-rich quartz sand, which changes into the basal gravel bed of the Hodde Formation. The Gram Hodde Formation is succeeded by glauconitic The Gram boring is 120 metres deep (fig. 2). The clay and Gram clay at one locality in the region, lower 80 metres consist, mainly, of finegrained Lavsbjerg. The strata are weakly folded, but little sand with two clay and silt dominated intervals. disturbance of the original bedding is apparent. Gravel and concretionary horizons occur as The marine sequence is terminated upward by minor constituents. Molluscs are recoverable glacial erosion (fig. 3). from two intervals and dinoflagellate cysts are found, mainly, in the clay and silts. The sandy Ørnhøj sequence is correlated with the Odderup Forma­ The uppermost part of the Odderup Formation, tion of Rasmussen (1961), which was considered the Hodde Formation and a part of the Gram to be deposited under limnic conditions. Ap­ Formation are exposed in a slightly dipping sequ­ proximately 45 metres of this sandy sequence ence in an abandoned browncoal pit at Lille contain marine fossils (fig. 2). Spåbæk (Rasmussen, 1966) west of the village The upper 40 metres of the boring provided Ørnhøj. The Odderup Formation consists of pla­ clay and silt belonging to the Hodde clay, glauco- nar cross-bedded quartsitic sand with thin lami­ nite clay and Gram clay. The Hodde Formation is nated beds of silt and clay. The Hodde Formation defined (Rasmussen, 1961) to include a sequence consists of gravel and black clay, changing into of alternating black clay and silt or fmesand be­ black, bituminous Hodde clay 0.5 metres above low the Hodde clay. Accordingly, the lower the lower boundary. Two metres of glauconitic boundary of the formation is often difficult to clay overlie the Hodde clay, and approximately place accurately. In this work, the lower bound­ one metre of Gram clay is found below the glacial ary is considered to be at the base of the first deposits which terminate the sequence (fig. 3). sequence of alternating clay and silt below the Hodde clay in the Gram boring. The upper boundary of the Hodde clay, and the boundary Biostratigraphy between the glauconite clay and the Gram clay, are precisely determined from the changes in col­ Rich and well preserved dinoflagellate cyst as­ our, pyrite and glauconite content (Ersgaard et semblages are abundant in the Hodde and Gram al.i 1977). The positions of the samples examined Formations of the Gram boring, and accordingly are shown in fig. 3. this sequence is used herein as the standard sec­ tion for the dinoflagellate cyst distribution in both Hauge the Hodde and Gram Formations. In addition, The accessible part of the section in the waterlog­ preliminary investigations of the dinoflagellate ged claypit at Hauge consists of 2 metres of flora in the underlying Odderup Formation indi­ glauconite clay and one metre of Gram clay (fig. cate the downward ranges of some species at this 3). According to Rasmussen (1966) the thickness one locality. No dinoflagellate cysts have been of the glauconite clay in this region ranges from found in the Odderup Formation at Fasterholt 1-2 metres. Therefore, the glauconite clay sequ­ and Ørnhøj. A number of species from the ence at Hauge may well be complete, though the Hodde and Gram Formations are known to occur lower boundary is not exposed. The upper part of in older deposits of the North Sea Basin, but have the Gram clay is mixed with Quaternary sedi­ not been recorded in the Odderup Formation ments. during this study. Accordingly their extensions downwards are marked on the rangechart from Fasterholt the Gram sequence with broken lines'only (fig. The Hodde clay is exposed at several localities in 4)- the Søby-Fasterholt region, where browncoal Most of the species are found throughout the was mined until 1970. The Hodde Formation sequence, but a few have a restricted occurrence. overlies the limnic Odderup Formation, which in Hemicystodinium zoharyi (Rosignol) Wall, 1967 the upper part consists of planar cross-bedded. occurs abundantly in two samples from the lowest 56 Piasecki: Miocene stratigraphy GRAM BORING LITHOLOGY CLAY SILT FINE SAND COARSE SAND AND GRAVEL BITUMINOUS CLAY GLAUCONITE STRUCTURE CLAY: UNSTRUCTURED SAND: NO INFORMATION WEAK LAMINATION INTERLAMINATED ""^ CLAï' AND SILT PLANAR '////y////.'//^////^/. f*^'*^'* CROSS-BEDDING CONCRETIONS FOSSILS % MOLLUSCS ® DINOFLAGELLATE CYSTS POSITION OF SAMPLES o w to (3 fig. 2. Sedimenlological section of the Gram boring (modified after Ersgaard el al. 1977). Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, vol. 29 1980 57 part of the Hodde Formation (i.e. below the first trocarpum (Deflandre & Cookson) Wall, 1967 zone considered here), but has not been found at are also well represented in the assemblage. any higher level in the sequence. The last occurrence of this species may well be a useful Nematosphaeropsis aquaeducta Zone nov. marker horizon in the North Sea sediments, even Definition: Sediments containing Nematos­ though the species is the cyst of Pyrodinium phaeropsis aquaeducta sp. nov. Lower boundary bahamense Plate, 1906, which has a Recent dis­ at the first occurrence of A^. aquaeducta and up­ tribution that is highly temperature dependent. A per boundary at the first occurrence oiAchomos­ number of species occur for the first time in this phaera andalousiense Chene, 1977. sequence at 41-5 metres below the surface (fig. Reference section: Boring at Gram town: DGU 4). The exact first occurrence is to some extent file 141 423, 36.0-29.0 metres below surface. faciès dependent, as no dinoflagellate cysts have Local correlation: The zone is found in the been found in the sand between 41.5-45.0 Hodde clay, 4 metres thick, at Fasterholt and in metres. the upper 4 metres of the Hodde clay at Ørnhøj. Stratigraphical range: Middle Miocene above Labyrinthodinium truncatum Zone nov.
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