Long Crendon

Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Long Crendon

Aerial Photograph by UK Perspectives

Designated by the Council 25th February 2009 following public consultation Long Crendon Conservation Areas Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Long Crendon Conservation Areas

St Mary’s Church

page CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION Introduction ...... 1

CHAPTER 2 - PLANNING POLICY Planning Policy ...... 2

CHAPTER 3 - SUMMARY Summary ...... 4

CHAPTER 4 - LOCATION AND CONTEXT Location ...... 5 Landscape setting ...... 6

CHAPTER 5 - GENERAL CHARACTER AND PLAN FORM General character and plan form ...... 8

CHAPTER 6 - HISTORIC DEVELOPMENT AND FORMER USES Origins ...... 10 Historic development ...... 12 Former uses ...... 14

CHAPTER 7 - ARCHAEOLOGY Archaeology ...... 17

CHAPTER 8 - ALTERATIONS TO BOUNDARIES Alterations to boundaries ...... 20

CHAPTER 9 - KEY VIEWS AND VISTAS Key views and vistas ...... 24

CHAPTER 10 - OPEN SPACES AND TREES Open spaces and trees ...... 27

CHAPTER 11 - PERMEABILITY & ROAD LAYOUT Permeability & Road Layout ...... 30

CHAPTER 12 - DEFINITION OF IDENTITY AREAS Definition of Identity Areas ...... 32 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

CHAPTER 13 - URBAN MORPHOLOGY Identity Area 1 - Lower End ...... 34 Identity Area 2 - Bicester Road ...... 37 Identity Area 3 - Chearsley Road ...... 41 Identity Area 4 - Chilton Road ...... 45 Identity Area 5 - St. Mary’s Church ...... 48 Identity Area 6 - High Street ...... 52 Identity Area 7 - The Square ...... 56 Identity Area 8 - Frogmore Lane ...... 59 Identity Area 9 - Thame Road ...... 63

CHAPTER 14 - KEY BUILDINGS Key buildings ...... 66

CHAPTER 15 - ARCHITECTURAL FORM Architectural Form ...... 69

CHAPTER 16 - DETAILS AND MATERIALS Roofs ...... 74 Chimneys ...... 77 Walls ...... 78 Windows ...... 84 Doors ...... 87 Boundary treatment ...... 88 Surface treatment ...... 90

CHAPTER 17 - NEGATIVE FACTORS AND ENHANCEMENT OPPORTUNITIES Negative factors and enhancement opportunities ...... 91

CHAPTER 18 - GLOSSARY OF TERMS Glossary of Terms ...... 92

CHAPTER 19 - GUIDANCE AND USEFUL INFORMATION Guidance ...... 96 Bibliography ...... 96 Acknowledgements ...... 97

APPENDIX I Map showing Conservation Area Boundary ...... 98

APPENDIX II Conservation Area constraints ...... 99

APPENDIX III Planning Policy ...... 100

APPENDIX IV Asset sheets

Designated by the Council 25th February 2009 following public consultation. Information contained in this report is correct at the time of compilation, January 2008

© Aylesbury Vale District Council 2009 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

The Long Crendon Conservation Area was designated in 1969, it is now being reviewed for the following reasons;

 The District Council has a statutory duty under The Planning (Listed Building and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 to review ‘from time to time’ the Conservation Areas within their boundaries.1

 In the years since Long Crendon was designated as a Conservation Area changes have occurred that have had an impact upon the boundary.

 The appraisal document which justifies Conservation Area status needs to be updated in line with current accepted standards.

The following appraisal identifies changes to the 1969 boundary and attempts to qualify those characteristics that make Long Crendon special and worthy of Conservation Area designation. It is acknowledged that this document cannot be comprehensive and where buildings, features and spaces etc. have not been specifically identified, it should not be assumed that they are without significance.

1 The Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 Section 69.1a 1 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

CHAPTER 2 - PLANNING POLICY

Section 69.1a of the Planning (Listed Building and Conservation Areas) Act 1990, places a duty on local planning authorities to determine which areas within their district are of ‘special architectural or historic interest the character or appearance of which, it is desirable to preserve or enhance’2. Once identified these areas should be designated as Conservation Areas and regularly reviewed. As part of the designation and review process it is important to produce up-to-date appraisal documents that support and justify designation and which can be used to inform planning decisions affecting Conservation Areas.

The principal purpose of Conservation Area designation is the official acknowledgement of the special character of an area. This will influence the way in which the Local Planning Authority deals with planning applications which may affect the area. Within Conservation Areas, permitted development rights are restricted, which means that applications for planning permission will be required for certain types of work not normally needing consent. A list of the types of development that are controlled by Conservation Area designation is contained within Appendix II of this document. In Appendix III is a list of Planning Policies contained within Aylesbury Vale District Council’s Local Plan (January 2004) which relate to Conservation Areas and the management of the historic environment.

The process of public consultation adopted in the production of this document is laid out in the Aylesbury Vale District Council’s Statement of Community Involvement (SCI), as adopted in October 2006.

2 2 The Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 Section 69.1a Long Crendon Conservation Areas 102.4m Farm Cop Hill

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80 Broad View The Sheilings West View Green Acres Long Crendon 1969 Conservation Area Boundary 1969 Conservation Area Boundary 84.3m BM 90.70m Crown copyright. All rights reserved. Map showing C 90.2m Aylesbury Vale District Council. LA 100019797 2008 Not to any recognised scale

Map showing 1969 Conservation Area boundary

3 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

CHAPTER 3 - SUMMARY

Long Crendon sits at the southern end of the Chilton Ridge overlooking the Thame Valley to the southeast. It is a large village which is laid out along the principal roads of the High Street, Bicester Road, Thame Road, Chearsley Road and Frogmore Lane. Each of the roads has a distinctive character. Modern development has had a significant impact upon the village, but is largely contained to the north-west and south-east of the High Street. The historic layout of the village is therefore relatively well preserved.

A key characteristic of the village is the series of enclosed spaces linked by the principal roads or formed at road junctions. These spaces, which include Lower End and The Square, reflect the polyfocal origins of the village. Each of these enclosed spaces also has a distinctive form and character.

Long Crendon is a village of interesting contrasts. Historic buildings surround Lower End, at the north-eastern extremity of the village. It has an insular character, yet the gap between the buildings reveal expansive views across the surrounding countryside. It has the appearance of an idyllic village green but is dissected by the busy Bicester Road.

In contrast, The Square, located a short distance to the south-east is the commercial focus of the village. A tightly enclosed space, its edges are defined by a mixture of commercial and residential buildings. The Square forms the busy hub of the village with an endless stream of cars and lorries passing through it along the Bicester Road or pulling in and out of the small car park which occupies the south-western side of The Square.

Unquestionably the visual highlight of Long Crendon is the High Street which leads from The Square north-eastwards to St. Mary’s Church. The curvilinear street is bounded on both sides by a cohesive group of historic buildings. With its strong sense of enclosure, virtually continuous building line and series of unfolding views culminating in the landmark St. Mary’s Church, the High Street is arguably one of the best examples of an historic street within the District.

Also key to the character of the village is its setting within the surrounding landscape. Occupying an elevated position, Long Crendon and in particular the tower of St. Mary’s Church can be seen from some distance outside the village. Within the village extensive views of the surrounding countryside are gained from the south-western, eastern and north-eastern edges of the village. These views reinforce the rural setting of the village and contrast with the insular and often truncated views gained along the principal roads within the heart of the village.

4 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

CHAPTER 4 - LOCATION AND CONTEXT

Location

The village of Long Crendon is located in the Buckingham south-western corner of the Vale of Aylesbury in Buckinghamshire. It lies approximately two miles to the north-west of Thame and nine miles south-west of Aylesbury.

Long Crendon is bypassed by the busy A418 which links Aylesbury and Thame. The B4011, Aylesbury which cuts through the south-western edge of the Long village runs from Thame to Bicester and is Crendon heavily used by lorries and trucks.

Long Crendon has expanded significantly during the 20th century in part due to the development of the Long Crendon industrial estate located to the south-east of the village. Perhaps a more significant factor in influencing its expansion has been the improvement of nearby transport and communication links, in particular the development of the railway at Haddenham with direct links to London and the Midlands. Today, despite its rural location, agriculture no longer forms the basis of Long Crendon’s local economy and the village has become a convenient and attractive place from which to commute to economic centres such as Aylesbury, Oxford, Bicester or further a field to London and the Midlands.

Despite some decline in numbers during the late 19th century, the population of Long Crendon has grown significantly from 1700 in 1851 to 5358 in 2001.

Map showing the location of Long Crendon

5 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Landscape Setting

The parish of Long Crendon rises from 200ft (60 metres) above sea level in the meadows near the river Thame to the south-east of the village to 400ft (120 metres) above sea level at the parish boundary with Easington to the north of the village.

The village of Long Crendon is located at the southern end of the Chilton Ridge. This ridge is well defined and runs in a roughly north-south direction. The ridge is highest at its northern end, relatively narrow across with steep slopes dropping down into the valleys. At its southern end, the ridge is broader and the gradient of the land is much gentler as it slopes down towards the Thame Valley.3 The soil is primarily Kimmeridge clay and loam.

The ridge has relatively few watercourses, although Long Crendon does have a stream that runs along the western side of the village which is spring fed. There are also a number of springs and former public wells located within the village.

To the west of the village are significant areas of pre 18th century irregular enclosure. Surviving areas of 18th and 19th century Parliamentary enclosure also surround the village. The land around Long Crendon is suitable for arable farming and indeed during the medieval period, wool production was an important local industry. Woodland is sparse and confined to small blocks scattered along the Chilton Ridge.

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Map showing Long Crendon within an Area of Attractive Area of Attractive Landscape Landscape

Not to any recognised scale C Crown copyright. All rights reserved. Aylesbury Vale District Council. LA 100019797 2008

3 Jacobs Babtie, Aylesbury Vale District Council and Buckinghamshire County Council, ‘Aylesbury Vale Landscape 6 Character Assessment’ pg 2007 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Haddenham 48t Aylesbury to A418

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70 Shabbington 130 125 90 80 70 60 110 140 130 120 100 Crown copyright. All rights reserved. Not to any recognised scale Contours are shown in metres at vertical intervals. C Aylesbury Vale District Council. LA 10009797 2008

7 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

CHAPTER 5 - GENERAL CHARACTER AND PLAN FORM

Historically maps of Long Crendon show that development was principally linear in form and concentrated around the junction of four roads, Thame Road, Frogmore Lane, High Street and Bicester Road.

Today the majority of vehicular movement runs along the Bicester or Chearsley Roads, but historically the High Street formed the principal street linking The Square (thought to be the earliest part of the village) with the Church and Norman Castle at Cops Hill. Over time, development spread along this road creating a distinctly linear form of development. Development, particularly on the south-eastern side of the High Street would have been contained to some degree by the falling gradient of the land as it slopes down to the Thame Valley.

At the northern end of the village located along the Bicester Road is Lower End. This form of development with ends is typical of settlement patterns in this part of Buckinghamshire. It reflects a polyfocal form of development where buildings grew up around manors, farms etc. and eventually coalesced over time. In the case of Long Crendon, Lower End and The Square coalesced as development spread along the western side of the Bicester Road.

Lower End

Historic development also stretches for a short distance along Frogmore Lane, a minor Roman road which runs in a south-west to north-east direction from beyond the boundary of the village up a relatively steep hill to The Square. Buildings are located at the top and the bottom of the hill and historic maps show that in their linear form and general layout, development has remained relatively consistent along this stretch of road since at least the early 19th century.

Historic maps of Long Crendon dating from the 16th, 18th and 19th centuries show that the plan of the village with its focus on the crossroads at The Square and its strong linear form has remained remarkable consistent over the centuries. It was not until the 20th century with the creation of both public and private estates to the north and south of the High Street and to the east of Bicester Road that the distinctive shape of the village changed.

8 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

1827 map of Frogmore Lane Map produced with permission of the Centre for Buckinghamshire Studies

2008 map of Frogmore Lane

9 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

CHAPTER 6 - HISTORIC DEVELOPMENT AND FORMER USES

Origins

Archaeological evidence suggests that the origins of Long Crendon extend back to at least the Roman occupation4 and possibly to the Iron Age5. The village lies at the junction of a presumed minor Roman road from Thame to Alcester (west of Bicester), with a known Roman road from Dorchester-on-Thames via Long Crendon to Fleet Marston where it joined Akeman Street (a major route from St. Albans to Cirencester)

The name Long Crendon is thought to come from ‘Creodun’, a Saxon word which means ‘Creoda’s hill’. Creoda was the son of Cedric, the first King of the West Saxons. The manor at Long Crendon was held by Ceric son of Alveva, but after the Norman Conquest it was given to Walter Giffard of Longueville in Normandy. His grandson, also Walter, founded Notley Abey in 1162 located approximately a mile to the east of the village adjacent to the River Thame. He gave the church at Long Crendon and its subsidiary chapels at Chearsley and Nether Winchendon to the Abbey. The canons at Notley Abbey belonged to the Augustinian Order and are thought to have come from the Augustinian Abbey at Missenden. Walter is also believed to have built a castle at Cop Hill, close to St. Mary’s Church at the north-eastern end of Long Crendon.

Walter died without an heir and on his death the estate at Long Crendon reverted to the King. In 1191 it was purchased by William Marshall, Earl of Pembroke, one of the most powerful noblemen in England. William’s eldest son, also William married Eleanor, the daughter of King John. After his death Eleanor married Simon de Montfort. After William’s death his brother Richard had difficulty in succeeding to the estates, possibly because of his connections with Simon de Montfort. Eventually after several years of conflict, Henry III ordered the buildings and castle at Long Crendon to be burnt.

Owing to a lack of male heirs, the Lordship of the Manor kept reverting to the Crown or being passed down female lines before finally being divided into three. These parts were owned by All Soul’s College Oxford from 1449, St. George’s Chapel, Windsor, from 1486 and the Dormer family from 1520. Although there were designated Manor Houses, these were in reality large farms and the village never had resident Lords of the Manor.

In 1538 Notley Abbey was sequested by the Crown as part of the nation wide suppression of the monasteries. In Long Crendon, apart from the physical destruction of most of the Abbey and the restoration of some independence to the village church, little difference to everyday life resulted from the dissolution of the monastery. Notley Abbey was eventually bought by Lord William of Thame.

During the Civil War there is no record of significant fighting in the village despite Long Crendon being located between the two warring armies. King James’ court was based at Oxford, nearby Brill was a Royalist stronghold and Thame and Aylesbury supported the Parliamentarian cause.

The 17th century saw the development of the needle making industry in Long Crendon which brought diverse employment and wealth to the village. More information on the needle making industry is contained in the Former Uses section of this document (page 14)

4 The remains of a Roman cemetery have been found along Chearsley Road. 10 5 An Iron Age settlement is thought to have existed to the east of the village. Long Crendon Conservation Areas

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Map showing construction periods of properties within Long Crendon

11 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

The 19th century was a period of poverty for Long Crendon. The Enclosure of the village in 1827 and reapportioning of land resulted in widespread poverty amongst the formerly small- scale landowners. The needle-making industry did provide employment within the village, but the work was specialised and by the mid 19th century many needle makers had left Long Crendon and moved to Redditch.

The population dropped from approximately 1700 in 1850 to 1100 in 1900. Population levels rose again throughout the 20th century to the present figure of over 2,500. This is partly due to the development of Long Crendon Concrete, the Long Crendon industrial estate and developments in transportation allowing residents of the village to commute to nearby centres of employment.

Historic Development

It is probable that in Saxon times the village developed around the area now occupied by The Square. The road leading up from Thame to Long Crendon used to be called Berwell or Burwell hill (the Saxon word ‘burh’ means a fortified place) which supports the presumption that there was a settlement here during the Saxon period. The discovery of the remains of the largest well in the village within the grounds of 13, Thame Road, also suggests that this part of the village had a reliable water supply, which is an important prerequisite for establishing a settlement.

Tradition states that Walter Giffard built a castle at Long Crendon which is thought to have been located at Cop Hill close to the church at the north-eastern end of the village. This is a good defensive site with a steep ravine lying immediately to the west and magnificent views across the Thame valley. There is evidence of ground disturbance in the area which is visible on aerial photographs. Interestingly St. Mary’s Church, which is Norman in origin, is located at the north-eastern end of the village, close to Cop Hill, but some distance from the Square which formed the focus to the Saxon settlement. The location of the Norman church away from the Saxon settlement, but close to Cop Hill also supports the theory that the castle was likely to have been located in this area.

Aerial photograph of Cop Hill 12 Provided by UK Perspectives Long Crendon Conservation Areas

The reason for the development of Lower End at the north-western end of the village is unclear, but may be linked to one of the three manors which were created within the parish during the 15th and 16th centuries. Indeed several buildings of medieval origins survive in Lower End which co-incide in terms of their date with the development of the three manors.

Lower End is located around a small green at a bend in the Bicester Road. Jeffery’s map of 1760 and maps dating from the 19th century show sporadic development along the Bicester Road, linking Lower End with The Square. Historic buildings along this section of Bicester Road date from the 15th century through to the 18th century and development is linear in form. Interesting historic maps indicate that development was originally confined to the western side of Bicester Road and the area of land between Chearsley Road and Carters Lane remained undeveloped until the early part of the 20th century. The reason for the lack of development along the eastern side of Bicester Road is unclear, but it may have been an area of common land or a manorial waste. However there is no surviving documentary evidence to support these assumptions.

Jefferys Map 1760 of Long Crendon Map produced with permission of the Centre for Buckinghamshire Studies Similarly the northern side of the High Street, close to the junction with The Square, remained undeveloped until the 19th century when the Baptist Church and public Library were built. Part of this land now forms the recreation ground at the junction of Thame Road and Chearsley Road. The use of this land for the provision of public facilities may also indicate that historically this area was common land.

1827 map of the High Street, Long Crendon Map produced with permission of the Centre for Buckinghamshire Studies

13 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

After World War II the population of the village increased significantly and a number of new housing estates were built concentrated originally with the system-built houses at Hilltops and then infilling the areas between the Bicester and Chilton Roads and Thame Road and the High Street. Despite some limited examples of modern infilling High Street remains relatively unaltered by more recent development and retains its strong cohesive character. The historic character of other streets within the village has been fragmented by the impact of modern infill development. This is particularly noticeable along Bicester Road and on Chearsley Road, where modern development has had a significant impact upon surviving historic buildings. Overall the formerly strong linear character of the settlement has been muted by later development.

Former Uses

Agriculture

Historically Long Crendon was an agricultural settlement which during the medieval period supported an important wool industry. Prior to Enclosure in 1827 the land surrounding the settlement had been divided into a six-field which were cultivated in strips. Typically land surrounding settlements prior to Enclosure were cultivated in a three-field system and therefore six is an unusual number. However it may be that land was divided into six fields in order to give each of the three manors at Long Crendon two fields each.

There was an agricultural decline in England during the 1820s, but a revival in the 1830s. This decade saw a significant change in farming in Long Crendon with increased access to mechanisation, but most significantly with the Enclosure of the village.

Following Enclosure the original six field system was destroyed and the land reapportioned. Many of the present day field layouts and hedgerow boundaries were established at this time. New farmsteads were created in the surrounding landscape, such as Bigmarsh, Lopemede, Westfield, Woodways and Drakes Farm.

Following Enclosure, many inhabitants of the formerly prosperous agricultural community became registered paupers. As was common elsewhere, many of the smallholders were unable to afford the cost of enclosing their portion of land and former landowners became tenant farmers. Through the course of the century the increased mechanisation of farming and competition from abroad led to the agricultural slump of the 1880s and 1890s forcing people to leave the village to find alternative employment. However due to the loss of the needlemaking industry and the decline in lacemaking as a cottage industry following mechanisation, agriculture and agricultural related industries once again became important to the village’s economy during the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries.

Needle Making

Needle-making was an important industry within the village from the early 17th century to the mid-19th. The first documentary reference to needle making in the village dates from 1618. There is no mention of the industry during the Civil War – transportation to market was probably too difficult - but by 1660s it was thriving. By the beginning of the 18th century needle makers in Long Crendon were producing heavier types of needles which were used for making sails and tents. Despite a decline in the industry around the 1820s, the village enjoyed a renaissance in the early 1850s when Kirby Beard’s pin manufactory of Gloucestershire leased 23, Chilton Road bringing a small workforce from Redditch to train Long Crendon workers in more modern methods of needle production. Despite building up a work force of almost 100,

14 Long Crendon Conservation Areas the needle making industry in the village went into decline once again due to the cost of coal and competition from the Midlands and in 1862, Kirby Beard left the village taking two-thirds of the younger worker back to Redditch. A number of individuals continued to make needles on a small scale and it was not until the end of the 19th century that the industry died out completely in the village.

Initially needles were made in former agricultural barns, 23 Chilton Road in linked terrace houses along the High Street or in small workshops which were built at the back of cottages. In a number of cottages in the High Street needle cupboards still survive between adjacent buildings (e.g. nos. 7, 9 High Street) through which needles were pushed to undergo the next process in their manufacturer. Cupboards were also built in the angle of chimney corners where the needles could be kept dry and free of rust.

Lace Making

The craft of lace making was brought to this country during the 1560s with refugees from Flanders. It quickly became an important cottage industry practiced primarily by women and children, but eventually died out in the early 19th century following the invention of lace making machines. There were a number of lace making schools in the village including the High Street, Harroell, Chilton Road and Lower End.

Straw Plaiting

Women and children in the village were also employed in strawplaiting, although it was never a major cottage industry. The plaited straw made in the village was probably sent to straw bonnet makers in Thame.

Mills

There were corn mills located in Brill and Notley (recorded in the Domesday Book and demolished in 1925). There was also a stone mill on Windmill Field near Easington and a wooden post mill on the site of Windmill Way which was demolished in 1931.

Quarries and Brickworks

A small brick works was located at the foot of Thame Hill during the 19th century. There were also two stone quarries, one at Quarry Close and the other at Nappins Close.

Crendon Concrete works

In the 1930s the Crendon Concrete Company was set up at Drakes Farm, a short distance to the south-east of the village. What started as small scale gravel extraction expanded into a highly successful industry producing concrete roofing tiles and providing much needed employment during the depression years in Long Crendon. During the War Crendon Concrete Company produced pre-cast concrete units and blocks used in air-raid shelters. After the war the company produced all-concrete buildings.

15 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Competition in the late Long Crendon 1980s followed by a recession in the early 1990s eventually led to the closure of the Crendon Concrete Company in 1994. The site was then transformed into a Long Crendon successful industrial estate. Industrial Estate

Long Crendon Industrial Estate Provided by UK Perspectives

Long Crendon

Map showing land use in the landscape surrounding Long Crendon - OS 1st Edition 1880 16 Data supplied courtesy of Buckinghamshire County Council Archaeological Service Long Crendon Conservation Areas

CHAPTER 7 - ARCHAEOLOGY

An Historic Towns Study is being undertaken by Buckinghamshire County Council Archaeological Service to summarise the archaeological, topographical, historical and architectural evidence relating to the development of Buckinghamshire’s towns in order to provide an informed basis for conservation, research and the management of change. Although today regarded as a village, Long Crendon was included in the historic towns project because its medieval market and later industrial activity suggested aspirations to urban status - this summary is based on the consultation draft Long Crendon Historic Town Assessment report.

There is evidence for prehistoric and Roman activity around Long Crendon. The earliest archaeological evidence from the village itself was found in Haroell where excavations undertaken in 2006 revealed the heavily truncated remains of a series of ditches and postholes that may indicate Neolithic/Bronze Age settlement (fig W:LC8). Aerial photography has identified several possible prehistoric ring ditches, which may mark the site of early Bronze Age burial mounds, to the north of the church and to the west of Notley Abbey. A possible Iron Age hill fort has also been suggested based on crop mark evidence on the hill top northwest of the village near Easington but the identification remains very tentative. Two excavations carried out in the late 1970s to early 1980s uncovered indications of an Iron Age and early Roman settlement northeast of the church (LC2).

A Roman road may run through the village on a north-east to south-west alignment from Fleet Marston to Dorchester-on-Thames, although it has yet to be confirmed by excavation. Archaeological evidence for Roman activity in Long Crendon indicates a concentration of activity in the area north of the Chearsley Road near St Mary’s Church (LC3). In the 19th century this site revealed a number of skeletons with regular interment as well as indications of cremation and urn burials. Another 19th century record also points to the discovery of a possible Roman sarcophagus containing three small urn burials in this area. Excavations carried out in 1999 uncovered a second possible Roman cremation site southwest of Long Crendon near Peppershill along the Bicester Road. This site revealed three cremation burials, a possible Iron Age cremation pyre and quantities of Romano-British pottery.

At present, there is no known archaeological evidence for Saxon activity in Long Crendon despite documentary evidence indicating that Long Crendon was an established large settlement by the 11th century. The relative lack of archaeological investigation in Long Crendon, and the very small-scale of what has been done, probably explains why the Saxon settlement area(s) have yet to be discovered. It is tentatively suggested that Church End, the junction of the Chearsley and Bicester Roads and perhaps Lower End are the most promising locations for Saxon settlements Fig. W based on historical topographical considerations (fig X).

The earliest documentary reference to Long Crendon comes from the Domesday Book of 1086. The village at the start of the Middle Ages possessed certain qualities that would have enhanced its status at a local or even regional level. Domesday records an unusually populous village with a deer 17 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

park in the manor, one of only two in Buckinghamshire at that time. Crendon’s connection with aristocratic hunting was also expressed through its location within the Royal Forest of Bernwood in the 12th century. William I endowed the Giffard family with some 49 manors in Buckinghamshire as well as land in several other counties, but it was at Long Crendon that they established their head manor. Popular tradition asserts that the Giffards had a castle next to the church but as yet neither archaeological nor documentary evidence confirms this idea. However, Walter Giffard did found Notley Abbey, an Augustinian monastery, in his deer park around 1162. Notley Abbey House still stands 1.5km to the east of the village - the site of the abbey is a scheduled ancient monument.

The village’s morphology suggests a poly-focal plan form originating in the Saxon period (see above) with later Norman and medieval expansion mainly along the south side of High Street and west of Bicester Road. Land to the north and east seems to have been part of the medieval open field system, albeit with early encroachment around The Square and at Church End. It is likely that the current plan form was already set by the end of the medieval period with only limited settlement expansion in the 16th to 18th centuries (figs X and Y). The plan form suggest piecemeal development with little sign of regular planning giving rise to a variety of different shaped ancient plots, some typical long thin medieval tenements but others quite small or large and irregular. Buildings comprise farmsteads and small cottages, predominately built with a cruck frame and rendered. Crendon is notable for its unusually high survival of medieval and later cruck framed houses.

Long Crendon was given a market grant in 1215 and it was perhaps at this time that The Square was laid out as the new market place. The market may not have survived the 13th century but there are records of numerous traders in the late 15th century, including fishmongers, butchers, bakers, weavers, tailors, innkeepers, and candlemakers. It was at this time (1483-7) that the Court House was built, possibly originally as a staple hall linked to the wool trade. The village is also well known for its numerous post-medieval inns and pubs and for its needle and lace industries (fig Z) – overall it seems to have hovered around or just below the normally accepted urban threshold between the 13th and 18th centuries. Modern expansion began in the 1950s.

Fields on the western side of the village were enclosed early but most of the parish operated under the traditional medieval open field system until enclosure in the 19th century (fig page 16). Unusually, Long Crendon operated under a six field system of crop rotation throughout the medieval period, perhaps allowing two fields for each of the three principal manors.

Fig. Z Archaeological information is held on the County Historic Environment Record and regularly updated. The effect of development on archaeological remains is a material planning consideration. ‘Archaeological Notification Sites’ act as a planning trigger for consideration of archaeological issues. The main archaeological notification area at Long Crendon is

18 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Fig. X defined by the historic settlement core where there is potential for Saxon, medieval and post-medieval remains related to the village and perhaps also earlier prehistoric and Roman activity. Historic buildings within Long Crendon are of considerable archaeological interest with good survival of medieval fabric dating back in one case to the early 13th century and also linking to local crafts, industry and social life.

Many historic features may lie hidden behind more recent accretions or require archaeological analysis to determine their full significance. The ancient enclosed fields to the south west of Bicester Road have been classified as pre-18th century irregular enclosure and contribute to the setting of the conservation area. To the east of the village there are notification areas based on Iron Age and Roman finds and Notley Abbey whilst to the north the possible hillfort is notified.

Applicants for planning consent may be required to undertake assessments and field evaluations to inform decisions and/or conditions may be applied to safeguard archaeological interests. For further information and advice contact the County Archaeological Service on 01296-382927.”

Fig. Y

19 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

CHAPTER 8 - ALTERATIONS TO BOUNDARIES

The following principles have been applied in defining the Conservation Area boundaries:-

• Wherever possible the boundaries follow features on the ground that are clearly visible, for example walls, hedges, building frontages. This is to minimise confusion.

• Where there are important buildings the boundary includes their curtilage. This is due to the fact that the setting of a building can be important and also to ensure that the Conservation Areas are not eroded if land is sold or sub-divided.

• Where landscape features such as a row of trees or an important hedge defines a boundary, then the Conservation Area status is assumed to apply to features on both sides of the boundary. It is not therefore necessary to define the width of a hedge or the span of a tree.

It is proposed that a number of changes are made to the 1969 Conservation Area. The new boundaries have been drawn tightly around the surviving historic buildings and a number of modern properties built after the 1969 designation have been removed.

Areas of open countryside or large tracts of undeveloped land are not normally included within Conservation Areas since Conservation Areas are intended to protect the built historic environment rather than the historic landscape. Exceptions include:

• Historic parks or gardens.

• Well preserved examples of historic or ancient field systems where they survive immediately adjacent to historic development deserving of Conservation Area status.

• Important archaeological features where they survive immediately adjacent to historic development deserving of Conservation Area status.

• Small areas of planned landscape or woodland where they survive immediately adjacent to historic development deserving of Conservation Area status.

• Landscapes where historic significance is easily identifiable.

Conservation Areas reflect the quality of the built historic environment and unless modern buildings are of exceptional architectural value or importance they are generally removed from the designation. Although these properties demonstrate the ongoing development and organic growth of Long Crendon, in the context of the designation criteria, their historic interest is limited. In some cases, modern construction has also obscured the historic village plan and plot layouts, or has been built to modern specifications that do not reflect the common sizes and scales of the nearby historic buildings. The exclusion of these buildings is therefore not necessarily a reflection on the design or architectural aesthetics of the properties.

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28 ROAD Pond hrhEnd Church 31

olg Farm College ah(um) Path aeKeep Game o oayrcgie scale recognised any to Not yebr aeDsrc oni.L 0099 2007 100019797 LA Council. District Vale Aylesbury C ao House Manor rw oyih.Alrgt reserved. rights All copyright. Crown The a hwn leain oboundaries to alterations showing Map Pond

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8 3 Manor Farm 11 10 9 8 7 Land to the rear of 41, Bicester Road 1, Sandy Lane including 6. Land to the rear of Oil Depot 5. 4 3 2 1 Proposed Inclusions (Pink on map) Proposed alterations to Long Crendon Conservation Area Boundary

...... 22 Long Crendon Conservation Areas . . Area. should for the sake of consistency be included within the Conservation This land forms part of the grounds of 12 and 14, Chilton Road and Land to the rear 12 and 14, Chilton Road corner of Chearsley Road. retaining a number of original features prominently positioned at the A cohesive group of late 19th and turn the 20th century properties 1-11 (odd), Chearsley Road the sake of consistency be included within the Conservation Area. This land forms part of the grounds of 19, Frogmore Lane and should for Land to the rear of 19, Frogmore Lane for the sake of consistency be included within the Conservation Area. This land forms part of the grounds of 20-22 Frogmore Lane and should Land to the rear of 20-22 Frogmore Lane Simple in form and appearance, but contrasts with its modern neighbours. A prominently positioned traditional cottage set close to the road edge. 16, Bicester Road be included within the Conservation Area. Lane makes a positive contribution to the character of area and should stone boundary wall which runs along the north-western side of Sandy for the sake of consistency be included within the Conservation Area. The This land forms part of the grounds of 41 to 45 Bicester Road and should, boundary wall along north-western side of Sandy Lane sake of consistency be included within the Conservation Area This land forms part of the grounds of the Oil Depot and should, for modern development. They are visually prominent, soften the edge of carriageway and screen The verges, trees and hedge form an important boundary to the road. Grass verge, hedges and trees along north-eastern boundary of Bicester Rd sake of consistency be included within the Conservation Area. This land forms part of the grounds of 91, Hollington and should, for the Land to the rear of 91, Hollington sake of consistency be included within the Conservation Area. This land forms part of the grounds of Dragon Farm and should, for the Land to the rear of Dragon Farm the sake of consistency should be included within the Conservation Area. End and its grounds,The 1969 boundary cuts through and for 74, Lower Land to the rear of 70-74 (even), Lower End. . 21 20 19 Boundary to the rear of 117, Lower End 18. 17 16 Proposed Areas for exclusion. (Blue on map) Land to the rear of Tompsons Farm 15. 14 13 12 ...... original Conservation Area designation. Modern property set within modern plot boundaries, constructed after the 3, Carters Lane should follow the south-western curtilage of Squirrels. For consistency and to avoid confusion the Conservation Area boundary The 1969 boundary cuts through the grounds of the modern Squirrels. Squirrels, Lower End from Bicester Road. at a lower level and facing away the original Conservation Area. Located Modern properties set within modern plot boundaries, constructed after Orchard House and Hill End. 117, Lower confusion the Conservation Area boundary should follow rear boundary of and cuts through the modern Kasaba. For consistency and to avoid End The 1969 boundary does not follow the rear boundary of 117, Lower of the green the original Conservation Area designation and located on the periphery Modern properties set within modern plot boundaries, constructed after West View and building to south-west of Dragon Farm, Lower End not be included within the Conservation Area. AcreThe land does not form part of the Long Barn and therefore should Area of land to the rear Long Acre Barn sake of consistency be included within the Conservation Area. This land forms part of the grounds of Tompsons Farm and should for the Conservation Area boundary For the sake of consistency the whole area should be included within the majority of the area is included within the Conservation Area boundary. The current boundary cuts through this area of land, and at present the Land to the South West of Cop Close the sake of consistency be included within the Conservation Area. This land forms part of the grounds of The Manor House and should for The Grounds of Manor House and Game Keep contrast with the built forms on opposite side of road. from the north-east. The hedge and bank soften edge of road and The hedge and bank form an important entrance to the Conservation Area Hedges and bank of the north-western side Chearsley Road 1 Land to the South East of Chearsley Road 31. 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 3 22a, 24, 29a Frogmore Lan 23. 22 ...... 1-8 (consecutive),Walnut Close, 1-5 (consecutive), Lacemakers, 49-77 Land to the rear of 66, High Street western boundary of this field. the Conservation Area boundary should be amended to follow the is not included within the existing Conservation Area. For consistency does not follow an extant boundary feature. The majority of the field The current boundary cuts across this undeveloped pasture land and after the original Conservation Area designation. Modern property set within modern plot boundaries, constructed (odd), Giffard Way, 25, Chilton Way. after the original Conservation Area designation Modern property set within modern plot boundaries, constructed 20-24 (even) Chilton Road south-eastern boundary of 66, High Street. 66, High Street. For consistency the boundary should follow The 1969 boundary cuts through the corner of a field to rear of after the original Conservation Area designation. Modern property set within modern plot boundaries, constructed Wainwrights 22, High Street, 2a Wainwrights, 2, 3-11 (odd) after the original Conservation Area designation. Modern property set within modern plot boundaries, constructed 3, 3a, 5a, 7, 11, Morningside, Sherlocks, Finches on Thame Road, Casa Mia, Conifers, Franks Paddock, Home Grounds on Jesses Lane, 4, 7, 8, 9, 12, 14, 16, 17, Nappins Close, 1-4, Braddons Furlong, boundary. boundary on the ground. Alter the boundary to follow a physical western side of the Thame Road does not follow the line any physical A section of the 1969 Conservation Area boundary on the south- South-western side of Thame Road should follow the north-western curtilage of stables. consistency and to avoid confusion the Conservation Area boundary The 1969 boundary cuts through the grounds of The Manor. For Stables, The Manor after the original Conservation Area designation. Modern property set within modern plot boundaries, constructed Bicester Road are earlier properties but have been altered. after the original Conservation Area designation. Nos. 23 and 25, Modern properties set within modern plot boundaries, constructed Bicester Road, 1-13 (consecutive), Sycamore Close, 3-15 (odd) 1-12 (consecutive) Ketchmere Close, 13-25 (odd), Bicester Road, 7a, e . Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Where modern buildings of unexceptional quality remain within the Conservation Area this is usually due to one or more of the following reasons;

• The building is surrounded by historic buildings and its removal would result in a hole in the Conservation Area and would affect its overall cohesive character.

• The building occupies a plot which retains its original boundary layout.

• The curtilage structures of the building, e.g. outbuildings or boundary walls are of historic or aesthetic interest.

• The building occupies a visually prominent plot and makes a positive contribution to the character of the surrounding area.

Opposite is a list of the proposed changes to the Long Crendon Conservation Area boundaries.

23 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

CHAPTER 9 - KEY VIEWS AND VISTAS

Views into the Conservation Areas

Due to its elevated position Long Crendon Conservation Area, and in particular the landmark tower of St. Mary’s Church, can be seen from some distance outside the village boundaries. Particularly fine views of the village are gained from the A418 to the south-west and north-east of Thame, along the Long Crendon Road from Shabbington to the south-west and approaching the village from the north-west along the Bicester Road.

Views out of the Conservation Areas

Extensive views of the surrounding countryside are gained from the south-western, eastern and north- western ends of the village. Particularly fine views of the Thame Valley are visible from the churchyard of St. Mary’s Church and running along the footpath that leads south-west from Haroell.

At the north-western end of the village extensive views of the Oxfordshire Plain are gained from Lower End. View south from Dragon’s Farm, Lower End Many of the houses located along the south-western side of Bicester Road and along the south-eastern edge of the village have extensive views from their rear gardens across the surrounding landscape. In general these views have not been identified on the accompanying views maps because they are gained from private gardens and not from the public domain.

Views within the Conservation Areas

St. Mary’s Church is a landmark building which provides the principal focus to views at the north-eastern end of View of the Church from the High Street High Street and Chearsley Road.

Within the Conservation Area, views tend to be focused along roads and contained by the buildings that line each side. However the curvilinear nature of the High Street means that views in both directions along its length are truncated and different buildings provide the visual focus to a series of unfolding views.

View along High Street

24 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Map showing important views in the Bicester Road Conservation Area

25 Long Crendon Conservation Areas Pond Long Crendon examples of Pond Proposed Conservation Area boundary Panoramas General views Unfolding views Glimpsed views View to specific object / landmark V House V U G V The Manor Crown copyright. All rights reserved. Map showing key views and vistas CHURCH END C Aylesbury Vale District Council. LA 100019797 2008 Not to any recognised scale Game Keep

St Mary’s Church

D

A V O Cop Close Barn House The Court House V

LEY R 6 S 10

102 Pond R

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84a Liberty House The

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57a

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STREET H

PH 9 WAPPING HIG 4 78 14a

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7 HARROELL 5 9

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1 1

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2a Our Lady of Light Catholic Church

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4 FURLON

49 44 S N 3

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20 Community Centre RAD

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20 2 3 7 22 Briar Cottage Oil Depot

Tanks 29

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22 31 Lancaster Lodge ell D Map showing important views in the High Street Conservation Area

26 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

CHAPTER 10 - OPEN SPACES AND TREES

A key characteristic of Long Crendon are the series of enclosed spaces of irregular shape and varying sizes spread throughout the village. These enclosed spaces are concentrated at, Lower End, The Square, the recreation ground, the junction of Bicester Road and Chearsley Road, the junction with Wapping and the High Street and around the church of St. Mary. In the case of the High Street and Lower End, these spaces open out from narrow roads bordered by buildings and provide a sense of relief from the enclosed, hard edge to the streets which Green space in Lower End feed onto them.

Due to the relatively recent expansion of the village to the north-west and south-east of the High Street, the transition from buildings to agricultural land in these parts of the village is relatively abrupt. Elsewhere, in particular around the church, along the south-eastern side of the High Street stretching from St. Mary’s to Haroell, along Frogmore Lane, the south-western side of Bicester Road and around Lower End, the distinction is less clear and the built environment gradually dissolves into the surrounding rural landscape. Here open fields to the Space around Wapping on the High Street rear of buildings, trees and vegetation play a fundamental role in defining the character of these parts of the village and form the setting to a number of individual buildings, in particular St. Mary’s Church and both surviving Manor Houses.

Within the High Street, little relief from the hard outline of buildings is afforded by vegetation. Exceptions include the trees in front of the Library and Baptist church and the trees and verges at the north-eastern end of the street by the Vicarage, Church Green and St. Mary’s Church. Landscape from St. Mary’s churchyard Elsewhere within the village a number of individual trees form focal points within enclosed spaces, for example within the Square and at Lower End.

Rows of trees form the boundary to short sections of some roads within the village. Along the north-western and south-western side of the Recreation Ground, the planting is regular and reinforces the formality of a public open space.

Along the north-eastern boundary of Bicester Road, a line of trees helps to screen a modern housing Trees bordering the recreation ground development. Along Frogmore Lane and Thame Road trees create a soft edge to the road and reinforce the rural character of the village. Along Frogmore Lane the high banks and overhanging trees create a tunnel-like effect, casting shadows on the road and creating a strong sense of enclosure. 27

Long Crendon Conservation Areas 5

6

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32 4

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BM 117. 1

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examples of

etView West

Proposed Conservation Area boundaries Important hedges that provide enclosure or firm village edge Important green spaces ...s(TreeT.P.O.’s Preservation Orders) Other important trees / groups of trees

Acres Green Crown copyright. All rights reserved. Map showing open spaces and trees C Aylesbury Vale District Council. LA 100019797 2008 Not to any recognised scale

Map showing open spaces and trees in the Bicester Road Conservation Area

28 Long Crendon Conservation Areas Pond Long Crendon examples of Pond Proposed Conservation Area boundaries Important hedges that provide enclosure or firm village edge Important green spaces ...s(TreeT.P.O.’s Preservation Orders) Private lawn/garden that is visible or important private open space Other important trees / groups of trees Important public open space CHURCH END House The Manor Crown copyright. All rights reserved. C Aylesbury Vale District Council. LA 100019797 2008 Not to any recognised scale Map showing open spaces and trees Game Keep St Mary’s Church Cop Close Barn House The Court House

106 102

GREEN Pond 118

120 HASE ROAD CHEARSLEY CHURCH 67 61

90

16a 66

84a Liberty House The

Vicarage

57 55

16 Jack o’ Thame

86 70a

57 55a

84 Tompsons Farm 53

7a 5 Madge’s Farm

PH WAPPING IHSTREET HIGH 49 78 14a

72

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14 South Court Hall

33 55 Wychelm

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Vine Cottage 29 6

ARNOTTS YARD 5

5 2 56 49

54a 23 HARROELL 10

12 1

NEEDLEMAKERS

11 12

10 Surgery

7 5 52

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8

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2 JESSES LANE 17

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20 Community Centre

16 RDOSFURLONG BRADDONS

13 11

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12 2 14A 5

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19

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Lancaster Lodge

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36

Map showing open spaces and trees in the High Street Conservation Area

29 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

CHAPTER 11 - PERMEABILITY AND ROAD LAYOUT

Historically Long Crendon was a linear village with development concentrated along three principal roads, the High Street, Frogmore Lane and Thame Road / Bicester Road which linked the ‘ends’ of the settlement. The 1593 map of Long Crendon is difficult to decipher, but clearly shows sections of High Street and what is now Thame Road. The course of Harroell joining the High Street and Thame Road is also visible.

The north-eastern end of the High Street is distinguished on the 1593 map of the village by the church. Chearsley Road is visible on this map as is a route running in a north- western direction from the junction of Chearsley Road and High Street. This road seems to follow a very similar course to a surviving footpath that leads from Chearsley Road to the site of a Roman burial ground by College Farm. This road appears to have joined up 1593 map with another track which Map produced with permission of the Centre for Buckinghamshire Studies seems to have lead north- eastwards from the junction of Carters Lane and Chilton Road. Both of these routes are shown on Jeffery’s map of 1760 but are no longer visible on maps dating from the 1820s.

In the early 19th century Chearsley Road was created in its present form, being widened and straightened as a result of Enclosure. In 1832 the road from Thame to Bicester was made a turnpike and since this date the historic road forms of Jefferys Map 1760 the village have changed Map produced with permission of the Centre for Buckinghamshire Stusies remarkably little.

During the 20th and 21st centuries development to the north-west and south-east of the historic village core has been laid out along roads and cul-de-sacs in a form that lacks the linear character of historic streets such as High Street or Bicester Road.

30 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

The surviving footpaths within the village tend to lead from the historic core out into the surrounding countryside. In the case of the footpath leading from Chearsley Road to College Farm, this probably follows the course of a much older road. Similarly the footpath leading to the south of St. Mary’s Church possibly follows the course of an original road leading from the church to Notley Abbey.

With the exception of Harroell which appears to be visible on 16th century maps of the village, few footpaths provide connections between historic streets within the historic core of the village.

CHIL Long Crendon TON ROAD

ROAD

CHEARSLEY B4011toB icester CARTERS LANE

BICESTER ROAD

BURTS LANE

HARROELL

H STREET HIG

SANDY LANE

FR OGM THAME ROAD ORE LANE

B4011 to Thame

Map showing roads and footpaths through Long Crendon

31 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

CHAPTER 12 - DEFINITION OF IDENTITY AREAS

There are two separate Conservation Areas within Long Crendon, one centred around Bicester Road and the other the High Street.

Contained within the two Conservation Areas are smaller areas with distinctive characters. For the purposes of this appraisal, these areas have been sub-divided into Identity Areas and will be analysed individually and then compared.

• Identity Area 1. Lower End

• Identity Area 2. Bicester Road

• Identity Area 3. Chearsley Road

• Identity Area 4. Chilton Road

• Identity Area 5. St. Mary’s Church

• Identity Area 6. High Street

• Identity Area 7. The Square

• Identity Area 8. Frogmore Lane

• Identity Area 9. Thame Road

32 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

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Long Crendon Combined School

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3

2

3

LANE

a

1 26

3 37

PH

74 20 49 9

2

51

11 S 50 24

ATR LANE CARTERS 67

E

SANDY

E

5

R 3

T 8 69

35

7

16 7 16

2 54 Briar ELM 41 S Cottage E

E R 6

56 T 1

1 M 12

L RGOELANE FROGMORE 1 E

2 6

5

E

2 N

2

A

L

2

2

Y

D

N

A

S

6

15

E

C

4 IE

1 P 7

Lodge

Bakers Green

71 Tanks 13 Oil Depot The Dell

Lancaster

8

PITTERS 73 1 3

11

75

7

8

79 2 1 Farm

PH

S 50 Redding's E 10 R C

NA Walnut Lodge Silver 93

E Birches

V Reddings

E 73

S 89

95

56 ON 5

Wycombe's

91 HOLLINGT Grove Farm Squirrels

ROAD

The Hythe 60

1

0

9

ah(um) Path

BICESTER House Hill

House ost' Cottage Dorsett's

66 Orchard Lower End The

House

Corner 70

117 Kasaba

1 72

119

End

74

Barn

orth N Farm Dragon Lorien Long Acre Barn

Pump House 76

0

8 Broad View The Sheilings West View Green Acres

Map showing Identity Areas

33 Long Cendon Conservation Areas

CHAPTER 13 - URBAN MORPHOLOGY

Identity Area 1 – Lower End

Long Crendon is typical of many Buckinghamshire villages in having Ends. This is a feature of the polyfocal form of development where small groups of buildings slightly dislocated from one another coalesced over time. In Long Crendon, Lower End developed at the north-western end of the village at a sharp bend of Bicester Road. Lower End is centred on a roughly rectangular shaped green enclosed to the north-west, north- east and south by historic buildings. It has a distinct insular character and a strong sense of place which is reinforced by the following characteristics.

Path (um) 73

8

PIT

10

The Hythe 11

Wycombe's Lower End

Walnut Lodge 74 Long Acre Barn Squirrels

North End 72 Barn 70

76 Lorien Silver The Birches 80

Mount

66

117 West View 119

Dragon The 7 Farm Corner 60 House Broad View Hill House BICESTER 3

Kasaba 109

The Sheilings 56

OrchardHouse

ROAD 1 95

50

Dorsett's Cottage 93

91 ON PH GT Loss of enclosure Examples of visually important boundaries

Indicating rise in ground level Walls, fences, railings Strong building line providing enclosure Hedges Trees providing enclosure Hedges, with railings or walls Conservation Area boundary

34 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Street

• Historic development is centred on a roughly rectangular shaped green.

• Bicester Road drops down steeply into Lower End at the south-eastern corner of the green.

• Bicester Road cuts through the green in a sweeping curve.

• At the western end of the green Bicester Road forks. A minor road to the south continues for a short distance in a westerly direction. The main road drops steeply away from the green and bends sharply to the north as it continues towards Bicester.

• Within Lower End, land rises relatively steeply to the east and more gently to the north.

Position of buildings in relation to the street

• Buildings located on the northern and eastern sides of Lower End are situated on land raised above the level of the road. Buildings on the southern side of the green are situated at a slightly lower level than the road

• Buildings on the southern side of the green are situated towards the front of their plots and follow a similar building line.

• Buildings on the northern side of the Lower End are situated at varying distances from the edge of the green.

• Buildings on the southern side of Lower End are relatively regularly spaced creating a rhythm to this View towards northern side of Lower End side of the green.

Plots

• Plots surrounding Lower End are irregular in shape and size. Plot sizes vary enormously.

Building age and form

• Buildings located around Lower End, range in date from the 16th to the 21st centuries.

• They are a mixture of former farmhouses, former utilitarian buildings and historic and modern domestic properties.

• The majority of the historic buildings surrounding the green at Lower End are detached. Some like The Mount (66, Lower End) were formerly three cottages.

• Buildings range in height from 1 to 2.5 storeys.

• Roofs are hipped or gabled and range in pitch according to the materials that cover them or formerly covered them.

• Buildings on the southern side of the Lower End have prominent gables facing onto the green with cross ranges.

35 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Materials

• Historic buildings located around Lower End are constructed of stone, timber, brick or a combination of these materials.

• A number of the buildings are rendered.

• There are examples of thatched roofs.

Boundaries

• A number of historic buildings located on the northern side of Lower End are situated behind stone boundary walls of six or seven courses in height capped with stone.

• High stone boundary walls help to maintain the strong building line on the southern side of Lower End. Walls here in combination with buildings create enclosure on this side of the green.

Views

• Expansive views of the surrounding countryside can be gained from vantage points at the western end of Lower End.

• Views from the private road leading off the north- eastern side of Lower End providing access to The Hythe, Wycombe’s and Squirrels, towards the west are expansive. The rising gradient of the land reveals views between historic buildings on the southern side of Lower End as far as Didcot Power Station to the south-west.

• The raised position of The Mount at the eastern end of Lower End, which is seen against a The Mount, Lower End backdrop of mature trees, forms the visual focus to views within the green especially when approaching from the west.

Trees and verges

• Wide grass verges to either side of the road are a prominent feature of Lower End. Paths and paved and unpaved drives cross the verges to buildings on both sides of the green.

• There are several individual trees dotted around the deep verges of Lower End which help to break up the open space and provide a contrast with the hard outlines of the buildings and walls that enclose the green. Wide grass verges, Lower End

36 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Identity Area 2 – Bicester Road

Bicester Road runs in a south-east to north-west direction from The Square to Lower End. Historic development is primarily concentrated along the south-western side of Bicester Road where historic buildings are interspersed with some modern infill development. Historic buildings located along the road are eclectic in both date and form.

Bicester Road is very busy road carrying lots of traffic from Thame to Bicester. The noise of traffic movement is accentuated by the changes in levels of the road and along short sections where the road narrows and therefore amplifies sound. This heavy vehicular use, especially by lorries, has had an adverse impact upon the former character of the road.

Birches 3 Lower End FRIARS 66 8

10 FURLONG 23

7

11 20 16

BICESTER 11 The 13 7 Q

33 BONNERSFIELD Corner 60 15 House 1 TREES Hill ROAD 21 17

House ELM

3 32

37

18

109 ba 41 56 BONN 56 1 2 CLOSE Orchard

House ELM TREES E

1 54 28 95

50 29 50

Dorsett's Cottage 6 93

7 16 42 6 12 12a

13

38 14a

10

91 MEADOWBANK 10

PH 12

15

22 33

81

89

14 HOLLINGTON 71

7

24

73 18

75 30

26

5 19

79 27

Oil Depot 61 65 24

22

Tanks 53

Grove Farm 51 49 PH HIGHFIELD 1

B 4011 24 LANE 45 20

SANDY BICESTER

16 14b ROAD 14

14

35

31a 31 29 Lancaster Lodge

1

Willow Springs 3 25

Briar 2 4 Cottage 12

KETCHMERE

CLOSE 6

11 22 7

The Dell

Loss of enclosure Examples of visually important boundaries

Indicating rise in ground level Walls, fences, railings Strong building line providing enclosure Hedges Conservation Area boundary Hedges, with railings or walls

37 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Street

• Bicester Road runs in a south-east to north-west direction from The Square to Lower End.

• The road is relatively straight, curving very gently along its length until the point where it enters Lower End. Here Bicester Road curves sharply to the west.

• Bicester Road changes in level along its length. Changes in level are very marked around the junction between Bicester Road and Carters Lane.

• The road is fairly consistent in width, except for a section between Lower End and the junction with Carters Lane. Here the road narrows as it rises steeply to approach Lower End.

• Along the middle section of Bicester Road, wide grass verges give a sense of openness to the street. Looking towards the junction of Bicester • Footpaths run along the majority of the south- Road and Carters Lane western side of Bicester Road, but not between Hollington and Lower End. The footpath along the north-eastern side of this section of the road is raised above a retaining wall and links Carter’s Lane and Lower End.

Position of buildings in relation to the street

• The historic buildings are situated primarily on the south-western side of Bicester Road.

• These historic buildings tend to be positioned towards the front of their plots, often directly onto the back edge of the pavement. Exceptions include the cottages located around Hollington and nos. 71 to 79, Bicester Road which are grouped around short lanes that form spurs on the south-western side of Bicester Road. In the case of Holligton, these buildings are situated at a lower level than Bicester Road and in contrast nos. 71 to 79, Bicester Road rise up in a south-western direction from Bicester Road.

• Along some sections of Bicester Road, buildings are 56, Bicester Road located above the height of the carriageway.

• Buildings tend to be orientated so that their ridgelines run parallel with the carriageway with their principal elevation facing onto the road creating active frontages.

Plots

• The historic buildings tend to be positioned towards the front of their plots.

• Historic building plots on the south-western side of Bicester Road between the Ketchmore Close development and the Oil Depot site to the north-west of Sandy Lane are relatively regular in width and orientation, stretching back from Bicester Road at roughly a 90˚ angle.

38 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

• Plots to the north-west of the Oil Depot site are more irregular in shape varying in both width and depth.

Building age and form

• Historic buildings located along the south-western side of Bicester Road are interspersed between areas of modern infill developments.

• Buildings located along Bicester Road range in date from the 15th to the 20th centuries.

• There are mixtures of building types located along Bicester Road including a substantial former farmhouse, public houses, rows of narrow fronted vernacular cottages and detached turn of the century domestic houses.

• Buildings range in height between 1.5 and 2.5 storeys.

• Roof forms tend to be gabled with ridgelines orientated to run parallel with the carriageway.

• Along sections of the road, short rows of historic buildings create an unbroken hard edge to the street.

Materials

• There are examples of timber, stone and brick buildings located along Bicester Road. A number of buildings are rendered.

• There are examples of thatch, tiled and slate roofs on houses located along Bicester Road.

Boundaries

• Stone walls form the frontage boundaries to a number of buildings along sections of Bicester Road. Elsewhere short sections of hedges form frontage boundaries.

• On the north-eastern side of Bicester Road, banks, a high hedge and trees form the road frontage. This section of hedge helps to soften the edge of the street provides contrast with the built forms opposite and acts as a successful screen to modern development located along Elm Trees.

 Sections of boundary walls on the south-west side of the road help to maintain a strong building line.

• The stone boundary wall forming the boundary of Stone wall north of 97, Bicester Road Sandy Lane is an important feature of this part of the Conservation Area.

Views

• Views tend to be channelled in both directions along Bicester Road. The position of houses close to the front of their boundaries on the south-western side of the road, and

39 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

the hedges on the north-eastern side tend to restrict more expansive views.

• Views are also restricted by changing levels in the road and the land to either side as well as by gentle curves and bends along the carriageway itself.

Trees and verges

• Trees and hedges are an important element of the character of Bicester Road.

• Sections of Bicester Road, in particular its north-eastern side are dominated by trees and hedges. These help to soften the edge of the road, contain views and provide a visual View south from the junction of contrast with the hard edges of the buildings opposite. Bicester Road and Sandy Lane

• Wide grass verges, planted in section by trees and steep grass banks are a fundamental element of the streetscape. The width of the verges help to broaden the appearance of the road and provide an attractive foreground to views of historic buildings located along its south-western side.

• Trees along the rear of properties located along the south-western side of Bicester Road are important features of long distance views into the Conservation Area.

View down Hollington

Grass verges on Bicester Road

40 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Identity Area 3 - Chearsley Road

Chearsley Road runs in a south-west to north-east direction from Bicester Road out of the village. It runs roughly parallel with, but to the north-west of, the High Street. It is a relatively busy road taking traffic from the Bicester Road past the village centre out of the village towards Chearsley and Waddesden. Historic maps show that Chearsley Road was largely undeveloped on the north-western side. Today development lines both sides of the road for the majority of its length.

Historic maps indicate that development was generally confined to the north-east of the junction with Burts Lane and Chilton Road. During the late 19th century and early 20th centuries development sprang up on the north-western side of Chearsley Road between the junctions of Bicester Road and Chilton Road. The Conservation Area has been extended to include some of these buildings.

Today development is more erratic along the south-eastern side of the road, with sections of the street frontage formed by the plots of properties facing onto High Street. Historic maps show that where houses faced onto Chearsley Road, their associated plots tended to be relatively shallow. Today a number of plots have been subdivided and modern housing have been inserted which now faces onto Chearsley Road. This has affected the overall coherence of this section of the street.

Street

• Chearsley Road runs in a roughly south-west to north-eastern direction.

• It is a relatively straight road with sweeping gentle bends at the north-eastern end of the village close to the junction with High Street.

• Chearsley Road rises gradually in a south-west to north-east direction as it passes through the village. There is a sharp dip followed by an equally sharp rise in levels at the junction with Burts Lane and Chilton Road. The road also dips at the junction with High Street and Chearsley Road between 67 and 120, High Street.

• Pavements run along both sides of Chearsley Road from the junction with Bicester Road and Chilton Road. Beyond the junction with Chilton Road, the pavement is confined to the south-eastern side of the road.

Position of buildings in relation to the street

• Buildings on the north-western side of Chearsley Road between the junction with Bicester Road and Chilton Road are set back from the road on similar building lines, behind shallow front gardens.

• Buildings in this section of Chearsley Road are orientated to face directly onto the road, with their ridgelines running roughly parallel with the carriageway. This creates active frontages. View along Chearsley Road

41 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

RO k AD OL

36 BERNEWODE CLOSE

El Sub Sta 24 6 26 CHEARSLEY ROAD

R 27 34

YCLOSE 7

23 30 22

2

1 4 Devonia Barn

3 CHILTON ROAD House

Chase End6 25 18 Madge's Farm Church End 120

16 The 67 35 59 Coppers 118 5 57

47 16a The St Mary's Church 1 57a 14 Court House 49 WAY 3 4 5 55a 116 Walnut 61

D Close 16 57

6

32 55 3

71 98 Church Green

8 53

12 10 73 NEEDLEMAKERS

51

90 106 1

14a

77 1 BURNS CLOSE

52 55 HIGH STREET

51 84a 5

2 8 14

44 49

6 104 5

Vicarage

5 LACEMAKERS CHIL 4 2

55a

Tel Ex 1 3 TON 53

1 PH Cop Close

2 98 12 Mulberry House

23 ROAD 49

84 FF 10 82 ARD Liberty House Ga 35 LB WAY Pa 2 43 35 13 41 78

AVENUE 3 41 Jack o' Thame 23 ARNOTT'S 1 The Forge 76a 68

YD 76

TMAN 2 5 70a

33

20 33 1 COL 66 8

72 11 WAPPING 31 BUR

11 T'S

8

4 LANE

12 Hall

Well 60 5 23 10

21a Tompsons Farm

3 EY2 ROAD

6 25

21 56a 4

CHEARSL 23 56

1 Hall Our LadyCatholic of Light Church 54a 13 11a PC

10 54 11 4 FELLS 15 Pavilion STREET Brindles 6 HARROELL

CLOSE 1 Surgery 4 52 Wychelm Garag Pavilion Long Crendon

Baptist Chapel 11 HIGH 15 1

e 48 Bowling 9 Harroell End Green 7 44 Foxwell

Recreation Ground South Court

5 Shilling Cottage

13 34 Cottage

11 The

9 Cottage War Memorial 5 Vine

The Cottages Cottage LOSE 3

E C Westmead

26

Community 1 30

1 Centre 9

7 Library Seaton

3 22A Cottage 1 5 7

2

20 3 12 22 PH Harroell

3 5

13

1

1 2a WAINWRIGHTS

8 PH 2 9 11

6 16a

1 14 JESSE Dovecote

16

THE 8 2 House 10 10 SQUARE 'S L s PO S e

Loss of enclosure Examples of visually important boundaries

Indicating rise in ground level Walls, fences, railings Strong building line providing enclosure Hedges Trees providing enclosure Hedges, with railings or walls Conservation Area boundary

42 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

• Historic buildings are positioned towards the front of their plots at the north-eastern end of Chearsley Road around the junctions with Burts Lane and High Street and a short distance back from the road between these two junctions. The exception is the barn to the rear of 55 and 55a High Street which is positioned hard up to the pavement.

• The majority of modern infill properties between the Burt’s Lane and High Street junctions are situated slightly back from the road edge partially screened Old buildings at the junction of Burts by high boundary walls or hedges. Lane and Chearsley Road

Plots

• Plots are fairly uniform at the south-eastern end of Chearsley Road between, Bicester Road and the junction with Chilton Road. Here the plots associated with the late 19th century and early 20th century are rectilinear in form, relatively narrow and stretch back from the road at roughly a 90˚angle.

• Plots along the south-eastern side of Chearsley Road are irregular in shape. Some were historically the plots to houses fronting onto High Street. A number of these have been subdivided and infilled with modern development.

Building age and form

• Buildings on the north-western side of Chearsley Road between the junction with Bicester Road and Chilton Road are a mixture of detached and semi-detached buildings.

• Buildings in this section of the street date from the late 19th to the early 20th century and are broadly similar in design, scale and detailing. They form a distinctive group within the village.

• Buildings in this section of the street are two storeys in height with gabled roofs.

• Dormers are a feature of some of these properties and a number have ground floor bays contained beneath canopies that stretch across the entire ground floor elevation.

• Historic buildings clustered around the junctions of Chearsley Road and High Street range in date from the 16th to the 18th centuries. These buildings are typically vernacular in form and scale ranging in height between 1.5 and 2 storeys.

• Agricultural buildings dominate the north-eastern end of the road with the 18th century agricultural barn to the rear of 55 and 55a High Street and 19th century Barn House complex at the junction with High Street.

• A number of smaller utilitarian buildings have been converted to garaging and front onto the north- eastern end of Chearsley Road. Barn, Chearsley Road

43 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Materials

• Buildings on the north-western side of Chearsley Road between the junction with Bicester Road and Chilton Road are constructed of brick (some are painted) with clay tiled roofs.

• Historic buildings along the remainder of Chearlsey Road are a mixture of brick and stone buildings, some of which are rendered. Roofs are covered in tiles or slate.

Boundaries

• Frontage boundaries to buildings on the north-western side of Chearsley Road between the junction with Bicester Road and Chilton Road are defined by fences often backed by vegetation.

• High stone boundary walls are an important feature of the south-eastern side of Chearsley Road between the junctions with Burt’s Lane and the High Street. These boundary walls maintain a strong building line, define the plot boundaries and partially obscure views of modern infill development.

Views

• Views of the tower of St. Mary’s Church are visible at the north-eastern end of Chearsley Road.

• Views across the recreational ground at the south- western end of Chearsley Road reveal glimpses of the rear of historic buildings lining the High Street.

Trees and verges View of the church from Chearsley Road • The south-western end of Chearsley Road is dominated by the recreation ground which extends along the south-eastern side of the road. It is a large open space lined by regularly spaced trees. The rhythm created by the spacing of the trees compliments the uniformity and regularity of the late 19th or early 20th century houses opposite.

• Wide grass verges are a key feature of the south-eastern side of Chearsley Road between the junctions with Burt’s Lane and the High Street. These verges help to broaden the appearance of the road and soften the hard building line formed by the stone boundary walls and outbuildings on the street frontage.

• The trees and banks on the north-eastern side of Chearsley Road beyond no. 57, are an important feature. They provide enclosure and a soft edge to the road which contrasts with the hard lines of the stone and brick boundary walls opposite. The trees also mark the edge of the village and reinforce its rural setting.

44 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Identity Area 4 - Chilton Road

Chilton Road is located towards the north-eastern end of the village. It leads off Chearsley Road in a north-western direction, eventually extending beyond the boundaries of the village towards Easington, Chilton and Dorton. Chilton Road rises up from the junction with Chearsley Road and this rising gradient combined with gentle bends in the road means that views are restricted in a north-westerly direction. Historic development is concentrated close to the junction with Chearsley Road and is interspersed with modern infill development.

WO S DE CLOSE

El Sub 24

26 6

27 34

7 23 30 22

Devonia CHILTON ROAD

Chase End

6 25 18

16 The 59 Coppers

5 1 14 49 3 4 5 FFARD WAY Walnut

Close

6 55

71 3

8 53

12 10 73 NEEDLEMAKERS

51

1

77 1 BURNS CLOSE

52 51

2 8 5

44 49

6

5

LACEMAKERS CHILTON4 2

Tel Ex 1

3 1

ROAD 2

23 12 10 35 LB

2 13 41

3 23 1

2 BURT'S LANE5

20 33 8

VENUE 11 A 31 Examples of visually important boundaries Loss of enclosure Walls, fences, railings Indicating rise in ground level Hedges Strong building line providing enclosure Conservation Area boundary Hedges, with railings or walls

45 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Street

• Chilton Road extends in a north-western direction from Chearsley Road.

• Chilton Road is relatively narrow with a pavement extending along its western side.

Position of buildings in relation to the street

• Historic buildings are located at the south-eastern end of Chilton Road close to the junction with Chearsley Road.

• Historic buildings are located on the north-eastern and south-western sides of Chilton Road. They are interspersed between modern development.

• Historic buildings on both sides of Chilton Road 1& 3 Chilton Road are situated towards the front of their plots. A strong building line is maintained on the north- eastern side of Chilton Road and is more erratic on the south-western side.

• The position of buildings towards the front of their plots helps to reinforce the narrow character of the road.

• Buildings are orientated both gable onto the street and with their ridgelines running parallel with the carriageway.

Plots

• Plots of historic buildings located along Chilton Road are irregular. They tend to be relatively shallow and fairly regular in depth, but vary in width.

Building form and age

• Buildings range in date from the 16th to the 20th centuries.

• Historic buildings are typically vernacular in form.

• Historic buildings typically range in height from 1.5 to 2 storeys.

• Roofs of historic buildings are typically gabled and range in pitch according to the materials that cover them or originally covered them.

46 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Materials

• Historic buildings are constructed from an eclectic range of materials including timber frame, stone and brick. A number of buildings are rendered.

• Roofs of historic buildings are covered in tiles and there are some examples of thatched roofs.

Boundaries Stone built Old Needle House, Chilton Road • Frontages tend to be quite open and boundary walls are not visually prominent.

 The few examples of walls that form the frontage boundaries to some historic buildings are low, stone or brick.

 The hard edges to some sections of the street are formed by the buildings themselves.

• A high hedge and fence dominate the north-eastern side of Chilton Road adjacent to the junction with Chearsley Road.

Trees and verges

• Narrow grass verges are prominent along the north- eastern side of Chilton Road.

• Hedgerows are prominent along the south-western side of Chilton Road in front of a number of modern infill plots. These hedges help to screen this modern infill development. These hedges also help to reinforce the narrow character of the road. Hedgerows along Chilton Road • A high hedge also dominates the north-eastern side of Chilton Road at the junction with Chearsley Road.

Views

• Gentle bends and the rising gradient of the road truncate views along its length in a north-western direction.

• Views in a south-eastern direction from some elevated sections of Chilton Road are extensive and look across the Thame Valley. View looking south-east down Chilton Road

47 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Identity Area 5 - St Mary’s Church

St. Mary’s Church is located at the north-eastern end of High Street on slightly rising ground. The church dominates this area of the village and forms the visual focus to views. Situated as it is at the end of one of the best preserved and most attractive historic streets in Aylesbury Vale, the area around St. Mary’s Church does not disappoint. It is a quintessential English village church and churchyard set within a landscape dominated by trees with land falling dramatically away to the north-east and south-east revealing long distant views of the Thame Valley. The Old Court House provides an attractive foreground to views of the church from High Street and the Manor House and grounds provide an attractive backdrop to the south-east of the church. Its slight dislocation from the High Street reinforces its tranquillity.

This part of the village contrasts quite markedly with High Street. It is dominated by large high status buildings such as St. Mary’s Church, the Manor House and the Old Court House, each sitting within quite substantial grounds. Areas of open space such as the churchyard, Church Green and trees and hedges contrast with the hard edges and continuous built form that characterises the High Street. However, a sense of containment and enclosure is maintained in this area, not by buildings, but by trees and hedges. Buildings are partially obscured from views by trees and, with the exception of St. Mary’s Church, sit within the

landscape rather than dominate it. 20

T rack

CHEARSLEY ROAD

Barn House

120

67 118 St Mary's Church The Court House Church End 116

61 Pond 98 Church Green

The 90 106 Manor House

IGH STREET

H

84a 104 Vicarage

Pond Cop Close Mulberry House

Liberty House Game Keep

Path (um)

Jack o' Thame 68

70a

6 6 PPING Loss of enclosure Examples of visually important boundaries

Indicating rise in ground level Walls, fences, railings Strong building line providing enclosure Hedges Trees providing enclosure Hedges, with railings or walls 48 Conservation Area boundary Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Street

• St. Mary’s Church and its environs are situated at the north-eastern end of the High Street.

• The church is situated on slightly raised ground. Land falls away quite dramatically to the north-east and south-east of the churchyard.

• The land falls away to the south-east of the High Street as it approaches the church and rises to the north- east as it bends sharply to junction with Chearsley Road.

• A small triangular shaped area of open space is created at the point where the High Street bends round to the north-west to the junction with Chearsley Road.

• A short spur of road continues in a north-eastern Open space, junction of the High Street and Chearsley Road direction from the bend in the High Street which leads directly to St. Mary’s Church.

• A narrow hedge lined lane leads from this point in a south-east direction providing access to The Manor House, Game Keep and Cop Close. This lane eventually turns into a footpath which leads out of the village towards Notley Abbey.

• The High Street opens out just before it bends round to the north-east to junction with Chearsley Road. The short spur which leads up to the church is narrow and enclosed, dominated by hedges, stone walls and The Old Court House.

Relation of buildings to street

• St. Mary’s Church is situated at the end of the north- eastern extension of the High Street and provides its visual as well as physical destination.

• With the exception of St. Mary’s Church and the Old Court House, other historic buildings located within this area are situated back from High Street off narrow lanes or line Church Green.

• The gradient of the land falls away to the south-east View of the Church with the Court House of the High Street therefore buildings around in the foreground Church Green sit at a lower level than the road. Their relative low ridge heights, orientation and the dominance of trees and vegetation in this area limits the visual impact of buildings on this side of the High Street.

• Larger buildings such as The Manor House, Game Keep and Cop Close are set back from the High Street and largely obscured from view by trees and vegetation.

49 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Plots

• Plots in this area of the village tend to be much larger than those lining the High Street.

• Plots here are typically irregular in their orientation and shape.

Building form and age

• Buildings in this area vary in date, ranging from St. Mary’s Church which is Norman in origin to the 15th century Old Court House, 16th / 17th century The Manor House, 104, Church Green and nos. 90 to 98, High Street, 18th century 106, Church Green and 61-67, High Street, 19th century Barn House and 118-120, High Street and 20th century Cop Close and Game Keep.

• Buildings are also eclectic in form with examples of 104, High Street ecclesiastical architecture (St. Mary’s Church), Polite architecture (The Manor House), agricultural and utilitarian architecture (Barn House), simple vernacular cottages (104-106, Church Green) and substantial modern domestic houses (Game Keep and Cop Close).

• Due to the variety of development in this area it is difficult to generalise, but buildings range between 1.5 and 2.5 storeys.

Materials Manor House

• Buildings in this area are constructed of timber frame, stone, brick or a combination of these materials. Several buildings are rendered.

• Roofs are tiled or thatched or in the case of 98, High Street, sections of the roof are covered in corrugated sheeting.

Boundaries

• An attractive stone boundary wall surrounds the 98, High Street showing corrugated roof churchyard to the south-west, south-east and north- west. The eastern boundary of the churchyard is formed by a concrete block wall.

• High hedgerows line each side of the lane leading from the High Street to The Manor House. These hedges reinforce the narrow width of the lane.

• A high stone wall runs along the triangular space created at the bend in the High Street.

• A low hedge forms the frontage boundary to The Old Courthouse.

50 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Views

• Views looking in a north-eastern direction along the High Street focus upon St. Mary’s Church.

• Views from the churchyard to the south-west are far reaching during the winter months and overlook the Thame Valley. During the spring and summer months, views are partially obscured by trees in leaf.

• Views from the churchyard in a south-westerly View from the public footpath south of direction are dominated by trees and vegetation Cop Close which combined with the falling gradient of the land partially obscure buildings. There is a strong visual impression here that buildings sit within the heavily treed landscape rather than dominate it.

Trees and verges

• This area of the village is heavily treed, particularly to the south-east of the High Street.

• There are several fine examples of individual trees, for example the copper beech within the grounds of The Manor House which itself forms a visual focus. View south-west from the Churchyard

• There are limited examples of formal planting such as the pollarded trees which are located along the south-western boundary of the churchyard.

• The hedges bounding each side of the lane leading to The Manor House, soften the lane and create a strong sense of enclosure and expectation.

• The dominance of trees and vegetation in this area contrasts with the narrow enclosed and hard edged character created by the continuous built development that runs along the majority of the High Church Green, High Street Street. The trees and enclosed areas of open space such as Church Green and the churchyard reinforce the rural character of the village.

51 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Identity Area 6 - High Street

Despite being located off the busy Bicester Road, the High Street remains the principal street within Long Crendon. Whereas traffic uses Bicester Road as a route through the village, the High Street is itself a destination. The attractive buildings that line both sides of this narrow curvilinear street are the most cohesive group of buildings within the village which, in combination with sections of frontage boundary walls, create a virtually unbroken line of historic development along the length of the street. The High Street has a tightly grouped, enclosed feel reinforced by its sweeping curves which both truncate and reveal views. It is arguably one of the best examples of an historic street within the District.

6 1 8 Madge s Farm Church End 120

16 The 67 59 Coppers 118 5 57

16a The St Mary's Church 1 57a 14 Court House 3 4 5 55a 116 Walnut 61

Close 16 57

6 55 3 71 98 Church Green

8 10 53

12 The 73 NEEDLEMAKERS

51

90 106 Manor House 1

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6 104 5

Vicarage

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33

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CHEARSLEY ROA 23 56

Hall OurCatholic Lady of ChurchLight 54a 13

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CLOSE 1 Surgery

Long Crendon 52 Wychelm Pavilion Baptist Chapel

11

HIGH 48 Bowling 9 Harroell End Green 7 44 Foxwell

Recreation Ground South Court

5 Shilling Cottage 34 Cottage The

Cottages Cottage r Memorial 5 Vine

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Loss of enclosure Examples of visually important boundaries

Indicating rise in ground level Walls, fences, railings Strong building line providing enclosure Hedges Trees providing enclosure Hedges, with railings or walls Conservation Area boundary

52 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Street

• The High Street runs in a roughly south-west to north-east direction from Bicester Road / The Square to St. Mary’s Church.

• The High Street has several narrow lanes leading off it. Those leading off the High Street to the south-east are dead ends and include Jesses Lane and Wainwrights which lead into modern housing estates and Harroell and Wapping which lead ultimately to older properties.

• With the exception of the modern cul-de-sac, Fells Close, lanes leading off the north-western side of the High Street View down Wapping connect to Chearsley Road.

• The High Street is curvilinear. There is a sweeping bend to the north-west between Wainwrights and Harroell. Another bend sweeps to the north-east from the point where the road opens out to form a square at the junction with Wapping to Church Green.

• The High Street ranges in width along its length being generally broader close to junctions. The carriageway is narrow and this is emphasised by a long section of the south- eastern side of the street which lacks paving and by cars parking along most of its length.

• The High Street remains relatively consistent in level along its length, rising very gently towards St. Mary’s Church at its north-eastern end.

• The High Street remains relatively level across its width despite land to the south-east of the road falling away and land to the north-west rising towards 92-98, High Street Chearsley Road.

Position of buildings in relation to the street

• The majority of the historic buildings situated on both sides of the High Street are positioned close to the front of their plots or, more commonly, hard up to the back edge of the pavement or road edge.

• Where buildings are set back from the road, boundary walls help to maintain the strong building line.

• Buildings are generally orientated so that their 47-49, High Street principal elevations face onto the road creating active frontages.

53 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Plots

• Plots vary in width and depth along the length of the High Street.

• Most plots run back from the High Street at an approximate angle of 90˚ and are roughly rectangular in form.

Building age and form Terraced cottages in the High Street • The majority of the oldest surviving buildings within the village are located along the High Street.

• Buildings located along the High Street range in date from the 15th to the 20th centuries.

• There is a mixture of detached, semi-detached and terraces of historic buildings.

• Larger detached or semi-detached buildings tend to be located at the south-western and north-eastern ends of the High Street.

• Terraces or rows of smaller buildings are concentrated around the middle section of the High Street. These buildings have narrow elevations creating a more regular and rhythmical character to development in this part of the High Street.

• Buildings tend to be positioned towards the front of their plots, facing onto the street with later extensions to the rear.

• Ridgelines generally run parallel with the carriageway.

• Most roofs are gabled and vary in pitch according to the existing or former material which covered them.

• Buildings range between 11/2 and 2 storeys in height.

• Gables are generally narrow.

Materials

• Buildings along the High Street are constructed from timber frame, brick, stone, witchert, or a combination of these materials.

• Roofs are typically tiled or thatched, although there are some examples of slate roofs on later buildings.

• Rooflines are staggered along the length of the street creating an interesting and varied skyline.

• A number of buildings are rendered.

• (See chapter 16 - Architectural Details and Materials for more information) 55, High Street

54 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Boundaries

• Boundary walls are a prominent visual feature of the High Street.

• Boundary walls help to reinforce the sense of enclosure and maintain the strong building line along the street, especially where buildings are set back from the pavement edge.

• Walls on the High Street are generally built of stone, Wall outside Mulberry House with brick or stone capping.

• With the exception of the brick wall along the frontage boundary of the Baptist Chapel, brick walls tend to be more modern constructions and lower in height than the stone walls.

• Stone and brick walls vary in height, but there are a number of examples of substantial sections of stone walls measuring over 2 metres.

Views Brick wall outside the Baptist Church • Due to the curvilinear nature of the High Street, the virtually continuous building line and the position of buildings and boundary walls close to the road edge, views in the High Street tend to be insular and channelled along sections of the street.

• Bends in the street, truncate views and focus views on individual or groups of buildings.

• At the north-eastern end of the High Street, St. Mary’s Church acts as a focus and full stop to views.

Trees and verges

• There are a limited number of examples of individual trees visible from the High Street. These tend to be concentrated at the north-eastern and south-western ends of the street.

• On the whole, trees and vegetation do not provide relief from or contrast with the hard edges and outlines of buildings located along the street. Grass verges outside The Vicarage, High Street

55 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Identity Area 7 - The Square

The Square is located at the south-western end of the High Street and historically is thought to be the oldest part of the village. The Square is concentrated around the junctions of the High Street, Thame Road, Frogmore Lane and Bicester Road. It is a small area enclosed by buildings, a number of which have been converted to commercial use. It is a busy focal point and serves as the village centre.

13

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PH 12 3

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Barn

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Loss of enclosure Examples of visually important boundaries

Indicating rise in ground level Walls, fences, railings Strong building line providing enclosure Hedges Trees providing enclosure Hedges, with railings or walls Conservation Area boundary

Street

• The Square is a small irregular shaped open space situated to the south-east of Bicester Road.

• At the north-western end of The Square is a row of historic buildings which forms an island of development between Bicester Road to the north- east and Billwell, a narrow lane to the south-west. This row of historic buildings is a characteristic encroachment development and early maps indicate that The Square was originally a much larger and The Square more open space.

56 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

• Today the small area of open space at The Square is used as car parking serving the several small shops and commercial businesses lining the north-east, north-west and south-west sides of The Square. The car parking area is separated from Bicester Road, by a pavement.

Position of buildings in relation to the street

• The Square is enclosed to the north-east, south-east and south-west by detached or terraces of buildings.

• The only buildings located on the north-western side of The Square are nos. 1 to 7, Bicester Road which form a row and are orientated gable on to The Square.

• Although the space dissipates to the north-west, it is ultimately contained by modern buildings located along Billwell, the trees and boundary wall along the recreation ground fronting onto Bicester Road and the buildings located around the Chearsley and Terrace of properties on the south-eastern Bicester Road junction. side of The Square

• Buildings are generally orientated so that their principal elevations front onto The Square creating active frontages.

• Buildings tend to be positioned hard up to the back edge of the pavements or, at the junction with the High Street, a short distance back behind boundary walls. The only exception is 4, The Square, which is located some distance back from the road.

Plots

• Plots are generally small and irregular in shape.

• Plots are relatively shallow in depth with the exception of 4, The Square which is deep and narrow and runs along the side of Frogmore Lane.

• Plots are relatively regular in depth along the north-eastern side of The Square due to the boundary of the recreation ground.

Building age and form

• Buildings located around The Square range in date from the 16th to the 20th centuries.

• Buildings around The Square are eclectic in form.

• There are examples of detached, semi-detached, and terraces of buildings surrounding The Square.

• The row of 19th century brick buildings forming the south-western side of The Square form the visual focus to the area. They are the most visible from Bicester Road, are located opposite the entrance to the High Street and contain a number of the small shops which form the focus to activity within the Square.

• Buildings are generally 11/2 or 2 storeys.

57 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

• Roofs are gabled with the exception of the full hipped roof form of 1, High Street located at the north-eastern corner of The Square.

• Roof pitches vary according to the materials which cover them.

• Gables of historic buildings are typically narrow.

Materials

• Buildings surrounding The Square are constructed of brick, timber and stone or a combination of these materials. Some buildings are rendered.

• Roofs are covered in tile, slate or thatch.

Boundaries

• Buildings are typically positioned directly onto the pavement and therefore lack frontage boundaries. Exceptions include the brick and stone boundary wall in front of 4, The Square and the stone wall in front of 14, The Square.

• The boundary railings of 1, Thame Road form an open frontage to the south-eastern corner of The Square.

• The stone boundary wall of the recreation ground fronting onto Bicester Road provides enclosure and is prominent in views looking in a north-westerly direction from The Square.

Views

• Views are generally contained by buildings.

• The north-western side of The Square is more open with limited views along the Bicester Road.

• Views to the south-west are contained by modern houses located along Billwell.

• Views to the south-west along Frogmore Lane are contained by the narrow and curvilinear nature of the road as well as the fall in gradient to the south-west.

Trees and verges

• A row of trees divide The Square and provide a visual break between Bicester Road and The Square.

• The row of large trees along the boundary of the recreation ground is visually prominent at the north-western side of The Square. They help to provide enclosure and channel views.

• Trees in the middle distance behind the modern properties along Billwell also contain views and help to reinforce the sense of enclosure.

58 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Identity Area 8 - Frogmore Lane

Frogmore Lane extends from the south-western corner of The Square westwards to eventually join Sandy Lane. The section between The Square and The Manor is relatively flat dropping steeply in gradient beyond the Manor. Historic development is concentrated close to The Square and at the bottom of the hill towards the junction with Sandy Lane. The two

ends of the lane have very different characters. 1 3

8 6 1 14 THE 10 SQUARE

14 PO 5 5

1 7

22 2

4 9

BILLWELL 3

Manor 15

24 Barn

11 3 The B The Old

Forge 9 11 Granary Pilgrim's Yard Way Cripps Holly Cottage Cottage

24 The 22a Manor 22 20 LANE

FROGMORE 29

23

19 25

31 29a

Loss of enclosure Examples of visually important boundaries

Indicating rise in ground level Walls, fences, railings Strong building line providing enclosure Hedges Trees providing enclosure Conservation Area boundary

The north-eastern end of Frogmore Lane

Street

• Frogmore Lane is narrow. There is a gentle curve from the The Square to the bottom of the hill and a more pronounced bend beyond 31, Frogmore Lane.

• The pavement only extends along the south-eastern side of the lane from The Square to the Manor.

59 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Position of buildings in relation to the street

• Buildings situated on the south-eastern side of Frogmore Lane are positioned directly onto, or slightly back from the back edge of the pavement. This creates a strong building line and reinforces the narrow enclosed character of the lane.

• Opposite the gatehouse to The Manor, the lane opens out. Buildings are set back at different distances from the lane, often at an angle. Some are 11, Frogmore Lane set into the side of the hill.

Plots

• Historic building plots are typically irregular in shape and relatively shallow in depth on the south-eastern side of the lane.

• Historic building plots on the north side of the lane are irregular in shape and larger than plots on the south side.

Building age and form

• Buildings range in date from the 15th to the 21st centuries.

• Close to The Square, historic development is confined to the southern side of Frogmore Lane.

1 • Buildings close to The Square on the southern side of the lane are 1 to 1 /2 storeys in height.

• Roofs are typically gabled and their pitch varies according to the material which covers them.

• The gatehouse to The Manor dominates the lane just before the gradient drops sharply. The gatehouse is built into the side of the hill and situated on a slight bend which gives it greater emphasis in views in both directions along the lane.

Materials

• Buildings are typically constructed of stone or brick. Only one is rendered.

• Roofs are covered in tile, thatch or slate.

Boundaries

• The northern side of the lane is formed by a high stone wall, topped in places by hedging. This boundary wall creates a sense of enclosure, forms a hard edge to the lane and partially obscures views of the modern development behind it.

Views • Views at the top section of Frogmore Lane are channelled between the buildings and wall in both direction of the lane.

60 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

• The gatehouse to The Manor forms the focus to views looking in a south-western direction along Frogmore Lane. Due to a slight bend in the road, it is not visible from The Square.

• Views open out by the gatehouse to The Manor, where the ground drops steeply away. There are expansive views across the surrounding countryside to the west.

• Views along Frogmore Lane in a south-western View looking down Frogmore Lane from direction from the gatehouse are truncated by the The Manor falling gradient and the steep banks and trees which line either side of the lane.

Trees and verges • Trees and vegetation are particularly important in the central and south-western sections of Frogmore Lane. Mature trees lining the steep banks of the central section of Frogmore Lane create a strong sense of intimacy and enclosure. They cast this section of the lane in constant shadows and reinforcing the rural setting of the village. It also provides a distinct break between the upper (north-eastern) and lower (south-western) ends of Frogmore Lane.

The South-western end of Frogmore Lane

Street • There is a gentle sweeping bend at the eastern end of Frogmore Lane where the gradient levels out.

• A more pronounced bend in a south-western direction a short distance to the east truncates views along the lane.

• The road is narrow with no footpaths to either side.

Position of buildings in relation to the street

• Buildings on the south-western side of the street are raised above the level of the road. This reinforces its narrow enclosed character.

• Historic buildings on the southern side of the road are, with the exception of 25, Frogmore Lane positioned towards the front of their plots.

• Buildings are orientated gable on to and with their ridges running parallel with the lane.

• Buildings appear more widely dispersed on the southern side of the lane.

• The rise in the gradient towards Long Crendon contains development in an eastern direction. Development extends slightly further to the east on the southern side of the lane.

61 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Plots

• Plots are irregular but generally stretch back from the road at roughly a 90˚ angle.

Building age and form

• Buildings at this end of the road are an eclectic mixture of modern and historic buildings ranging in date from the 16th to the 20th centuries. 3-9, Frogmore Lane • Buildings are mainly detached with some examples of semi-detached properties and a terrace

• Buildings range in height between 11/2 and 2 storeys

• Gable widths of historic buildings are typically narrow.

• Roofs tend to be gabled and vary in pitch according to the materials which covers them.

Materials

• Buildings are constructed of timber or stone or a mixture of both. A number of the buildings are rendered.

• There are examples of thatched, tiled and slate roofs.

Boundaries

• The north-western side of Frogmore Lane has a more open feel than the south-eastern side.

• Hedges and stone boundary walls raised on grass banks form an important frontage to the south-eastern side of the lane reinforcing the sense of narrowness and enclosure.

Views Buildings at the south-western end of • Views are contained to the west by a sharp bend in Frogmore Lane the road.

• Views to the east are contained by the rising gradient, high banks and trees that line either side of the lane.

• Views are channelled in both directions along the lane by the buildings and frontage boundaries to buildings.

• This containment of views creates a feeling of intimacy and a distinct sense of place.

Trees and verges

• Trees and hedges are particularly important in this part of the Conservation Area, helping to contain views, and reinforce the rural character of the village.

62 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Identity Area 9 - Thame Road

Thame Road runs in a north-west to south-east direction from The Square out of the village towards Thame. It is one of the principal entrances to the village and carries a large number of vehicles to and through the village.

It is a relatively steep road rising from the flatter landscape around the floodplains of the River Thame to a high point at The Square. The approach to The Square is curvilinear and appears visually narrow due to the banks and overhanging trees that line the south-western side of the road.

Historic buildings are confined to the north-eastern side of Thame Road close to The Square. Buildings here are positioned towards the front of their plots and interspersed between modern

properties.

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G nd H 2 Gr

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7 8 Clematis 5

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3 The Thatched Cottage 1a

17 1 2

Indicating rise in ground level Examples of visually important boundaries

Strong building line providing enclosure Walls, fences, railings Trees providing enclosure Hedges Conservation Area boundary

Street

• Thame Road runs in a north-west to south-east direction from The Square out of the village towards Thame.

• Thame Road rises relatively steeply from the south-east to The Square.

63 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

• The road is curvilinear in nature and appears visually narrow partly due to the position of the houses at the front of their plots on the north-eastern side of the road, and the high banks and overhanging trees on the south-western side.

• There are no footpaths to either side of the road.

• Thame Road is heavily used by vehicles and particularly lorries. The narrowness and curvilinear nature of the road combined with its enclosed character formed by the position of buildings and trees along its boundaries serves to amplify the noise and vibrations created by the traffic. Trees on the western side of Position of buildings in relation to the street Thame Road

• Historic buildings are concentrated on the north-eastern side of Thame Road close to the junction with The Square and the High Street.

• Historic buildings are interspersed between later modern infill development.

• The majority of historic buildings are situated towards the front of their plots, behind walls, fences or hedges.

• There are no buildings situated on the south-western side of Thame Road.

Plots

• With the exception of Clematis Cottage, which is long and narrow in form, tha majority of historic View from The Square towards the junction plots located along the north-eastern side of of Thame Road and the High Street Thame Road are shallow in depth and vary in width.

Building form

• Historic buildings located along Thame Road are a mixture of detached and semi-detached buildings.

• Historic buildings vary in height between 11/2 and 2 storeys.

• Buildings are typically orientated so that the ridgelines of their principal ranges run parallel with the carriageway, some (9 and 17, Thame Road) have gable projections onto the street.

• Roof planes vary in pitch according to the materials Buildings along Thame Road that cover them or formerly covered them.

64 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Materials

• Historic buildings located along Thame Road are constructed from brick, timber and stone or a combination of these materials. A number of buildings are rendered.

• There are examples of thatched tiled and slate roofs on historic buildings located along Thame Road.

Boundaries

• Historic buildings tend to sit close to the front of their plots often behind boundary walls or fences. Boundary walls tend to be constructed of brick.

Views

• The positions of buildings close to the front of their plots on the north-eastern side of Thame Road and the high banks and trees that line the south-western side restrict views.

• Views tend to be channelled in both directions along the carriageway, but are restricted by bends in the road and the falling gradient of the land.

Trees and verges

• Trees and banks form a key element in the character of Thame Road. They provide a strong sense of enclosure and intimacy, overhanging the road on its south-western side and helping to contain the views. The combination of trees and bends in the road create a feeling of expectation when approaching the village from the south-west.

65 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

CHAPTER 14 - KEY BUILDINGS

Within Long Crendon there are many important buildings. These include not only listed but also unlisted buildings that make a positive architectural, historical or visual contribution to the village.

Local note buildings are unlisted buildings which are not of listable quality but nevertheless make a positive contribution to the character of the Conservation Areas. These buildings are identified on the map opposite and described briefly in Appendix V of this document.

66

Long Crendon Conservation Areas

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Listed buildings Local note buildings Conservation Area boundary iew

Map showing Key Buildings

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Crown copyright. All rights reserved. Green C Aylesbury Vale District Council. LA 100019797 2008 Not to any recognised scale

Bicester Road Conservation Area - map showing important buildings.

67 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

20

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Manor House CHEARSLEY Allotment Long Crendon 0074

Keep Track Church End St Mary's Church Listed buildings Local note buildings Conservation Area boundary Game Path (um) Map showing Key Buildings Barn House The

Court House

106 Cop Close 116 104 Crown copyright. All rights reserved. 120 118 C Aylesbury Vale District Council. LA 100019797 2008 Church Green Not to any recognised scale

98

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War Memorial

13 27

4 2 1

12a 15 3 6 THE The Barn Stables

12 1 3

5 SQUARE

10 5 3 7

NK

11

9 PH 10 12 1 PO 4 14a 9 18 Yard

14 Granary

2 3

19 14b Garage15

17 13 E

7 S 5 MEADOWBA

O 1 25 L 9

C 15 6

6

E

7 16

29 3 14

5 11 R 13

31 1 20 O

4 8 7 11

M

HIGHFIELD 6 A 10 ROAD

24 9 The 10

C

31a 7

2 Manor

Y

35

CLOSE WELL S KETCHMERE

38 BICESTER Old Holly

2 BILL Cottage

12 1 6 ManorBarn The Forge

22 14

1 11 Cripps

401 Cottage

B 22

30 24

2 24 2

's 45

Way

26 Pilgrim 24

Willow Springs

49 PH

LANE 51

53

SANDY

61

65 19

Oil Depot Briar Cottage Tanks

20 23

22

25 22a 29

24 Lodge

Lancaster

22

29a

31 LANE

The Dell

SANDY LANE

35

RE O High Street Conservation Area - map showing important buildings.

68 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

CHAPTER 15 - ARCHITECTURAL FORM

Age

There are a significant number of historic properties contained within the Long Crendon Conservation Areas. Buildings in the village range in date from the 12th century (Church of St. Mary’s) to the present day. The earliest known example of domestic architecture in the village is Sycamore Farm House 9, Bicester Road. The timbers in this building have been dated by dendrochronology to 1205. Despite being extended and altered the original early 13th century structure is believed to be the oldest known peasant cottage in England and possibly in Europe6 . Sycamore Farmhouse, Bicester Road

There are several examples of both domestic and utilitarian buildings of 15th century origins throughout the village, but by far the most significant number of the historic building stock in Long Crendon dates from the 16th to the 18th centuries.

There are also fine examples of early 19th century architecture, in particular the grade II listed Corner Cottage (1 Thame Road), Old Manor Farmhouse (4, The Square), 60, Bicester Road, 23, Chilton Road, 2 and 16, High Street. The Community Centre, Library and 4, The Square Baptist Chapel are later examples of 19th century architecture which although not listed are nevertheless of local note.

A number of early timber-framed buildings in Long Crendon were re-fronted in brick or stone particularly in the 18th, but also in the 19th centuries. This was primarily done for reasons of fashion and to reduce the cost of rebuilding.

Long Crendon also contains a number of interesting Refronted - 56, High Street examples of early 20th century and more modern architecture. There are no listed modern buildings within the village, but there are several examples of modern architecture within historic settings. These buildings are likely to illicit different responses from individuals, but whatever the reaction, they are of their time and do represent a more considered response to their environment than other examples of bland ‘anywhere’ architecture.

20th century - 3, Chearsley Road

6 Keys, David, Houses Yield Age-Old Secrets The Independent, 30th August 1994 (Article) 69 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Types of buildings

Ecclesiastical

Long Crendon is a large complex village which contains a number of buildings of different types and status. While St. Mary’s at the north-eastern end of High Street forms the main religious focus to the village, the community also supported Baptist and Methodist Chapels and still supports a Catholic Church.

It was not until the 19th century that a Baptist chapel was Baptist Chapel, High Street constructed in Long Crendon. Connections with Baptism extend further back to the 17th century when Non-Conformists in Long Crendon associated with the Baptist Chapel at Ford. During the late 18th century meetings are believed to have been held at Perrots Farmhouse on the Bicester Road. At some point a splinter group called the Particular Baptists left the Baptist community at Ford and created a new community focused upon Dinton. A Thomas Howlett of Long Crendon joined this splinter group and eventually went on to help found the Crendon Chapel. The first permanent meeting house was held in a cottage on Towersey Lane, when this became too small, a Chapel and burial ground was built in Chearsley Lane close to the junction with Burts Lane. When this also became too small a new Chapel was built in the High Street which was competed in 1853. Catholic Church, Chearsley Road The development of Methodism in Long Crendon is less well documented. Earliest records of Wesleyan meetings in the village date back to 1821. A Chapel was built close to the present site of the Catholic Church which was re-built in 1840. The Primitive Methodists (a separate denomination from the Wesleyans) came to the village in the late 1830s. In 1860 a Primitive Methodist Chapel was built in the village. Due to falling congregation numbers in the first half of the 20th century the Wesleyan Chapel closed before World War I. The Primitive Methodist Chapel closed in 1946 and was converted first to a workshop and then into a house (Sycamore Lodge).

Domestic buildings

The majority of historic buildings within Long Crendon are domestic vernacular cottages, small in scale and simple in plan form, constructed (prior to the 19th century) of locally available materials. The majority of these buildings have been extended over time but several examples do survive that retain their small-scale.

There are also a number of relatively substantial former farmhouses (Tompson’s Farm, Perrotts Farm), buildings of the middle classes (The Vicarage and 1, High Street) former cottages converted to high status buildings (The 29, Bicester Road Mound, Lower End) and former Manor Houses (The Manor House, Church End and The Manor, Frogmore Lane).

70 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Agricultural buildings

Historically, agriculture formed the economic mainstay of Long Crendon. Today there are no working farms within the village core. However, evidence of agricultural activity survives in both property names and in surviving, albeit often converted, utilitarian barns and outbuildings within the village. Of particular interest is The Courthouse located at the north-eastern end of the High Street adjacent to the church. Despite its name, this 15th century timber-frame building was constructed as a wool The Courthouse, High Street staple warehouse and reflects the importance of the wool trade during the medieval period.

There are examples of witchert, rubblestone and timber- frame barns in the village. They vary in scale from the substantial 17th/ 18th century timber-framed and rubble stone barn at Perrotts Farm, to simple modest outbuildings such as 97, Bicester Road.

Manor Houses

There are two buildings within Long Crendon which are Barn, High Street called the Manor House. One is located adjacent to St. Mary’s Church at the north-eastern end of the High Street and the other located along Frogmore Lane at the south- western end of the village.

The Manor House adjacent to St. Mary’s Church dates from the late 17th century and is thought to have originated as a farmhouse. It is a double-pile building constructed of stone with brick quoins and dressings. (For more details please refer to the Asset Sheets in Appendix IV of this document)

The Manor House along Frogmore Lane is thought to The Manor House adjacent to date from the 14th century. Constructed from a mixture St. Mary’s Church of timber, brick and stone, the building was altered in the 16th century and extended in the 1920s by Philip Tilden.

The Manor House, Frogmore Lane

71 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Commercial buildings

There are a small number of buildings that have a commercial use, situated within the Long Crendon Conservation Areas. The majority of the light industrial units are located outside the historic core of the village on the Long Crendon Industrial Estate. The principal exception to this is the Oil Depot situated within the Conservation Area along Bicester Road. The commercial units within the Conservation Area are concentrated around The Square, and a short section of the south- Former shop, 34, High Street eastern end of Bicester Road. Physical and photographic evidence survives of shops along the High Street (e.g. 50 and 76, High Street). These have been converted to domestic dwellings and with the exception two public houses and an architectural studio, there are no longer any commercial buildings located along the High Street.

Public Houses

Like many villages the public house provided and continues to provide an important role as a social focus for the community. During the 1860s there are thought to have been around 16 public houses within the parish. Today there are five public houses within the village; The Gurkha Tavern (formerly The Chandos Arms), The Angel and The Crendon Star on Bicester Road and The Churchill Arms and The Eight Bells on the High Street. The Churchill Arms, High Street Schools

The first Government school in the village was opened in 1877 in the High Street. Prior to this, education was provided mainly by Sunday schools.

After World War II, the raising of pupil leaving age and the closure of nearby village schools significantly increased the numbers of pupils attending the school at Long Crendon. During the 1940s and 50s, this pressure of numbers was accommodated in prefabricated buildings and by holding classes in other buildings within the The Community Centre, High Street village. In 1964 the senior pupils were moved to the (former school) new Bernewode Church of England Secondary School on Chilton Road and the school on the High Street became known as the Long Crendon County Primary School. When Lord William’s school in nearby Thame became a comprehensive the senior pupils at Long Crendon transferred to Thame and the infants moved to the former Bernewode premises which became known as Long Crendon County Combined School. The former High Street school is now being used as a Community Centre and Library.

72 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Form / scale / orientation

Buildings within the Conservation Areas vary in scale, form, orientation and position within their plots. While the large houses tend to be detached and set slightly back from the roads within spacious grounds, the majority of the simple vernacular cottages are positioned towards the front of their plots and, in particular along the High Street, forming terraces. Gable widths of historic buildings are generally narrow.

Plots Narrow frontage properties along the The shape of many of the plots in the village has helped to High Street dictate the form of the buildings which occupy them. Many of the smaller vernacular buildings in the High Street occupy narrow plots and are either positioned gable onto the street or with narrow principal ranges running parallel with the road with smaller extensions behind. Along sections of Bicester Road, long rectangular plots recognisable from early 19th century maps of the village still survive despite infill development. The plots of the late 20th and early 21st century development along the north-western side of Chearsley Road between Bicester Road and Coltman Avenue are characteristically regular in form. At Lower End however, plot forms and sizes are Wide frontage, Perrotts Farm, Bicester more variable and elsewhere in the village, where there has Road been infill development, original plots have been masked altogether.

Plan

Over time, the majority of the historic buildings have been altered and extended, but there are a number of examples of buildings that have retained elements of their medieval plan. Of particular note is the Courthouse on the High Street and Warwick Farmhouse, (31, Bicester Road). The Courthouse is an example of a Wealden plan where a central open hall is flanked by multi-storey wings, jettied at first floor level. Warwick Farmhouse is a 3 bay building with a 2-bay hall and probable solar bay to Double pile plan, 23, High Street north-east.

In the majority of cases, historic buildings facing onto the main streets have later, single storey or two storey extensions to the rear, creating L-shaped, T-shaped or in the case of 23, High Street in double pile forms.

73 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

CHAPTER 16 - DETAILS AND MATERIALS

Roofs

Unsurprisingly in a large and complex village such as Long Crendon, it is possible to find examples of gabled, full-hipped and half-hipped roof forms, or particularly in surviving thatched roofs, a combination of roof forms. In some cottages, single storey extensions running along the back of the principal range are contained beneath catslide roofs.

The roof pitch varies according to the material covering them or which formerly covered them. Tiled roofs with a pitch greater than 45˚ may suggest that the roof was originally thatched.

Gabled roof Full hipped roof Half hipped roof

Former thatched roof Catslide roof

Eaves and verges

Due to the eclectic nature of buildings within the Long Crendon Conservation Areas, it is not surprising that eaves and verge details also vary within the historic core of the village. However it is generally true that the majority of witchert, timber and stone buildings have boxed eaves details and plain verges or simple wooden verge boards.

There are some examples of exposed rafter feet, particularly on thatched buildings and on utilitarian buildings.

A number of the brick buildings within the village have dentilated brickwork at eaves and verges. This is a decorative effect created by the projection of alternative brick headers to create a tooth-like pattern.

However the most decorative form of eaves detail is found on the Manor House situated close to St. Mary’s Church.

There are very few examples of decorative vergeboards and these are limited to 19th century buildings or later alteration work. 74 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Exposed rafter feet Dentilated eaves

Moulded cornice, The Manor Flat eaves Decorative vergeboards

Thatch

Originally thatch would have been the main roofing material of vernacular properties within Long Crendon. A significant number of thatched roofs still survive in the village. Those that have been lost have generally been replaced with clay tile and more recently slate. Where thatch does survive it forms the roof covering of both domestic and utilitarian buildings. Most of the thatched roofs in the village are a combination of gabled, hipped and half-hipped forms and are typically pitched at 55˚.

Traditionally buildings in this area would have been thatched in long-straw and later combed wheat reed with flush ridges. Unfortunately a number of roofs in the village have been re-thatched with water reed and decorative block cut ridges. This form of thatch has a sharp clipped appearance which contrasts with the soft rounded outline of long straw or combed wheat reed roofs.

The re-thatching of roofs with water reeds usually involves removing all of the old thatch and this can lead to the loss of important historic material. At Warwick Farmhouse (31, Bicester Road) two bays of smoke blacken medieval thatch survives which would have originally roofed a medieval open hall. This roof has been described as ‘one of the most important thatched roofs in England’ and ‘one of only c.200 buildings in England with an original base coat of medieval thatch.’7 This thatch contains remarkable plant species including de-thorned blackberry stem ties. Warwick Farmhouse, Bicester Road

7 Letts, John, U.K. Smoke Blackened Thatch Register, Dept. Agricultural Botany, University of Reading 75 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Tile

A number of roofs of historic buildings in Long Crendon are laid in handmade plain clay tiles. Most of these roofs are gable in form and have pitches of approximately 45˚.

The plain tiles are typically orangey/brown in colour and, because they are handmade, are cambered in profile and have textured surfaces. Often the roof timbers have sagged over time and with the weight of the roof covering. This in combination with the tiles camber of the plain clay tiles can create attractive and undulating roof forms.

Slate

Many of the 19th and post 19th century buildings within the Conservation Area have been roofed in natural slate. Slate is often not as richly textured as tile. Slate tends to be thinner and so does not create the same shadows and lines as tiled roofs. However, natural variations in colour between slates can create interest, especially on large roof planes. When slate is wet it Slate roof becomes much darker in colour and gains an attractive sheen. In the main those roofs covered in slate are shallow in pitch ranging from approximately 30˚ to 40˚. Typically the slate roofs are gabled or hipped in form.

On slate roofs, the ridges are usually formed from clay tiles, the majority of which are plain in detail. Decorative ridge tiles do exist, but are generally confined to 19th or early 20th century buildings. Decorative ridge tiles

76 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Chimneys

Chimneys are an important element of the roofscape. They articulate roof lines, create an architectural rhythm and provide the opportunity for further decorative expression. There are examples of gable end, mid ridge and external stacks and chimneys within the roof plane. There are also a number of examples with multiple stack and pots.

There are examples of both stone and brick chimneys in Long Crendon as well as chimneys that combine stone stacks with brick shafts. Stone chimneys, although relatively plain in detail tend to have a massive appearance and create a strong architectural statement.

However, the majority of the chimneys in the village are constructed of brick. Some are plain in their detailing, others have oversailing brick courses often laid in dentilated or dog-toothed patterns. The majority are rectilinear in shape, although there are a few examples of diamond shaped chimneys. Most chimneys are plain brick. Some, particularly on 19th century properties, utilise contrasting coloured bricks to create a decorative pattern.

Examples of different types of chimneys found on historic buildings in Long Crendon

77 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Walls

Timber

The oldest surviving buildings in Long Crendon are constructed of timber-framing. There are examples of both boxed frame and cruck constructed timber framed buildings. The earliest surviving domestic building within the village, Sycamore Farm House, which dates from 1205, is constructed in the box frame tradition. However the majority of the surviving buildings in the village originating from the medieval and Tudor periods are cruck frame buildings.

Long Crendon is significant because it has one of the largest and best surviving groups of cruck constructed buildings in the country. This form of construction utilises paired curved timbers joined by a tie or collar beam which rises from ground level to the apex of the roof. The frames of the majority of cruck constructed buildings in the village are hidden from external view by later refronting of buildings.

The Court House located at the north-eastern end of High Street dates from the 15th century. It is built in the box frame tradition but conforms to a Wealden plan where a central open hall is flanked by multi-storey wings, jettied at first floor level.

Originally the panels between the timber members were in-filled with wattle and daub and then plastered. Over time many of these panels have been replaced with brick. In some cases the brickwork is laid in a decorative pattern for example the diaper pattern in the gable of 30, High Street and the red/blue herringbone brickwork at 119, Bicester Road.

In many cases the buildings have been rendered and colourwashed completely, or partially, concealing the timber frame. Where the timber frame is exposed it creates a strong visual contrast between the painted surface and the blackened timber elements.

Herringbone brickwork Brick infill panel Diaper work

Examples of rendered infill panels

78 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

72 Bicester Road

78 Bicester Road ROAD

CHEARSLEY

121 Bicester Road 116 High Street Barn adj. 95 63&65 High Street Bicester Road Long Crendon CHILTON 98 High Street

ROAD 96 High Street 75 Bicester Road 2 Chilton 92 High Street Road 79 Bicester Road 47,49&51 High 104 High Street BICESTER Street 3 Chilton Road 86 High Street ROAD 2 Burts 61 Bicester Road Lane 43 High Street

BURT'S LANE 29 High Street

8 Chearsley Tompsons Farm Road 25 High Street

31 Bicester Road HARROELL

STREET

HIGH

Sixpenny Cottage Harroell 9 Bicester 2 Bicester Road Road

THE SQUARE

Manor Garage block rear 11 Frogmore LANE RE Lane GMO FRO Wall, The Manor The Manor THAME ROAD Long Crendon

Witchert Cruck

Not to any recognised scale C Crown copyright. All rights reserved. Aylesbury Vale District Council. LA 100019797 2008

Map showing the distribution of cruck constructed and witchert buildings in Long Crendon

Witchert

There are a number of buildings of mainly 17th and 18th century date in Long Crendon which are built of witchert. Witchert or wytchett, meaning ‘white earth,’ is the name given to a local form of earth construction material. Witchert buildings are confined to a relatively small area stretching from the Oxfordshire border, north-eastwards through Long Crendon, Haddenham, Chearsley, Cuddington, Dinton, Stone, to Aylesbury and Bierton. It also extends northwards to Ludgershall and is found in pockets up to Grendon Underwood and Twyford.

Witchert differs from other forms of earth construction material, commonly known as cob, in that it is made from a basis of decayed Portland limestone and clay, found in the subsoils of these areas. When mixed with water and chopped straw a walling material of high quality is produced.

Witchert buildings and walls have a characteristic appearance which results in part from the method of their construction. Buildings or walls made of witchert sit on a high plinth of rubble stones, known locally as ‘grumplings’ or ‘grumblings.’ This plinth serves to protect the earth structure from rising damp, allows penetrating rain to soak away and protects against splash-back.

The witchert earth is laid on the stone grumplings in layers known as ‘berries’ of approximately 0.45 (18") in depth, and left to dry before the next berry is added. The side of the walls are

79 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

then trimmed with a sharp spade and may then be rendered with several coats of lime render and limewash.

In order to support their weight, witchert walls need to be thick. Window and door openings tend to be small to avoid weakening the structure and openings sit beneath simple wooden lintels.

In Long Crendon witchert walls were rendered in lime. Rendered surfaces are smooth and undulating and all witchert buildings lack sharp angles and edges. Although it is a good quality material, and does allow relatively tall buildings to be constructed, the majority of witchert buildings in Long Crendon are between one and two modest storeys in height. Traditionally most buildings and walls had steeply pitched thatched roofs which ensured good protection against the weather.

The nearby village of Haddenham is characterised by its large number of witchert buildings and walls. In contrast there are relatively few surviving witchert walls in Long Crendon. However surviving within the grounds of The Manor House in Frogmore Lane is a witchert wall with a thatched coping. Most witchert walls in the District have had their original thatch coping replaced with tiles and therefore the survival of the thatch coping on the wall at The Manor House in Frogmore Lane is unusual. Witchert buildings, High Street

Stone

Although the timber tradition continued in the village into the 17th and 18th centuries, a scarcity of timber in the village during the 16th century saw an increase in the use of stone as a building material. Stone was quarried from small pits located along the present day Chilton Road and Bernewood Close. Long Crendon stone is hard wearing material and is light grey in colour.

During the medieval period rubblestone was used as a base for timber framed buildings. These bases vary considerably in height and in some cases have been painted or colourwashed.

Rubblestone was also used to construct the high base (grumplings) of witchert buildings within the village.

Between the 16th and 19th centuries stone was used more extensively in the construction of buildings within the village. A number of buildings such as 17, High Street and 33, High Street were constructed entirely of rubblestone. In a number of cases timber-frame buildings were re-fronted with rubblestone for example at the medieval 2, The Square.

Rubblestone is typically laid in course bands. A particular feature of some late 16th and early 17th century rubblestone buildings in the village is alternate wide and narrow bands of coursed stone seen at The Old Crown 97, Bicester Road and on the southern side of the Manor gatehouse.

80 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Several rubblestone buildings have either ashlar stone or brick dressings to quoins and window and door openings. Where brick is used this creates a textural as well as a colour contrast.

A number of stone buildings within the village have been either colourwashed or rendered. Obviously the process of rendering disguises the form, colour and texture of the stonework beneath.

Example of rubblestone Stone building with brick Use of brick for principal Combination of brick , building dressings elevation with rubble- stone and render stone confined to less prominent elevation

Examples of alternate courses of narrow and wide Stone grumplings Colourwashed stonework stonework

Brick

Bricks were used for the construction of chimneys from the beginning of the 16th century. These 16th century bricks are very narrow (approximately 5 centimetres / 2 inches wide) and examples can be seen at Sycamore Farm, 9, Bicester Road.

Brick became a much more common building material in Long Crendon from the 18th century. From the 19th century bricks were made at brickworks located at the foot of Thame Hill, prior to this bricks were sourced from Brill.

During the 18th century, bricks were used to re-front older timber-framed buildings and to replace plaster infill panels between timber members. In a limited number of cases the bricks within the infill panels were laid in a herringbone pattern to create decorative detail.

Bricks used in the construction of buildings within the village vary in size, shape and texture according to their age. The bricks on the earlier properties tend to be narrower in width than standard modern dimensions and because they were made by hand are less regular in form and have more textured surfaces than later mass manufactured examples.

The majority of bricks used in the construction of historic buildings in Long Crendon are laid in a Flemish bond.

81 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

The colour of the brickwork in Long Crendon varies from the reddy orange of the 18th century to the lighter oranges and buff colours of the 19th century.

Vitrified bricks are also used on buildings within the village to create decorative effects. Examples exist where headers are vitrified and used in combination with orangey / red stretchers to create a chequered effect of contrasting colours.

At 26, The High Street diaper patterns are found on the gable elevation but this type of decorative detailing is relatively uncommon in Long Crendon.

Brick is also used as an architectural dressing to rubblestone buildings, articulating features such as window and door openings and forming brick quoins at the corners. At the former Methodist Chapel, High Street which is constructed of red brick, buff coloured bricks are used to articulate window and door surrounds as well as for quoins creating a striking and highly decorative visual contrast.

More subtle examples of the use of bricks to create a decorative effect include dentilated brickwork found at eaves level, verges and on chimneys8 , and decorative string courses between storey levels.

Herringbone brickwork Flemish Bond Examples of chequered brickwork

Diaper pattern brickwork Old Methodist Chapel, Dentilated eaves Brick string course High Street

Painted brickwork 18th century brickwork 19th century brickwork 20th century brickwork

8 See Chapter 16 Architectural Details sub-section on Eaves, Verges and Chimneys 82 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Render

A number of historic buildings within Long Crendon have been colourwashed or rendered and painted. This would have been common practice for timber framed buildings. However the rendering and painting of rubblestone and brick buildings is likely to have occurred after the construction of the building and may have been undertaken for reasons of fashion or to provide a sacrificial layer that would help to protect the building material beneath from weathering.

The Old Post Office, 56, High Street is unusual within the village because it is a rubblestone building which is roughcast with impressed patterns of large scrolls between the openings and a reset string pattern at first floor level. Decorative pattern impressed in render at 56, High Street

83 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Windows

With some exceptions, the buildings within Long Crendon dating from or post the 19th century tend to present relatively regular fenestration patterns to the street, while those pre-19th century are generally more haphazard in the positioning of windows and doors. These opening are commonly small in relation to wall surface (particularly in witchert buildings), creating a strong solid to void ratio. Example of irregular Example of regular fenestration fenestration Window openings in witchert and timber- framed buildings sit beneath simple timber lintels which are sometime hidden from view beneath render. The openings of brick, brick fronted and rubblestone properties tend to be articulated with a mixture of timber lintels, stone or segmental brick arches. Where a building has been rendered the form and material of the lintels is often hidden beneath the render.

Timber lintel Brick arch Lintel hidden beneath Decorative window render surround

As well as lintels, other elements of window surrounds can provide further decorative expression.

Given the range in ages of buildings in Long Crendon, it is unsurprising that examples can be found of most window types. There are examples of single-glazed vertical timber sashes, metal and timber casements and stone mullion and transom windows. Windows differ in their proportions; many have different combinations of opening and fixed lights, and varying numbers of panes. The majority sit slightly back from the wall plane and all historic casement windows, are flush fitting. Where windows are timber, they tend to be painted white rather then stained.

Within Long Crendon there are a number of examples of single storey bay windows. These are not particularly common and are generally confined to buildings of 18th and 19th century or are later alterations to older buildings.

There is also an example within the village of an oriel window which is polygonal in form and located on the first floor. This window is found on the principal elevation of 27, Frogmore Lane and is believed to date from the 18th century. It retains a few lights with leaded panes. This is not however a common architectural feature within the village.

84 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

The majority of windows in domestic buildings within the village are rectilinear in form. A number of the windows in ecclesiastical and public buildings such as the library and community centre are circular arched or lancet in shape.

A number of historic buildings within the village have dormer windows. There are examples of eyebrow, catslide, gabled and hipped dormers.

Unfortunately the historic windows of some older properties within the village have been replaced with UPVc / double glazed units. This has had a negative impact upon the appearance of these individual properties and the village as a whole.

Examples of metal windows found in Long Crendon

Examples of sash windows

Examples of casement windows Examples of mullion and transom windows

85 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Examples of bay windows

Examples of arched windows

Examples of dormer windows

86 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Doors.

Like windows, the range of building types and dates in Long Crendon results in an eclectic collection of door types and ages, a number of which are illustrated below.

Doors and windows are vulnerable to change because they are relatively simple to replace and there are examples within the village where historic doors and doorways have been replaced with uPVC or other mass produced modern alternatives. This can alter the character and appearance of individual buildings and can also have an adverse impact on the character of an entire street, in particular where buildings are terraced and share common architectural characteristics.

Example of historic doors found in Long Crendon There are a number of outbuildings or former agricultural buildings within the village that have retained their utilitarian characteristics including door and window openings. Examples can be found of first floor doors to former haylofts, large double height doors, stable doors and simple ground floor openings.

Examples of doors of agricultural outbuildings

A number of the buildings within the village have porches which surround or enclose the doorways. They range from simple flat canopies and open porches, to classical inspired porticos and enclosed porches. A selection of the eclectic types and dates of porches found in Long Crendon are illustrated below.

Examples of porches

87 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Boundary treatment

The treatment of property boundaries is a key characteristic of parts of the Long Crendon Conservation Areas. Along the High Street for example, high stone boundary walls maintain the appearance of continuous built frontages, emphasise the hard edge to the street, and reinforce the narrowness of the carriageway and the sense of enclosure. At the north-eastern end of Chearsley Road, hedges form the boundary to the road, and here they provide a soft edge to the carriageway, contrast with the hard outlines of the buildings and walls on the south-western side of the road and reinforce the rural character of the village.

Opposite are descriptions and photographs of the various types of boundaries found within the village.

Witchert walls

Like the walls of buildings constructed of witchert, witchert boundary walls sit on high stone plinths called grumplings. The walls are constructed in layers known as berries and their tops are protected by tile (formerly thatched) overhangs to throw off the water and protect the witchert from water ingress. A particularly fine example of a listed witchert wall which retains a thatched coping is situated within the grounds of the Manor House on Frogmore Lane.

The nature of this form of earth construction results in thick boundary walls (often well over 2 metres in height) which are characteristically solid in appearance. Boundary walls have soft rounded edges with no sharp corners. They have a soft smooth profile incorporating bulges and sags which increase their visual sense of solidity and mass.

Some witchert boundary walls are rendered in lime, others are un-rendered. The un-rendered walls have a pitted textured appearance with the straw and aggregate forming a visible part of the surface. Rendered walls are less textured and smoother in appearance but nevertheless retain their surface undulations.

Railings

Railings are found forming the frontage boundary to a number of properties within the village. Some railings sit on low brick plinths, others are fixed directly into the ground. They vary in degrees of ornamentation from the simple estate railings forming the boundary to 4, The Square to the more ornate design forming the boundary to 1, Thame Road.

Stone and brick walls

High stone boundary walls are the most common form of enclosure in Long Crendon, especially along the High Street. These stone walls are typically constructed of coursed stone often with tiled, although occasionally with stone, coping. The walls do not tend to be buttressed on their public face. In the High Street these walls have uninterrupted hard edges to the street, which combined with the position of buildings up to the back edge of the pavements or directly onto the carriageway, create a clarity of building line which reinforces the sense of enclosure and the narrowness and intimacy of the street.

One of the few examples of high brick walls found within the village forms the front boundary to the Baptist Chapel on the High Street. This wall is unusual within the context of the village because it is constructed of brick, but also because the wall is regularly strengthened along its length by full height brick buttresses.

88 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Hedges

In certain parts of the village, hedges form the boundaries to properties. These are particularly apparent at the north-eastern end of the High Street, close to St. Mary’s Church, along sections of Chilton Road, Chearsley Road, Bicester Road, Frogmore Lane and Thame Road. These hedges form a soft edge to the streets and provide contrast with the hard outlines of buildings. They also help to create enclosure and reinforce the rural character of the village.

Examples of metal railings

Wooden railing Examples of stone walls

Brick wall Witchert wall Boundary hedge

89 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Surface treatment

While the majority of carriageways and pavements are covered in asphalt, there are surviving areas of traditional surfaces within the village. These take the form of coursed and random limestone rubble paving. They are confined to footpaths, paths to private properties and at the edges of some carriageways. Where these areas do survive they should be retained and maintained.

Granite kerbs have also been used along sections of roads within the Conservation Areas to define the pavement edge. Where these exist they should be retained.

Surviving areas of traditional surfaces within the Long Crendon Conservation Areas are annotated on the map accompanied by a condition survey which will be contained within the Long Crendon Management Plan.

Examples of historic street surfaces found in Long Crendon

Granite kerbs

90 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

CHAPTER 17 - NEGATIVE FACTORS AND ENHANCEMENT OPPORTUNITIES

Aylesbury Vale District Council intends to develop a Management Strategy for all the Conservation Areas within the District. This document will set out short, mid and long-term objectives for the successful management of the built historic environment. In addition a short management plan for Long Crendon will be produced that identifies management issues specific to the village.

Signs Street furniture surfacing Overhead wires

91 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

CHAPTER 18 - GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Aisles Part of a church. Running parallel to the nave (main body of the church) and usually separated from it by arcades or colonnades. Usually lower in height than the nave.

Apex The highest point of a structure.

Arcade A series of arches carried by columns, piers or pilasters.

Arched lintel An arch spanning an opening which supports the wall above.

Attic Rooms within a roof space.

Battlemented A parapet which has raised sections (called merlons) alternating between gaps or spaces (called crenelles).

Bays Regular visual or structural divisions within the design of a building.

Buttress A projection which is physically attached to a wall providing support and giving it greater strength.

Cambered A shallow curve.

Canted Any part of a building which is constructed on a polygonal plan, for example bay windows.

Canopy Covering or hood over a doorway.

Capping The top course / covering (tile, stone, brick) of a wall designed to protect the wall and throw off rainwater. Also called coping.

Chancel The eastern part of a church containing the choir and sanctuary.

Column Any shaped upright which usually supports a lintel.

Colonnade A row of columns with an entablature above.

Coping The top course / covering (tile, stone, brick) of a wall designed to protect the wall and throw off rainwater. Also called capping.

Cornice A moulded projection on top of an entablature, moulding, wall or opening.

Curtilage The land contained within the boundary of a property.

Cusped A point formed at the junction of two curves or arches.

Decorated Period of English medieval architecture dating from late 13th c to second half of 14thc.

Dentillated Effect created by the projection of alternate headers to create a tooth-like pattern.

Doric One of the five Classical Orders.

92 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Eaves The bottom edge of a roof slope which overhangs the wall face.

Ecclesiastical Of or relating to the Christian Church.

Elevation The face of a building.

Enclosure A form of land subdivision where small strip fields were amalgamated to form larger fields which were in turn enclosed. Up until 1750 this was a piecemeal process. Between 1750 and 1850 Enclosure Acts of Parliament made the practice widespread and changed the face of the countryside. An Enclosure map is a map showing the post Enclosure field divisions.

English bond Pattern created by bricks being laid in alternate courses of headers and stretchers.

Entablature In Classical architecture, the section above the columns containing, architrave, frieze and cornice.

Engaged An architectural element which is attached or partly buried within a wall, e.g. column.

Flat lintel Flat beam or brickwork spanning an opening which supports the wall above.

Flemish bond Pattern created by bricks being laid in alternate headers and stretchers.

Flemish garden-wall bond also called Sussex bond. Pattern created by bricks where three stretchers are laid between each header.

Finials A decorative ornament found on spires, gables, pediments, canopies and pinnacles.

Fixed pane A window pane which does not open.

Flush fitting Window panes positioned on the same plane as the building facade.

Frieze In Classical architecture the section between the cornice and architrave of an entablature, sometimes decorated with patterns or figurative sculpture.

Gable The end wall of a building.

Gauged brick Precise brickwork, bricks laid with tight mortar joints.

Gothick Architectural style of the 18th century associated with the Picturesque movement arising from a resurgence in interest in medieval architecture.

Headers A brick or stone where the longest dimension is positioned at right angles to the surface of the wall.

Hipped gable A roof that slopes on all three sides at the gable.

Ionic column One of the five Classical Orders.

93 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Keyblocks or keystone The block at the centre of an arch which works in compression to hold the arch together.

Lancet A tall narrow window with a pointed arch to the top. A form of arched window windows found from the end of the 12th to the mid 13th centuries and in late 18th and 19th century Gothic Revival architecture.

Lintel A horizontal beam spanning an opening which supports the wall above.

Mansard roof Roof formed from two incline planes, the lower slope of which is steeply pitched.

Quoins The corner of a building emphasised with raised brickwork or stone laid in a pattern.

Pane The glass light of a window (as in window pane).

Panelled A sunken or raised section of a door, ceiling or timber lining to a wall (wainscot), surrounded by moulding.

Parapet A low wall along a roof, balcony or terrace.

Pediment In Classical architecture a shallow pitched gable positioned on top of a portico or a facade.

Picturesque An 18th century architectural movement. The word Picturesque derives from ‘pittoresco’ which means ‘in the manner of the painters,’ referring to the 16/17th century French and Italian artists Poussin, Claude and Salvator Rosa.

Pier Similar to a column or pillar but more massive in construction.

Pinnacles The top of a spire, turret or buttress.

Pitch The slope or incline of a roof.

Plan The layout of a building

Plinth The bottom section of a building or wall designed to suggest that the building or wall is sitting on a platform.

Plot The land occupied by a building and its grounds.

Polite architecture The term implies that aesthetics and architectural fashion have consciously been given consideration above functional requirements in the design of a building.

Portico A porch in front of a building consisting of a roofed space with open or partially enclosed sides and columns, forming the entrance. Often carries a pediment.

Proportion The relationship between parts / elements of a building in terms of their size and scale.

94 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Quoin The corner of a building emphasised with raised brick or stonework laid in a pattern.

Render Where a surface is finished in a material such as plaster, stucco or pebbledash.

Roughcast Rough textured render.

Sash window Windows where the frames are positioned in vertical or horizontal grooves and are capable of being raised or lowered vertically or slid from side to side.

Scale The size of a building or parts of a building considered in relation to other elements, objects or features for example the landscape, another building or the size of a person

Segmental arch An arch which is formed from part of a circle but which is less than a semi- circle.

Sequested Term meaning temporarily removing a property from the possession of its owner.

Solid to void ratio The ratio of areas of walls to areas of windows and doors.

Spalling Where damage occurs to the front face of stone or brickwork as a result of frost or chemical action.

Stack A chimney

Stretchers A brick or stone laid with its longest dimension parallel to the face of the wall.

Tile creases A row of tiles hanging out over a wall, eaves or roof verges which are designed to throw rainwater clear of the wall. The crease is held in place with a coping.

Tracery Decorative pattern created by interconnecting elements of windows, screens, panels or vaults etc.

Tripartite Divided into three.

Tympana Name given to the space between a lintel and an arch above a lintel.

UPVc Unplasticised polyvinyl chloride.

Urban Morphology The analysis of the layout and form of places.

Vault An arched roof covering a room or space.

Vergeboards Where a roof hangs over the face of the wall and is finished with a board this is called a vergeboard. These vergeboards were often carved to form decorative patterns.

Vernacular Traditional local building designs and techniques using locally sourced materials.

95 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Vitrified brickwork Bricks with a glazed finish typically darker in colour.

Voussoirs A wedge shaped stone or brick forming part of an arch or vault.

Water reed (Phragmites australis) wetland plant used for thatching roofs. Traditionally its use was confined to Norfolk , the Fens and small areas along the south coast. Its use is now widespread and most water reed is sourced from abroad.

Windbraces A timber within a timber frame, used to strengthen the structure against the wind. Usually forming an arch or diagonal.

CHAPTER 19 - GUIDANCE AND USEFUL INFORMATION

Guidance

• English Heritage & Planning Advisory Service, DCMS, Guidance on the Management of Conservation Areas, 2006.

• English Heritage & Planning Advisory Service, Guidance on Conservation Area Appraisals, 2006.

• HMSO, Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990, Chapter 9.

• Department of the Environment, Planning Policy Guidance (PPG15), Planning and the Historic Environment.

• Aylesbury Vale District Council, Advisory Guide, Conservation Areas June 2003.

• Aylesbury Vale District Council, Advisory Guide, Listed Buildings, July 2003.

• Aylesbury Vale District Council, Advisory Guide, Building Materials, January 16th 1995.

• Aylesbury Vale District Council, Advisory Guide, The Conversion of Traditional Farm Buildings, July 18th 1990.

• Aylesbury Vale District Council, Advisory Guide, 5a Thatching 30th August 2000.

Bibliography

• Cole.A, and Gelling.M, The Landscape of Place-Names, Shaun Tyas, Stamford, 2000.

• Curl, James Stevens, Encyclopaedia of Architectural Terms, Donhead 1997.

• Department of the Environment, Planning Policy Guidance (PPG15), Planning and the Historic Environment.

• English Heritage & Planning Advisory Service, DCMS, Guidance on the Management of Conservation Areas, 2006.

• English Heritage & Planning Advisory Service, Guidance on Conservation Area Appraisals, 2006. 96 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

• HMSO, Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990, Chapter 9.

• Lipscomb, G. The History and Antiquities of the County of Buckinghamshire pg. 490 – 507.

• Royal Commission Buckinghamshire, Vol. 2, 1911.

• Victoria History of the County of Buckinghamshire, Vol.4, Dawsons of Pall Mall

• Pevsner, Nikolaus and Williamson, Elizabeth, The Buildings of England, Buckinghamshire, Penguin. 2000.

Acknowledgements

The residents Long Crendon

Long Crendon Parish Council

Buckinghamshire County Council Archaeological Service

Buckinghamshire County Council, Centre for Buckinghamshire Studies.

Long Crendon Preservation Society

97 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Appendix I

2 8

26 LB

24

22 0074 22 0074 Pond

20 Pond The Manor House

Game Keep Path (um) College Farm

Church End ROAD ROMAN BURIAL GROUND

Cop Close CHEARSLEY St Mary's Church

106 102 The

Court Hse 116 Allotment Gardens Barn House Church Green 8 Track Liberty House 11 68 66 Greensleeves 98 20 L 1 OEL HARR

Cottage 9to63 61 EET

9 South Court alk

0 Jack o' Thame

7

STR

67 Abbot W

70a Vine Cottage 8

84a Tompsons Farm

Harroell End 68 H Vicarage

7

Wychelm

IG Harroell

1 H 2 1 3 5

16 29

a 98 The

57 Foxwell

64 55 ABBOT RIDGE 37 84 Cottage 11

WAPPING 20

58

Westmead

6943

Sta 30

28 El 2 Sub

55a 82 72

53 Hall

16 78 76a 8 76 9 6 1 h Forge The Brindles 49 LL Shilling

60 Cottage 2 31

PH 19

6 16

33 OE 30 43 56a R 7

PEASCROFT

5 RIGHTS

5

15

57 56

AR 4 3

54a 1 41 18

25 54 H 20

14a 10 Surgery

52 52

YD 57a

STREET Well 23 48 13 D

HIGH HILLTOP 12 A

14 ARNOTT'S 44 8

11 O

WAINW 11

3 9 R

9 46 35

15 7 2

E 7 E

Madge's Farm 30

55a

S 34 5 M

55 1

2 A

3a

30 3

12 LO 1

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11 1

38 22

n Grounds

1 17

Home 51 to

8

12 10 a ge

e tta

26 5

49 5

's S 2

53 4 o 2 2a

10 Paddock

C 1

3 1 16

FELLS Frank 17

LANE NAPPINS CLOSE4 9 2

5 8

10 22 3 7 5 5 T'S 6 R 3 Cottage

NEEDLEMAKERS 1 The Thatched

5 BU 22A

2 1 atis 15a

Long Crendon Baptist Chapel Cottage

Dovecote House hs End Chase LANE

Clem 15 Finches

SE

House h Cottages The

LB 'S

ahlcChurch Catholic

Devonia 1

20 Burgundy

CLO 3 8 u ayo Light of Lady Our 2

Tel Ex 2

Green

Side 11

NS AD 41 Bowling JESSE Library

1 Morning

RO

7 FURLONG BUR 3

4

6 4 BRADDONS

33 7

1 4 9

18

6 3

8 CHILTON ROAD 2 16a

31 Pavilion The 3

PC 5a

e 5 16 Centre Hall Coppers 3a 12 Community

E ose 1 ottag

S 22 R

O 2 C 23 L CHEARSLEY C 16 14 35 Pavilion

E 21a PH

D 21

12 1 1

O ROAD LACEMAKERS 23

1 W Stables E

N 24 TON 8 R 4 6 2

E 5

6 18 3 13

37 B

CHIL 8 14 35 11a 1

1 Recreation Ground

26 73 The Barn Close 11 13

33 Walnut 7 2 Sta 0 23 3 7

2 52 12

l Sub 34 3

E THE

Yard

WAY Granary

1 SQUARE

20 5

1

3

23 59 71

36 4 3 23 5

PO 13 44 War Memorial

1 9

5

PH

7

1

27

L WINDMILL OLD 25 2 11 49 5 15

The

Manor

9

7 15

2 11

1 9

2 3 6 4 11

38 4 47

OTA AVENUE COLTMAN 6 11 7

6 E 32

1 4

1 S 9

3 AY 1

Cottage

O Holly L 8

13 Old OAD 5

R 1 C 10

WAY 10 e Forge

E The

BILLWELL

35 Barn

ARD W rag15

Manor

43

a R

3 G

CLOSE D

TON O

Cottage

Cripps

AR 2

2 M

GIFF 17

Y

A

IFF 18

G

CHIL 36

13 C 13 39 14

50 27 12 Y 1 S

24

QUARR 2 22

14a 5

52 6 NERSFIELD 33

Way 11 28

1 14 7

3 3 Pilgrim's 15 BON 27 b

4 6

7 14 29 2

BONNERSFIELD 1

14a 1 8

16

53 31 2 15 CLOSE KETCHMERE

13

Swimming Pool 16

53a 3

3 1

8 12a

Long Crendon Combined School 12 31a 12 D 11

18 A

E 19

S 20 RO

35

10

3 LO

2 R

C E D 7 T

S

23 24

59a E

HIGHFIEL 5

MEADOWBANK BIC

19

1 61

1

4

6

20

7 62 61a 1

FURLONG

13 10 1

22 23

20

25 65 B 401

FRIARS Willow Springs

22

29

10 38 68 45

21 29

42 22a 30 24 1

30 29a

24

26 2

31

2a

LANE

2

2 33

26

31 PH 3

20 49

74 7

5

29

24 11 1

50 SANDY 67

53

TREES ATR LANE CARTERS

69

78 16 16 35

7 Briar Cottage

27 54 LANE

ELM 41 EES 61

56 TR

80 1 1 2

ELM 1

FROGMORE

65

2

2

22 LANE

6 NDY SA

1 PIECE 4

7 Bakers Green 71 Lodge

Tanks Oil Depot The Dell

Lancaster

81

7

PITTERS

11 3 3

7

8 7 5

7

2 9 1

Farm

7 PH 7 ES 10 50 Redding's

Reddings

79 ACR Silver

Birches 93

Walnut Lodge

73

SEVEN 89 56 95

Grove Farm 5

Wycombe's 91 HOLLINGTON Squirrels

60

The Hythe ROAD e

109

ottag

C

's

) tt

(um

ath

P

rse

ouse

House o

BICESTER Hill

H

D 66 Orchard Lower End The

House

Corner 70

117

Kasaba 72 Long Crendon

119

d

n

E

74

Barn

rth

o N Farm Dragon Lorien Long Acre Barn

Pump House 76

80 Broad View Conservation Area Boundaries The Sheilings West View Crown copyright. All rights reserved. C Aylesbury Vale District Council. LA 100019797 2008 Not to any recognised scale Green Acres Map showing Conservation Area boundaries

98 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Appendix II

Below is a list of the types of development that are controlled by Conservation Area designation, and therefore require planning permission or Conservation Area Consent. This list is not exhaustive.

• The demolition of some buildings.

• An extension to a house that is more than one storey in height on the rear, or projecting beyond a side wall.

• Cladding any part of the outside of a house with materials such as stone, artificial stone, timber, plastic or tile.

• Any addition or alteration to the shape of a roof of a house, such as the addition of a dormer window.

• The construction or alteration of any building, enclosure, pool or container situated between a side wall of the house and the property boundary.

• Positioning a satellite dish on a wall, roof or chimney that is visible from a highway.

• Tighter advertisement controls

• Trees within Conservation Areas with stem diameters of 75mm or greater, measured 1.5 metres above ground are protected. Anyone wishing to work on such trees must normally give six weeks written notice to the Local Authority and replacement planting duties may apply if trees are to be removed.

For further information please contact the Conservation Areas Officer at Aylesbury Vale District Council on (01296) 585748

99 Long Crendon Conservation Areas

Appendix III

Below is a list of Aylesbury Vale District Council Planning Policies relating to the management of Conservation Areas and the wider built historic environment. These Policies should be read in conjunction with National legislation and guidance on the historic environment.

GP.35 Design of new development proposals

GP.38 Landscaping of new development proposals

GP.39 Existing trees and hedgerows

GP.40 Retention of existing trees and hedgerows

GP.45 ‘Secured by Design’ considerations

GP.53 New development in, and adjacent to, Conservation Areas

GP.57 Advertisements in Conservation Areas

GP.59 Preservation of archaeological remains

GP.60 Development of Parks or Gardens of Special Historic Interest

100