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31295001319390.Pdf (3.323Mb) RACIAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND FERTILITY CONTROL by JAMES THOMAS GREEN, B.A. A THESIS IN SOCIOLOGY Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS Approved Accepted August, 1972 ABbi'^HO ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Appreciation is expressed to Dr. Charles D. King, who devoted several months of personal involvement in the direction of this thesis. To the other members of my committee, Drs. Walter J. Cartwright and Lewis J. Davies, I am indebted. To Linda Heath, a fellow graduate student and co-participant in the study, I am deeply grateful. The research for this thesis was assisted by a grant from the Institute for the Development of Family Resources, Texas Tech University. 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii LIST OF TABLES V I. INTRODUCTION 1 The World Population Problem 1 The Fertility Control Problem 4 Racial Consciousness and Fertility Control . 8 II. METHODOLOGY Interview Schedule 14 Sample Selection 17 Respondents and the Interview 17 Purpose 18 Expectations 19 III. ANALYSIS OF DATA Sociocultural Variables 21 Attitudinal Variables 37 Intervening Variables 47 IV. CONCLUSIONS . 66 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 69 APPENDIX 72 A. INTERVIEW SCHEDULE 73 B. FLASH CARDS FOR RACIAL PREFERENCE DESIGNATION . 84 C. FLASH CARD FOR SOURCE OF BIRTH CONTROL INFORMATION 85 D. FLASH CARD FOR SPOKESMEN 86 • t 111 E. FLASH CARD FOR REPRESENTATIVE ORGANIZATIONS ... 87 F. FLASH CARDS FOR RELIGIOUS PREFERENCE AND FREQUENCY OF ATTENDANCE 88 IV LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Median Age by Race and Sex 23 2. Racial Preference Designation for Blacks by Age and Sex 24 3. Racial Preference Designation for Chicanes by Age and Sex 25 4. Racial Preference Designation for Whites by Age and Sex 26 5. Marital Status by Race, Age, and Sex 27 6. Average Education by Race, Sex, and Age 29 7. Occupation by Race and Sex 30 8. Duration of Male Employment Last Year by Race . 31 9. Average Family Income by Race and Age 32 10. Families Above or Below the Poverty Level by Race 32 11. One- and Two-Income Families by Race and Age . 33 12. Religion by Race and Age 35 13. Religious Attendance by Race and Age 36 14. Responses Related to Attitudes of Racial Consciousness by Race, Sex, and Age 38 15. Racial Consciousness Scores by Race, Sex, and Age 40 16. Analysis of Statements Related to Attitudes of a Genocide Conspiracy by Race, Sex, and Age ... 41 17. Analysis of Statements Related to Attitudes of Strength in Numbers by Race, Sex, and Age ... 43 18. Analysis of Statements Related to Attitudes of Separatism by Race, Sex, and Age 44 19. Attitudes Toward Birth Control Centers by Race and Age 4 6 20. Birth Control Knowledge, Past and Present Practice, by Age and Race 4 8 21. Sources of Birth Control Information by Race . 49 22. Attitudes Toward Sterilization, Abortion, and Birth Control Services for Single People by Race, Age, and Sex 51 23. Family Size, Desired Family Size, and Expected Family Size by Race and Age 53 24. Planned and Unplanned Children by Race and Age . 54 25. World Population Problem Awareness Score by Race and Age 55 26. Analysis of Statements Related to Resignation by Race, Sex, and Age 57 27. Resignation Scores by Race, Sex, and Age .... 58 28. Analysis of Statements Related to Attitudes of Law Enforcement by Race and Age 59 29. Political Convictions by Race, Sex, and Age ... 60 30. Voting Habits by Race, Sex, and Age 62 31. Respondent's Choices of Spokesmen in Descending Order of Preference by Race and Age 63 32. Respondent's Choices of Representative Organi­ zations in Descending Order of Preference by Race and Age 64 VI CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The World Population Problem Seven billion is an unfathomable number to most people, yet demographers say that the population of the planet earth will surpass this figure by the year 2000. Recently, both reputable scientists and alarmist journalists have joined in the attempt to infoinn men and women of the seemingly cata­ strophic consequences of their reproductive behavior. All of history until the year 1830 was required for the world population to reach one billion. One hundred years later the number had doubled and, growing at an accelerated rate, a third billion was added just between 1930 and 1960. The decade of the 1960's saw an increase of another half- billion, bringing the 1970 world population to three and a half-billion. This figure is projected to double by the turn of the century at which time it will require a mere five years to reproduce another billion human beings. Of course, such projections assume the absence of nuclear war, widespread famine, or epidemic diseases. The fact which has widespread implications for the distribution of hunger, poverty, and tensions between "have" and "have not" nations is that 80 percent of the popula­ tion growth during the next thirty years will come in the 1 undeveloped and developing nations. This increase will be largely the result of rising health standards and economic progress, which allows a greater number of people to live longer. Especially important is that it will permit more children to survive to produce children themselves. Thus, the expected population increase will result more from lowered death rates than from increased reproductive be­ havior. Concern about the world population problem began to be heard in this country during the post World War II years, but there was little transition from concern to action until much later. In a message to the 91st Congress of the United States, President Nixon stated that "the most serious chal­ lenges to human destiny in the last third of this century will be the growth of the population" (House Document 91-139, 1969, p. 9). In the early 19 50's' the concern about the population explosion in undeveloped countries began to draw some na­ tional attention in the United States. President Eisenhower recognized it as one of the most critical problems world­ wide, but did not consider it as a concern for national legislation. During this period several private organiza­ tions in the United States became involved in international population research (Ehrlich and Ehrlich, 1970, pp. 236-243). Such important organizations as the Population Council, International Planned Parenthood Federation, the Population Reference Bureau, and the Population Crisis Committee emerged to contribute to the acquisition and dissemination of knowl­ edge on fertility. The Ford Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation began to award sizable grants to research. None­ theless, the only direct action from the United States Gov­ ernment came later in the form of assistance from the Agency for International Development. This agency gave aid to countries which requested it for family planning programs, provided the services were administered on a voluntairy basis. It is evident that the population problem is a world problem. No nation, however advanced in fertility control, can ignore the international dimensions of the crisis, for the inhabitants of the earth all compete for its limited resources. The future must provide for a more equitable distribution of these resources if human beings are to con­ tinue to survive as one of the major species existing on this planet. In the long run, problems created by uneven distribution of the world's resources will not be solved by an "equitable" distribution system worldwide. World geo­ graphic areas will have to keep their populations in line with what their area can sustain, and this can be achieved only by effective programs of birth control. The current position of the United States Government concerning the world population problem is one of full cooperation with the United Nations and other international bodies which are attempting to assume leadership in finding ways to cope with the crisis (House Document 91-139, 1969, p. 2). A few of the problems or obstacles to the effective implementation of a program of fertility control are to be analyzed in the present study The Fertility Control Problem Fertility control in the United States has a histoiry of institutional opposition. John D. Rockefeller III, who assisted in the formation of the Population Council in 19 52, observed that there were no organized birth control services in this country at that time. He lamented the fact that the subject of birth control or family planning was not even discussed in decent society (Berelson, 1969, p. 5). Fertil­ ity control advocates have been confronted with formidable opposition from the legal, political, medical, and religious institutions of this country for at least a hundred years. The first legal opposition came in 1873, when Congress passed the "Comstock Law" (Chasteen, 1971, p. 144). Books emphasizing the health and economic advantages of birth control were in limited circulation throughout the country. The legislation labeled this literature as "obscene" and prohibited its dissemination through the mail. The institution of religion has probably been respon­ sible for the greatest opposition to most types of birth control, with its promulgation of such dogmas as "multiply and replenish the earth," and "sex is only for procreation." Only in very recent years has definite approval of birth control devices come for Protestants and Jews. The National Council of Churches gave official approval in 1961, and the Central Conference of American Rabbis approved in 1960. The Catholic Church still opposes any "artificial" methods and recognizes only the rhythm method. Even the medical profession opposed most attempts at any type of birth control until recent years. As late as 1937 the American Medical Association finally recognized officially the need for instruction in contraception to be included in the curriculum of medical schools (Ehrlich and Ehrlich, 1970, p.
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