1991LPSC...21..645Z bedrock the physical processes fortunately, constraints the the to units posures presence such effectiveness include be martian amount locations. represent resolution contribution Mars. present chemical pp. data the A Remote-sensing loose able geologic 385-400), bedrock outcrops major terrestrial types and as sample for difficult of to surfuce. © materials. an rocks make-up of condition structures, and The an has goal Viking probable obtaining sample the on Lunar dust unmanned history materials. of provide independent of the been work the and collection, active of planets, the at bedrock cratered of resolution material impact of area it bedrock properties between mapping. may 3% 350° The various on products imaging remote-sensing best, The of is Moon bedrock. The Sinus An bedrock techniques soil particularly of of physical bedrock be of described both and Mars also direct the of Sinus INTRODUCTION a aeolian to results study the the Future BACKGROUND each craters related and window study rover on compose highlands including Meridiani exposure bedrock 360°W); the martian Evaluation (Thompson included to These to physical (8-36 frames entire and of make Planetary data means Forty-two frame information that perhaps region the Center bedrock materials remote-sensing which exposures properties and environment bedrock missions of obtained to or it here Meridiani valuable results m/pixel) provide surfuce, result for surface exposure identification into have in is region having scarps the surfuce. these of between and studies ( a in for for 15°N the crucial Proceedings or situ materials. even Mars. provide percent a provides manned global majority the et 15% Sinus wherever from evaluating indicate selected Earth locations to account exposures locally chemical about from Earth visible Smithsonian also to in is al., The Institute Viking bedrock, J. and our impossible Synthesis and This of underlying the high-albedo probable that and 15°S, important regional studies Sabaeus R. of of the 1974, Mars measurements and valuable of composition of Lunar the steep expedition, estimates determine martian the composition the region the only that for of Zimbelman (Sabins, images in Lunar the these steep are region breakdown 330° Probable possible. of units Planetary Region the bedrock physical most high-resolution the is weathering and at as image slopes, 1980), great bedrock of and indurated ubiquitous also studies means and to at has lnstltution, thermal slopes to opposed geologic • missions and Planetary clues in multiple possible because defined highest- surfuce, of certain the of obtain 360°W) of associated Planetary Provided the been caution 1978, the here low-albedo data will and the Un- and and the the ex- Studies, exposure, high-albedo at on to of study of of at bedrock sediments. infrared Institute, by the and assumed some of · 1 : · , ' ' includes frames either Science, must Washington, Bedrock views Arvidson and sensitive electromagnetic advantage different Mars have possible implications Mars, Singer, spectral oxidized these rous processes surfuce. features features analyses, geologic measurements history p. since degrees important moderate (Zimbelman, ( subject area with Kahn the R. National Viking VISUal locations 165). Houston, exposure regions, and the by be were A. to Greeley, spectral minerals There {Schaber, have been region Volume local of the studies some portions of be maximum exercised 1982; radar et Martian is Craddock the of The the constituents High-resolution may observations images wavelength may significance basaltic providing et Orbiter several used <1 the morphology to al., the particularly clues Air 1991 active enhancements erosion is and in used a/,., 21, DC of locations. of surfuce % reflectance no NASA work (Soderblom of wavelengths. be most surface low-albedo Marris have 1981; be (Adams and 1986 fine Exposure pp. of Arabia probable to 1987). 20560 to there using 1982; 1980; significant represent to visible which spectral the spectrum to observed in estimate weathering 645-655 indistinguishable on images probable Space a or presented the textural lacked ), information being attributing delineate clas.5ical Presley regions Eroded specific of is of and Presley et Mouginis-Mark the have deposition Highlands diagnostic Astrophysics conditions more important and studies sw:fuce and bedrock Even no the the at al., could reflectance areas images of Museum, difference is More the value. studied martian a taken et 10-m/pixel apparent locality the thermal revealed reflectance martian texture layers McCnrd, entirely is unique detail low-albedo 1990; and can and percentage a/,., products, though or than unit ( here remotely many e.g., that history. spatial than have exposure in Rims are that photogeologic through often morphologic can of Arvidson, Arvidson, for 1978; at visible Bell studies in at or 0° inertia surfuce correlation is within part competent soil of at important one different the 400 a locations surfuce exposure of probable important will 1969; be et complementary resolution, to atmospheric feature different resolution surface variety regions provide >50-m/pixel properties. Interpreting sensed et and young of including while of McCmr:l Data a/,., obseived high- 8°N, wavelength in that and various better the al., the remote-sensing because Singer 1988). other 1980; the 1988). spectral wavelengths of for features 1990). on information where complementary System compositional Viking scales. probable constrain ferric but et to assessing ( possible color the et Zimbelman Earth-based latr, the conditions The resolution a/,., significant relate al., the Typically units to differing martian provide of oxides, surfuce images filters Thus, 1982; 1979; 1981, these great same data and the fer- can are the the the on 645 1991LPSC...21..645Z 646 Jakosky ples visual pretation processes Zimbelman, observable often <30 rich with wavelength northern properties provide by (Scott of in ments the to measured (Kieffer is equator. at of of competent effective competent individual Uakosky the temperature region Strickland, ( 360°W) could albedo color locations dust 2 X 2 5 to ( 1979; the tensen, 1986b) 1982; 1987; 1981, Christensen, Christensen The The visual Mars extent, interpreted the Sinus a the provide martian subject local m/pixel) include targets © proces&-related the than km be wavelengths Zimbelman Proceedings characteristics. contain 1982; and Arvidson at location martian Viking of Palluconi regions local Lunar 1983; (Fig. et diameter wavelengths and found useful includes low-albedo geology or plains multiple of have Individual Meridiani and Arabia geologic act the with the related Chapman, material on by al., of 1989), bands, soil (Mouginis-Mark, remote-sensing material global O:lristensen, measurement 1987), aeolian indurated 1). geology. 1986b images. and to several O:lristensen, 11x>mas, a Infrared thermal any Christensen, been to high-albedo surface are 1977; Mars chosen in best higher (Kieffer (Zimbelman information This and of et diminish and may portions of and be the wavelengths (Kieffer and to features remote-sensing along all Lunar "less" Kieffer, at erosion maps ). and al., depositional resolutions useful approximately regions IRTM evaluation is studies the region (Soderblom Pleskot These indeed All individual are 1989), at the highest-resolution of Leshin, However, infrared Planetary proportion consists Thermal for entirely 1984) Kieffer, sediments, APPROACH et 1982; and 1986b; Sinus the with scales which obscured particle surface of the The composed et this of al., or 1986). in of 1986). regions, sequences results 1979; was generally studies of Planetary above and al., be on and the 1987), broadband et ejecta units 1987). addressing so exposure broadband 1977; unresolved study indicate emission Presley Sabaeus spectral of of within just of Zimbelman, Mapper identified rocks smaller al., 1977). features selected 1981; the multilayered than that the classical size et of these Miner, high-resolution technique. should Thermal The roughly Peterjreund, studies 15 by ( as so around Institute concluded also Zimbelman al., 1989). Zimbelman materials fine-scale (15°N dark Science, having the cm the global the and/ confusing the and of with that and reflectance These that IRTM Christensen, and of competent images; 1978; of (IRTM) problems than (Breed surface because called ( high-albedo possible 1981) thus reflected competent are low-albedo mobile ubiquitous units cratered materials or Christensen, 60 bedrock the craters infrared ''blocks" These low-albedo to from Arvidson, 1986; somewhat a Volume the primarily distribution Geologic deposits competence data X directly spectral McCord fluvial be an 15°S, resolution planet that 60 with for a and 1981; • and et and "duricrust" high-albedo experiment reflectance 5% it (preferably augmented few were relation in properties and individual Craddock, km related materials Provided al., energy highlands materials, dark 21 materials measure- has the at with volatile- material 330° Greeley, thermal erosion martian Kieffer, distinct to regions regions 1986a; related on in exam- global at bands et 1987; Chris- other 1988; 1982, inter- more many areas been used low- soils 20% five the the al., an to to of of of to at various by as They which probable bedrock be p. infrared essentially of and among delineate individual thermal kilometers. resolvable bedrock Guest, (J(jng, analysis idated include materials, providing "the surface sufficient for of exposed locations are images tors was bedrock Christensen, materials accumulation competent absence the show observations exposures during layered, (Fig. obsetved et accumulations Rille the Presley It Locations The 196). al., it the related possible the mechanically particulates greatest than is Sinus clearly upper solid is 2b). were infer steep important 1972). bedrock data 1977; the materials] still varied 1987). for regionally the of both vertically of For NASA infrared materials. exposures data bedrock; exposures the of downslope regionally resolution during bedrock or to in reflectance and of rock with buried materials. that Apollo the The present a decoupled the Meridiani the provide cliffs bedrock used Mars, oldest demonstrated 60 with previous probability features conclusive unconsolidated competent the appearing 1986). Scott on surface It of to completely in high-resolution Both bright m Arvidson largest outcrops the underlying is unconsolidated and underlying that a along the evaluate competent jointed data in Astrophysics the the transported boulders the 15 even significant Steep are resolution and of materials high exposure likely valuable extensive surfidal that to the The visible can through blocks) a entire the mission studies. "solid" units ground are least dust that the functional to both from absent" in-place at identify Can; study at of bedrock slopes indicators Presley massive at may will probability Viking also geologic the assess the obscured ( the mixed at including the 400-m-deep in have (Sharp competent 1988) the likelihood period might rims Geologic soils units constraints material and that 1978; the uses present gravity-driven (Fig. will units be be the the surface from and Viking be be confirmed efficiency ( images. soil specific (Webster's Hadley outcrops materials exceeding and Orbiter units and distinctive small the of (Ditteon, description more the established imaging interpreted underlying high-resolution smaller Hadley exposed 2). more aeolian shed be Moore, and used of Data that unit and the of the hundreds indurated underlying exposures landing Arvidson exposures abundance where maps at of Apollo of Photographs of bedrock. compared bedrock, Rille expected Bedrock efficient rille features on are Malin, lower other most locally the boundaries images the rille visual would of including of having data. Rille in to System the 1980; 1982;Jakosky deposits Dictionary, mass-wasting, the in of contacts interpreted (Fig. were lunar mare mixing these of sites size martian surface for bedrock. as be western unconsolidated angle unconsolidated · slopes the because sediments (1988) distribution of locations on 1984). derived This of the in heat seem diagnostic is and do the an Greeley 2a,c), the imaging of to horizontally use basalt confined to some than rock meters study competent the defined [ from the soil unconsol- of overlying the not principle probable between exposed that that and exposed conduc- explora- thermal ( include Orbiter to surface Swann in Hadley repose Arabia In which study, Moon could to Thus, 1971, those units. strata flows scale areas orbit talus with have have area and thus and that and can the are the the be to of as to of
1991LPSC...21..645Z
posmbility posmbility
would would
will will
slope slope
development development
as&llllption as&llllption
observable observable tion tion
The The
on on
order order
materials materials difference difference
We We
Mars Mars
eliminate eliminate
(Wilhelms, (Wilhelms,
lunar lunar
in in
to to
looked looked
seem seem
the the
eliminate eliminate
© ©
that that
for for
of of
between between
from from
in in
results results
Lunar Lunar
to to
high-resolution high-resolution
including including
incorporation incorporation
would would
of of
our our
for for
micrometeoroid micrometeoroid
be be
1984, 1984,
orbit, orbit,
the the
observations. observations.
moq>hologic moq>hologic
more more
the the
suggest suggest
the the
tend tend
lunar lunar
and and
p. p.
and and
likelihood likelihood
bedrock bedrock
slope slope
than than
184), 184),
here here
to to
Planetary Planetary
regolith. regolith.
into into
that that
images, images,
adequate adequate
bury bury
and and
primarily primarily
we we
erosion, erosion,
exposures exposures
evidence evidence
an an
of of
steep steep
the the
bedrock bedrock
use use
a a
coupled coupled
impact-generated impact-generated
The The
thick thick
surrounding surrounding
to to
this this
due due
slopes slopes
but but
Institute Institute
supply supply
martian martian
of of
at at
principle principle
blanket blanket
at at
to to
aeolian aeolian
with with
a a
scales scales
most most
the the
sharp sharp
have have
abundant abundant
any any
atmosphere atmosphere
widespread widespread
of of
terrain terrain
potentially potentially
processes processes
locations. locations.
as as
the the
break break
• •
material material
textural textural
regolith regolith
a a
Provided Provided
basic basic
best best
fine fine
( (
in in
in in
Zimbelman Zimbelman
were were
photoclinometric photoclinometric
mixtures mixtures
examined examined
that that
over over
rather rather
exposures. exposures.
of of
minimizing minimizing
on on to to
as as
that that
representative representative
repose) repose)
45° 45°
scales scales
by by
the the
appeared appeared
the the
assumed assumed
by by
local local
the the
results results
larger larger
relationship relationship
of of
entire entire
quantitatively, quantitatively,
and and
were were
It It
soil soil
competent competent
NASA NASA
slope, slope,
Craddock: Craddock:
to to
is is
obtained obtained
than than
to to
cover. cover.
of of
considered considered
area). area).
exceed exceed
likely likely
measurements measurements
which which
be be
the the
tens tens
to to
Astrophysics Astrophysics
candidate candidate
Bedrock Bedrock
amount amount
All All
materials materials
that that
from from
The The
surrounding surrounding
which which
of of
height/width height/width
exceeds exceeds
meters. meters.
locations locations
to to
some some
degree degree
the the
McEwen McEwen
region region
Fig. Fig. highlands highlands
of of
tures tures
would would
exposure exposure
be be
of of
on on
images images
and and
color color
sites sites
probable probable
typical typical
1. 1.
"steep" "steep"
picture picture
are are
terrains; terrains;
hundreds hundreds
on on
of of
possessing possessing
aeolian aeolian
have have
( (
Study Study
ratios ratios
labeled. labeled.
In In
Data Data
1987). 1987).
for for
of of
Mars. Mars.
should should
"steepness" "steepness" mosaic mosaic
Sinus Sinus
values values
for for
required required
the the
bedrock bedrock
possible possible
area area
elements elements
changes changes
of of
dust dust
Major Major
the the
System System
Merldiant Merldiant
Image Image
of of
Sinus Sinus
be be
1 ( ( 1
in in
for for
described described
steep steep
frames, frames,
pUq>OSe pUq>OSe
the the considered considered
or or
equivalent equivalent
albedo albedo
extensive extensive
the the
exposure exposure
is is
was was
Meridiani Meridiani
bedrock bedrock
in in
sand sand
include include
cratered cratered
portion portion
slopes slopes
slope slope
angle angle
but but
not not
fea-
so so
of of
in in 647 647
1991LPSC...21..645Z
648 648
'¥ '¥
' '
"'",#\'. "'",#\'.
. .
·, ·,
© ©
:i·' :i·'
~-"· ~-"·
J J
-
Proceedings Proceedings
Lunar Lunar
of of
and and
Lunar Lunar
Planetary Planetary
and and
Planetary Planetary
Institute Institute
Science, Science,
·2 ·2
Volume Volume
-"' -"'
• •
: :
, ,
' '
Provided Provided
• •
..,, ..,,
21 21
• •
.: .:
~-.~-
--
. .
(a) (a)
•; •;
,,.,. ,,.,.
'· '·
. .
; ;
' '
81-10897. 81-10897.
blemishes blemishes
as as
debris. debris. jointing jointing Beneath Beneath
of of
Apollo Apollo
locations locations
the the steep steep
Fig. Fig.
1677. 1677. < <
by by
,,. ,,.
southern southern
steep steep
western western
• •
1liii 1liii
the the
2. 2.
cliffs cliffs
(b) (b)
Apollo Apollo
15 15
are are
the the
cliffs cliffs
of of
Bedrock Bedrock
mission mission
on on
Eastern Eastern
NASA NASA
near near
portion portion
-
......
clearly clearly
views views
exposure exposure
rim rim
original original
Hasselblad Hasselblad
along along
;:"I ;:"I
,: ,:
the the
.. ..
of of
wall wall
(a) (a)
in in
• • :
evident. evident.
exposures exposures
of of
the the
both both
Astrophysics Astrophysics
rim rim
photograph. photograph.
parts parts
' '
the the
Hadley Hadley
View View
of of
rille. rille.
photograph photograph
of of
Hadley Hadley
rille rille
rims rims
(b) (b)
of of
Exposure Exposure
+. +.
the the
Rille, Rille,
The The
Hadley Hadley
wall wall
observed observed
and and
of of
rille; rille;
Rille Rille
Apollo Apollo
bedrock bedrock
the the
with with
is is
(c). (c).
AS15-89-12053. AS15-89-12053.
covered covered
Rille Rille
has has
horizontal horizontal
as as
rille. rille.
bedrock bedrock
Apollo Apollo
Hasselblad Hasselblad
Data Data
viewed viewed
on on
about about
from from
exposures exposures
Irregular Irregular
the the
by by
photograph photograph
orbit. orbit.
8 m m 8
exposures exposures layering layering
by by
System System
talus talus
Moon Moon
photograph photograph
the the
of of
(c) (c)
Arrows Arrows
black black
blocks blocks
(arrows) (arrows)
vertical vertical
astronauts astronauts
Orbital Orbital
and and
during during
expressed expressed
AS15-M3-
spots spots
and and
indicate indicate
vertical vertical
AS15-
relief relief
form form
view view
fine fine
the the
are are on on 1991LPSC...21..645Z
Best,
within
was analysis
areal coverage might
provided charts
If
are
throughout
bedrock
sure,
examples surfaces arrows).
open been individual
be
by
slope dark
considered
estimates
The
Interior
mantled
reproducible the
including
streaks extending
where
1982,
locally
(Moncrief
be
arrows),
for
each
procedure
was
accumulation
covering
exposure,
©
However,
a
present.
of
walls
blocks
modal
way
p.
differed
by
visual
Lunar
the
good
frame
to
steep
removed
597),
in
of
dust
of
obtain
of
entire
the
areas
and
steep
within
too
checking
estimates
abundances
the
By impact
candidate
adopted
even
that
slopes
and
by
we
Some
estimate
and
Williams,
comparison
small
a
majority
by
2-5%, downslope,
slope
dataset,
that
independently
within
of
included
visual
the
5%
of
downslope
craters
of
Planetary
mass-wasting
the
can
for
best
to
the
probably
for
locations
competent
we
and
locations
within
estimate
2%
be
consistency
of
and
be
1989).
recording
smooth-textured
frames
images
provided
repeated
steep
with
where
the
for
resolved
more
we
movement
a
chose
frames
and
crater
consist
Areas
slopes
for
of
standard
with
prescribed
believe
have
finely
material
Institute
bright
products
the
the
what
averaged
the
the
of
probable and
a
likely
smooth-textured
with
5-15%
interiors
the
procedure.
discriminated.
where
most
amount
number
results
of
dust
each
our
that
surfaces petrographic
along
(Fig.
observations
<5%
talus
dominated
area
the
were numerous
estimates
may
probable
also
observer
•
bedrock
bedrock
3,
of
for
of
(Fig.
a
result.
Provided
expo-
(
solid
with
talus
1bis
have have
area
may
e.g.,
our
the
not
3,
Zimbelman
where
particulates
solidated
functions
exposure Arvidson sites of
sharp-rimmed whenever Viking subdued
be
contribute comparisons
that
Our
the that
entire
the the
Broad
We
channels
discerned
by
area
study
surface.
the
of
unconsolidated
observations
examined
scene
images
bedrock
local
the
subdued
of
areas
topography.
materials
et
and
for
and
area
surface
to
each
(
al.
steep
and NASA
in
These
e.g.,
in
between
variations
Craddock:
the
craters
to
they
of
areas
(Table
(
frames
might
frame
over
1982,
other
determine
appearance
Kahn
the
four
slopes
detail
are
(Fig.
were
considerations
such
makes
surface
400
Astrophysics
Differences
study 1
be
having
separate
of
their
Bedrock
cameras
),
quite
prominent
in
4).
et
for
on
excluded
a
visually
as
high-resolution
perceived essentially
RFSUll'S
al., particular
it probable
The
the
the
region
Fig.
the
was
Fig.
bedrock
fitces
sediments a slopes exposures the
likely lations, pixel
downslope,
have
Some small
slope
downslope
centered
1989).
a
consistent
highly
exposure
1986)
probable
fresh
example
imaging
relative
on
11
scale
presence
upper
estimating
a
in
resolution
scarps
),
to
strengthen
have
3.
from
true
composed
displayed
been
of
the
Viking
(bordered
(Moncrief
topography
unlikely
free
with
who
sequence, the
bedrock
exposure
impact
be
are
of
at
the
In
Example
portion
Data
Viking
degree
movement
surface
dark
where
dominate
shown
sequences;
eJq><>Sure
are Sinus
with
Viking our
resolved
1.8°S,
several
modulation
of
provided
locally
Orbiter
responsible
individual
looked
of
smooth-textured
the
overlying
that
crater.
features
estimates.
streaks
smooth-textured
CJq>Osure.
of
Meridianl
(solid
arrows)
System
the
of
the
orbiters
bright
we 343.9°W,
of
and
in
characteristic.
images
when
percentage
talus
pixels
frame
atmospheric
inner
in
of
removed
at
along
mantling
Fig.
few
of
probability
nearly concluded
additional
results
arrows)
Below
blocks
this
however,
the
extending
Williams,
bedrock.
probable
dust
transfer
such
4.
for
accumu-
making
uncon-
that
748A12,
walls
slopes
within
could
could
Walls
a
image.
same
17-m/
talus
the
may the
sur-
the
too
are
as
on
of
of
by
of
of
649 1991LPSC...21..645Z 650 features smaller The bedrock dotted Additional not results: bedrock data detail they rimmed still at exposure of Fig. TABLE fur 10.6°N, the bedrock be transmis&on were displays 4. images caused © subdued 436A52-74 826A21-44,51-74 749A07-30 748A01-16,21-42 747A31-58 746A48,51-68 709A01-48 Proceedings 1. pattern). identified. 42% craters Example exposure is Lunar excluded high-resolution 333.5°W, exposure, High-resolution <1% exposure either a of examined few topography make in dropouts. the than The of Viking by of from The this 8-m/pixel and small while surface high-resolution Lunar estimates abundant it results several the frame. entire this unlikely frames Orbiter have craters Planetary (8-36 at 3% and maximum that study this resolution Viking emphasize tens within atmospheric of image are resolutions Planetary ID/pixel) has that Frame with location. due the present of Orbiter greatly atmospheric the to frames frames meters set sbaJ:p Numbers a observed Institute Sinus Viking the Science, lack provided Area within particulates subdued frame of rim 416B34-35 413B25-32 4 4IOB01-21,29-39 409B17-40 392001-20 572B67-76 575B61-76,8H!8 importance have in have of llBOl-32,67-98 Meridiani of orbiter 8- visible dimension the crests. Volume haze probable 575B83, 36 <1% value 15% topography the study m/pixel, • or images is surface study The following extensive probable probable Provided 21 the of area, centered bedrock (Fig. could using sharp- area. cause used but but so 5, pear particularly probable probable pear reflectance region bedrock spectral study from exogenic correlation albedo and defined frame albedo limited increased dust lack Fig. modified the recent regional rounding unconsolidated scales. slopes study (Fig. lined by z The .0 .... IL In E ::I E ...... 0 Q) cu Q) a, highest soil 5. the very cover pattern 6b). of 80 40 addition area. to area. area depositional 0 were high-resolution These landforms, areas regions as any composed reflectance is Distribution be within by rugged NASA in plains bedrock exposure bedrock: terrain Dotted the Bedrock Bedrock (Fig. and, a at between has is important image significant both nature, also with spectral distribution .5 whole. materials to best surface consequently, 7), been ( aeolian pattern at compare low-albedo units. observed an (Fig. steep easily exposure where Astrophysics of resolution but events low exposure units. exposure of of are due probable association low-albedo 1 taken There probable dark for 8). images they reflectance increase Exposure resolution is subsequent slopes not dust of appear Such eroded to the impact competent low-albedo that The Figs. at is bedrock to confined appear cumulative bedrock-derived is and an available, regions between exp~ the are bedrock: when events, indicate cover bedrock range eroded 1 to enhanced in no with materials and 5 3 margin or it (Fig. and localized to the be eroded to outcrops. Data significant viewed seems studies. to tectonic superposed about recent (% Ej be regions suggests from exposure 7), distribution more 6a) exposures since as either high-albedo probable the layers the particular representative of the (Pieters, of abundance layers Eroded Cumulative and may System unlikely lack at materials local around 10% emplacement features 10 landforms, competent percentage This Occurrences where processes seem frame) high endogenic products, have that no difference only. and of --exposure fur of fur on geologic to Layer 1989). consistent resolution significant result and 20 that the the relatively all to the relatively the the of the regional that that frames; of result of rocks entire steep Only units total have low- than they The low low sur- not the ap- ap- the or or in of of of is 1991LPSC...21..645Z Fig. have of of Mars consolidation a 228-m/pixel most thermal represent recent layers sediments exposures mined martian and global inertias thermal hundreds inertia 1986). global-scale the High-resolution crater 6. Lesbin, been ( interior abundant are Craddock studies from enhancements climatically for Comparison surface inertias imaged inertia © of candidates in locally a that resolution individual Lunar kilometers wall the global 1987). substantial resurfilcing ( (Palluconi is at Christensen, ( are contribute and in of e.g., study locally derived; 11-m/pixel the of thermal low-albedo quite driven thermal for Maxwell, A and Arrow 0° rugged areas crater also area down few the homoge11eous to fraction consistent event and the Planetary correspond to (Fig. (arrows). changes as and surface 8°N, infrared locations resolution terrain 1986a). data to small individual 1990) the l(jeffer, regions box a 6, from few 350° Uakosky of lined viewed ''block'' manifestation with show Viking as in or data The kilometers the with early Note on 2 to to 1981), they associated dust Institute pattern). layers values X the a at Orbiter probable 360°W), areas eroded 5 provided scale that abundance localized in and differing may km location deposition may the obtained indicating the (Zimbelman (Fig. ranging of frame reflect of Cbristensen, The with layers occurrence history indurated represent enhanced and image • bedrock of thermal 9). thermal eroded 575869, deter- Provided part more from from high they The and the are resolutions. of (b). of centered Zimbelman bedrock enhancements of interior IRfM isolated sequences equivalent of in in Viking used imaging locations images. thermal tude) "block" sensing elsewhere likely Differences debris. the strong the by (a)Wall in outcrops at and at Orbiter study analyzing the walls 10.0° abundance spots frame, inertia Unfortunately exposure 20 exposures abundance and occur contrast with in ( to the µm NASA Astrophysics of S, the area. have frame Craddock: ''block'' of (less between are 335.5°W. a an but (5°N diagonal and study competent relatively the in abundance not The associated (e.g., with 618A09, than it low-albedo data) 11 of of is to seems abundances been area. Bedrock only none µm the the their unresolved included tracks 10°s, or S fresh-appearing where 0 bedrock S centered subdued equal for exceptions temperatures most with of indurated latitude, of surroundings. exposure 345°W). in eroded the regions ''block'' the Fig. fresh to of are probable : within "" nighttime at by the 10% competent locations 9) confined 350° 8.3°S, in layers Data impact downslope impact to These values with materials Sinus show 15 or this a measured that to X 336.8°W. All visible high-resolution less Merldiani crater high-resolution System 15 to relatively very of craters little trend 356°W of five the km upper 15% over movement materials, . enhanced observed imaged in ;<,.•· .·.•-- localized ··1- variation of -~ IRfM bin (b)Wall are " by ' appear nearby where slopes much longi- these high size five ··' the at is 651 1991LPSC...21..645Z 652 estimates reflectance resolution Regional slopes metry (Downs study is bedrock topographic typically examined letters guide Fig. along multiple highlands than martian having observed albedo 15 _ There How 15~------, consistent 1 cm 7. 5 either 360 to the Proceedings © area, and ( regions in U.S. the more Footprint surf.lee representative MERIDIANI exposure SINUS et Lunar in is rim wavelengths by much three diameter obtained ),iiJ:ller thermal as spatial with dust this properties al., Geologic,al no techniques J this crest. with a e:xposed ( study. named as 1982) correlation Christensen, or of typical whole? consists technique smaller distribution inferred and map Patterns occur Lunar sand, infrared ( the from ' Regional Christensen, impact Bedrock indicate for and Survey, of given values Planetary DISC~ION competent with and is L..ll1llil11iil observation Thermal at of than from high-resolution within the 3 5 3 1 either global may of the localized data between craters Planetary material 1986b albedo ',~:~·~···~••\~ above. /.·, (% probable the much 1989) region that both the be study area) the when Exposure low-albedo 1982, compilation the infrared ). are either features materials from areas footprints radar-derived The less Institute breaks that Science, are much bedrock the SINUS (Downs indicated 10 images area compared ARABIA 1986b) Viking competent rocks low than 5% __ bedrock areas measured are SABAEUS data (IlD more in regions Volume of exposures. provide than throughout labeled to of 1 by et slope or approximately orbiter -r °. the or of obtained photogram- 20% a • topography al., with This competent the dotted the 21 exposure indurated probable Provided generally materials a in that martian by 1975). general of images capital result 330 radar high- high- the the line are the at Arvidson sediments to Kieffer, Sinus distributed in entire bedrock possible of applicable in level morphologic remote-sensing areas 1981) thermal abundance material Fig. Viking layer be disintegrating the resolution by It the Mars. document this compositionally exhumation is 8. the terrains, was Meridiani range and would present Orbiter important 1981) wavelengths. study Example that ( might (1988) It corresponding NASA Astrophysics emplaced to thermal Uakosky randomly of of seems a large some by with frame characteristics, from albedos be observed study do be unresolved of included data mechanical of used to related a exposed only essentially bedrock inertias an not 709A20, on likely po11i,on buried recognize 1% includes across The and at eroded the top ( a Kieffer represent to throughout to to visual slight in close that thermal of crater (Kieffer the and/or centered Christensen, rock ''blocks" on materials of the about this layer the but areas the underlying that the impossible et the covering agreement and, entire materials at study. existing al., of chemical martian the infrared they the martian et the 15% results at competent that the Data 1977; may of even al., 2.2°N, area, upper steep only The of bedrock. could southern high represent ''block'' 1986). topography 1977; be surface. at between weathering dust Pf.eskot obtained spectral more surface. to in 354.2°W, System region scales present locations right, slopes material, thermal the identify Palluconi still or The Presley abundances, hemisphere strongly, rocks. portions that and almost larger the technique It and examined examined influence 20-m/pixel competent here on processes. including is may Miner, overall where inertia is more quite from Such and than and the now are not of at
1991LPSC...21..645Z
as as manned manned
inteipretation inteipretation
Continued Continued the the
highlands highlands from from
Kieffer Kieffer
-15------.a.a--~ -15------.a.a--~
northern northern
This This
thoroughly thoroughly
above) above)
of of
rocks rocks including including
study) study)
infrared infrared compositional compositional
these these
exposures exposures
results results Fig. Fig. scale) scale)
abundance, abundance,
that that
correspond correspond
inertias inertias than than obtained obtained
10 10
Concentrations Concentrations
well well
Valles Valles
an) an)
martian martian
360sm 360sm
large large
9. 9.
the the
tens tens
values values
conclusion conclusion
rather rather
using using
et et
obtained obtained
are are
without without
as as
data data
SINUS SINUS
or or
high-resolution high-resolution
and and
Thermal Thermal
© © and and
al. al.
in in
of of
portions portions
Marineris Marineris
hemisphere, hemisphere,
for for low-albedo low-albedo
where where
related related
on on
in in
to to
identification identification
removed removed
thermal thermal
Lunar Lunar
collected collected
sur.fuce sur.fuce
( (
meters) meters)
unmanned unmanned
the the
at at
than than
either either
1977). 1977).
the the
the the
level level
of of
regions regions
a a
other other
inferences inferences
from from
producing producing
present present
regional regional
inertias inertias
data data
substantial substantial
to to
abundance abundance
selection selection
of of
unconsolidated unconsolidated
only only
of of
conductivity conductivity
will will
terrains terrains
Overall Overall
or or
an an
in in
within within
from from
is is locations locations
competent competent
and and
global global
the the
MERIDIAN! MERIDIAN!
images. images.
of of obtained obtained
regions, regions,
particularly particularly
as as
mismons mismons
effective effective
in in
• •
the the
provide provide
THJ:R.lW. THJ:R.lW.
strengthens strengthens
determined determined
study study
enhanced enhanced
study study
of of
scale scale
the the
proposed proposed
obtained obtained
portions portions
Planetary Planetary
distribution distribution
the the
of of
a a
mapping mapping
( (
exposures exposures
candidate candidate
high-resolution high-resolution
and and
• •
of of
distinct distinct
sur.fuce sur.fuce
on on
possible possible
Sinus Sinus
( (
information information
region region
are are
by by
(Presley (Presley
average average
corresponding corresponding
to to
important important
materials materials
probable probable
Mars, Mars,
thus thus
INJ:lfflA INJ:lfflA
bedrock bedrock
the the
important important
materials materials
Mars. Mars.
relevant relevant
m m
from from
Meridiani Meridiani
of of
but but
from from
by by
the the
and and
could could
of of
increase increase
Mars Mars
particle particle
of of
bedrock bedrock
landing landing
such such
be be
the the
and and
values values
Christensen Christensen
localized localized
Institute Institute
n n
high-resolution high-resolution
bedrock bedrock
presented presented
transported transported
argument argument
may may
reflectance reflectance
excluded excluded
exposure exposure
information information
bedrock bedrock
REGION REGION
southern southern
to to
consist consist
Observer Observer
as as
have have
study study
Arvidson, Arvidson,
It It
data data
size size
is is
u u
the the
to to
soils soils
be be sites sites
in in
is is
exposures exposures
consistent consistent
enhancements enhancements
very very
scales scales
material. material.
area. area.
(labels (labels
the the
higher higher
been been
upper upper
in in
( (
of of
determined determined
for for
M M
exposures exposures
and and
discussed discussed
from from
(1986a). (1986a).
• •
that that
Fig. Fig.
mismon, mismon,
cratered cratered
bedrock bedrock
into into
unlikely unlikely
studies, studies,
''block'' ''block''
Thermal Thermal
for for
thermal thermal
1988). 1988).
future future
Provided Provided
330 330
larger larger
more more
walls walls
small small
above above
10 10
than than
3 3
with with
the the
our our
the the
the the
on on
of of
Onistensen Onistensen
Arvidson Arvidson Onistensen Onistensen
Ouistensen Ouistensen
Carr Carr
Best Best
Adams Adams Breed Breed
Bell Bell
Bell, Bell,
National National clarifying clarifying
formed formed geologic geologic
unlikely unlikely
Sinus Sinus
Surface Surface
geologic geologic features features
related related particularly particularly
exposures exposures
may may
timescale. timescale. bedrock bedrock
either either
implies implies
1804 1804
competent competent
results results
occurrence occurrence
is is
Ztmbelman Ztmbelman is is
in in
nonimaging nonimaging
exposure exposure
range, range,
the the
Ancient Ancient
properties, properties,
properties properties
87, 87, Admowledgments. Admowledgments.
sition: sition:
Geol Geol
eastern eastern
232pp. 232pp.
Francisco. Francisco.
Orbiter Orbiter
surface surface
evidence evidence reflectivity reflectivity
4856. 4856.
14447-14462. 14447-14462.
10157. 10157.
The The
most most
exposed exposed
by by
likely likely
J. J.
M. M.
Sinus Sinus
M. M.
S. S.
be be
as as
9985-9998. 9985-9998.
C. C.
Meridiani Meridiani Em, Em,
J.B. J.B.
G. G.
spectral spectral
Soc. Soc.
following following
but but
the the
H H
de de
part part
obtained obtained
that that
Interpretation Interpretation
S., S., Aeronautics Aeronautics
exposures exposures
RE., RE.,
several several
that that likely likely
subdued subdued to to
exposure exposure
the the
units. units.
processes processes
color, color,
that that
Sahara Sahara
( (
units units
and and
Silva, Silva,
that that
1982) 1982)
in in
and and (1981) (1981)
McCauley McCauley
P. P.
of of
and and
McCord McCord
P. P.
Meridiani Meridiani
is is
P. P.
Am. Am.
( (
630 630
and and
variable variable
of of
true true
age, age,
the the
bedrock bedrock materials materials
NASA NASA
3) 3)
bedrock bedrock
of of
of of
R R
remote remote
R R
the the
R R
Guinness Guinness
O'}'Stalline O'}'Stalline
uncorrelated uncorrelated
large-scale large-scale
high-resolution high-resolution
the the
Modern Modern
due due
McCord McCord
appear appear
parts parts
albedo, albedo,
Craddock: Craddock:
in in
pp. pp.
light light ( (
The The Spec. Spec.
global global
probable probable
and and
(1982) (1982)
reflectance reflectance
( (
picture picture
region region
and and
and and
1983) 1983)
for for
Igneous Igneous
remote-sensing remote-sensing
bedrock bedrock
1986a) 1986a)
conclusions conclusions
from from
Planetary Planetary
within within
the the
1be 1be
on on
T. T.
to to
active active
and and
of of
history.] history.]
of of
J. J.
an an
the the
ripple ripple
and and
Puhl Puhl
spatial spatial
in in
sensing sensing
of of
distribution distribution
B., B.,
exposures exposures
between between
Astrophysics Astrophysics
E, E,
region: region:
and and
scales scales
This This
the the
equatorial equatorial
large large
E.A, E.A,
(L (L
and and
Eolian Eolian
T. T.
bedrock bedrock
to to
provide provide
Suiface Suiface
anonymous anonymous
Martian Martian
iron iron
thermophysical thermophysical
the the
spatial spatial
CONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONS
Space Space
inner inner
REFERENCFS REFERENCFS
and and
dark dark
and and
and and
Regional Regional
Bedrock Bedrock
B. B.
elements elements
bedrock bedrock No. No.
periods periods
text text
thermal thermal
on on
Fostick Fostick
physiographic physiographic
blankets blankets
be be
properties properties
Geology Geology
work work
(1969) (1969)
with with
aeolian aeolian
and and
studies studies
distribution distribution
images images
differences differences
oxides oxides
larger larger
Geophys. Geophys.
Davis Davis
Metamorphic Metamorphic
Owensby Owensby
deposits deposits intracrater
35. 35.
the the
techniques. techniques.
regions. regions.
during during
walls walls
Administration Administration
were were
( (
images images
morphologically morphologically
of of
this this
dust dust
location, location,
information information
1) 1)
Zent Zent
larger larger
may may
region region
exposure exposure Icarus Icarus
data data
was was
unit unit
sur.fuce sur.fuce
dust dust
dataJ dataJ
and and
that that
Mars. Mars.
V1Sllal V1Sllal
P. P.
reviewer reviewer
exposure exposure
Mars: Mars:
on on
and and
than than
on on
study study
or or
of of
mantling mantling
A ( ( A
obtained obtained
dust dust
representative representative
can can
revision revision
AP. AP.
Res., Res.,
J J
supported supported
presently presently
be be
I. I.
properties. properties.
boundaries boundaries
fresh fresh
deposits deposits
P. P.
Mars. Mars.
are are
Mars. Mars.
56, 56,
than than
photogeologic photogeologic
of of Geophysics Geophysics
are are
of of
Geophys. Geophys.
1987) 1987)
Geophys. Geophys.
Ried, Ried,
D. D.
tens tens
Data Data
in in
Yale Yale
Interpretation Interpretation
than than
to to
of of
tn tn
more more
include include
(1982) (1982)
91, 91,
Petrology. Petrology.
estimates estimates
or or
and and
The The
provinces. provinces.
496-518. 496-518.
Mars Mars
regionally regionally
comparable comparable
short short
(1990) (1990)
spatial spatial
Stnus Stnus
were were
of of
impact impact
J J
that that
hundreds hundreds
In In
values values
enhanced enhanced
The The
and and
of of
3534-3546. 3534-3546.
is is
sand, sand,
Univ., Univ.,
eds.), eds.),
from from
of of
the the
Sand Sand
other other
Geopbys. Geopbys.
on on
spatial spatial
Desert Desert
on on
meters. meters.
available available
System System
by by
correlated correlated
based based
the the
J J
recent; recent; Res., Res.,
can can
the the
Res., Res., Meridtant Meridtant
Clas.5ification Clas.5ification
surface surface
comments comments
very very
on on
manuscript. manuscript.
Program Program
Mars: Mars:
derived derived
resolution. resolution. Geophys. Geophys. Mars: Mars:
mixtures mixtures
grant grant
Observational Observational
sheets sheets
this this
Freeman, Freeman,
craters. craters.
pp. pp.
obtained obtained
of of
New New
making making
product product
of of
events events
be be
techniques techniques
87, 87,
a a
Sediments: Sediments:
of of
extensive extensive
variability variability
74, 74,
of of
on on
helpful helpful
mapping. mapping.
( (
probable probable
337-359. 337-359.
geologic geologic
bedrock bedrock
bedrock bedrock
Res., Res.,
( (
4) 4)
study study
directly directly
Physical Physical
in in
Physical Physical
spectral spectral
compo-
10149-
for for
NAGW-
meters meters
2) 2)
this this
Haven. Haven.
Viking Viking
4851-
of of
of of
from from
It It
with with
Res., Res.,
total total
This This
of of
that that
The The
San San
the the
the the
95, 95,
the the
the the
by by
of of
of of
of of in in
of of
is is
J. J.
is is
It It 653 653 1991LPSC...21..645Z 654 Jakosky Christensen Christensen Craddock Craddock Downs Downs Ditteon Kahn Greeley King Kieffer McCord Moncrief McEwen Mouginis-Mark Morris Moore Palluconi Mouginis-Mark Peterfreund Pleskot Pieters Ic:arus, 95, Res., highlands martian J. Tempe. Analysis ments mapping Geopbys. ofMars.J .Pfanetary Annual ( and equatorial during distribution texture with Houston 1973 resolution palagonitic Geol ( from Institute, Mars. talus pp. of The Mars