DOCSLIB.ORG

Azoxymethane Alters the Plasma Metabolome to a Greater Extent in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet Compared to an AIN-93 Diet

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Azoxymethane Alters the Plasma Metabolome to a Greater Extent in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet Compared to an AIN-93 Diet H OH metabolites OH Article Azoxymethane Alters the Plasma Metabolome to a Greater Extent in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet Compared to an AIN-93 Diet Huawei Zeng 1,* , Shahid Umar 2, Zhenhua Liu 3 and Michael R. Bukowski 1 1 Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA; [email protected] 2 Department of Surgery and University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; [email protected] 3 School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-701-795-8465 Abstract: Consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) links obesity to colon cancer in humans. Our data show that a HFD (45% energy fat versus 16% energy fat in an AIN-93 diet (AIN)) promotes azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) formation in a mouse cancer model. However, the underlying metabolic basis remains to be determined. In the present study, we hy- pothesize that AOM treatment results in different plasma metabolomic responses in diet-induced obese mice. An untargeted metabolomic analysis was performed on the plasma samples by gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS). We found that 53 of 144 identified metabolites were different between the 4 groups of mice (AIN, AIN + AOM, HFD, HFD + AOM), and sparse partial least-squares discriminant analysis showed a separation between the HFD and HFD + AOM groups but not the AIN and AIN + AOM groups. Moreover, the concentrations of dihy- drocholesterol and cholesterol were inversely associated with AOM-induced colonic ACF formation. Citation: Zeng, H.; Umar, S.; Liu, Z.; Bukowski, M.R. Azoxymethane Functional pathway analyses indicated that diets and AOM-induced colonic ACF modulated five Alters the Plasma Metabolome to a metabolic pathways. Collectively, in addition to differential plasma metabolomic responses, AOM Greater Extent in Mice Fed a High-Fat treatment decreases dihydrocholesterol and cholesterol levels and alters the composition of plasma Diet Compared to an AIN-93 Diet. metabolome to a greater extent in mice fed a HFD compared to the AIN. Metabolites 2021, 11, 448. https:// doi.org/10.3390/metabo11070448 Keywords: aberrant crypt foci; azoxymethane; colon cancer; high-fat diet; inflammation; metabolome; obesity Academic Editor: Victor Gault Received: 7 May 2021 Accepted: 2 July 2021 1. Introduction Published: 9 July 2021 Consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) links obesity to colon cancer in humans [1,2]. The global obesity epidemic has, in part, been attributed to the adoption of Western lifestyle Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral practices, including increased consumption of high-energy diets [1–3]. Diet-induced obesity with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- is now established as a risk factor for cancer, and overweight and obesity affect two-thirds iations. of Americans and an estimated 2.3 billion people worldwide [4]. In mice, consumption of a HFD can lead to the accumulation of excess body fat that is associated with adipose tissue dysfunction and a chronic state of low-grade inflammation known to promote tumor development [5,6]. However, there are few mechanistic studies on early colonic tumorigenesis concerning the underlying metabolic regulation in the context of HFD- Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. induced obesity. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. We recently reported that in a mouse model, a HFD promotes colonic aberrant crypt This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and foci (ACF, putative preneoplastic lesions) formation accompanied by increased systemic conditions of the Creative Commons levels of proinflammatory cytokines [7]. We therefore posit that determining plasma Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// metabolomic responses may lead to a greater understanding of the metabolic regulation creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ concerning a HFD and colonic ACF formation. As small-molecule metabolites exhibit 4.0/). an organisms’ physiological condition at a given moment, these metabolites represent Metabolites 2021, 11, 448. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11070448 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/metabolites Metabolites 2021, 11, 448 2 of 12 a dynamic situation in response to biochemical and pathological changes [8,9]. Thus, untargeted metabolite profiling (e.g., metabolomics) is an effective approach that aids in determining these underlying biochemical changes [10]. It is known that a HFD promotes AOM-induced ACF formation in a mouse model, and differential metabolites were iden- tified in the serum of colon cancer patients compared to the healthy controls [7,11,12]. Therefore, we hypothesize that AOM treatment may cause different plasma metabolomic responses in AOM mouse colon cancer models fed with the HFD compared to the AIN. 2. Results 2.1. Identified Metabolites and Their Group Separation The plasma samples were collected at the end of the study (Week 14) [7]. We identified 144 metabolites (Table S1) from 555 discrete signals detected in the plasma by using GC- TOFMS. There were 53 of 144 metabolites significantly different between the 4 groups of mice (AIN, AIN + AOM; HFD, HFD + AOM), and the relative values for these 53 metabolites compared to the AIN group are shown in Table1. Table 1. The effect of HFD feeding and AOM treatment on the abundance of plasma metabolites. Metabolites AIN AIN + AOM HFD HFD + AOM Palmitoleic acid 1.00 ± 0.40 a 1.11 ± 0.27 a 0.19 ± 0.05 b 0.30 ± 0.11 b Myristic acid 1.00 ± 0.18 a 1.02 ± 0.10 a 0.57 ± 0.06 c 0.74 ± 0.12 b Oleic acid 1.00 ± 1.46 bc 0.73 ± 1.32 c 1.99 ± 0.42 ab 2.71 ± 0.95 a Malic acid 1.00 ± 0.26 a 1.23 ± 0.42 a 0.63 ± 0.08 b 0.60 ± 0.12 b Beta-sitosterol 1.00 ± 0.35 b 0.46 ± 0.11 c 2.22 ± 0.65 a 0.64 ± 0.10 bc Oxoproline 1.00 ± 0.14 b 1.08 ± 0.15 b 1.13 ± 0.17 b 1.42 ± 0.21 a Alpha-tocopherol 1.00 ± 0.23 b 0.67 ± 0.10 c 1.94 ± 0.46 a 0.84 ± 0.17 bc Alpha-ketoglutarate 1.00 ± 0.22 a 1.15 ± 0.34 a 0.72 ± 0.09 b 0.63 ± 0.13 b Fumaric acid 1.00 ± 0.14 a 1.17 ± 0.32 a 0.76 ± 0.05 b 0.75 ± 0.11 b Citric acid 1.00 ± 0.24 ab 1.08 ± 0.14 a 0.68 ± 0.07 c 0.88 ± 0.10 b 3-hydroxybutyric acid 1.00 ± 0.64 c 1.32 ± 0.62 bc 2.08 ± 0.50 a 1.80 ± 0.57 ab Saccharic acid 1.00 ± 0.18 c 1.14 ± 0.21 bc 1.49 ± 0.36 a 1.33 ± 0.21 ab Citrulline 1.00 ± 0.21 a 0.87 ± 0.17 ab 0.77 ± 0.13 bc 0.64 ± 0.12 c 2-hydroxyglutaric acid 1.00 ± 0.13 ab 1.12 ± 0.17 a 0.86 ± 0.11 b 0.87 ± 0.14 b 2-aminobutyric acid 1.00 ± 0.37 b 0.87 ± 0.36 b 0.88 ± 0.24 b 1.58 ± 0.54 a Palmitic acid 1.00 ± 0.15 ab 1.09 ± 0.14 a 0.86 ± 0.08 b 0.88 ± 0.13 b 3-ureidopropionate 1.00 ± 0.29 b 1.35 ± 0.49 b 1.19 ± 0.47 b 2.02 ± 0.55 a Myo-inositol 1.00 ± 0.24 b 0.97 ± 0.13 b 1.37 ± 0.32 a 1.09 ± 0.27 b Dihydrocholesterol 1.00 ± 0.26 b 0.48 ± 0.12 c 1.89 ± 0.55 a 0.48 ± 0.12 c Glucuronic acid 1.00 ± 0.33 c 1.98 ± 0.51 ab 1.32 ± 0.37 bc 2.48 ± 0.96 a Lysine 1.00 ± 0.37 a 0.77 ± 0.22 ab 0.57 ± 0.25 b 0.58 ± 0.15 b Cholesterol 1.00 ± 0.14 b 0.79 ± 0.14 c 1.32 ± 0.22 a 0.81 ± 0.12 c Isothreonic acid 1.00 ± 0.09 b 1.07 ± 0.08 b 1.22 ± 0.20 a 1.03 ± 0.06 b Uracil 1.00 ± 0.33 b 1.04 ± 0.15 b 0.95 ± 0.17 b 1.29 ± 0.23 a Ornithine 1.00 ± 0.27 b 1.39 ± 0.62 b 1.05 ± 0.46 b 2.04 ± 0.33 a Succinic acid 1.00 ± 0.21 ab 1.27 ± 0.47 a 0.87 ± 0.11 b 0.87 ± 0.24 b N-acetyl-d-tryptophan 1.00 ± 0.22 a 1.00 ± 0.26 a 0.68 ± 0.22 b 0.87 ± 0.18 ab Pyruvic acid 1.00 ± 0.45 ab 1.15 ± 0.65 a 0.58 ± 0.18 b 0.67 ± 0.34 b 2,3-dihydroxybutanoic acid 1.00 ± 0.19 b 1.11 ± 0.12 ab 1.00 ± 0.12 b 1.29 ± 0.24 a Linoleic acid 1.00 ± 0.26 b 1.10 ± 0.26 ab 0.99 ± 0.20 b 1.41 ± 0.50 a Beta-alanine 1.00 ± 0.32 a 0.97 ± 0.33 a 0.60 ± 0.21 b 0.86 ± 0.23 ab Maleimide 1.00 ± 0.13 b 0.88 ± 0.14 b 1.26 ± 0.14 a 0.85 ± 0.14 b Isocitric acid 1.00 ± 0.17 a 1.15 ± 0.23 a 0.77 ± 0.11 b 1.08 ± 0.14 a Metabolites 2021, 11, 448 3 of 12 Table 1.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Mechanism of Aconitase Action Iii. Kinetic Analysis Using Dl-Isocitric Acid-2-C 14
    TheJournal of Biochemistry, Vol.41, No. 5, 1954 THE MECHANISM OF ACONITASE ACTION III. KINETICANALYSIS USING DL-ISOCITRIC ACID-2-C14 By JUN-ICHI TOMIZAWA (Fromthe NationalInstitute of Health,Tokyo) (Receivedfor publication,June 24, 1954). In the previous reports (1, 2, 3), the author came to a conclusion that aconitase would be a single enzyme, and one enzyme and one activated complex theory was proposed. In the present communication, some additional proofs of the theory using labeled substrates will be reported. EXPERIMENTAL The Enzyme Preparation and the Methods of Analysis The preparation of the rabbit liver enzyme was the same as reported previously (1) except it was centrifuged at 120,000 x g for 30 minutes and the supernatant was kept. General properties of the enzyme preparation were not changed by this treat ment. The preparation and the analysis of non-labeled substrates were previously reported. The Preparation of DL-Isocitric Acid-2-C14 Usually DL-isocitric acid was prepared by hydrolysis of trichloromethylparaconic acid. It was, however, rather difficult to prepare the carbon-2 labeled compound by this method. Therefore, the compound was prepared by an entirely new process. Ethyl Formate-C14•\Formic acid was prepared by the usual method from labeled barium carbonate. Its ethyl ester was prepared by esterification of the sodium salt as was done in the preparation of its methyl ester according to Me1viIIeetal. (4, 5). The yield was about 80per cent. Diethyl Formyl-succinate-l-C14-This compound was prepared by the method of Sugazawa (6). 0.6g. of ethyl formate-C14 and 1.2g.
    [Show full text]
  • EFFECT of INOCULUM on KINETICS and YIELD of CITRIC ACIDS PRODUCTION on GLUCOSE by Yarrowia Lipolytica A-101
    .\ C T A ALIMENTARIA POLONI C A Vol. XVII/ XLI ! No. 2 1991 MARIA WOJTATOWICZ WALDEMAR RYMOWICZ EFFECT OF INOCULUM ON KINETICS AND YIELD OF CITRIC ACIDS PRODUCTION ON GLUCOSE BY Yarrowia Lipolytica A-101 Departmcnt of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Academy of Agriculture, Wrocław Key word s: Yarrowia fipo(1 'fin,1 /\-1 O1 , citric and isodtric acid, glucosc, nitrogen deficient medium The cffcct of two differcnt inocula on growth and production parameters in citric acid fcrmcntation (on glucose) by Yarrowia lipolytica A-101 was studied. For inoculum prcpared in full growth medium the total acids yield was 5-12% higher and · biomass yield about 10 % higher than for inoculum prepared in a nitrogen-deficient medium. The latter inoeulum, however, !cd to about 10-30% highcr acid producti.on and glucosc consumption rates. Until the early I 970s practically the only organisms used to produce citric acid were Aspergillus niger and a few other fungi. Today we know that many kinds of yeasts can accumulate substantial amounts of citric acid in their growth media. The most cfficient citric acid producers belong to the Candida genus, and the strains used most often are C. lipolytica, C. zeylanoides, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. guilliermondii, C. oleophila, C. petrophilum and C. intermedia [10]. Yeasts can produce citric acid more rapidly than fungi and in a greater variety of substrates including n-alkanes, n-alkenes, glucose, molasses, acetate, alcohols, fatty acids and natura) oils [4, 8, 9, 17, 18]. The product yield on n-alkanes and vegetable oils may be as high as 1.6 g/g [4, 9]; on glucose it is usually comparable to that in proccsses involving filamentous molds [4-6].
    [Show full text]
  • D-Isocitric Acid (D-Isocitrate)
    www.megazyme.com D-ISOCITRIC ACID (D-ISOCITRATE) ASSAY PROCEDURE K-ISOC 11/19 (*100 Manual Assays per Kit) or (1000 Auto-Analyser Assays per Kit) or (1000 Microplate Assays per Kit) * The number of tests per kit can be doubled if all volumes are halved © Megazyme 2019 INTRODUCTION: D-Isocitric acid is an organic acid found in most fruit juices. It is an important marker in multicomponent procedures for the evaluation of authenticity and quality of fruit products; high citric/isocitric acid ratios can be used as an indicator of citric acid addition in some juices. PRINCIPLE: D-Isocitric acid is oxidised by nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide + phosphate (NADP ) to 2-oxoglutarate and CO2 in the presence of isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), with the formation of reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) (1). (ICDH) + + (1) D-Isocitric acid + NADP 2-oxoglutarate + CO2 + NADPH + H The amount of NADPH formed in this reaction is stoichiometric with the amount of D-isocitric acid. It is the NADPH which is measured by the increase in absorbance at 340 nm. Bound D-isocitric acid is released by alkaline hydrolysis (2), (3), and then measured using the same principle (1). (pH 9-10) (2) D-Isocitric acid ester + H2O D-isocitric acid + alcohol (pH 9-10) (3) D-Isocitric acid lactone + H2O D-isocitric acid SPECIFICITY, SENSITIVITY, LINEARITY AND PRECISION: The assay is specific for D-isocitric acid. D-malic acid, L-lactic acid, L-aspartic acid and fumaric acid do not react. The smallest differentiating absorbance for the assay is 0.005 absorbance units. This corresponds to 0.177 mg/L of sample solution at the maximum sample volume of 2.00 mL (or to 3.54 mg/L with a sample volume of 0.1 mL).
    [Show full text]
  • Bacterial Dissimilation of Citric Acid Carl Robert Brewer Iowa State College
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1939 Bacterial dissimilation of citric acid Carl Robert Brewer Iowa State College Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Microbiology Commons Recommended Citation Brewer, Carl Robert, "Bacterial dissimilation of citric acid " (1939). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 13227. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/13227 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Brol<en or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps.
    [Show full text]
  • Aconitic Acid from Sugarcane
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2007 Aconitic acid from sugarcane: production and industrial application Nicolas Javier Gil Zapata Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Engineering Science and Materials Commons Recommended Citation Gil Zapata, Nicolas Javier, "Aconitic acid from sugarcane: production and industrial application" (2007). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 3740. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/3740 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. ACONITIC ACID FROM SUGARCANE: PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy In The Interdepartmental Program in Engineering Science by Nicolas Javier Gil Zapata B.S., Universidad Industrial de Santander, Colombia, 1988 December, 2007 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I sincerely thank my major advisor Dr. Michael Saska for his guidance, assistance, and continuous support throughout my graduate studies at LSU, and for sharing his knowledge and experience of the sugarcane industry. I extend my sincere appreciation to my committee members: Drs. Ioan Negulescu, Benjamin Legendre, Peter Rein, Donal Day, Armando Corripio, for comments, suggestions and critical review of this manuscript. I thank, Dr. Negulescu for introducing me to exciting field of polymers.
    [Show full text]
  • Detection and Formation Scenario of Citric Acid, Pyruvic Acid, and Other Possible Metabolism Precursors in Carbonaceous Meteorites
    Detection and formation scenario of citric acid, pyruvic acid, and other possible metabolism precursors in carbonaceous meteorites George Coopera,1, Chris Reeda, Dang Nguyena, Malika Cartera, and Yi Wangb aExobiology Branch, Space Science Division, National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035; and bDevelopment, Planning, Research, and Analysis/ZymaX Forensics Isotope, 600 South Andreasen Drive, Suite B, Escondido, CA 92029 Edited by David Deamer, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, and accepted by the Editorial Board July 1, 2011 (received for review April 12, 2011) Carbonaceous meteorites deliver a variety of organic compounds chained three-carbon (3C) pyruvic acid through the eight-carbon to Earth that may have played a role in the origin and/or evolution (8C) 7-oxooctanoic acid and the branched 6C acid, 3-methyl- of biochemical pathways. Some apparently ancient and critical 4-oxopentanoic acid (β-methyl levulinic acid), Fig. 1, Table S1. metabolic processes require several compounds, some of which 2-methyl-4-oxopenanoic acid (α-methyl levulinic acid) is tenta- are relatively labile such as keto acids. Therefore, a prebiotic setting tively identified (i.e., identified by mass spectral interpretation for any such individual process would have required either a only). As a group, these keto acids are relatively unusual in that continuous distant source for the entire suite of intact precursor the ketone carbon is located in a terminal-acetyl group rather molecules and/or an energetic and compact local synthesis, parti- than at the second carbon as in most of the more biologically cularly of the more fragile members.
    [Show full text]
  • Aconitic Acid
    Target/Host: Aspergillus pseudoterreus for Organic Acids: 3-Hydroxypropionic and Aconitic Acid Jon Magnuson, Nathan Hillson, Phil Laible, John Gladden, Gregg Beckham BETO Peer Review 2019 Technology Session Review Area: Agile BioFoundry March 7, 2019 Goal Statement • Goal: Enable biorefineries to achieve 50% reductions in time to bioprocess scale-up as compared to the current average of around 10 years by establishing a distributed Agile BioFoundry that will productionize synthetic biology. • Outcomes: 10X improvement in Design-Build-Test- Learn cycle efficiency, new host organisms, new IP and manufacturing technologies effectively translated to U.S. industry ensuring market transformation. • Relevance: Public infrastructure investment that increases U.S. industrial competitiveness and enables new opportunities for private sector growth and jobs. 2 | © 2016-2019 Agile BioFoundry Target-Host pair Goal Statement Goal: – Validate the Foundry concept by testing the ABF DBTL infrastructure using complementary T-H pairs – Demonstrate improved efficiency of DBTL cycle and Foundry concept via target-host pair work with Aspergillus pseudoterreus – Target 1: 3-hydroxypropionic acid – Target 2: aconitic acid Outcome: – Increased strain performance to novel targets via DBTL – Use this system to demonstrable improvements to DBTL cycle times – Further development of a robust industrially relevant bacterial host – Developing highly relevant datasets for Learn team Relevance: – Benchmark DBTL cycle performance and improvement across scales with real-world substrates and process configurations – Information from DBTL and Integration efforts will be critical to predictive scale-up and scale-down 3 | © 2016-2019 Agile BioFoundry Quad Chart Overview: T/H A. pseudoterreus Barriers Timeline • Technical: • Start: October 1, 2016 – Ct‐D. Advanced Bioprocess Development • End: September 30, 2019 – Ct‐L.
    [Show full text]
  • Challenges in Analysis of Hydrophilic Metabolites Using Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry
    Journal of Analysis and Testing https://doi.org/10.1007/s41664-020-00126-z REVIEW Challenges in Analysis of Hydrophilic Metabolites Using Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry Qingyu Hu1,2,3 · Huiru Tang3 · Yulan Wang4 Received: 2 February 2020 / Accepted: 26 March 2020 © The Nonferrous Metals Society of China 2020 Abstract Hydrophilic metabolites play important roles in cellular energy metabolism, signal transduction, immunity. However, there are challenges in both identifcation and quantifcation of the hydrophilic metabolites due to their weak interactions with C18-reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), leading to poor retention of hydrophilic metabolites on the columns. Many strategies have been put forward to increase the retention behavior of hydrophilic metabolites in the RPLC system. Non- derivatization methods are mainly focused on the development of new chromatographic techniques with diferent separation mechanisms, such as capillary electrophoresis, ion-pairing RPLC etc. Derivatization methods improve the hydrophobicity of metabolites and can enhance the MS response. This review mainly focused on the illustration of challenges of LCMS in the analysis of hydrophilic metabolomics feld, and summarized the non-derivatization and derivatization strategies, with the intention of providing multiple choices for analysis of hydrophilic metabolites. Keywords Hydrophilic metabolites · Hydrophilic interaction chromatography · Ion-pairing reversed-phase liquid chromatography · Ion chromatography · Capillary electrophoresis ·
    [Show full text]
  • Continuous Citric Acid Secretion by a High Specific Ph Dependent Active Transport System in Yeast Candida Oleophila ATCC 20177
    Electronic Journal of Biotechnology ISSN: 0717-3458 Vol.8 No.2, Issue of August 15, 2005 © 2005 by Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso -- Chile Received November 22, 2004 / Accepted March 28, 2005 RESEARCH ARTICLE Continuous citric acid secretion by a high specific pH dependent active transport system in yeast Candida oleophila ATCC 20177 Savas Anastassiadis*# Department of Environmental Engineering School of Engineering Democritus University of Thrace 67100 Xanthi, Greece E-mail: [email protected] Hans-Jürgen Rehm Institute of Microbiology University of Münster Corrensstr. 3, 48149 Münster, Germany (retired Professor) Website: http://www.greekbiotechnologycenter.gr Financial support: Part of the work that has been carried out at the Institute of Biotechnology 2 of Research Centre Jülich (Germany) was financed by Haarmann and Reimer, a daughter company of the company Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany. Keywords: active citrate export, citric acid fermentation, energy consuming citric acid secretion, specific active transport system. Present address: #Research in Biotechnology, Co., Vat. #: 108851559. Avgi/Sohos, 57002 Thessaloniki, Greece; Tel. +30-2395-051324; +30-6973- 801395 (cellular); Tel./Fax. +30-2395-051470, E-mail: [email protected]. The pH influence on continuous citric acid secretion was similarities between A. niger and yeast strains in investigated in Candida oleophila ATCC 20177 (var.) mechanism of citric acid synthesis, however, differences + under NH4 limiting state steady conditions, using still exist in terms of triggering out and regulation of citrate glucose. Highest citric acid concentration of 57.8 g/l, overproduction. Many models have been developed citrate/isocitrate ratio of 15.6, space-time yield of 0.96 describing the biochemistry of citrate synthesis, using g/(l x hr) and biomass specific productivity of 0.041 g/(g glucose and other carbon sources, however a complete x hr) were obtained at pH 5 and 60 hrs residence time.
    [Show full text]
  • (ACO2) Deficiency
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Plasma metabolomics reveals a diagnostic metabolic fingerprint for mitochondrial aconitase (ACO2) deficiency Lucia Abela1,2,3, Ronen Spiegel4, Lisa M. Crowther1,2,3, Andrea Klein1¤a, Katharina Steindl3,5, Sorina Mihaela Papuc3,5, Pascal Joset3,5, Yoav Zehavi4, Anita Rauch3,5, Barbara Plecko1,2,3, Thomas Luke Simmons1,2,3¤b* 1 Division of Child Neurology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, 2 Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, 3 Radiz±Rare Disease Initiative a1111111111 Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, a1111111111 4 Department of Pediatrics B, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel, a1111111111 5 Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland a1111111111 a1111111111 ¤a Current address: Pediatric Neurology, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland ¤b Current address: Evolva AG, Reinach, Switzerland * [email protected] OPEN ACCESS Abstract Citation: Abela L, Spiegel R, Crowther LM, Klein A, Mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction has been identified in a number of neurodegen- Steindl K, Papuc SM, et al. (2017) Plasma metabolomics reveals a diagnostic metabolic erative disorders. Infantile cerebellar-retinal degeneration associated with mutations in the fingerprint for mitochondrial aconitase (ACO2) mitochondrial aconitase 2 gene (ACO2) has been recently described as a neurodegenera- deficiency. PLoS ONE 12(5): e0176363. https://doi. tive disease of autosomal recessive inheritance. To date there is no biomarker for ACO2 org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176363 deficiency and diagnosis relies on genetic analysis. Here we report global metabolic profiling Editor: Petras Dzeja, Mayo Clinic Rochester, in eight patients with ACO2 deficiency.
    [Show full text]
  • Citric Acid Cycle
    Lecture: 4 Biochemistry Anwar J Almzaiel Citric acid cycle Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle) is a series of reactions in mitochondria that bring about the catabolism of acetyl residues, liberating hydrogen equivalents, which upon oxidation lead to the release of most the energy of tissues fuels. The major function of cycle is to act as the final common pathway for oxidation of fatty acids, carbohydrates and proteins. It includes the electron transport system, the energy is produced in large amounts. Several of these processes are carried out in many tissues but the liver is the only tissue in which all occur to a significant extent, thus it is lethal when large numbers of hepatic cell are damaged or replaced by connective tissue, as in acute hepatitis and cirrhosis respectively. This cycle is found in the mitochondria. It starts with pyruvic acid which comes from cytoplasm to the mitochondria to be converted with coenzymes (NAD) and enzymes into acetyl COA + Pyruvic acid + COA +NAD Acetyl CoA +NADH+ CO2 The enzymes needed are found in the mitochondria close to the enzymes of the respiratory chain The oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA Before pyruvate can enter the citric acid cycle, it must be transported into the mitochondria via a special pyruvate transporter that aids its passage across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Within the mitochondria, pyruvate is oxdatively decarboxylated into acetyl COA. The conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl COA involves 5 types of reaction and each reaction is catalysed by different enzyme system these enzymes act as a multi enzyme system (complex).
    [Show full text]
  • Interpretive Guide
    INTERPRETIVE GUIDE Contents INTRODUCTION .........................................................................1 NUTREVAL BIOMARKERS ...........................................................5 Metabolic Analysis Markers ....................................................5 Malabsorption and Dysbiosis Markers .....................................5 Cellular Energy & Mitochondrial Metabolites ..........................6 Neurotransmitter Metabolites ...............................................8 Vitamin Markers ....................................................................9 Toxin & Detoxification Markers ..............................................9 Amino Acids ..........................................................................10 Essential and Metabolic Fatty Acids .........................................13 Cardiovascular Risk ................................................................15 Oxidative Stress Markers ........................................................16 Elemental Markers ................................................................17 Toxic Elements .......................................................................18 INTERPRETATION-AT-A-GLANCE .................................................19 REFERENCES .............................................................................23 INTRODUCTION A shortage of any nutrient can lead to biochemical NutrEval profile evaluates several important biochemical disturbances that affect healthy cellular and tissue pathways to help determine nutrient
    [Show full text]