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Aconitic Acid from Sugarcane Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2007 Aconitic acid from sugarcane: production and industrial application Nicolas Javier Gil Zapata Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Engineering Science and Materials Commons Recommended Citation Gil Zapata, Nicolas Javier, "Aconitic acid from sugarcane: production and industrial application" (2007). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 3740. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/3740 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. ACONITIC ACID FROM SUGARCANE: PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy In The Interdepartmental Program in Engineering Science by Nicolas Javier Gil Zapata B.S., Universidad Industrial de Santander, Colombia, 1988 December, 2007 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I sincerely thank my major advisor Dr. Michael Saska for his guidance, assistance, and continuous support throughout my graduate studies at LSU, and for sharing his knowledge and experience of the sugarcane industry. I extend my sincere appreciation to my committee members: Drs. Ioan Negulescu, Benjamin Legendre, Peter Rein, Donal Day, Armando Corripio, for comments, suggestions and critical review of this manuscript. I thank, Dr. Negulescu for introducing me to exciting field of polymers. To Dr. Legendre for sharing his vast knowledge and experience on sugarcane crop and for joining my committee after Dr. Rein retired this year. I also thank everyone at the Audubon Sugar Institute, especially, Brian White, Luz Stella Polanco, Giovanna De Querioz, Chardcie Verret, Irina Dinu and Lee Madsen for technical assistance throughout my research. To my wife, Solange, whose love, patience and support gave me the strength to keep moving forward and always search for my dreams, thank you my love. To my children: Andres, Laura and Carolina for their love and happiness, you are the light of my life. Thank God for the infinite blessings given to me and my family. I also thank, father Than Vu at Christ the King Catholic Church in Baton Rouge, for providing guidance and helping me strengthen my faith in God. To my parents, Javier and Matilde, who taught me that honesty, hard work and responsibility, were the way to reach my dreams. In addition, I thank my sisters, Adriana and Janeth for their continuous encouragement and love. ii To my friends, Delia and Fabio, Blanquita, Luz Edith and Jaime, Chechy and Miguel, Tonya and Alvaro, Doña Luz and Dr. Narces, Carlos and Gloria, Stella, Diana, Giovanna, Daira, Melly, Jenny, for making me and my family feel at home while living in the United States of America. To Centro de Investigación de la Caña de Azúcar (CENICA ŇA), my employer in Colombia, to the American Sugar Cane League, Louisiana Board of Regents - award number (2004-2006)-RDB-03 , and the United States Department of Agriculture, Rural Business Cooperative Service for their financial support. All are gratefully acknowledged. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................... ii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................. vii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ............................................................ xiv ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... xvii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 Research Problem Approach ......................................................................................................................... 1 Research Outline ............................................................................................................................................... 2 References ........................................................................................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................ 6 Sugarcane ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 Sugarcane Composition ......................................................................................................... 6 Sugarcane in Louisiana .......................................................................................................... 9 Sugarcane Weight Distribution............................................................................................ 10 Inorganic Constituents in Sugarcane ................................................................................... 10 Organic Acids ...................................................................................................................... 12 Fundaments of the Separation Techniques .............................................................................................. 15 Liquid – Liquid Extraction or Solvent Extraction ............................................................... 15 Ion Exchange ....................................................................................................................... 18 Extraction of Aconitic Acid from Sugarcane By-Products ................................................. 19 Polyvinyl Chloride .......................................................................................................................................... 28 PVC Global Market .................................................................................................................. 29 Plasticizers ........................................................................................................................................................ 30 Plasticizer Requirements ..................................................................................................... 31 Type of Plasticizers .............................................................................................................. 32 Health and Environmental Concerns of Plasticizers ........................................................... 33 Alternatives Plasticizers ....................................................................................................... 35 Production and Evaluation of PVC- Plasticizer Blends ...................................................... 37 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................................... 40 References ......................................................................................................................................................... 41 CHAPTER 3 CANE LEAF MATTER (CLM) COMPOSITION, EXTRACTION AND UTILIZATION ............................................................................................... 47 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 47 CLM ............................................................................................................................... 47 Trans -aconitic Acid ............................................................................................................ 48 Possible Reason for Aconitate Accumulation ..................................................................... 49 iv Comparison between Sugarcane and CLM Bagasse Composition ...................................... 49 Plant Growth Regulators ...................................................................................................... 50 Alternatives to Collect and Transport CLM ........................................................................ 51 Materials and Methods .................................................................................................................................. 53 Changes in CLM through the Season .................................................................................. 53 Effect of Sugarcane Ripener on CLM Composition ............................................................ 54 CLM Extraction at Pilot Level ............................................................................................ 54 Determination of TAA Extraction ....................................................................................... 55 Economic Model to Estimate the Cost for Harvesting, Transporting and Extracting Complete Cane ...................................................................................................... 55 Analytical Methodologies ...................................................................................................
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