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(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Na Teritoriji Grada Vranja Master

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(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Na Teritoriji Grada Vranja Master UNIVERZITET U NIŠU PRIRODNO - MATEMATIČKI FAKULTET DEPARTMAN ZA BIOLOGIJU I EKOLOGIJU Nikola S. Stanković Diverzitet parazitskih osa iz podfamilije Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) na teritoriji grada Vranja Master rad Niš, 2017. UNIVERZITET U NIŠU PRIRODNO-MATEMATIČKI FAKULTET DEPARTMAN ZA BIOLOGIJU I EKOLOGIJU Diverzitet parazitskih osa iz podfamilije Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) na teritoriji grada Vranja Master rad Kandidat Mentor Nikola S. Stanković dr. Marijana Ilić Milošević Broj indeksa: 173 Niš, oktobar 2017. UNIVERSITY OF NIŠ FACULTY OF SCIENCES AND MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY The diversity of parasitoid wasp from subfamily Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on the territory of the city of Vranje Master thesis Candidate Mentor Nikola S. Stanković Dr Marijana Ilić Milošević Student’s Reg. No. 173 Niš, october 2017. ZAHVALNICA Najsrdačnije se zahvaljujem svom mentoru dr Marijani Ilić Milošević na saradnji, izdvojenom vremenu, strpljenju i nesebičnoj pomoći prilikom celokupne izrade ovog master rada. Zahvaljujem se i prof dr Vladimiru Žikiću kao i koleginici Milici Ristić, koji su uložili veliki deo svog vremena i pružili pomoć u izradi ovog rada. Na kraju, neizmernu zahvalnost dugujem svojoj porodici i prijateljima, koji su mi bili velika podrška tokom studiranja. Ovaj rad posvećujem njima. Hvala... BIOGRAFIJA KANDIDATA Nikola Stanković rođen je 07.10.1989. godine u Vranju, gde 2008. godine završava gimnaziju „Bora Stanković“. Iste godine upisuje Osnovne akademske studije na Prirodno- matematičkom fakultetu Univerziteta u Nišu, na Departmanu za biologiju i ekologiju. Osnovne akademske studije završava 2014. godine sa diplomom osnovnih studija, zvanjem „biolog“. Iste godine upisuje Master akademske studije, smer Biologija, koje završava 2017. godine. SAŽETAK U ovom radu analiziran je diverzitet parazitskih osa iz podfamilije Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) na teritoriji grada Vranja. Takođe su istraživane i biljne vaši kao njihovi domaćini (Hemiptera: Aphididae) i biljke hraniteljke, pri čemu su njihove interakcije povezane u dvočlane i tročlane trofičke asocijacije. Sakupljeni biljni delovi zaraženi biljnim vašima su čuvani u laboratoriji do izleganja parazitoida. Ukupno je identifikovano 58 trofičkih asocijacija. Najveći diverzitet među parazitoidima su pokazali rodovi Aphidius i Lysiphlebus, dok je najabudantnija vrsta Lipolexis gracilis. Među biljnim vašima rod sa najvećim brojem vrsta je Aphis, pri čemu je vrsta A. fabae najfrekventnija. Dobijeni rezultati predstavljaju prve podatke o diverzitetu afidiina i njihovih domaćina na teritoriji grada Vranja. Ključne reči: Aphidiinae, parazitoidi, biljne vaši, trofičke asocijacije, Vranje. ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to analyze the diversity of parasitoid wasps from the subfumily Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on the territory of the city of Vranje. Their aphid hosts (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and the host plants were also analyzed, with their interactions formed two- or tritrophic associations. The collected plants, infected by the colonies of aphids, were held in the laboratory until parasitoid emergence. In total, 58 trophic associations were identified. The highest diversity among parasitoids was shown by the genera Aphidius and Lysiphlebus, while the most abundant species was Lipolexis gracilis. Within aphids, the genus Aphis was presented with the highest number of species, while the species A. fabae was the most frequent. The obtained results represent the first data on the diversity of afidiins and their hosts on the territory of the city of Vranje. Key words: Aphidiinae, parasitoids, aphids, trophic associations, Vranje. SADRŽAJ 1. UVOD .................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Opšte karakteristike familije Braconidae ........................................................................ 1 1.2. Opšte odlike brakonidnih osa iz potfamilije Aphidiinae ................................................ 2 1.3. Biologija i životni ciklus potfamilije Aphidiinae............................................................ 3 1.4. Interakcija vaš-parazitoid ................................................................................................ 6 1.5. Superparazitizam i hiperparazitizam............................................................................... 6 1.6. Filogenija potfamilije Aphidiinae ................................................................................... 7 1.7. Opšte karakteristike biljnih vaši (Hemiptera: Aphididae) .............................................. 8 1.8. Ekonomski značaj Aphidiinae ...................................................................................... 10 1.9. Dosadašnja istraživanja faune Aphidiinae na prostoru Srbije. ..................................... 11 2. CILJEVI ISTRAŽIVANJA ................................................................................................. 12 3. MATERIJAL I METODE ................................................................................................... 13 3.1. Istraživani lokaliteti ...................................................................................................... 13 3.2. Materijali i metode ........................................................................................................ 14 4. REZULTATI I DISKUSIJA ................................................................................................ 15 5. ZAKLJUČAK ...................................................................................................................... 24 6. LITERATURA .................................................................................................................... 25 1. UVOD 1.1. Opšte karakteristike familije Braconidae Familija Braconidae (ose najeznice) pripada redu Hymenoptera (opnokrilci), jednom od najvećih insekatskih redova sa preko 100.000 opisanih vrsta. Predstavlja biološki raznovrsnu grupu jer obuhvata socijalne, solitarne i parazitske evolutivne linije (Gaston, 1991). Insekti iz reda Hymenoptera imaju veliki ekonomski značaj za čoveka jer tu spadaju mnogobrojni oprašivači biljaka, pčele kao proizvođači meda, mnoge štetočine, kao što su lisne zolje (Tenthredinidae) ili ose drvenarice (Siricidae), kao i parazitoidi koji se koriste u programima biološke kontrole štetnih insekata (Goldson et al., 1992). Zajedno sa familijom Ichneumonidae, Braconidae je klasifikovana u nadfamiliju Ichneumonoidea, koja pripada sekciji Parasitica, podredu Apocrita (de Jong, 2012). Na osnovu dosadašnjih istraživanja procenjeno je da familija Braconidae obuhvata oko 15.000 vrsta (Žikić, 2008). Prema podacima, u Evropi je opisano oko 6000 vrsta podeljenih u oko 400 rodova i 40 potfamilija (Wharton et al, 1997; van Achterberg, 2004). Najveći broj brakonida predstavlja parazitske ose i u okviru ove familije se razlikuju ektoparazitoidi koji polažu jaje na telo domaćina i endoparazitoidi koji polažu jaje u telo domaćina. Najveći deo osa najeznica su endoparazitoidi. U zavisnosti od toga da li domaćin nastavlja sa aktivnošću i razvojem nakon parazitiranja razlikuju se idiobionti (onemogućavaju dalji razvoj, kretanje i ishranu nakon ovipozicije) i koinobionti (domaćin nastavlja da se hrani, kreće i razvija nakon parazitiranja) (Shaw & Huddleston, 1991). Većina koinobiontskih parazitoida su endoparazitoidi, dok su većina idiobionstkih ektoparazitoidi. 1.2. Opšte odlike brakonidnih osa iz potfamilije Aphidiinae Predstavnici potfamilije Aphidiinae su solitarni koinobionstki endoparazitoidi koji parazitiraju isključivo na biljnim vašima (Hemiptera: Aphididae) i koriste se u programima biokontrole biljnih vaši (Starý, 1970; Hågvar & Hofsvang, 1991). Uglavnom su rasprostranjeni u severnoj hemisferi (Mackauer, 1968). U svetu je opisano preko 400 vrsta iz 1 ove potfamilije (Starý, 1988; Dolphine & Quicke, 2001), dok je u Evropi zabeleženo oko 200 vrsta klasifikovanih u oko 40 rodova (van Achterberg, 2004). Predstavnici ove potfamilije se ubrajaju u najsitnije brakonide, čija veličina tela ne prelazi nekoliko milimetara. Afidiine se odlikuju morfologijom i anatomijom tipičnom za sve Braconidae. Na telu se razlikuju glava, grudi i trbuh (Slika 1). Glava je po položaju ortognantna. Na njoj se nalaze dva krupna složena oka i tri ocele, kao i končaste antene. Broj članaka flageluma može biti od 8 (ženke vrste Lysiphlebus balcanicus Starý) do 30 kod nekih vrsta roda Pauesia (Quilis Perez). Kod većine vrsta mužjaci imaju veći broj članaka flageluma osim kod vrsta roda Ephedrus gde i mužjaci i ženke imaju po 9 (Gärdenfors, 1986). Gornja usna (clypeus) je ispupčena i prekrivena je dlačicama. Broj i položaj dlačica imaju taksonomski značaj kod nekih rodova. Sa strane klipeusa nalaze se tentorijalne jamice, gde razmak između jamica ima takođe taksonomski značaj (Starý, 1973, 1981). Broja maksilarnih i labijalnih članaka takođe predstavlja pouzdan taksonomski karakter. Toraks (mezozoma) je kompaktan i sastoji se iz protoraksa, mezotoraksa i metatoraksa. Na toraksu se najčešće nalaze dva para krila. Beskrilnost se javlja kod manjeg broja vrsta (Diaeretellus palustris i pojedine vrste roda Trioxys). Kod afidiina je izražena tendencija redukcije krilne nervature, izuzev kod vrsta rodova Ephedrus Haliday, Parephedrus i Toxares Prvi abdominalni segment ulazi u sastav grudnog dela i zove se propodeum. Na njemu se nalaze jamice, grebeni i dlake koji imaju važnu ulogu pri determinaciji (Starý, 1973). Kod nekih vrsta
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