DOCSLIB.ORG

Extensive Myzus Cerasi Transcriptional Changes Associated with Detoxification 2 Genes Upon Primary to Secondary Host Alternation 3 4 5 Peter Thorpe1, Carmen M

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Extensive Myzus Cerasi Transcriptional Changes Associated with Detoxification 2 Genes Upon Primary to Secondary Host Alternation 3 4 5 Peter Thorpe1, Carmen M bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/366450; this version posted July 10, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Extensive Myzus cerasi transcriptional changes associated with detoxification 2 genes upon primary to secondary host alternation 3 4 5 Peter Thorpe1, Carmen M. Escudero-Martinez1,2, Sebastian Eves-van den Akker3, Jorunn 6 I.B. Bos1,2 7 8 9 1Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 10 5DA, UK 11 2Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee 12 3Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK 13 14 15 *Corresponding Author: 16 [email protected] 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/366450; this version posted July 10, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 30 Abstract 31 32 Background 33 Aphids are phloem-feeding insects that cause yield losses to crops globally. These insects 34 feature complex life cycles, which in the case of many agriculturally important species 35 involves the use of primary and secondary host plant species. The switching between 36 winter or primary hosts, on which overwintering eggs are laid upon sexual reproduction, 37 and the secondary hosts, on which aphids reproduce asexually by parthenogenesis, is 38 called host alternation. Here, we used Myzus cerasi (black cherry aphid), which 39 overwinters on cherry trees and in summer spreads to herbaceous plant species, to 40 assess aphid transcriptional changes that occur upon host alternation. 41 Results 42 Adaptation experiments of M. cerasi collected from local cherry tress to reported 43 secondary host species revealed low survival rates when aphids were moved to two 44 secondary host species. Moreover, aphids were unable to survive on one of the reported 45 hosts (Land cress) unless first adapted to another secondary host (cleavers). 46 Transcriptome analyses of populations adapted to the primary host cherry and two 47 secondary host species showed extensive transcriptional plasticity to host alternation, with 48 predominantly genes involved in oxidation-reduction differentially regulated. Most of the 49 differentially expressed genes across the M. cerasi populations from the different hosts 50 were duplicated and we found evidence for differential exon usage. In contrast, we 51 observed only limited transcriptional to secondary host switching. 52 Conclusion 53 Aphid host alternation between summer and winter host plant species is an intriguing 54 feature of aphid life cycles that is not well understood, especially at the molecular level. 55 Here we show that, under controlled conditions, M. cerasi adaptation from primary to 56 secondary host species does not readily occur and involves extensive changes in aphid 57 gene expression. Our data suggests that different sets of genes involved in detoxification 58 are required to feed from primary versus secondary host species. 2 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/366450; this version posted July 10, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 59 Background 60 61 Aphids are phloem-feeding insects that belong to the order Hemiptera. Insects within this 62 order feature distinctive mouthparts, or stylets, that in the case of phytophagous insects, 63 are used to pierce plant tissues and obtain nutrients from the plant phloem. One striking 64 feature of the complex life cycle of about 10 % of aphid species is the seasonal host 65 switching between unrelated primary (winter) and secondary (summer) host plants, also 66 called host alternation or heteroecy [1]; [2]. Host alternating aphids predominantly use 67 woody plants as their primary hosts, on which (overwintering) eggs are laid, from which the 68 first generation of aphids, or fundatrices, emerge in spring. The fundatrices, and their 69 offspring, reproduce by parthenogenesis (asexual reproduction), giving birth to live 70 nymphs. Winged forms (alate) will migrate to secondary host plants over the summer 71 months where the aphid populations will go through multiple parthenogenic generations. In 72 autumn, sexual female and male aphids will reproduce sexually and overwintering eggs 73 are laid on the primary host. Exceptions to this general life cycle exist, with some aphids 74 for example having multi-year cycles [3]. 75 76 Heteroecy in aphids has independently arisen in different aphid lineages throughout 77 evolutionary history [4] with monoecy (with the entire life cycle taking place on one plant 78 species) on trees thought to be the ancestral state. Many different hypotheses explain the 79 maintenance of heteroecy and driving factors described include nutritional optimization, 80 oviposition sites, natural enemies, temperature tolerance, and fundatrix specialization [4]. 81 With many important agricultural crops being aphid secondary hosts, understanding how 82 aphids are able to switch between their primary and secondary hosts will provide better 83 insight into the mechanisms of crop infestation. It is likely that switching between host plant 84 species requires aphids to adapt to differences in host nutritional status as well as 85 potential differences in plant defense mechanisms against insects. Host plant 86 specialization in the pea aphid species complex is associated with differences in genomic 87 regions encompassing predicted salivary genes as well as olfactory receptors [5]. 88 Moreover, adaptation of M. persicae to different secondary host plant species involves 89 gene expression changes, including of genes predicted to encode for cuticular proteins, 90 cathepsin B protease, UDP-glycosyltransferases and P450 monooxygenases [6]. 91 Analyses of gene expression differences between Hyalopterus persikonus (mealy aphids) 92 collected from primary versus secondary host plant species under field conditions showed 93 that genes with predicted functions in detoxification, but also predicted effector genes, 3 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/366450; this version posted July 10, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 94 required for parasitism, were differentially regulated [7]. However, a detailed 95 understanding of how aphids respond through the process of host alternation remains 96 unclear. 97 98 Myzus cerasi, or black cherry aphid, is a host-alternating aphid that uses mainly Prunus 99 cerasus (Morello cherry) and Prunus avium (sweet cherry), but also other Prunus species 100 as primary hosts and several herbaceous plants (Gallium spp., Veronica spp., and 101 cruciferous species) as secondary hosts [8] [9]. Infestation can cause significant damage 102 on cherry trees, due to leaf curling, and shoot deformation, pseudogall formation, as well 103 as fruit damage. Recently, the genome of M. cerasi was sequenced, providing novel 104 insights into the potential parasitism genes as well as genome evolution [10]. The 105 increasing availability of genomics resources for aphids, including M. cerasi, facilitates 106 further understanding of aphid biology, including the processes involves in host 107 alternation. 108 109 In this study, we adapted M. cerasi aphids collected from local cherry trees (primary hosts) 110 to secondary hosts Galium aparine (cleavers) and Barbarea verna (Land cress) and 111 assessed differences in aphid transcriptomes upon adaptation. We found that aphids 112 collected from their primary host differed in their ability to adapt to secondary host plant 113 species. The adaptation from primary to secondary host plant species involved extensive 114 transcriptional changes in M. cerasi, especially with regards to genes involved in 115 detoxification. However, we only observed limited transcriptional changes between M. 116 cerasi adapted to the two different secondary host plant species. 117 118 Results and discussion 119 120 Myzus cerasi host alternation under laboratory conditions is associated with low 121 survival rates 122 123 To determine whether transcriptional plasticity plays a potential role during primary to 124 secondary host alternation, we used the aphid species M. cerasi, which can be found on 125 its primary host, cherry, in spring, and uses several herbaceous secondary host species 126 over the summer [9]. When attempting to establish a colony of M. cerasi from populations 127 occurring on local cherry trees, we observed differences in survival rates upon transfer to 128 reported secondary host plant species. While aphids were unable to survive transfer from 129 primary host cherry to Land cress (Barbarea verna), we observed a 10%-20% survival rate 4 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/366450; this version posted July 10, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly of the Horned-Gall Aphid, Schlechtendalia
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.17.431348; this version posted February 18, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Chromosome-level genome assembly of the horned-gall aphid, Schlechtendalia 2 chinensis (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Erisomatinae) 3 4 Hong-Yuan Wei1＃, Yu-Xian Ye2＃, Hai-Jian Huang4, Ming-Shun Chen3, Zi-Xiang Yang1*, Xiao-Ming Chen1*, 5 Chuan-Xi Zhang2,4* 6 1Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China 7 2Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China 8 3Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA 9 4State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products; 10 Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant 11 Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China 12 ＃Contributed equally. 13 *Correspondence 14 Zi-Xiang Yang, Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China. 15 E-mail: [email protected] 16 Xiao-Ming Chen, Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China. 17 E-mail: [email protected] 18 Chuan-Xi Zhang, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. 19 E-mail: [email protected] 20 Funding information 21 National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant/Award number: 31872305, U1402263; The basic research 22 program of Yunnan Province, Grant/Award number: 202001AT070016; The grant for Innovative Team of ‘Insect 23 Molecular Ecology and Evolution’ of Yunnan Province 24 25 Abstract 26 The horned gall aphid Schlechtendalia chinensis, is an economically important insect that induces 27 galls valuable for medicinal and chemical industries.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetics of Buchnera Aphidicola Munson Et Al., 1991
    Türk. entomol. derg., 2019, 43 (2): 227-237 ISSN 1010-6960 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.16970/entoted.527118 E-ISSN 2536-491X Original article (Orijinal araştırma) Phylogenetics of Buchnera aphidicola Munson et al., 1991 (Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae) based on 16S rRNA amplified from seven aphid species1 Farklı yaprak biti türlerinden izole edilen Buchnera aphidicola Munson et al., 1991 (Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae)’nın 16S rRNA’ya göre filogenetiği Gül SATAR2* Abstract The obligate symbiont, Buchnera aphidicola Munson et al., 1991 (Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae) is important for the physiological processes of aphids. Buchnera aphidicola genes detected in seven aphid species, collected in 2017 from different plants and altitudes in Adana Province, Turkey were analyzed to reveal phylogenetic interactions between Buchnera and aphids. The 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced for this purpose and a phylogenetic tree built up by the neighbor-joining method. A significant correlation between B. aphidicola genes and the aphid species was revealed by this phylogenetic tree and the haplotype network. Specimens collected in Feke from Solanum melongena L. was distinguished from the other B. aphidicola genes on Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) with a high bootstrap value of 99. Buchnera aphidicola in Myzus spp. was differentiated from others, and the difference between Myzus cerasi (Fabricius, 1775) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776) was clear. Although, B. aphidicola is specific to its host aphid, certain nucleotide differences obtained within the species could enable specification to geographic region or host plant in the future. Keywords: Aphid, genetic similarity, phylogenetics, symbiotic bacterium Öz Obligat simbiyont, Buchnera aphidicola Munson et al., 1991 (Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae), yaprak bitlerinin fizyolojik olaylarının sürdürülmesinde önemli bir rol oynar.
    [Show full text]
  • A Contribution to the Aphid Fauna of Greece
    Bulletin of Insectology 60 (1): 31-38, 2007 ISSN 1721-8861 A contribution to the aphid fauna of Greece 1,5 2 1,6 3 John A. TSITSIPIS , Nikos I. KATIS , John T. MARGARITOPOULOS , Dionyssios P. LYKOURESSIS , 4 1,7 1 3 Apostolos D. AVGELIS , Ioanna GARGALIANOU , Kostas D. ZARPAS , Dionyssios Ch. PERDIKIS , 2 Aristides PAPAPANAYOTOU 1Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Nea Ionia, Magnesia, Greece 2Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece 3Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Agricultural University of Athens, Greece 4Plant Virology Laboratory, Plant Protection Institute of Heraklion, National Agricultural Research Foundation (N.AG.RE.F.), Heraklion, Crete, Greece 5Present address: Amfikleia, Fthiotida, Greece 6Present address: Institute of Technology and Management of Agricultural Ecosystems, Center for Research and Technology, Technology Park of Thessaly, Volos, Magnesia, Greece 7Present address: Department of Biology-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece Abstract In the present study a list of the aphid species recorded in Greece is provided. The list includes records before 1992, which have been published in previous papers, as well as data from an almost ten-year survey using Rothamsted suction traps and Moericke traps. The recorded aphidofauna consisted of 301 species. The family Aphididae is represented by 13 subfamilies and 120 genera (300 species), while only one genus (1 species) belongs to Phylloxeridae. The aphid fauna is dominated by the subfamily Aphidi- nae (57.1 and 68.4 % of the total number of genera and species, respectively), especially the tribe Macrosiphini, and to a lesser extent the subfamily Eriosomatinae (12.6 and 8.3 % of the total number of genera and species, respectively).
    [Show full text]
  • Folk Taxonomy, Nomenclature, Medicinal and Other Uses, Folklore, and Nature Conservation Viktor Ulicsni1* , Ingvar Svanberg2 and Zsolt Molnár3
    Ulicsni et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:47 DOI 10.1186/s13002-016-0118-7 RESEARCH Open Access Folk knowledge of invertebrates in Central Europe - folk taxonomy, nomenclature, medicinal and other uses, folklore, and nature conservation Viktor Ulicsni1* , Ingvar Svanberg2 and Zsolt Molnár3 Abstract Background: There is scarce information about European folk knowledge of wild invertebrate fauna. We have documented such folk knowledge in three regions, in Romania, Slovakia and Croatia. We provide a list of folk taxa, and discuss folk biological classification and nomenclature, salient features, uses, related proverbs and sayings, and conservation. Methods: We collected data among Hungarian-speaking people practising small-scale, traditional agriculture. We studied “all” invertebrate species (species groups) potentially occurring in the vicinity of the settlements. We used photos, held semi-structured interviews, and conducted picture sorting. Results: We documented 208 invertebrate folk taxa. Many species were known which have, to our knowledge, no economic significance. 36 % of the species were known to at least half of the informants. Knowledge reliability was high, although informants were sometimes prone to exaggeration. 93 % of folk taxa had their own individual names, and 90 % of the taxa were embedded in the folk taxonomy. Twenty four species were of direct use to humans (4 medicinal, 5 consumed, 11 as bait, 2 as playthings). Completely new was the discovery that the honey stomachs of black-coloured carpenter bees (Xylocopa violacea, X. valga)were consumed. 30 taxa were associated with a proverb or used for weather forecasting, or predicting harvests. Conscious ideas about conserving invertebrates only occurred with a few taxa, but informants would generally refrain from harming firebugs (Pyrrhocoris apterus), field crickets (Gryllus campestris) and most butterflies.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity of the Natural Enemies of Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Northwest Turkey
    Phytoparasitica https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-019-00781-8 Biodiversity of the natural enemies of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Northwest Turkey Şahin Kök & Željko Tomanović & Zorica Nedeljković & Derya Şenal & İsmail Kasap Received: 25 April 2019 /Accepted: 19 December 2019 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020 Abstract In the present study, the natural enemies of (Hymenoptera), as well as eight other generalist natural aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and their host plants in- enemies. In these interactions, a total of 37 aphid-natural cluding herbaceous plants, shrubs and trees were enemy associations–including 19 associations of analysed to reveal their biodiversity and disclose Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) with natural enemies, 16 tritrophic associations in different habitats of the South associations of Therioaphis trifolii (Monell) with natural Marmara region of northwest Turkey. As a result of field enemies and two associations of Aphis craccivora Koch surveys, 58 natural enemy species associated with 43 with natural enemies–were detected on Medicago sativa aphids on 58 different host plants were identified in the L. during the sampling period. Similarly, 12 associations region between March of 2017 and November of 2018. of Myzus cerasi (Fabricius) with natural enemies were In 173 tritrophic natural enemy-aphid-host plant interac- revealed on Prunus avium (L.), along with five associa- tions including association records new for Europe and tions of Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus) with natural Turkey, there were 21 representatives of the family enemies (including mostly parasitoid individuals) on Coccinellidae (Coleoptera), 14 of the family Syrphidae Brassica oleracea L. Also in the study, reduviids of the (Diptera) and 15 of the subfamily Aphidiinae species Zelus renardii (Kolenati) are reported for the first time as new potential aphid biocontrol agents in Turkey.
    [Show full text]
  • Scope: Munis Entomology & Zoology Publishes a Wide Variety of Papers
    471 _____________Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 13, No. 2, June 2018__________ PATHOGENICITY OF THE ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGUS, PURPUREOCILLIUM LILACINUM TR1 AGAINST AMBROSIA BEETLES, XYLOSANDRUS GERMANUS (BLANDFORD) AND XYLEBORUS DISPAR (FABRICIUS) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE: SCOLYTINAE) Seyma Toksöz*, Erçin Oksal**, İslam Saruhan* and İlker Kepenekci*** * Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Samsun, TURKEY. ** İnönü University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Malatya, TURKEY. *** Gaziosmanpaşa University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Tokat, TURKEY. E-mail: [email protected] [Toksöz, S., Oksal, E., Saruhan, İ. & Kepenekci, İ. 2018. Pathogenicity of The Entomopathogenic Fungus, Purpureocillium lilacinum TR1 Against Ambrosia Beetles, Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford) and Xyleborus dispar (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 13 (2): 471-481] ABSTRACT: Xylosandrus germanus and Xyleborus dispar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) should be considered a high-risk quarantine pest. These ambrosia beetles are very polyphagous. It attacks many deciduous trees, probably all in its distribution range. Chemical control of them is very difficult and expensive due to its protected breeding sites and its resistance to many insecticides. In this study, it is searched the effects of entomopathogenic fungi, [Purpureocillium lilacinum TR1 (syn: Paecilomyces lilacinus)] on the BTBB and PBB adults in three conidial suspensions (106, 107and 108cfu ml-1) in laboratory conditions. The data for mortality was recorded after 2, 4, 6 and 8 days intervals. The mortality rate was found respectively after 8 days %94.72 for Xylosandrus germanus and %100 for Xyleborus dispar in 108cfu ml-1. It will be appropriate that the results obtained from this first study performed in laboratory conditions should also to be tried in the field conditions for the control of ambrosia beetles, Xylosandrus germanus and Xyleborus dispar.
    [Show full text]
  • EU-Spain Cherry RA.Docx
    Importation of Cherry [Prunus avium United States (L.) L.] from Continental Spain into Department of Agriculture the Continental United States Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service A Qualitative, Pathway-Initiated Pest March 12, 2015 Risk Assessment Version 3 Agency Contact: Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology Plant Protection and Quarantine Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service United States Department of Agriculture 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606 Pest Risk Assessment for Cherries from Continental Spain Executive Summary The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prepared this risk assessment document to examine plant pest risks associated with importing commercially produced fresh fruit of cherry [Prunus avium (L.) L. (Rosaceae)] for consumption from continental Spain into the continental United States. Based on the scientific literature, port-of-entry pest interception data, and information from the government of Spain, we developed a list of all potential pests with actionable regulatory status for the continental United States that are known to occur in continental Spain and that are known to be associated with the commodity plant species anywhere in the world. From this list, we identified and further analyzed 9 organisms that have a reasonable likelihood of being associated with the commodity following harvesting from the field and prior to any post-harvest processing. Of the pests
    [Show full text]
  • Aphid Transmission of Potyvirus: the Largest Plant-Infecting RNA Virus Genus
    Supplementary Aphid Transmission of Potyvirus: The Largest Plant-Infecting RNA Virus Genus Kiran R. Gadhave 1,2,*,†, Saurabh Gautam 3,†, David A. Rasmussen 2 and Rajagopalbabu Srinivasan 3 1 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA 2 Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; [email protected] 3 Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]. † Authors contributed equally. Received: 13 May 2020; Accepted: 15 July 2020; Published: date Abstract: Potyviruses are the largest group of plant infecting RNA viruses that cause significant losses in a wide range of crops across the globe. The majority of viruses in the genus Potyvirus are transmitted by aphids in a non-persistent, non-circulative manner and have been extensively studied vis-à-vis their structure, taxonomy, evolution, diagnosis, transmission and molecular interactions with hosts. This comprehensive review exclusively discusses potyviruses and their transmission by aphid vectors, specifically in the light of several virus, aphid and plant factors, and how their interplay influences potyviral binding in aphids, aphid behavior and fitness, host plant biochemistry, virus epidemics, and transmission bottlenecks. We present the heatmap of the global distribution of potyvirus species, variation in the potyviral coat protein gene, and top aphid vectors of potyviruses. Lastly, we examine how the fundamental understanding of these multi-partite interactions through multi-omics approaches is already contributing to, and can have future implications for, devising effective and sustainable management strategies against aphid- transmitted potyviruses to global agriculture.
    [Show full text]
  • Species Identification of Aphids (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aphididae) Through DNA Barcodes
    Molecular Ecology Resources (2008) 8, 1189–1201 doi: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2008.02297.x DNABlackwell Publishing Ltd BARCODING Species identification of aphids (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aphididae) through DNA barcodes R. G. FOOTTIT,* H. E. L. MAW,* C. D. VON DOHLEN† and P. D. N. HEBERT‡ *National Environmental Health Program, Invertebrate Biodiversity, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, K. W. Neatby Bldg., 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0C6, †Department of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA, ‡Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1 Abstract A 658-bp fragment of mitochondrial DNA from the 5′ region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) gene has been adopted as the standard DNA barcode region for animal life. In this study, we test its effectiveness in the discrimination of over 300 species of aphids from more than 130 genera. Most (96%) species were well differentiated, and sequence variation within species was low, averaging just 0.2%. Despite the complex life cycles and parthenogenetic reproduction of aphids, DNA barcodes are an effective tool for identification. Keywords: Aphididae, COI, DNA barcoding, mitochondrial DNA, parthenogenesis, species identification Received 28 December 2007; revision accepted 3 June 2008 of numerous plant diseases (Eastop 1977; Harrewijn & Introduction Minks 1987; Blackman & Eastop 2000; Harrington & van The aphids (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aphididae) and related Emden 2007). Aphids are also an important invasive risk families Adelgidae and Phylloxeridae are a group of because their winged forms are easily dispersed by wind approximately 5000 species of small, soft-bodied insects that and because feeding aphids are readily transported with feed on plant phloem using piercing/sucking mouthparts.
    [Show full text]
  • Transcriptional Changes in the Aphid Species Myzus Cerasi Under Different Host and Environmental Conditions
    Insect Molecular Biology (2020) doi: 10.1111/imb.12631 Transcriptional changes in the aphid species Myzus cerasi under different host and environmental conditions P. Thorpe*,** C. M. Escudero-Martinez*†, different environments may pose a major hurdle and S. Eves-van den Akker‡ and J. I. B. Bos*† leads to extensive gene expression changes. *Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Keywords: aphid host adaptation, laboratory environ- † Dundee, UK; Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life ment, RNAseq, detoxification. Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK; and ‡Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Introduction Cambridge, UK Aphids are phloem-feeding insects that belong to the order Hemiptera. Insects within this order feature distinctive Abstract mouthparts, or stylets, that are used to pierce plant tissues Aphids feature complex life cycles, which in the case of and obtain nutrients from the plant phloem. One striking fea- many agriculturally important species involve primary ture of the complex life cycle of about 10% of aphid species and secondary host plant species. Whilst host alternation is the seasonal host switching between unrelated primary between primary and secondary host can occur in the (winter) and secondary (summer) host plants, also called field depending on host availability and the environment, host alternation or heteroecy (Mordvilko, 1928; Williams aphid populations maintained as laboratory stocks gen- and Dixon, 2007). Host alternating aphids predominantly erally are kept under conditions that allow asexual repro- use woody plants as their primary hosts, on which (over- duction by parthenogenesis on secondary hosts. We wintering) eggs are laid, from which the first generation Myzus cerasi used (black cherry aphid) to assess aphid of aphids, or fundatrices, emerge in spring.
    [Show full text]
  • Barley Defense Genes Against Aphids
    !" ! # $ % &' ()*' ) % # + , + + # - ) + + # , ) ) # # + )+ # + . ) + )+ + # + . # + + #/ ) + ) 0 )+ 1 + + + #2+ & 3#()+ , ) + ) &. ()+ 4 # + 0 # ) + + + ) + + # 0 + ) 5 # 5 #2 0 + + 0 , # # 6 + ) , &7(80! #2 ) , + ) # ) 0 # ) 0 # + ) ) # !" # "! !" 911 ## 1 : ; 99 9 9 !8!4 <-*=>"=!>>=>!4 <-*=>"=!>>=>!4?> ! )! ?=! BARLEY DEFENSE GENES AGAINST APHIDS Aleksandra Losvik Barley defense genes against aphids Aleksandra Losvik ©Aleksandra Losvik, Stockholm University 2018 ISBN print 978-91-7797-145-0 ISBN PDF 978-91-7797-146-7 Cover photo by Aleksandra Losvik Printed in Sweden by Universitetsservice US-AB, Stockholm 2018 Distributor: Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences To my dearest Johan Thank you for the adventures of my lifetime Sammanfattning Bladlöss är skadeinsekter av stor betydelse över hela världen. Genom att livnära sig från växternas ledningsrör undandrar de direkt
    [Show full text]
  • Extensive Transcriptional Changes in the Aphid Species Myzus Cerasi Under Different
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/366450; this version posted May 30, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Extensive transcriptional changes in the aphid species Myzus cerasi under different 2 host environments associated with detoxification genes 3 4 Peter Thorpe1, Carmen M. Escudero-Martinez1,2, Sebastian Eves-van den Akker3, Jorunn 5 I.B. Bos1,2 6 7 8 1Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 9 5DA, UK 10 2Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee 11 3Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK 12 13 14 *Corresponding Author: 15 Jorunn I.B. Bos, PhD 16 Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee 17 Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute 18 Invergowrie, Dundee 19 DD2 5DA 20 United Kingdom 21 22 Phone: +44 (0)3449285428 23 Email: [email protected] 24 25 26 27 28 29 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/366450; this version posted May 30, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 30 Abstract 31 32 Aphids are phloem-feeding insects that cause yield losses to crops globally.
    [Show full text]