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Catholic Laity Involvement in Church Building Project

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Catholic Laity Involvement in Church Building Project 計画系 667 号 【カテゴリーⅠ】 日本建築学会計画系論文集 第76巻 第667号，1711-1719，2011年 9 月 J. Archit. Plann., AIJ, Vol. 76 No. 667, 1711-1719, Sep., 2011 CATHOLICCATHOLIC LAITYLAITY INVOLVEMENT INVOLVEMENT IN IN CHURCH CHURCH BUILDING BUILDING PROJECT:PROJECT ManagementManagement of church building projects in the Hong KongKong Catholicc DioceseDiocese fromfrom thethe 1960s1960s toto presentpresent 教会堂建設事業における一般信徒の参加 1960年代以降のカトリック香港教区による教会堂建設事業マネジメント������������������ � 1960 ������������������������������ Ayako FUKUSHIMA＊ Ayako福 FUKUSHIMA* 島 綾 子 ����� The Hong Kong Catholic Church introduced laity involvement in building project management for worship places in the 1970s. Following the liturgical reforms established by the Second Vatican Council in the early 1960s, the Diocesan Liturgical Commission in the late 1970s commenced initial measures to involve the laity. However, their influence remained limited until the early 1990s. Then, the Diocesan Building and Development Commission (1995) promoted an increase of professional laity from the building industry through the highly organized commission. It provided laity with ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� method. Keywords : Catholic, church, Hong Kong, building project, laity ����������������������� ���� ������ ������ 1.Introduction the Catholic Church in Hong Kong in the 19th century as well as The Catholic Mission in Hong Kong was established in 1841 in from the 1950s to the 1970s, little attention has been paid to the the same year as Hong Kong became a British colony. Since the involvement of lay members in building project management.4,5,6) Second Vatican Council (Vatican II) in the early 1960s, endeavors The laity professionals in the third phase, especially laity to involve the laity in building projects for worship places and architects who provide general advices, select the consultant other Diocesan properties began.1,2) This study identified three architect for design and supervision, check cost and construction development phases of professional laity involvement after the and so on, always belong to the client side, which is the Church. ����������������������������������������������������������������� They should be distinguished from consultant architects and foundation of laity involvement in various church management contractors who provide services based on the contract with the began to be laid. The second is the late 1970s to the early Church. In this system, the Church internal laity professionals 1990s when the laity professionals from the building industry are expected to be a guarantee for the contract to be implemented began to be organized in the Diocesan structure. In this phase, according to contract terms. ����������������������������������������������������������������� This paper focuses on laity professionals with the aim (1) to delivery was limited. The third is from the mid 1990s to present, identify different phases of laity involvement, and (2) to reveal the when a Diocesan commission solely dedicated to building project situation of institutional systematization in each phase as well �������������������������������������������������������������� as professionals involved in church building management in the established and systematized. Diocese since the 1960s.7) The characteristic of laity involvement in Hong Kong is that it is highly organized and systematized in Diocesan structure, 2. Management of Building Projects from the 19th century to the Early which is rarely found in other regions.3) It is assumed that laity 1990s involvement patterns are diverse and unique in different regions. ������������������������������������������������������������������������� Although previous studies have revealed mission strategies of the 20th century * ＊Assistant Prof., Department of Environmental and Heritage Design ������������������������������������ Assistant Prof., Department of Environmental and Heritage Design, Faculty of Design, 九州大学大学院芸術工学研究院環境・遺産デザイン部門 Faculty Kyushu of University, Design, Kyushu MSc in University, Historic Preservation MSc in Historic Preservation 助教・修士（科学） － 1711 － According to research by Louis Ha, Hong Kong Catholic in those complexes. Mission started in the 19th century as Rome’s (Propaganda Fide, As for the laity or parishioners as end-users of worship places, ��������������������������������������������������������������� they had no say in how to build or renovate their own church. “Procura(later known as Procuration)”. Procura was headed by Li Ng states that, by the mid 1960s, “lay participation, if not the procurator who was in fact Rome’s representative and its totally lacking, was poorly coordinated and was marginal. As ������������������������������������8) Ha explains how powerful regards to decision-making and the running of the diocese, lay Procura was in all the missionary activities: “very often the participation was nil.”13) Li Ng also describes “pre-conciliar (pre- ��������������������������������������������������������������� Second Vatican Council) state” of the Church as: “poor (or little go. Consequently, the person who had control over money was and informal) channels of communication (between clergy and the man who gave orders.”9) Since the beginning of the Mission, laity); ad hoc problem-solving style; reliance on individual and ��������������������������������������������������������������� amateurish efforts and initiatives.”14) Design of new worship making on all building projects such as where and how to build, places were discussed and decided between the parish priest and ��������������������������������������������������������������� a consultant architect employed for the project. Even though handed down until the early 1990s. In 1992, the responsibility some laity offered help for building projects, parish priests did of the Procuration is summarized as below: “The Diocesan not usually take up such offers because most of them were more ������������������������������������������������������������������� concerned about pastoral and spiritual matters. As a result, it parishes and diocesan schools. Up to this point (1992), it was caused dissatisfaction and frustration among parishioners.15) also responsible for development projects such as the building of 2.2 The Second Vatican Council and establishment of Diocesan new churches and the applications for running a new school.”10) Liturgical Commission(DLC), the 1960s to mid 1970s This remark suggests that a building project was regarded as a Vatican II was summoned by Pope John XXIII from 1962 ���������������� to 1965 in order to adapt the Church to the contemporary Fig.1 shows that Catholics grew tremendously in number requirements of its apostolic task. Vatican II had a significant after the war and worship places grew before and after the impact on organizational structures and the change towards war. Increase of the Catholics corresponds with the large and problem-solving style of the local diocese.16) Importantly, it rapid influx of refugees and immigrants from the Mainland urged such post-conciliar developments as the redefined role China after 1949. The number of worship places grew rapidly and importance of the Church and governance by committee since the 1920s because statistics after 1919 start including the rather than through absolute rule by a single individual such as number of “stations without proper chapels”. Decreased worship the bishop or the procurator. Following Council directives, the places after 1958 may reflect that a number of worship places, local diocese established very rapidly during the period of 1964 especially “stations without proper chapels”, were closed down to 1974, functionally specialized units of diocesan commissions during WWII.11) The major building types for places of worship and committees to study and respond to the various needs and constructed during the period from 1949 to the early 1960s was problems of the diocese in light of Council teachings.17) Table 1 the complex of refugee service centers and church-cum-schools, shows the names and duration of appointment of the bishop and which were the result of the missionary strategy as well as the procurator along with the diocesan commissions/committees social needs at that time.12) Worship areas were usually included whose task included building projects with the period they existed. The DLC was created in May 1964 in order to conform to ������ ��� new liturgy announced in Vatican II.18) One of the main themes of ������ �������� ��� ���������������������������������������������������������������� ������ �������������� ��� and widespread changes to church buildings around the world.19) ������ ��� The foundation to involve laity in church management was laid by ������ ��� this reform. ������ ��� 2.3 Shift Towards Laity Professional Involvement in the Late 1970s to ������ ��� Early 1990s 2.3.1 Establishment of Liturgical Art and Architecture ����� ��� Committee(LAAC) in the late 1970s � � The LAAC was established in 1977 as one of sub-committees under DLC (table 1). LAAC’s “tasks are: to establish liturgical Fig.1 The number of Catholics and Worship Places in Hong Kong architectural and art disciplines of the Diocese; evaluate and (created by the author based on reference 2; Hong Kong Diocesan advise on designs for construction, restoration and renovation of Archives Section I) churches and mass centers prepared by the Diocesan Procuration; － 1712 － According to research by Louis Ha, Hong
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