akademiskkvarter Volume 04. Spring 2012 • on the web academic quarter
Arthur Conan Doyle’s Quest Journey to The Land of Mist
Jørgen Riber Christensen associate professor at the Institute of Communica- tion, Aalborg University. Among his publications are Medietid 2.0 (2009) with Jane Kristensen and Marvellous Fantasy (ed., 2009), and articles with- in the fields of cultural analysis, the media, market- ing, museology and literature. Editor of Academic Quarter.
Arthur Conan Doyle employed the quest narrative structure in his Professor Challenger novels and short stories. The themes that were embodied in the journey form were imperialism, positivist science, the male role, evolution, degeneration and atavism. How- ever, in the last of this cycle, The Land of Mist (1926) the Victorian quest romance does not go to a lost, prehistoric world in the Ama- zonas. It takes on a surprising form as now the journey is to the realm of the dead. This destination can be regarded as a result of Doyle’s deep interest in spiritualism, but the article will seek to ex- plain this in the context of its contemporary epistemology. It is the hypothesis of the article that doubts and problems of faith, both religious and ideological, could not be answered in any other way than by converting the narratological device of the quest journey into a statement of faith. Yet the positivist and imperialist metaphor of the journey of exploration imploded into morbidity and domes- tication as a result of the transformation, which sought to reconcile positivist science with the existence of the supernatural or paranor- mal of the spirit world. The double world-view and its narratologi- cal consequences will be explained by the article through its use of Michel Foucault’s concept of the episteme.
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The Poison Belt The Poison The Land of Mist The The Poison Belt The Volume 04 (Doyle, 1926), and he Jørgen Riber Christensen Jørgen (1912), taking place many years later The Lost World (1926), and two short stories: “The Dis (1926), and two short stories: “The The Land of Mist establishes the ensemble. There is a journalist, establishes the ensemble. There The History of Spiritualism Arthur Conan Doyle’s Quest Journey to Doyle’s Conan Arthur The Land of Mist The Lost World to be only a coma. In Summerlee and Challenger’s now deceased. The journalist wife are Challenger’swith together Malone re making is Enid daughter spiritualism. They be for a newspaper article series about search com can spirits that and afterlife an is there that convinced come inspirit a witness they Roxton Lord With living. the with municate a haunted house, they take part in séances, and they meet with like exposed as able and honest mediums, but also with frauds, who are known part of the Amazonas to prove the existence of prehistoric prehistoric of existence the prove to Amazonas the of part known and back a living pterodactyl dinosaurs, and they manage to bring in reappear characters The London. to diamonds Challenger warns the others that the Earth is this novel professor and with ether, a cosmic cloud of poisonous going to pass through Challenger’stanks of oxygen they together with Professor wife, but in his home. room in a sealed without his servants, take refuge the end of civilization the panorama window they witness Through they survive the and the extinction of mankind. Nearly suffocated have not been killed by and after 28 hours the people who ordeal, runaway machines and fires start to wake up from what appeared that the third group of his writings, the Challenger novels gains novels gains of his writings, the Challenger group that the third significance, in the ownright as entertaining works of fiction, but the epistemology as documents of primarily they can be regarded conceived and writ they were and ontology of the period in which novels: three are ten. There (1913) and Screamed” “When the World integration Machine” (1928) and (1929). and Summerlee, and Challenger professors, Malone, two Edward of men is John Roxton. This group Lord an aristocratic adventurer, to go on an expedition to an un challenged for various reasons The Challenger novels The Challenger falls into distinct phases career Arthur Conan Doyle’s writing Sir sur Holmes novels and cases have His Sherlock and groupings. are historical novels and romances his many vived him, whereas he the last part of his life, however, During unknown today. largely For in and money to the cause of spiritualism. devoted much time published stance he Australia and the U.S.A. Britain, went on several lecturing tours in afterlife. It is in this contextas an advocate of the belief in a spiritual quarter
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The Land of Mist The Volume 04 Jørgen Riber Christensen Jørgen is about Darwinism and sur The Lost World Arthur Conan Doyle’s Quest Journey to Doyle’s Conan Arthur Thematically the fiveChallenger texts deal withresponses to gendered one about the male role. Edward Malone joins the evolu joins the Malone Edward one about the male role. gendered man his prove to order in Amazonas the to quest scientific tionary, hood to his fiancée Gladys, who will not have him unless he can Again, Doyle’s societal cri qualities. heroic display some manly, to his Lon a better man When Malone returns tique is apparent. don suburb it is only to find that his Gladys has married a solici tor’s in the man, who was coiled up clerk, “a little ginger-haired deep arm-chair” (Doyle, 1995, p. 167). ward to earlier atavistic forms. Ironically, the “the greatest brain brain the “the greatest earlier atavistic forms. Ironically, to ward himself, is almost (Doyle, 1995, p. 438), the professor Europe” in the ape-men on the inaccessiblephysically identical to the chief of Amazonas. Challenger as the so-called higher de plateau in the 1995) is described by the 1876: Greenslade, generate (Lombroso, cave-man in a lounge suit” (Doyle, Malone as “a primitive narrator, that has 1912/1995, p. 438), and it is his primeval aggressiveness can turn all his dreams that equipped him with “a driving force in which the lack of basic into facts.” Doyle’s societal critique here, abilities becomes an instru with superhuman social skills paired ment of survival, is again combined with another discourse, the with science. Professor Challenger has formed the hypothesis that with science. Professor a he has hired and living organisms, the Earth and other planets are of sink a sharp drill into the core skilled artesian-well engineer to to the stabbing the Earth reacts the Earth. Challenger is right, and from fluid and secretions an organic and by erupting by screaming is all over the globe, and the professor erupt the Volcanoes hole. celebrated as a scientific genius. aspects of modernity. vival of the fittest,or more precisely about degeneration theories and in society may move back that claim that evolution in nature such. Professor Challenger is aggressively and sceptically opposing is aggressively Challenger such. Professor has shown her but after his dead wife the spiritualist movement, her abilities as a form, and Enid has shown self to him in spirit Disintegration he too is convinced. In “The spiritualist medium, his infernal Nemor demonstrates Theodore Machine” an inventor, themtelling Malone Edward and Challenger Professor to machine as a weapon to be used againstthat he will sell it to the Russians and machine own the inventor into his Britain. Challenger tricks is concerned Screamed” Also “When the World disintegrates him. quarter
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The Land of Mist The The Land of Mist of Land The Volume 04 Jørgen Riber Christensen Jørgen continues the scientific and scientific the continues The Poison Belt Arthur Conan Doyle’s Quest Journey to Doyle’s Conan Arthur Thematically, the last of the Challenger novels, Challenger the of last the Thematically, The apocalyptic novel The apocalyptic his way into the otherworld. In some cases the hero is killed at this his way into the otherworld. In some cases the hero After the stage, and the otherworld becomes the land of death. formthe in tests various is subjected to hero the threshold-crossing The con battles, dragon battles or dismemberment. of e.g. brother night-seaso-called the abduction, into change can journey tinued At this point of the quest journey journey. journey or underground the other where becomes apparent, its clearly symbolic nature of the mind. Other varia unconscious structures world resembles myths and religions, and it has been a recurring and relatively un relatively and and it has been a recurring myths and religions, in phenomenon in cultural history with manifestations changing e.g. medieval romances, fantasy and popular films (Campbell, It is circular, 1995/1999). The quest is a journey. 1949/1975; Vogler, of at home – out – to the folktale structure and may be compared foreign to a mission on is sent hero questing the as home again, can save his homeland. some kind of an elixir that parts to retrieve is called to adven certain steps. The hero through The quest runs He then has to cross away. sometimes he is abducted or lured ture; and the is guarded, The threshold of adventure. the threshold may have to trick or negotiate must be defeated or the hero guard is a combination of discourses; but now science is combined withscience is combined a combination of discourses; but now is and it is this combination within the narrative framework religion, of this article. of the rest that is the subject of a quest structure scientific quest The quest romance and the of the Sherlock Holmes cases was highly Conan Doyle’s production in its narrative pattern, repetitive formulaic, almost mechanically timeits in successful and original highly was concept the though Also in the Challenger novels the same narra (Christensen, 2010). in The quest has its root was employed by Doyle. tive structure evolution discourses in combination with an imperialist one. The in combination with an imperialist evolution discourses everybody in the same does not affect of the ether poisonous effect its to respond to first the been have races developed less “the way: Aus the and Africa, from accounts deplorable are There influence. The exterminated. appear to have been already tralian aborigines power than the resisting greater Northern races have as yet shown Austria is down, while the of Southern… The Slavonic population p. 194). (Doyle, 1995, been affected.” has hardly Teutonic quarter
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1895). One The Land of Mist The Volume 04 The Man Who Would Would The Man Who Jørgen Riber Christensen Jørgen The Time Machine, The Time , 1881), H. Rider Haggard (e.g. , 1881), H. Rider Haggard , 1885), Rudyard Kipling (e.g. , 1885), Rudyard Arthur Conan Doyle’s Quest Journey to Doyle’s Conan Arthur Treasure Island Treasure , 1888) and H.G. Wells (e.g. , 1888) and H.G. Wells The Victorian quest romance is a particular instance of the gen quest romance The Victorian Victorian quest genre per se with science fiction. With forerunners forerunners With fiction. science with se per genre quest Victorian the territorial quest could examine the future such as Jules Verne in the genre of science fiction. it However, is in its very journey for empiri form the quest narrative in itself embodies the search cal knowledge when the quest is for the confirmation or verifica con formally also theme is a as Empire The truths. factual tion of nected to the quest narrative as this genre reflects the imperial expansion and its consequences. Not only the fate of the British Solomon’s Mines Solomon’s Be King the dis together was quest novels theme that tied these authors’ was part The very genre role. cussion of the changing male gender short and action-packed quest as the relatively of this discussion three- prevalent the to opposition in themselves defined romances (Fraser, female readership novel with its largely volume realistic highly top were quest romances Victorian male 3). These p. 1998, at is science too. Positivist in other respects, in their thematics ical which is often labelled as production, the surface of H.G. Wells’ the connects quest scientific The quest. scientific the subgenre, the the he hero becomes maya have god-like figure. More negatively, journey be steal the prize he came to win and the homeward to some, in elixir an is home brings hero the reward The flight. comes the ailing kingdom from cure symbolic or literal form, which can which he set off. In itself the homeward journey is filled with ob wiser person home a changed and returns stacles, but the hero or heals his native country. which also improves with the elixir, above. briefly described been has it as pattern narrative quest eral R.L. Ste Conan Doyle its literary practitioners were Apart from venson (e.g. tions are the wonder journey, or the hero may be swallowed and or the hero the wonder journey, tions are and during the Both before or monster’senter the whale’s belly. and is allied with an assortment encounters hero quest journey the end of theAt the ability. special a each possess of helpers, who may meets with the goal of home, the hero from farthest away journey, reward the get and test ultimate the pass to has now He quest. his sexual the hero’s may be reward for the journey and his pains. The reconcilia or / and otherworld, the of goddess a with gratification may even be apotheosis, and reward The tion with a father-figure. quarter
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. In the formerIn . The Land of Mist The Volume 04 Jørgen Riber Christensen Jørgen . There is the morbidity with . There The Land of Mist Land The almost follows the narrative quest almost follows the narrative quest £200,000 worth of diamonds. The Land of Mist is a step towards the rather special way Doyle the rather special way Doyle is a step towards The Lost World Arthur Conan Doyle’s Quest Journey to Doyle’s Conan Arthur Two points are notable in the use of the quest narrative leading notable in the use of the quest narrative points are Two The Poison Belt ute”, which kills all humans on its way. The quest structure is actu The quest structure ute”, which kills all humans on its way. land of death and the the otherworld is the ally followed as here questerswhen the near the end of the novels is resurrection return at a time when the ether has passed. out of oxygen, but have run on to its further use in the apocalypse and the seeming extinction of mankind as it is de journey a with World” “The Dead called chapter the in picted of the two the call to adventure from Challenger to Malone, Roxton Challenger to from of the two the call to adventure to join him in his comfortable home out and Summerlee is merely with a view to a surroundings side London on a hilltop in pastoral the bulk of the action takes placegolf course and a railway line, and in the professor’sin a sealed sitting-room home only supplemented with a flow of telegrams from all over the world as the apocalypse win outside the large quite dramatic occurrences are strikes. There The England. of part this reaches also ether poisonous the as dow the cross they as novel this in journey to have not do questers in the way that it comes to them in the form of adventure threshold of a poison belt of ether with a speed of “some million miles a min personal development. The classic quest elements are represented: represented: quest elements are personal development. The classic an assortment of helpers, an abduction of The call to adventure, journeys up to the plateau, and anChallenger by ape-men, wonder with dinosaurs, journey down again, dragon battles underground battle between Chal the brother sexually attractive native women, lenger and his alter ego, the ape-man chief. The questers did not but they and male roles, only gain insights into their own characters could also return to London with a scientific discovery in the form and of a living pterodactyl in quest romance the Victorian used male colonial administrator and his journey overseas, but also the and his journey overseas, male colonial administrator a Darwinist in regarded sometimes was which cultures, of clash of the novels. stable ingredients light, were of the quest romance The reformulation Mist The Land of in Conan Doyle’s of men departed for un a group Basically, to the letter. structure of knowledge, wealth, honour and known destinations in search quarter
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The Land of Mist The as Roxton specifies Volume 04 The Land of Mist Jørgen Riber Christensen Jørgen The Poison Belt Arthur Conan Doyle’s Quest Journey to Doyle’s Conan Arthur becomes more and more an intrusive one, and this to the ex an intrusive and more becomes more The narrative form is in itself a sign that it has been necessary to The late date of 1926 in the genre history of in the genre The late date of 1926 reformulate the quest genre. The narrator of the other Challengerother the of narrator The genre. quest the reformulate novels has primarily been an omniscient, impersonal one and some Malone, but the narrator of Edward the journalist times Mist are status fictional its also but formula, quest the only not that tent dismantled. In his attempt to verify spiritualism the voice of the rhe reader the asks Doyle himself. He by over taken is narrator to added are appendices and lengthy and notes torical questions, quest is verification of an afterlife, and the helpers and guides of the of guides and helpers the and afterlife, an of verification is quest become spiritualist mediums,traditional quest narrative have now of the dead for further investiga who open the way into the realm of adven the threshold tion, and the séance in private-living-rooms ture. Has the quest formula then become a scientific quest? And answer could be that the word “science” together with “scientific” other indica numerous are has 52 instances in the novel, but there novelChallenger new this writing for motivation Doyle’s that tions the existence of the su positivist science with is a wish to reconcile pernatural or paranormal of the spirit world. conquer” (Doyle, 1995, p. 319); but these so-called fresh worlds are worlds are these so-called fresh conquer” (Doyle, 1995, p. 319); but gloomy than those in even more of the Victorian this reformulation them as a haunted house, thus in The do domestication is combined with morbidity. quest romance when its goal, the so-called sci mestication of the quest is stressed sphere, intimate the in right discovered is afterlife an of proof entific between a husband and wife that provides as it is the relationship home – out way the structure the sought for evidence, and in this otherworld is at home, and the – home again has imploded: The or a “psychic psychic research, geographical quest has become thisof aim The 341). p. 1995, (Doyle novel in the called is it as quest” through a post-apocalyptic London, and there is the domesticationis the there and London, a post-apocalyptic through has moved into a closed, claus the action where of the quest genre in an English home. room trophobic when Lord becomes apparent the British Empire in the history of Roxton has to insert an advertisement in a newspaper to find new now seems to be structure in the quest call to adventure quests. The the “sporting He has exhausted be heard. so low that it can hardly worlds to fresh globe”, and is “seeking of this terrestrial adventures quarter
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(1920), Life After Death (Doyle, 1995, p. (1925), The Land of Mist The Volume 04 Jørgen Riber Christensen Jørgen (1918), The Early Christian Church The Early Christian Church taphychique é What does Spiritualism Actually What does Spiritualism Actually ), Our American Adventure Psychic Experiences (1924). Our Reply to the Cleric The Wanderings of a Spiritualist The Wanderings . The missing link “either an ape-like . The missing link “either an ape-like (1922 (c.1927), (Doyle, 1926), and some of his other spir The New Revelation (1925), (1919), Doyle’s carries the idea of physical evolution Doyle’s carries the idea of physical (1920), (1928), and in Doyle’s autobiography he writes is situated in the context of Doyle’s many spiritu is situated in the context of Doyle’s many Bulletin de l’Institut M Bulletin de l’Institut Arthur Conan Doyle’s Quest Journey to Doyle’s Conan Arthur Spiritualism The Lost World The Vital Message The Vital (1927), The Land of Mist slow upon the physical plane, at it is slow also on the spiritual at it is slow also on the spiritual slow upon the physical plane, heaven to heaven until the destiny of one…we shall evolve from imagi of eye the whither glory blaze of a lost in is soul human the II, p. 110). Vol. (Doyle, 1926, nation may not follow.” alist works, which are not fictional. His main spiritualist oeuvre is The History of Spiritualism into the afterlife, when he writes that “evolution has been very that “evolution has been very into the afterlife, when he writes Case for Spirit Photography Our Second American Adventure and Modern Spiritualism Speaks and Stand For? Teach in its last chapter that the psychic question has come to absorb the his wife “have now trav of his life, and that he and whole energy have spoken face elled a good thousand miles upon our quest. We itualist publications are: itualist publications are: (1918), alism and Rationalism Answers Spiritualism—Some Straight Questions and Direct bating sections are inserted into the action of the novel, in which bating sections are given spiritualist movement are scepticism of spiritualism and the science and again and again. Positivist to be refuted only words, “spiritualist science” is used fused when the term spiritualism are described in a laboratory setting (Doyle, 1995, and experiments are of these experiments is not only the pp. 361-370). One of the results verification of an afterlife, but also of the theory of evolution with echoes from during the séance. In man or a man-like ape” is summoned History of Spiritualism the novel. These appendices may contain passages such as: “The appendices may contain passages the novel. These personal drawn either very closely from are scenes in this chapter experi trustworthy and of careful the reports from or experience Pithecanthropus 1995, p. 416) or “The account of menters.” (Doyle, the is taken from to the by directions the novel itself is interrupted 419). The text of Ap vide in this chapter appendices: “For the incidents recorded nar comments of the intrusive pendix.” (Doyle, 1995, p. 352). The de Prolonged pattern of the novel. part of the rhetorical rator are quarter
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The Land of Mist The Volume 04 Jørgen Riber Christensen Jørgen : Arthur Conan Doyle’s Quest Journey to Doyle’s Conan Arthur How does one seek to explain this very often sincere, but also but also How does one seek to explain this very often sincere, apparently desperate and incredibly credulous attempt to believe attempt to believe credulous desperate and incredibly apparently both in spirits, which could materialize ectoplasm and in positiv em by tested be can that hypotheses on rests which science, ist the of one into rephrased be can question This knowledge? pirical that two systems con it seems epistemology of the period, where con Foucault’s Michel spiritualism. in co-existed, also but flicted, cept of epistemes is a possible way to understand this complex epistemology. tive nor fanciful. On facts and facts alone, open to the whole worldtive nor fanciful. On facts and facts of medium unlimited system an extensive and probably through of strict on the ground ship, it builds upon a substantial psychology imperishably established on truth, est logical induction. Its cardinal the experiments and experiences of millions of sane men and wom world of spirits, and the is that of a en, of all countries and creeds, the mo continuity of the existence of the individual spirit through in mentary eclipse of death; as it disappears on earth reappearing that spiritual world, and becoming an inhabitant amid the ever-aug 1892, p. 645) menting population of the spiritual universe. (Wallace, If scientific of proof this kind could to be presented the irrefutably movement would obviously world the cause of the spiritualist demon be could afterlife an of existence the and it, from benefit belief could be and religious strated; but also positivist science Instead of same world picture. and united within the reconciled be in other words could faith, spiritualism overthrowing science continuation as an experimental science about a natural regarded and the super belief, a religious of life after death, and not only as in This attitude is expressed natural could become natural. London Spiritual Magazine upon facts; it is neither specula Spiritualism is a science based solely to face with a quarter of a million people.” (Doyle, 1924/2007, pp. of a million people.” (Doyle, to face with a quarter and successful Doyle writes about his many 342-343). In his letters about his per tours about spiritualism, but also public lecturing family mem at séances of contacts with deceased sonal experiences 2008, p. 654). his dead son Kingsley (Doyle, bers, especially with A rupture of epistemes? and the movement of spiritual The ultimate aim for Conan Doyle spirits. the empirical evidence of contacts with to produce was ism quarter
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both mani both with its evolu The Land of Mist The Volume 04 . In these two Chal Jørgen Riber Christensen Jørgen The Land of Mist of Land The The Lost World (Foucault, 1969/2011) Foucault (Foucault, 1969/2011) The Land of Mist The Land can be understood and explained. and in and Arthur Conan Doyle’s Quest Journey to Doyle’s Conan Arthur The Land of Mist The Archaeology of Knowledge The Archaeology The Poison Belt Though one episteme may supplant another, this does not neces does not this supplant another, may Though one episteme This article has described how the territorial journey of the quest In his or supernatural of the episteme that had already been ousted and been ousted or supernatural of the episteme that had already the best of two worlds. supplanted, and thus attempting to merge narrative as used narratologically in tionary scientific, epistemological discourse was transformed in both lenger novels Conan Doyle domesticated the geographical quest, with an the novel genre and in the latter novel he also disrupted epistemological effort is an instance of double epistemes in the sense epistemological effort in depicted also is it as spiritualism that fested a full acceptance of the positivist scientific, modern new, world pre-secularized a of episteme the retained also and world in this way that the appar yet to let go of it. It is without being ready ent contradictions in the movement and in one of its fictional mani festations The best of two worlds Conclusion: Spiritualism as it is described in Doyle’s novel was on a quest to use religious the maintain to episteme new a of world-view scientific the change rapidly, or one episteme may replace another. This change This another. replace may episteme one or change rapidly, in itself, valid knowledge what is considered fundamentally affects discourses changes. and the very content of scientific and all-embracing. There sarily mean that the take-over is complete and Foucault writes thatmay be contemporaneity of two epistemes, phe describe and analyse rules, “one can, on the basis of these new p. 1969/011, (Foucault, and repetition” return nomena of continuity, drift is a sort of great rupture 191), and one may not imagine “that formations at once (Foucault, that carries with it all discursive anas that spiritualism article this the point of is 193). It p. 1969/011, describes how the epistemology of a certain historical period is period is epistemology of a certain historical describes how the with accom assumptions, beliefs and values based on unconscious factors and concep systematic shaping rules, panying formational tual, possibilities about specific fields of knowledge, e.g. the human calls these Foucault natural world or economy. the mind, the body, sets up boundaries for an episteme systems epistemes. Negatively, thoughts about a scientific subject in a period. This archaeology of as an episteme may and rupture, knowledge includes discontinuity quarter
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, Wordsworth , Wordsworth , Routledge: , Routledge: , Amazon: Kindle The Land of Mist The Volume 04 Jørgen Riber Christensen Jørgen Northcote House: Plym Darwin to Einstein Primary . A Bibliography of A. Conan Doyle Conan A. of Bibliography A 1900: A Fin-de-siécle Reader 1900: A . , The Open University Press: Burnt Mill. The Open , 1999. Memories and Adventures An Autobiography Memories and Adventures The Hero with a Thousand Faces The Hero The Archeology of Knowledge The Archeology . Aalborg . Aalborg Universitetsforlag: Aalborg, pp.
The Lost World and Other Stories Other and World Lost The Degeneration, Culture and the Novel Degeneration, Culture (eds.), A History of Spiritualism Vols. I-II Vols. Spiritualism of History A Fingeraftryk Studier i krimi og det kriminelle det og krimi i Studier Fingeraftryk The Lost World , Harper: London. Victorian Quest Romance Victorian Arthur Conan Doyle’s Quest Journey to Doyle’s Conan Arthur , W., 1994. , W., , R.L. and J. M Gibson, 2000. and J. M Gibson, R.L. , , A. Conan, Lellenberg, J., Stashower, D. and Foley, C. (eds.), 2008. D. and Foley, J., Stashower, A. Conan, Lellenberg, , 1995. Conan, A. , , A. Conan, 1926. Conan, A. , A. Conan, 1924/2007. , , N. G. and Hall, V.M.D. (eds.), 1980. V.M.D. , N. G. and Hall, London. Hudson House: Boston. University Press: Cambridge. guin: Harmondsworth. 387-405. and Belief on Science Sources edition. Hertfordshire. Ware Literary Lives: Wordsworth Life in Letters A Hertfordshire. Classics: Ware Books: London. outh. of the Sher Reproduction Six Napoleons» and the Mechanical Han Toft K. and Riber J. Christensen, in Formula Holmes lock sen (eds.), 2010. Agger Gunhild til skrift Foucault, M., 1969/2011. Foucault, M., 1969/2011. Green Doyle Doyle Doyle Doyle Greenslade Neve M. and M. Jay, Coley References Campbell, J., 1949/1975. R., 1998. Fraser, of the Adventure 2010. Conan Doyle’s «The Christensen, J. Riber, intrusive narratorial voice and appendices that again and again that again and again narratorial voice and appendices intrusive stressed a scientific approach to the subject of spiritualism. The contradiction inherent in this simultaneous fictionalisation of two thewas out, pointed as One, costs. its had epistemes Foucauldian was the gen another quest romance; Victorian of the break-down loss and and sense of and morbid atmosphere eral apocalyptical novels that contrasts strongly pessimism of the two last Challenger with the sense of epistemological victory and triumph in the first Challenger novel, quarter
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, pp. 645-648 Criminal Man, The Land of Mist The , N.J.: Montclair. Volume 04 Jørgen Riber Christensen Jørgen Mythic Structure for Story for Structure Mythic
Chambers Encyclopaedia London. The Writer’s Journey Writer’s The Critical Essays on Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Arthur Sir on Essays Critical Arthur Conan Doyle’s Quest Journey to Doyle’s Conan Arthur and G. Lombroso-Ferrero, 1876/1972. and G. Lombroso-Ferrero, , H. (ed.), 1992. (ed.), H. , According to the Classification of Cesare Lombroso of Cesare According to the Classification tellers and Screenwriters. in Coley and Hall, pp. 50-58. Hall & Co.: New York. Hall & Co.: New Lombroso, C. Lombroso, Orel 1992/1999. C., Vogler, 1892. Spiritualism, A.R., Wallace, quarter
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