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Child Protection in Religious Organisations and Settings: Investigation Report

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Child Protection in Religious Organisations and Settings: Investigation Report Child protection in religious organisations and settings organisations religious in protection Child Child protection in religious organisations and settings Investigation Report Investigation Investigation Report September 2021 September 2021 September 2021 Child protection in religious organisations and settings Investigation Report September 2021 A report of the Inquiry Panel Professor Alexis Jay OBE Professor Sir Malcolm Evans KCMG OBE Ivor Frank Drusilla Sharpling CBE © Crown copyright 2021 The text of this document (this excludes, where present, the Royal Arms and all departmental or agency logos) may be reproduced free of charge in any format or medium provided that it is reproduced accurately and not in a misleading context. The material must be acknowledged as Crown copyright and the document title specified. Where third‑party material has been identified, permission from the respective copyright holder must be sought. Any enquiries related to this publication should be sent to us at [email protected] or Freepost IICSA INDEPENDENT INQUIRY. This publication is available at https://www.iicsa.org.uk/publications CCS0721007580 09/21 Printed on paper containing 75% recycled‑fibre content minimum. Printed in the UK by the APS Group on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. The following typographical correction was made to the report on 3 September 2021: Annex 1, entry for Kol V’Oz’s solicitor corrected to ‘Dr Ann Olivarius, AO Advocates’ On 6 September 2021, Part B para 15.4 was amended to read: "Their records showed that allegations concerning 67 individuals were reported to their Branch Office within the previous 10 years. Contents Executive Summary v Pen portraits x Part A: Introduction 1 A.1: The background to the investigation 2 A.2: Religion in England and Wales 2 A.3: Freedom of religion in England and Wales 6 A.4: Methodology 6 A.5: Terminology 7 A.6: References 8 Part B: Child sexual abuse in religious organisations and settings 9 B.1: Overview 10 B.2: Prevalence 11 B.3: Evidence of abuse 12 B.4: Records kept by religious organisations and settings 15 Part C: Barriers to reporting child sexual abuse in religious organisations 21 C.1: Introduction 22 C.2: Victim-blaming, shame and honour 22 C.3: Approaches to discussions of sex, sexuality and sexual abuse 24 C.4: The use of religious texts and beliefs 24 C.5: Abuse of power by religious leaders 26 C.6: Gender disparity 29 C.7: Distrust of external agencies 30 C.8: Fear of external reporting and reputational damage 32 C.9: The desire to manage allegations internally 33 C.10: Forgiveness 35 Part D: Child protection policies and procedures 37 D.1: Introduction 38 D.2: Child protection policies 38 D.3: Safer recruitment 45 D.4: Child protection training 53 Part E: Responding to allegations of abuse 63 E.1: Introduction 64 E.2: Responses to allegations of abuse and reporting to statutory authorities 64 E.3: Support for victims and survivors of abuse 69 E.4: Action taken against those accused of abuse 71 Part F: Supplementary schooling, out-of-school settings and unregistered schools 73 F.1: Overview 74 F.2: Identifying supplementary schools and out-of-school settings 75 F.3: Safeguarding in unregistered school settings 75 F.4: Child protection in out-of-school settings 82 F.5: The 2015 Department for Education consultation on out-of-school settings and the voluntary code 83 Part G: Inspection and oversight 87 G.1: Introduction 88 G.2: Current framework for oversight 88 G.3: Internal quality assurance 98 G.4: Mandatory reporting 105 Part H: Conclusions and recommendations 109 H.1: Conclusions 110 H.2: Matters to be explored further by the Inquiry 117 H.3: Recommendations 118 Annex 1: Overview of process and evidence obtained by the Inquiry 120 Annex 2: Glossary 133 Annex 3: Schedule of policies and procedures from religious organisations 148 Annex 4: Schedule of evidence from religious organisations about external regulation 171 iv Executive Summary This thematic investigation augments the dedicated investigations into the Anglican and Roman Catholic Churches already conducted by the Inquiry. In this investigation, the Inquiry obtained evidence from 38 religious organisations with a presence in England and Wales, which vary greatly in character and size. They may have a significant and even dominant influence on the lives of millions of children, often engaging a large proportion of a child’s time outside of their full‑time schooling, including through tuition in religious and cultural studies or national curriculum subjects (known as ‘supplementary schooling’) alongside social and leisure activities. As we have said in other investigations, what marks religious organisations out from other institutions is the explicit purpose they have in teaching right from wrong; the moral turpitude of any failing by them in the prevention of, or response to, child sexual abuse is therefore heightened. The religious organisations and settings examined in this investigation have a range of theological beliefs and practices. Respect for a diversity of beliefs is a hallmark of a liberal democracy. However, freedom of religion and belief can never justify or excuse the ill‑treatment of a child, or a failure to take adequate steps to protect them from harm. As set out in the report, we have seen egregious failings by a number of religious organisations, and cases of child sexual abuse perpetrated by their adherents. For example: • PR ‑A22, PR‑A23, PR‑A24 and PR‑A25 were all sexually abused when they were approximately nine years old whilst they were being taught the Qur’an by a teacher in a mosque. In 2017, the perpetrator was convicted and sentenced to 13 years’ imprisonment.1 • PR ‑A3 was sexually abused by a Sunday school activity leader when he was seven years old, shortly after his mother died. The sexual abuse took place in PR‑A3’s home and during Sunday school camps. The abuser told PR‑A3 not to tell anyone because it would upset PR‑A3’s father and no one in the church would believe him. The abuse continued for approximately three years. • PR ‑A10 was sexually assaulted by a church volunteer when she was 12 years old. PR ‑A10 disclosed the abuse to her mother, who reported it to the police. After being made aware of the allegations, a church minister told her mother that the abuser was “valued” and must be considered “innocent until proven guilty”. It later became known that the abuser had previously been dismissed from a police force following charges of unlawful sexual intercourse with a minor. Child sexual abuse in religious organisations and settings Precise and reliable evidence about the scale of child sexual abuse within religious organisations and settings is not currently available. 1 INQ005151_013 v Child protection in religious organisations and settings: Investigation Report Police forces are not required under Home Office counting rules to record whether the circumstances of a crime involving child sexual abuse involves a religious organisation or setting; there is thus no way of reliably knowing how many child sexual offences reported in England and Wales took place in, or were linked to, such settings. The numbers of referrals to local authority designated officers and the internal records kept by some religious organisations themselves are unlikely to reflect the true scale of abuse, given what we already know about the under‑reporting of child sexual abuse in general. However, the evidence we received and heard from witnesses in this investigation leaves no doubt that the sexual abuse of children takes place in a broad range of religious settings. Barriers to reporting Within some religious organisations and settings there are significant barriers to the effective reporting of allegations of child sexual abuse. These barriers may be linked to the organisation itself or to the wider community to which it relates. These include: • victim ‑blaming, shame and honour: in some communities, ideas of sexual ‘purity’ and social and familial standing can make abuse markedly harder to report; • discussion of sex and sexuality: in some communities, matters relating to sex are not discussed openly, or children are not taught about sex or sexual relationships; in certain languages, there are no words for rape, sexual abuse or genitalia; • abuse of power by religious leaders: children are often taught to show deference and respect to religious figures, who are typically regarded as innately trustworthy; this trust can be exploited to perpetrate abuse; • gender disparity: within many of the religious organisations examined, there was a preponderance of men occupying both positions of spiritual and religious leadership and senior lay positions; • mistrust of external agencies: some religious organisations harbour mistrust about the involvement of government bodies in their affairs, which may emanate from concerns about religious persecution or discrimination, a view that such involvement is contrary to religious teachings or a view that government bodies are insensitive to religious practices and beliefs; and • forgiveness: the concept of forgiveness can be misused, both to put pressure on victims not to report their abuse and to justify failures by religious leaders to take appropriate action where allegations have been made. Child protection policies and procedures A child protection policy is the basic foundation on which organisations working with children should build their practices to keep children safe. Although there is a range of guidance available to religious organisations and settings on child protection policies (such as the Department for Education’s Working Together to Safeguard Children), there is no legal obligation on such settings to follow this guidance. There is significant diversity between religious organisations as to whether they have adequate child protection policies in place and the extent to which they effectively follow vi Executive Summary them.
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