DOCSLIB.ORG

Hate Crime and the Legal Process – Final Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hate Crime and the Legal Process – Final Report HATE CRIME AND THE LEGAL PROCESS – FINAL REPORT Table of Contents Tables and graphs ............................................................................................................... 4 Abbreviations list .................................................................................................................. 5 Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. 6 Authors ................................................................................................................................. 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................ 7 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 27 2. RESEARCH DESIGN ........................................................................... 30 2.1 Documentary and secondary sources ...................................................................... 31 2.2 Case law analysis ..................................................................................................... 32 2.3 Qualitative interviews ............................................................................................... 32 2.4 Coding and analysis ................................................................................................. 33 2.5 Ethical considerations .............................................................................................. 33 PART A: LAW, POLICY AND STATISTICS: UNDERSTANDING THE “LIFE CYCLE” OF A HATE CRIME ........................................................................ 34 3. THE LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR HATE CRIME IN ENGLAND AND WALES ...................................................................................................... 36 3.1 The structure of the current hate crime legislation ................................................... 37 3.1.1 Aggravated criminal offences ............................................................................ 37 3.1.2 Penalty enhancement sentencing provisions .................................................... 39 3.1.3 Hate speech offences ........................................................................................ 40 3.1.4 Differences in victim categories and protection under hate crime legislation .... 42 4. HATE CRIME POLICY DOCUMENTS .................................................... 43 4.1 The Police ................................................................................................................ 43 4.2 The Crown Prosecution Service guidance ............................................................... 44 4.3 The Sentencing Council Guidelines ......................................................................... 46 4.4 The Cross-government Action Plan ......................................................................... 48 4.5 Code of Practice for Victims of Crime ...................................................................... 49 5. HATE CRIME STATISTICS .................................................................. 52 5.1 Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) ........................................................ 52 5.2 Police data ................................................................................................................ 54 5.3 CPS and sentencing data ......................................................................................... 56 5.3.1 Pre-charge decisions and prosecution outcomes .............................................. 58 5.3.2 Sentencing outcomes ........................................................................................ 62 5.4 Conclusions .............................................................................................................. 64 1 HATE CRIME AND THE LEGAL PROCESS – FINAL REPORT 5.5 The lifecycle of a hate crime ..................................................................................... 65 PART B: ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH FINDINGS ......................................... 72 6. PRACTICAL ISSUES IN IMPLEMENTING HATE CRIME LEGISLATION .. 75 6.1 Preparing cases for prosecution: Collating evidence to prove hostility ........................ 75 Recommendation ............................................................................................................ 80 6.2 Gathering evidence: Failure to identify and investigate hostility early enough ............. 81 6.3 Gathering evidence: The importance of good relationships between police and the CPS ........................................................................................................................................... 84 6.4 Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 87 Recommendation ............................................................................................................ 87 7. CHARGING DECISIONS AND THE TRIAL PROCESS ............................ 88 7.1 Crown Court: Alternative charges and verdicts ........................................................ 89 Recommendation ............................................................................................................ 92 7.1.1 Overloading indictments .................................................................................... 92 Recommendation ............................................................................................................ 93 7.2 Magistrates’ Court: Alternative charges and verdicts ............................................... 93 7.2.1 Double convictions ............................................................................................. 94 7.2.2 Charge bargaining ............................................................................................. 96 Recommendation ............................................................................................................ 99 7.2.3 Alternative verdicts ............................................................................................ 99 Recommendation .......................................................................................................... 100 7.3 Mode of trial ............................................................................................................ 101 7.4 Over-charging ......................................................................................................... 102 Recommendation .......................................................................................................... 105 7.5 Special measures for complainants and witnesses ................................................ 105 7.5.1 Special measures must be implemented appropriately ................................... 106 7.5.2 Attendance at court .......................................................................................... 109 7.6 Alternative responses to prosecution: Restorative justice for hate crime? ............. 110 Recommendation .......................................................................................................... 112 7.7 Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 113 8. INTERPRETING THE LAW IN COURT ................................................. 115 8.1 Proving hostility ...................................................................................................... 115 8.1.1 Motivation of hostility ....................................................................................... 116 8.1.2 “Demonstrating” hostility .................................................................................. 117 8.2 The reluctance of juries to accept demonstrations of hostility as a form of aggravation ...................................................................................................................... 122 8.3 Judicial resistance to accepting demonstrations of hostility as hate crime ............ 124 8.4 Proving hostility as racism – “God’s gift to defence” .............................................. 125 8.5 Is a demonstration of hostility really a “hate crime”? .............................................. 126 8.6 Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 130 Recommendation .......................................................................................................... 130 8.7 Minority versus majority hate crimes ...................................................................... 131 Recommendation .......................................................................................................... 133 2 HATE CRIME AND THE LEGAL PROCESS – FINAL REPORT 8.8 Reluctance to proceed against “same-race” hate crimes ....................................... 134 Recommendation .......................................................................................................... 136 9. SENTENCING .................................................................................... 137 9.1 The purpose of enhanced penalties ........................................................................... 137 9.1.1 Justifications for penalty enhancements .............................................................. 138 9.1.2 Looking beyond deterrent and retributive uplifts .................................................. 140 9.1.3 Focusing on community and rehabilitation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • No Place for Hate Hackney Council’S Strategy for Tackling Hate Crime 2018-22
    Hackney: no place for hate Hackney Council’s strategy for tackling hate crime 2018-22 black 11 mm clearance all sides white 11 mm clearance all sides CMYK 11 mm clearance all sides Hackney is no place for hate As representatives of Hackney, one of the celebrate as part of our Hackney Pride 365 UK’s most diverse boroughs, protecting the festival. Our interfaith forum meets regularly right of our residents to live as they choose to discuss issues affecting the many and is one of the most important things we do. varied faiths represented across our borough, Hackney is a brilliant, diverse place, where and we work hard to protect the rights of people from all backgrounds – different disabled people, whose access needs we aimed nationalities, religions and sexualities – share to highlight and address in our Hackney: an streets, schools, parks, community halls, Accessible Place for Everyone campaign last workplaces and, crucially, our common values summer. of tolerance and respect. However, we also know the importance of In Hackney, we also know what it is to sending the clear message that Hackney is no celebrate our diversity. In the past year this place for hate. It is 25 years since the murder has included coming together and celebrating of Stephen Lawrence which, following years our diversity in the fun-filled Hackney One of tireless campaigning by Doreen and Neville Carnival, celebrating Black history and culture Lawrence, led to important reforms to how the in the borough with a two-month long season Metropolitan Police investigates hate crimes. of free events and activities and launching the We have come a long way since then in terms #hackneylovesyou campaign in response to of how hate crimes are recorded, investigated ongoing Brexit debates.
    [Show full text]
  • The Relationship Between Religiousness and Intimate Partner Violence Risk and Protective Factors Peter Warren University of South Carolina
    University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Theses and Dissertations 2015 The Relationship between Religiousness and Intimate Partner Violence Risk and Protective Factors Peter Warren University of South Carolina Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd Part of the Clinical Psychology Commons, and the Community Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Warren, P.(2015). The Relationship between Religiousness and Intimate Partner Violence Risk and Protective Factors. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/3635 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The relationship between religiousness and intimate partner violence risk and protective factors by Peter Warren Bachelor of Science Georgia Regents University, 1997 Master of Science Georgia Regents University, 2006 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Clinical-Community Psychology College of Arts and Sciences University of South Carolina 2015 Accepted by: Suzanne Swan, Major Professor Bret Kloos, Committee Member Mark Weist, Committee Member Terry Wolfer, Committee Member Lacy Ford, Senior Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies © Copyright by Peter Warren, 2015 All Rights Reserved. ii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my partner, Vittoria Anello, my mother, Diane Warren, my father, Peter Warren, Sr., my aunt, Brenda Watson, my sister, Jennifer Headrick, and to my niece, Hannah Wright. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to give my deepest gratitude and respect to my mentor, Dr. Suzanne Swan. She has provided me constant acceptance, support, guidance, and understanding over the last six years, and I feel incredibly privileged to be a part of her academic lineage.
    [Show full text]
  • Love Thy Neighbour? Brexit and Hate Crime
    DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES IZA DP No. 13902 Love Thy Neighbour? Brexit and Hate Crime Joel Carr Joanna Clifton-Sprigg Jonathan James Sunčica Vujić NOVEMBER 2020 DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES IZA DP No. 13902 Love Thy Neighbour? Brexit and Hate Crime Joel Carr University of Antwerp Joanna Clifton-Sprigg University of Bath Jonathan James University of Bath Sunčica Vujić University of Antwerp, University of Bath and IZA NOVEMBER 2020 Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but IZA takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The IZA Institute of Labor Economics is an independent economic research institute that conducts research in labor economics and offers evidence-based policy advice on labor market issues. Supported by the Deutsche Post Foundation, IZA runs the world’s largest network of economists, whose research aims to provide answers to the global labor market challenges of our time. Our key objective is to build bridges between academic research, policymakers and society. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author. ISSN: 2365-9793 IZA – Institute of Labor Economics Schaumburg-Lippe-Straße 5–9 Phone: +49-228-3894-0 53113 Bonn, Germany Email: [email protected] www.iza.org IZA DP No. 13902 NOVEMBER 2020 ABSTRACT Love Thy Neighbour? Brexit and Hate Crime* We provide causal evidence of the impact of the Brexit referendum vote on hate crime in the United Kingdom (UK).
    [Show full text]
  • Religious and Spiritual Dimensions of Traumatic Violence
    C HAPTER 1 9 RELIGIOUS AND SPIRITUAL DIMENSIONS OF TRAUMATIC VIOLENCE Roger D. Fallot and Andrea K. Blanch Events of the past decade, including the terrorist D efinitional Issues ASSOCIATION attacks on September 11, clergy sexual abuse scan- Although virtually all traumatic events are relevant dals, high-profile violence against women and to the discussion of the relation between trauma and minority groups, and ongoing combat in many areas religion or spirituality, we will focus on the often- of the world have focused attention on the preva- devastating experience of violence. Interpersonal lence and impact of traumatic violent events. Simul- violence takes many forms and can occur in many taneously, people’s frequent “turn to religion” contexts. In childhood and adolescence, physical, (Schuster et al., 2007) after such events has raised sexual, and emotional abuse are common as are many questions about the place of spirituality and experiences of bullying and peer and gang violence religion in relation to trauma. This chapter will (Finkelhor,PSYCHOLOGICAL 2011). Community-based surveys report explore (a) our working definition of trauma in the that many adults have experienced physical and sex- context of interpersonal violence and the impact of ual assaults (Kessler, Sonnega, Bromet, Hughes, & interpersonal trauma on psychological well-being; Nelson, 1995). Violence occurs in the home and (b) spirituality and religion in the aftermath of family (including intimate partner violence); on the trauma, including the place of spiritual andAMERICAN reli- streets; in institutions, such as schools, faith com- gious resources in trauma recovery and© healing; and munities, and jails; in human trafficking; in terror- (c) the relationships between religious contexts and ism and torture; in refugee settings; and in combat.
    [Show full text]
  • CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE Religious Abuse
    CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE Religious Abuse: Impact on Mental Health and Development A graduate project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Master of Social Work By Breanna Barnes May 2020 i The graduate project of Breanna Barnes is approved: ______________________________________ __________________ Dr. Wendy Ashley Date ______________________________________ __________________ Dr. Ioana Schmidt Date ______________________________________ __________________ Dr. Alejandra Acuna (Chair) Date California State University, Northridge ii Dedication To all of those who showed me kindness, support, patience, and compassion over the last three years. Because of these gifts, I am closer to realizing the type of person and social worker I have always wanted to be. iii Table of Contents Signature Page ii Dedication iii List of Tables v Abstract vi Introduction 1 Methods 7 Results 11 Discussion 18 Conclusions 28 References 30 iv List of Tables Table A. Relevant research found in database searches 9 Table B. Review of relevant research 12 Table C. Themes 17 v Abstract Religious Abuse: Impact on Mental Health and Development By Breanna Barnes Master of Social Work Purpose: To establish unique consequences of religious abuse experienced in childhood on mental health and development. Hypothesis: What is the impact of religious abuse on mental health and development? Methods: Systematic literature review utilizing research from five databases. Results: 599 potential articles were narrowed down to 17 that were deemed appropriate for the study. These articles were further explored for relevant information and reveal of themes. Discussion: Five themes were identified including: unique consequences present in abuse cases perpetuated by clergy, developmental and mental health consequences, diagnostic considerations and implications for treatment.
    [Show full text]
  • What Works to Address Violence Against Womenand
    WHAT WORKS TO ADDRESS VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND FAMILY VIOLENCE WITHIN FAITH SETTINGS: AN EVIDENCE GUIDE What works to address violence against women and family violence within faith settings This evidence guide has been developed by researchers from the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health at the University of Melbourne, in partnership with the Multicultural Centre for Women’s Health, and was commissioned by the Multicultural Affairs and Social Cohesion Division of the Victorian Government’s Department of Premier and Cabinet. The guide forms part of an ongoing participatory research project, “Faith communities supporting healthy family relationships: A Participatory Action Research project”, and is intended to inform future policy and investment to best prevent and respond to violence against women and family violence in faith settings. The guide is based on participatory consultations with faith groups and an in-depth review of international and Australian literature undertaken in 2018-2019, which explored the causes and reinforcing factors of family violence and violence against women in faith settings as well as what works to address these factors. The review also included an analysis of promising or emerging practices both locally and abroad that may effectively prevent and respond to family violence and violence against women in faith settings. Suggested citation: Vaughan, C., Sullivan, C., Chen, J., Vaid Sandhu, M. (2020). What works to address violence against women and family violence within faith settings: An evidence
    [Show full text]
  • Appg on Hate Crime Inquiry: How Do We Build Community Cohesion When Hate Crime Is on the Rise
    APPG ON HATE CRIME INQUIRY: HOW DO WE BUILD COMMUNITY COHESION WHEN HATE CRIME IS ON THE RISE Response from Humanists UK, July 2018 ABOUT HUMANISTS UK At Humanists UK, we want a tolerant world where rational thinking and kindness prevail. We work to support lasting change for a better society, championing ideas for the one life we have. Our work helps people be happier and more fulfilled, and by bringing non-religious people together we help them develop their own views and an understanding of the world around them. Founded in 1896, we are trusted to promote humanism by over 70,000 members and supporters and over 100 members of the All Party Parliamentary Humanist Group. Through our ceremonies, pastoral support, education services, and campaigning work, we advance free thinking and freedom of choice so everyone can live in a fair and equal society. Humanists UK is works actively on education, integration, human rights and equality, and secularism, and is part of many related coalitions including the British Institute of Human Rights (BIHR), the Equality and Diversity Forum (EDF), the Children’s Rights Alliance for England (CRAE), and the Religious Education Council for England and Wales (REC). We also run Faith to Faithless, a community support network for apostates and those ex-religious struggling with the challenges of leaving their religion behind. We have representative status in our own right at the UN Human Rights Council, where we make regular interventions in support of freedom of expression, conscience, and religious or belief globally, in particular around blasphemy and apostasy laws, as well as in support of LGBT rights, children’s rights, women’s reproductive rights, and more.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of a Spiritual Abuse Questionnaire A
    DEVELOPMENT OF A SPIRITUAL ABUSE QUESTIONNAIRE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE TEXAS WOMAN'S UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES BY KATHRYN HOPE KELLER DENTON, TEXAS AUGUST 2016 DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to all who have sufferred from spiritual trauma. May the depth of pain be restored a hundred-fold in healing, peace, and joy. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my dissertation committee members. Dr. Stabb, my chairperson, has been a mentor to me throughout my time in my doctoral program. She has mentored me academically as a professor, as a clinical supervisor, and as a research mentor. I feel inspired by her interest in various topics, including the multiple dissertation ideas I had before deciding on this project. She has been a pillar for me throughout my time in the program. Dr. Mollen, also a significant research mentor for me as the advisor of my thesis equivalency project, has been gracious and patient while introducing me to the world of academic research. She has been encouraging and supportive both personally and professionally throughout the time I have worked with her. Dr. Harris has been a thoughtful and fun inspiration throughout my program from whom I have learned advanced clinical and theoretical skills. I am grateful for his kindness in checking in with me personally throughout my time at TWU. Dr. Marshall, my stats advisor, successfully intertwined laugher with patience throughout our stats meetings. He was entertaining, encouraging, and inspiring as he walked me through the previously unknown territory that is statistics.
    [Show full text]
  • A Profile of Religion-Related Child Abuse Bette L. Bottoms University
    In the Name of God: A Profile of Religion-Related Child Abuse Bette L. Bottoms University of Illinois at Chicago Phillip R. Shaver, Gail S. Goodman, and Jianjian Qin University of California, Davis Running head: Religion and Child Abuse Address correspondence to: Bette L. Bottoms Department of Psychology University of Illinois at Chicago 1007 W. Harrison Street (M/C 285) Chicago, IL 60607-7137 [E-MAIL: [email protected]] The research reported here was funded by the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect (Department of Health and Human Services) and conducted in collaboration with Alexis Thompson and with the assistance of Kathleen Beety, Jim Brandt, Kathy Cavanaugh, Eugene Colucci, Maureen Coughlin, Leslie Dreblat, Brian Flaherty, Erica Howard, Noelle Kardos, Todd Karl, Wendy Landman, Anne Orgren, Kimberly Packard, Steve Pawlowski, Chowdry Pinnamaneni, Jianjian Qin, Susan Reisch, Chris Rhoadhouse, Karleen Robinson, Julie Rothbard, Tracey Schneider, and Kimberly Tyda. Tina Brown and Michael Raulin kindly consulted on the use of DSM diagnostic categories. Ken Lanning and Phil Stevens consulted on various issues concerning abuse allegations. We extend special thanks to all of the professionals who completed our survey. Religion and Child Abuse3 Abstract Religious beliefs can foster, encourage, and justify child abuse, yet religious motivations for child abuse and neglect have been virtually ignored in social science research. In this article, we examine cases of religion-related child abuse reported to mental health professionals nationwide. In particular, we describe in statistical detail cases involving the withholding of medical care for religious reasons, abuse related to attempts to rid a child of evil, and abuse perpetrated by persons with religious authority such as ministers and priests.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding the Nature and Dynamics of Domestic Violence
    Understanding the Nature and Dynamics of Domestic Violence REVISED: MARCH 2012 Contents UNDERSTANDING THE DYNAMICS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ..............................................1 w Four types of abuse w The relationship between violence and other tactics of control w Domestic violence victims employ a variety of survival strategies w Dilemmas in leaving an abusive relationship w The relationship between poverty and domestic violence w Considerations for working with diverse backgrounds and underserved populations MEN WHO BATTER, THEIR SELECTIVE BEHAVIORS AND SOCIETAL INFLUENCES ...............13 w Attitudes and behaviors of men who batter w Factors for changing batterers’ behavior w Sociocultural factors that contribute to domestic violence w Preventing domestic violence w Power and control wheel w How abusers use power and control DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND ITS COMPLEX EFFECTS ON CHILDREN AND MOTHERS ...........23 w The effects associated with witnessing domestic violence w Not all advocates are mandated reporters EMPOWERMENT AND ADVOCACY FOR SURVIVORS ..........................................................27 w The LIFE process of assisting women victimized by domestic violence w Empowerment is the core of advocacy w A guide to working with women in crisis w Personalized safety plan FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES RELATED TO JUSTICE SYSTEM REMEDIES ....................................35 w Procedure for obtaining an Adult Order of Protection w Relief available with protection orders w Missouri Adult Abuse Act at a glance w Domestic violence assault crimes w Harassment and Stalking crimes COLLABORATION: EXPANDING SERVICES WITH COMMUNITY PARTNERS ........................44 RECOMMENDED WEBSITES ...............................................................................................46 THE MISSION AND PURPOSE OF MCADSV ........................................................................47 Funding for this publication was provided in part by a federal Family Violence Prevention and Services Act grant; the Missouri Department of Social Services; and by Grant No.
    [Show full text]
  • Study on the Prohibition of Incitement to National, Racial Or Religious Hatred: Lessons from the Asia Pacific Region
    Study on the prohibition of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred: Lessons from the Asia Pacific Region Author: Vitit Muntarbhorn* (with the assistance of Damon Kumtrai/Paisit Pusittrakul/ Poom Moolsilpa/Pulawit Wanichsetakul/Voraphol Malsukhum) Table of contents A. Introduction B. State of the Law: i) Constitution ii) Criminal Law/Code iii) Civil Law/Code iv) Specific Laws on Hate Speech v) Other Laws C. State of Policy D. State of Practice * Vitit Muntarbhorn is a Professor of Law at Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok. He has helped the UN in a variety of capacities, including as an expert, consultant and Special Rapporteur. 1 A. Introduction: The Asia-Pacific region covered by this study consists of some 60 countries and territories1 stretching from the outer reaches of the Pacific ocean to the geographic ridges-and-bridges between Asia and Europe, from the smallest island nations with vast expanses between their shores to some of the most densely populated and populous countries on earth, from the world‟s biggest democracies to the globe‟s most precarious and cloistered situations. The word “heterogeneity” aptly comes to mind to describe the varied physiognomy of the setting, and it applies to the political, economic, social, cultural and legal context of the region with transnational implications. Like other parts of the world, this region is faced with the issue of freedom of expression and related constraints as a key test for the realization of human rights today. It is at times challenged by illiberal tendencies which strain the social and cultural nexus between different groups and individuals, leading to disrespect and intolerance and regrettably culminating in tensions and conflicts.
    [Show full text]
  • When Love Hurts
    When Love Hurts Violence In Close Relationships 3/2021 WHEN LOVE HURTS - VIOLENCE IN CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS What is meant by violence in a close relationship? All forms of violence infringe upon the victim’s physical, psychological and social rights, integrity and innermost being. Violence is a form of abusive power and control. It is also a crime. Violence in close relationships often occurs in a range of actions, from oblique gestures to brutal crimes, from being subjected to ridicule to being seriously threatened, raped, or even killed. Violence can be Psychological abuse – for example humiliation, oppression, belittling, abuse, criticism, vilification, derision, name-calling, scaring, threatening, controlling, forcing, pressuring, bullying, social isolation or restriction (e.g. from one’s friends, family, hobbies, etc.); showing possessiveness; destroying things; hurting animals; threatening to commit suicide; keeping someone from seeking help or medical attention. Physical abuse – for example restricting someone’s freedom of movement or hitting, pounding, shaking, pushing, dragging, and clawing; pulling on someone’s hair, clothes or body parts; choking someone; kicking; threatening with a weapon; throwing things; pounding on doors or otherwise scaring someone or showing one’s fury and dangerousness; using firearms or cutting weapons. Sexual abuse – for example to force someone to perform sexual acts against their will; to sexually disgrace or scorn someone; to coerce someone to participate in pornographic productions; to forbid someone to use contraceptive devices; to force someone to have an abortion; to restrict someone’s sexual integrity; to rape someone, attempt to rape someone, or threaten someone with sexual violence. WHEN LOVE HURTS - VIOLENCE IN CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS Economic abuse – for example controlling the use of someone else’s assets; using someone else’s money/assets without their permission; coercing someone to give away his/ her assets; coercing someone into economic dependency or threatening someone with economic violence or extortion.
    [Show full text]