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Word and Meaning a Glossary in Liturgy and Iconography with Special Reference to the Theology of the Eastern Churches

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MOran ‘Eth’O JEAN PAUL DESCHLER ~ORD AND MEANING i A GLOSSARY IN LITURGY AND ICONOGRAPHY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE THEOLOGY OF THE EASTERN CHURCHES 5T. EPHREM ECUMENICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE (SEERI) BAKER HILL, KOTTAYAM - 686 001 KERALA, INDIA I 2012 o www.malankaralibrary.com www.malankaralibrary.com Word and Meaning A Glossary in Liturgy and Iconography with Special Reference to the Theology of the Eastern Churches www.malankaralibrary.com ^ C!:x Hibris iL^ctl) i^larbutbo Uibrarp The Malphono George Anton Kiraz Collection Lo'il ^ bo' LaKnN .0=^vn Ilui 1 viv>\ lx mNrt loou ou©3 ©1^°' 01 yio lx coo ..a©) ^ L;xajo );vcp ©iX )o©L) ©L»_i );\co ©X. XX. ❖ ©X-OoX ©X ..j-£i©l»« Lsox ^ .Vnvone who asks lor this volume, to read, collate, or copy from it, and who appropriates it to himselt or hersell, or cuts anything out ot it, should realize that (s)he will have to give answer before (iod s awesome tribunal as it (s)he had robbed a sanctuary. Let such a person be held anathema and recei\ e no torgiveness until the book is returned. So be it, .\men! And anyone who removes these anathemas, digitalh' or otherwise, shall himselt recei\e them in double. www.malankaralibrary.com Wort und Bedeutung Glossar zu Liturgie und Ikonographie niit besonderer Beriicksichtigung ostkirchlicher Theologie JEAN-PAUL DESCHLER MORAN ETHO - 31 St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute [SEERI] Baker Hill, Kottayam-686 001 Kerala, India 2012 www.malankaralibrary.com WORD AND MEANING A GLOSSERY IN LITURGY AND ICONOGRAPHY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE THEOLOGY OFTHE EASTERN CHURCHES By Jean-Paul Deschler Moran 'Etho Series No. 31 First Edition : 1994 Second Edition : 2009 Third Edition : 2012 Published by : St. Ephren Ecumenical Research Institute (SEERI) Baker Hill, Kottayam 686 001 Kerala, India Phone : 0091 - 481 - 2564333 Email : [email protected], [email protected] Web : www.seeri.org Printed at: Bethany Offset Printers Kottayam-686 010 Ph: 0481 - 2571355 e-mail: [email protected] www.malankaralibrary.com Preface Vorvvort der Herausgeber Es ist dem St. Ephrem’s Ecumenical Research Institute eine grosse Freude, in vorliegender Nummer 31 seiner Monographienserie Moran Etho das Glossar „Word and Meaning“ zu veroffentlichen. Es handelt sich hierbei um ein Dokument, das ftir Liturgiker, Ikonographen und Philologen, um nur einige der potenziellen Nutzergruppen zu nennen, ein bislang haufig verspUrtes Defizit im Bereich der fachubergreifenden Nachschlagewerke abzudecken vermag. Die umfassende Sachkenntnis des Verfassers sowohl in liturgischer und ikonographischer als auch sprachwissenschaftlicher Hinsicht, ermoglicht ihm in hervorragender Weise, dieser anspruchsvollen Aufgabe gerecht zu werden. Dieses Glossar stellt ein uberaus wertvolles Hilfsmittel fur die Beschaftigung mit den Kulturen des Christlichen Orients dar. Es fullt eine Lucke in der Literatur insbesondere fur diejenigen, die sich vorrangig mit den schon beim ersten Kontakt unmittelbar erfahrbar werdenden Erscheinungsformen der ostlichen und orientalischen Riten und Konfessionen, namlich der Liturgie und Ikonographie, beschiiftigen, dient aber auch jenen, die mit einzelnen der christlich- orientalischen Sprachen bereits vertraut sind, aber in der 5 www.malankaralibrary.com inlcrdisziplin^ren nach cincm ^VjirkzeLig siichcn, das Zugaiig zum jevveils anderen Sprach- und Kulturkreis ermoglicht. So findet beispielsweise der vorrangig mit Handschriften arbeitende Philologe die notwendigen Begrifflichkeiten, um sich gegebenenfalls weiterfuhrende Literatur zur Ikonographie zu erschlieBen; der Syrologe oder christliche Arabist erhiilt schnell Informationen zum byzantinischen Ritus, sollte er gelegentlich auf Texte aus melkitischem Milieu stoBen. All dies wird in ubersichtlicher und dennoch auBerst exakter Form dargeboten: Jean-Paul Deschler gelingt die Gratwanderung zwischen lautlicher und orthographischer Adaptation ans Deutsche unter Gewahrleistung aller Informationen, die jeweilige Originalschrift betreffend, die auch eine weiterfuhrende Beschaftigung mit der einschlagigen Fachliteratur ermoglichen. Ganz im Geiste des SEERI und seiner Verwurzelung in den beiden Hauptzweigen des indischen Christentums syrischer Tradition hat er beispielsweise grossen Wert auf die phonetische Realisierung jeweils gemass ost- und westsyrischer Uberlieferung, auch unter Berlicksichtigung eventueller orthographischer Abweichungen, gelegt. So findet sich unter dem Eintrag „Kloster“ die Bezeichnung k'Wtuj {hbista} // {hbisto} ‘Einsperrung’ nicht nur mit ost- und westsyrischen Vokalzeichen, sondern fur das Ostsyrische auch mit der zur korrekten Wiedergabe notwendigen Mater lectionis; dazu eine vorrangig an der Aussprache orientierte Umschrift. 6 www.malankaralibrary.com Wcnn auph die mcislqii der Fachdisziplinen, auf dip hier zuruckgegriffen wird, auf eine lange und umfassende Tradition in deutscher Sprache zuriickblicken, mag es doch von Einigen als bedauerlich empfunden werden, dass das Glossar nicht weiteren Nutzerkreisen durch Verwendung des Englischen zuganglich gemacht wird. Diesen sei versichert, daB eine erweiterte englische Fassung bereits in Vorbereitung ist, die unter anderem auch eine starkere Berucksichtigung des Athiopischen bieten soil; gleichzeitig sollen sich die Fachleute der jeweiligen Einzeldisziplinen nachdrucklich ermutigt fuhlen, dem Verfasser fur die englische Version Erweiterungs- und Verbesserungsvorschlage zukommen zu lassen. 7 www.malankaralibrary.com I It : t t •. ♦ *4 I www.malankaralibrary.com 1 Einfuhrung 1. ZvVIiCK UNU AURIiSSATENKRElS DES GLOSSARS Es gibt manche Griinde dafur, dass sich Menschen aus dem abendlandischen Kulturbereich fur ostkirchliche Traditionen interessieren; der Einstieg kann zum Beispiel iiber die Faszination der Ikonen geschehen, die Ergriffenheit durch die liturgischen Gesange oder das Erwachen des historischen Interesses - oft angeregt auf einer Reise nach Osteuropa oder in den Nahen Osten. Seit Jahrzehnten erscheinen deshalb auch viele Publikationen auf den Gebieten der christlichen Ikonographie und Kirchenarchitektur, der Liturgie und Spiritualitat, der Theologie und Kirchengeschichte. Oft enthalten solche BUcher auch ein Glossar, das eine Anzahl Fachausdrlicke auflistet. Der Leser ist dankbar fur Erklarungen, die ihm weiterhelfen. Doch geben leider die meisten dieser Glossare wenig Oder uberhaupt keine Auskunft liber die Verwendung der Termini, sodass man solche sogar in vielen wissenschaftlichen Aufsatzen und Vortriigen mit fehlerhafter Schreibung, falschem Geschlecht und falscher Betonung antrifft. Und diese Mangel und Fehler werden weitergegeben und verbreitet - wie es durch die Massenmedien allenthalben geschieht. Das vorliegende Buch ist aus dem Wunsch entstanden, westlichen Christen, die sich fur die byzantinische Tradition interessieren oder bereits mit ihr vertraut sind, einen ersten Blick auf die orientalischen Traditionen und damit auf die Wurzeln des Christentums zu ermoglichen. Auch soli es dem Leser Gelegenheit geben, die sprachliche Herkunft sowie die Bedeutung von Fachausdrlicken kennen zu lemen und sie richtig zu verwenden. Zu diesem Zweck bietet es zuerst Angaben zur Etymologie (soweit sie hilfreich und interessant erscheinen) sowie Hinweise auf die Entlehnung von einer Sprache in die andere und sodann Definitionen oder Erklarungen, die als erste Orientierung kurz, aber gleichzeitig einigermaBen umfassend liber die Sache informieren. Es will die Gegenstande bewusst nicht in umfassenden Artikeln abhandeln, strebt also keineswegs danach, den einschliigigen Enzyklopadien und Fachblichern mit ihren detaillierten Spezialuntersuchungen 9 www.malankaralibrary.com Konkurreiiz zu machcn. Vielmehr will es mit deni Uintcrgrund dcr Wissenschaften den Benutzern - sowohl interessierten Laien wie auch Fachleuten - die Kenntnisse zuganglich machen, die man benotigt, wenn man sich mit den Traditionen des christlichen Ostens befasst. Auf diesem weiten Feld berlihren und uberschneiden sich so verschiedene Wissenschaften wie Theologie und Philosophie, Geschichte und Archaologie, Philologie und Soziologie, Asthetik und Anthropologie (mit ihren jeweiligen Sonderdisziplinen), dass gerade auch Fachexperten gern ein Handbuch wie das vorliegende konsultieren, um sich die genannte Erstinformation zu beschaffen. So ist der wesentliche Zweck der Wissenschaft - die Mehrung und Vermittlung des Wissens - erreicht: Auch dieses bescheidene Glossar soil die Forschung der Praxis (auch der akademischen) dienstbar machen. Vielleicht lasst der erste Teil des Untertitels - Glossar zu Liturgie und Ikonographie - die Befurchtung aufkommen, die Theologie (z. B. Christologie) komme zu kurz. Dabei ist die wichtige Tatsache zu bedenken, dass gerade die liturgischen Texte der Ostkirchen eine reiche Entfaltung der Theologie darstellen. Wer sich liber die gebotene Allgemeinbildung hinaus noch grundlicher mit einem Gegenstand beschaftigen will, sei auf die bibliographischen Angaben der Fachliteratur verwiesen. Manchen Fachleuten, die mir mit ihrem Wissen geholfen haben, bin ich zu Dank verpflichtet, und ich bin ihnen auch weiterhin fur Anregungen und Korrekturen sehr dankbar. Die Mangel, die dem Glossar noch anhaften, haben nur mit mir zu tun. 2. Hinweise zu Einrichtung und Benutzung 2.1 Stichworter: Herkunft, Anordnung, Verweise Das Verzeichnis enthlilt die wichtigsten Fachausdrlicke, denen man im Bereich von Theologie, Liturgik und Ikonologie begegnet. Als Lemmata findet der Benutzer sowohl deutsche Ausdrucke (Erbworter und Lehnubersetzungen, Lehnworter und Fremdworter, z. B. Udlle, Gottesgebiirerin,
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    1 THE HOLY NEW MARTYRS OF EASTERN RUSSIA 2 1. HIEROMARTYR JOACHIM, ARCHBISHOP OF NIZHNY-NOVGOROD ..........................3 2. HIEROMARTYR LAURENCE, BISHOP OF BALAKHNA .....................................................7 3. HIEROMARTYR AMBROSE, BISHOP OF SARAPUL ..........................................................16 4. HIEROMARTYR HERMAN, BISHOP OF VOLSK .................................................................20 5. HIEROMARTYR METROPHANES, ARCHBISHOP OF ASTRAKHAN ............................21 6. HIEROMARTYR LEONTIUS, BISHOP OF TSAREVO ..........................................................25 7. HIEROCONFESSOR PHILARET, ARCHBISHOP OF SAMARA.........................................26 8. HIEROMARTYR SERGIUS, BISHOP OF BUZULUK.............................................................27 9. HIEROCONFESSOR MICAH, BISHOP OF UFA....................................................................34 10. HIEROMARTYR STEPHEN, BISHOP OF IZHEVSK........................................................... 38 11. HIEROCONFESSOR VICTOR, ARCHBISHOP OF VYATKA ............................................47 12. HIEROMARTYR SINESIUS, BISHOP OF IZHEVSK............................................................69 13. HIEROMARTYR NECTARIUS, ARCHBISHOP OF YARANSK ........................................72 14. HIEROMARTYR CYRIL, METROPOLITAN OF KAZAN ..................................................90 15. HIEROMARTYR JOASAPH, BISHOP OF CHISTOPOL ...................................................102 16. HIEROMARTYR RAPHAEL, BISHOP OF ALEXANDROVSK