Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey A Program to Detect Plant Pests And Diseases of Regulatory Concern

Dr. Eric LeVeen State Survey Coordinator Robert Leahy FDACS-DPI-CAPS Pest Survey Specialist USDA-CAPS Katherine Okins Identifier Douglas Restom Gaskill FDACS-DPI-CAPS Pest Survey Specialist USDA-CAPS Bradley A. Danner Pest Survey Specialist FDACS-DPI-CAPS Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS)

 CAPS is a combined effort by Federal and State agricultural organizations to conduct surveillance, detection, and monitoring of agricultural and natural resource pests.

 Plant diseases, insects, mites, nematodes, mollusks, & weeds Florida CAPS Largest program in the country

Gainesville (Headquarters): State Survey Coordinator DPI GIS & Mapping Specialist DPI Information Specialist DPI Molecular Diagnostician DPI Entomological Identifier DPI Entomological Identifier USDA Pest Survey Specialist USDA Pest Survey Specialist DPI Orlando: Pest Survey Specialist USDA Agricultural Technician USDA Palmetto: Pest Survey Specialist USDA Pest Survey Specialist DPI Miami: Pest Survey Specialist DPI Marianna: Agricultural Technician USDA Surveys Exotic Woodboring and Bark Beetles(EWBB) and Sirex Woodwasp  Solid wood packing material –SWPM  Emerald Ash Borer –EAB  Gold spotted oak borer –GSOB  Asian Longhorned Beetle –ALB  Early Detection, Rapid Response –EDRR (Forestry) Corn Commodity Cotton Commodity Nursery http://www.murcianatural.carm.es

Pale spruce bark beetle Common pine shoot beetle Redhaired pine bark beetle Hylurgops palliatus Tomicus destruens Hylurgus ligniperda

Japanese pine sawyer beetle Oak ambrosia beetle Monochamus alternatus Platypus quercivorus Solid Wood Packing Materials Survey (SWPM) Bark and Ambrosia Beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae, Platypodinae), Longhorn Beetles (Cerambycidae), and Jewel Beetles (Buprestidae) SWPM

 Florida’s forest industry: >$16.5 billion, >133,000 jobs  Plus: parks, preserves, residential and street trees

Florida is a major trade hub and receives material by rail, sea and air from all over the world, putting it at a high risk for the introduction and establishment of exotic wood boring insects. SWPM Survey and monitor high risk areas that pose the greatest risk of introduction and establishment of exotic wood boring insects via infested wood packing materials SWPM

14 international airports and 13 maritime ports SWPM

118 Lindgren multi-funnel traps throughout the state

5 Lure types: • EtOH • AP+EtOH • Quercivoral • Lineatin • AP+EtOH+Monochamol SWPM 2016 Results

 98 traps  1168 samples were processed No pests from the CAPS target list have been detected; however:

 98 traps  1168 samples were processed

 Scolytinae:  Buprestidae:  Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus  Chrysobothris tranquebarica  Cnestus mutilatus  Hylesinus aculeatus  Pycnarthrum hispidum  Trypodendron scabricollis  Xyleborinus andrewesi County Record—8  Xylosandrus germanus Emerald Ash Borer (EAB), Gold Spotted Oak Borer (GSOB), and Oak Splendor Beetle (OSB)

Agrilus planipennis Agrilus auroguttatus Agrilus biguttatus Emerald Ash Borer

 Arrived from Asia in packing wood material in 1990  2002 identified as cause of ash mortality in Michigan and Ontario Gold Spotted Oak Borer

Native to oak forests in SE Arizona Is not a pest in its native range Detected in San Jose County, CA in 2004 Detected in San Diego County, CA in 2008 Oak Splendor Beetle

Current distribution: oak forests in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and Asian Russia Hosts: Quercus spp., Fagus spp., Castanea Significant component to “oak dieback” EAB/GSOB/OSB

 March - Nov  State parks, state forests, federal camp sites, private camp sites, highway rest areas  Purple prism trap in ash or oak  EAB Lure: z-3-hexen-1-ol  GSOB/OSB trap unbaited EAB/GSOB/OSB

Green Lindgren funnel traps Only approved for EAB z-3-hexen-1-ol lure EAB/GSOB/OSB

EAB, GSOB, OSB NOT DETECTED EAB/GSOB 2016 Results

 217 samples were processed

 GSOB/OSB  14 PPT  EAB  55 traps  30 GLFT  25 PPT No pests from the CAPS target list have been detected; however:

 217 samples were processed

 Buprestidae:  Scolytinae:

 Agrilus putillus  Ambrosiodmus minor (x2 counties)  Ptosima gibbicollis  Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus  Cerambycidae:  Euwallacea interjectus

 Neandra brunnea  Xyleborus glabratus (x5 counties)  Tylonotus bimaculatus

State Record—1 County Record—12 Asian Longhorned Beetle (ALB) Anoplophora glabripennis ALB

 First U.S. detection in New York in 1996; most recent find from Boston, MA in 2010  Native to China and Korea; probably introduced via wood packing materials made from poplar  Maples, birches and elms are susceptible to attack by ALB  Populations may go http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/may06/beetle0506.htm unnoticed for years before Red maple infested with ALB. detection

Michael Bohne, Bugwood.org ALB

 2 sentinel sites in Nassau and Duval Cos. with 200 trees (Acer spp.)  1 sentinel site in Brevard Co. with 2 trees (Acer rubrum)  1 sentinel site in Charlotte Co. with 5 trees (Acer rubrum) ALB

ALB NOT DETECTED in Nassau, Duval, Brevard, nor Charlotte Counties EWBB 2017 Plans

Pest list: Removed:  Agrilus planipennis  Agrilus auroguttatus  Anoplophora glabripennis  Agrilus biguttatus  Hylobius abietis  Hylurgops palliatus  Tomicus destruens  Hylurgus ligniperda  Trypodendron domesticum  Platypus quercivorus  Megaplatypus mutatus  Monochamus alternatus  Monochamus urossovii Ips sexdentatus Ips typographus Six-spined engraver beetle European spruce bark beetle

Orthotomicus erosus Tomicus minor Mediterranean pine engraver beetle Lesser pine shoot beetle Early Detection and Rapid Response (EDRR) What is EDRR?

Early Detection and Rapid Response is a cooperative program between the Florida Forest Service, U.S. Forest Service, and APHIS, university and state representatives

Goals: Detect, delimit and monitor newly introduced exotic bark and ambrosia beetles at selected high-risk forest areas. Quickly assess and respond to newly detected infestations EDRR

 12 wooded sites near high  36 Lindgren funnel risk areas, each with 3 traps traps in 7 counties  March – July (Alachua, Broward, Duval, Hillsborough, Manatee, Miami-Dade, Pinellas)  Lures Ips tri-lure Ethanol Ethanol and Alpha- pinene  Checked every 2 weeks, 6 checks total EDRR EDRR 2016 Results

 195 samples submitted  8,910 scolytines identified by Dr. Anthony Cognato of Michigan State University

 Scolytinae: State Record—2  Ambrosiodmus minor County Record—6  Cnestus mutilatus

 Euwallacea fornicatus (x2 counties)  Polygraphus rufipennis  Xyleborinus attenuatus

 Xyloterinus politus (x2 counties)

http://www.ent.msu.edu Corn Rust- Picture taken in Suwannee Visual Survey for Corn Downy Mildew in County, FL Hamilton County, FL

Corn Earworm –adult moth. (Picture Bucket Trap hanging in tree row between copyright Bruce Marlin 2002) corn fields Corn Smut- Picture taken in Hamilton County, FL Corn Commodity Survey Corn Commodity Survey Introduction

2016 Survey Commercial & Organic Fields, Community Gardens Sweet Corn & Corn for Grain or Feed Panhandle Region West of Suwannee River and South Florida Types of Surveys Trapping for Insect Pests Visual for Downy Mildews and other Pathogens Corn Commodity Survey Target Pests

Old World Bollworm Silver Y Moth False Codling Moth Helicoverpa armigera Autographa gamma Thaumatotibia leucotreta Bucket Trap w/Lure Bucket Trap w/Lure Wing Trap w/Lure Corn Commodity Survey Target Pests

Java Downy Mildew Philippine Downy Mildew Peronosclerospora maydis Peronosclerospora philippinensis Visual Survey Visual Survey Corn Commodity Survey Target Pests

Brown Stripe Downy Mildew Late Wilt of Corn Sclerophthora rayssiae var. zeae Harpophora maydis Visual Survey Visual Survey Corn Commodity Survey Target Pests

Cucurbit Beetle Asiatic Witchweed Diabrotica speciosa Striga asiatica Visual Survey Visual Survey Corn Commodity Survey 2016 Results

94 Traps, 115 visuals, 33 Sites, 13 Counties 2140 specimens submitted for identification Targets NOT Found H. armigera: 36 traps, 13 counties, 399 checks, 1509 specimens submitted A. gamma: 28 traps, 12 counties, 112 checks, 594 specimens submitted T. leucotreta: 30 traps, 13 counties, 120 checks, 37 specimens submitted CDMs, Late Wilt, Striga, D. speciosa: 115 visual surveys (690 NAPIS entries), 13 counties, 0 specimens submitted Corn Commodity Survey 2016 Results Corn Commodity Survey 2016 Results Corn Commodity Survey 2017 Survey Plan

Revisit 2016 high risk fields Add Additional Locations at High Risk Sites Community gardens and organic growers Adding new disease of concern Phyllachora maydis: Tar Spot Complex Monographella maydis: Tar Spot Complex Corn Commodity Survey 2017 Survey Plan

Tar Spot Complex: Fish eye symptoms http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail. http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/det http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/det cfm?imgnum=5385950 ail.cfm?imgnum=5458958 ail.cfm?imgnum=5482484 Light brown apple moth Brown marmorated stink bug European grapevine moth Epiphyas postivttana Halyomorpha halys Lobesia botrana

http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/det http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cf http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ ail.cfm?imgnum=5493925 m?imgnum=1263036 File:Spodoptera_litura1.jpg Bagrada bug Old world bollworm Rice cutworm Bagrada hilaris Helicoverpa armigera Spodoptera litura

High Risk Nursery Survey 2016 CAPS Nursery Survey Target pests

 Spodoptera litura  Lobesia botrana Cotton Cutworm European Grapevine Moth  Spodoptera littoralis  Bagrada hilaris Egyptian Cottonworm Bagrada Bug  Helicoverpa armigera Lymantria dispar asiatica Cotton Bollworm Asian Gypsy Moth  Epiphyas postvittana  Lymantria xylina Casuarina Tussock Moth Light Brown Apple Moth Nursery Survey Pathways

Port / Plant Inspection Station FLPhoto Interdiction Credit : Kelly Douglas/ FDACS Stations DPI

Plants for planting, fruits and vegetables, cut flowers

Photo Credit: Fernando Lenis USDA/APHIS/ PPQ Nursery Survey Pathways

Indoor / Outdoor Nursery Production

Photo Credits: Mike Weiss USDA/APHIS/ PPQ Nursery Survey Pathways

Residential Areas / Commercial Production Community Gardens Spodoptera litura Spodoptera littoralis Helicoverpa armigera

K. Kiritani (JP) UGA1265094

= Spodoptera litura S. litura found at nurseries in Groveland, Homestead, Apopka (2003, 2007, 2014)

S. litura intercepted at Orlando PIS in shipment destined to retail nursery in Gulfport, FL (2010)

= Helicoverpa armigera H. armigera found in a commercial tomato field in Bradenton (2015) Light Brown Apple Moth (LBAM) Epiphyas postvittana

 LBAM was detected in CA (2007) and has been eradicated  LBAM has been intercepted multiple times at FL Interdiction Male Stations and by the Detector Dog Teams  Focus on nurseries that have received plant material from infested counties. 2016 LBAM

Florida DDI interceptions: Epiphyas postvittana: (2) European Grapevine Moth (EGVM) Lobesia botrana

 EGVM was detected in CA (2009) and has been eradicated  EGVM has been intercepted in Chilean blueberry shipments.  Focus on vineyards that have received cuttings

from outside the state: Photo Credit: B Saunders USDA/ APHIS/PPQ primarily hybrid varieties from California.

Bagrada bug Bagrada hilaris

 Bagrada was detected in CA (2008)  Bagrada has spread to AZ, NV, NM, UT, TX  Bagrada has been intercepted mulitiple times at FL Interdiction Stations

and at Distribution Centers http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/det ail.cfm?imgnum=5493925 EGVM, BagradaBagrada hilaris and Lobesia botrana Interceptions, Last 5 Years

Interdiction stations: Bagrada hilaris—21

Distribution centers: Bagrada hilaris—7

National interceptions: Bagrada hilaris—324 Lobesia botrana—3 Gypsy Moths

 European gypsy moth (EGM) – Lymantria dispar dispar  Distribution: Europe, Africa, North America  Hosts: 350+ species of trees and shrubs  Asian gypsy moth (AGM) - Lymantria dispar asiatica  Distribution: Asia  Several introductions into North America (eradicated or under eradication)  Hosts: 500+ species of trees  Casuarina Tussock moth - Lymantria xylina  Distribution: Asia  Hosts: 65+ species, including tropical fruit trees

2017 CAPS Nursery Survey Target pests

 Spodoptera litura  Lobesia botrana Cotton Cutworm European Grapevine Moth  Spodoptera littoralis  Bagrada hilaris Egyptian Cottonworm Bagrada Bug  Helicoverpa armigera Lymantria dispar asiatica Cotton Bollworm Asian Gypsy Moth  Epiphyas postvittana  Lymantria xylina Casuarina Tussock Moth Light Brown Apple Moth  Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Cotton seed bug Cotton Commodity Survey

Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Spodoptera litura

Coutin R. / OPIE Spodoptera littoralis Helicoverpa armigera Cotton Commodity Survey Target Pests

Helicoverpa armigera Spodoptera littoralis Old World Bollworm Egyptian Cottonworm

UGA1265094 Cotton Commodity Survey Target Pests

Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Cotton Seed Bug

Spodoptera litura Cotton Cutworm

Courtesy of Bilule K. Kiritani (JP) Cotton Commodity Survey Target Pests

Achatina fulica Monacha spp. Giant African Land Snail Helicid snail

UGA1265046 Cotton Commodity Survey

Boll Rot caused by Phytophthora boehmeriae Morphlogy of P. boehmeriae – sporangia, oospores Cotton Commodity Survey

 Eight trapping sites in commercial cotton growing areas in North Florida, (sites including, H. armigera, S. litura, S. littoralis traps)  Three H. armigera trapping sites associated with wild cotton in Bradenton and St. Petersburg  One H. armigera trapping site associated with wild cotton in Key Largo  One trap site each for S. litura and S. littoralis-Key West  Visual surveys were conducted for Oxycarenus hyalinipennis, Achatina fulica, and Monacha spp., and Phytophthora boehmeriae at trap sites or high risk locations. 2016 CAPS Cotton Commodity Survey sites 2016 CAPS Cotton Commodity visual survey sites Cotton Commodity Survey 2016 Results

123 trap checks, 386 visual surveys, 8 counties

Suspect moths submitted for ID: Helicoverpa armigera suspects– 176 Spodoptera litura suspects– 10 Spodoptera littoralis suspects– 4 No target pests collected. Cotton Commodity Survey 2016 Results

 One New Florida County Record – long horned beetle – Goes tumifrons (Collected from S. littoralis bucket trap) Four New Host Records – plant pathogens on cotton: Myrothecium roridum, Nigrospora oryzae, Mycoleptodiscus indicus, Pestalotiopsis sp.  Two New Host Records – plant pathogens (Pink Boll worm Survey) on Texas prickly poppy (Argemone aurantiaca) – Deightoniella argemonensis, and on tropical bushmint (Hyptis mutabilis) – Cercospora apii  One Potential New U.S. Record – plant pathogen on cotton. Awaiting confirmation of fungal identification from National Identifier. Tentitive ID – Stemphylium gossypicola Pink Boll Worm Pink Boll Worm

July 2016 – set up 9 trapping locations in north Florida, and 4 sites in southwest Florida Targeted cotton fields, wild hibiscus, wild cotton, and Malvaceous weeds Used PBW-specific orange delta traps Checked and baited traps every 2 weeks (6 mo.) No target Pectinophora gossypiella collected Cotton Council PBW survey – no target collected Pink Bollworm Trap Sites Florida Collaboration

Etc. Etc. Etc. Collaboration

 Technical advice  Improved trapping techniques  Attractants  Expertise  Assistance  Deploy prototype/pilot projects  Data collecting, mapping  Interagency communication  Research, extension, industry, private consultants Cooperators

 FDACS-DPI  DERM  FDACS-DOF  ECISMA  FDACS-ALE  Producers  USDA-APHIS-PPQ  County Parks – Broward,  USDA-CPHST Palm Beach, Miami-Dade,  UF-IFAS Lee Orange, Pinellas, Hillsborough, Hardee &  FL-DEP Sarasota  FL-DOT  Glades Crop Care  DHS-CBP  Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki Museum,  FL – FWC Seminole Tribe of Florida  SFWMD  Miccosukee Tribe of Florida Cooperators

 Audubon Society –  US-NPS - Big Cypress, Corkscrew Swamp Everglades & Biscayne Sanctuary  Billie’s Swamp Safari  Camp Venice Retreat  Fairchild Tropical Gardens  Peace River Campground  Key West Tropical  Riverside RV Resort Botanical Gardens  Archbold Biological Station  Army Corps of Engineers  KOA  Institute for Regional  Fisheating Creek Conservation Campground  Montgomery Botanical  CDFA Center Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey

What Are Your Thoughts?

What Other Pests Take These Pathways?

Are There Resources Not Being Utilized?

How Do We Improve?