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The Challenges and the Nature of Consociationalism in the 20Th and 21St Centuries: the Case of Belgium and the Netherlands
The Challenges and the Nature of Consociationalism in the 20th and 21st Centuries: The Case of Belgium and the Netherlands Author: Anna Vajas Student Number: 104517007 MA in Governance, Leadership and Democracy Studies Supervisor: Éva dr. Kőváriné Ignáth Lisbon, March 2020 The approximate number of words: 24 600 (excluding the bibliography and annexes). SUMMARY The phenomenon of populism has been a passionately debated topic of political science. Many among political thinkers, theorists and actual decision-makers have not only shared a common point of interest and concern, but they also have approached from a variety of different aspects. As can be witnessed in current times, the threat of the populist “awakening” has not exclusively been the experience of relatively recently democratized countries, but also of enduring and stable democracies. The present thesis is to serve as the introduction and comparison of two examples with consociational arrangement, from the latter category – namely, of Belgium and the Netherlands. The core of my inquiry lies in the fundamental discrepancy between the traditional eagerness of conventional parties to cooperate and the populist parties with the intention to oppose the arrangement of the former. According to my supposition, the political activity of the Vlaams Belang in Belgium and the Partij Voor de Vrijheid in the Netherlands generates a tense relation to the consociational arrangement. Namely, these populist factions articulate an exclusive idea of the society – “the people” – which seems to oppose the inclusive nature of consociationalism. Also, their anti-establishment nature contrasts the cooperation and consensus of the elite, whom tend to react to this rather “antisocial” political behaviour with a sort of dissociation, the application of the so-called cordon sanitaire. -
Digital Government Factsheet Belgium
Digital Government Factsheet 2019 Belgium ISA2 Digital Government Factsheets - Belgium Table of Contents Country Profile .................................................................................................. 3 Digital Government Highlights ............................................................................. 6 Digital Government Political Communications ........................................................ 7 Digital Government Legislation ...........................................................................14 Digital Government Governance .........................................................................18 Digital Government Infrastructure ......................................................................26 Digital Government Services for Citizens .............................................................34 Digital Government Services for Businesses .........................................................43 2 2 Digital Government Factsheets - Belgium Country Profile Basic data Population: 11 398 589 inhabitants (2018) GDP at market prices: 450 505 million euros (2018) GDP per inhabitant in PPS (Purchasing Power Standard EU 28=100): 117 (2017) GDP growth rate: 1.4% (2018) Inflation rate: 2.3% (2018) Unemployment rate: 5.9% (2018) General government gross debt (Percentage of GDP): 103.4% (2017) General government deficit/surplus (Percentage of GDP): -0.9% (2017) Area: 30 688 km2 Capital city: Brussels Official EU language: Dutch,2 French and German Currency: Euro Source: Eurostat (last update: -
Egovernment in Belgium
Country Profile History Strategy Legal Framework Actors Who’s Who Infrastructure Services for Citizens Services for Businesses INSIDE WHAT’S eGovernment in Belgium ISA Visit the e-Government factsheets online on Joinup.eu Joinup is a collaborative platform created by the European Commission under the ISA programme. ISA supports the modernization of Public administrations in Europe through the development of interoperable services, frameworks and tools. Joinup provides numerous services around 3 main functionalities: 1. An observatory on interoperability, e-government, e-inclusion and e-health 2. A collaborative platform of open communities 3. A repository of interoperability solutions This document is meant to present an overview of the eGoverment status in this country and not to be exhaustive in its references and analysis. Even though every possible care has been taken by the authors to refer to and use valid data from authentic sources, the European Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the included information, nor does it accept any responsibility for any use thereof. Cover picture © Fotolia Content © European Commission © European Union, 2015 Reuse is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged. January 2010 Edition 13.0 eGovernment in Belgium, February 2016, Edition 18.0 Country Profile ...................................................................................................... 1 eGovernment History ............................................................................................ 7 eGovernment -
The Success of the Regionalist Parties in the 2014
This article was downloaded by: [Archives & Bibliothèques de l'ULB] On: 10 March 2015, At: 02:41 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Regional & Federal Studies Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/frfs20 The Success of the Regionalist Parties in the 2014 Elections in Belgium Pierre Baudewynsa, Régis Dandoya & Min Reuchampsa a Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Published online: 09 Mar 2015. Click for updates To cite this article: Pierre Baudewyns, Régis Dandoy & Min Reuchamps (2015): The Success of the Regionalist Parties in the 2014 Elections in Belgium, Regional & Federal Studies, DOI: 10.1080/13597566.2014.998202 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13597566.2014.998202 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. -
Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe Refers To: A
33rd SESSION Report CPL33(2017)02final 19 October 2017 The functioning of the organs of local democracy in a context of linguistic diversity in the communes “with facilities” around Brussels in the Flemish region Monitoring Committee Rapporteurs:1 Henrik HAMMAR, Sweden (L, EPP/CCE) David ERAY, Switzerland (R, ILDG) Recommendation 409 (2017) ………………………………………………………………......................................2 Explanatory memorandum ……………………………………………………………………………………………….4 Summary The report was prepared following a fact-finding visit that took place on 2 and 3 February 2017 to Brussels (Belgium) with a view to clarifying the functioning of local democracy structures in a context of linguistic diversity in the communes “with facilities” around Brussels in the Flemish region. The report highlights the non-implementation of previous Congress Recommendations 131(2003), 258(2008) and 366(2014) as regards the issue of the appointment system for mayors. It stresses that the election of the burgomaster, directly elected by the citizens, continues to have to be endorsed by the Flemish Minister of the Interior. As a result, the fact-finding visit of 2017 shows that since the latest examination of the situation in 2008, it has not improved. The report points out that an undue limitation of the capacity of French speaking local councillors in the communes “with facilities” in the Flemish region around Brussels to use French in carrying out local councillors’ activities is an infringement on their exercise of local democracy. Consequently, the Congress recommends that the Belgian authorities revoke the system of appointment of mayors by the Flemish Minister of the Interior. It also calls on the national authorities to review the way in which the language laws are applied in municipalities with so-called special language arrangements, in order to allow the use of both French and Dutch by local elected representatives when fulfilling their local mandates. -
The Integration of New Immigrants in Brussels
Brussels Studies La revue scientifique électronique pour les recherches sur Bruxelles / Het elektronisch wetenschappelijk tijdschrift voor onderzoek over Brussel / The e-journal for academic research on Brussels Collection générale | 2016 The integration of new immigrants in Brussels: an institutional and political puzzle L’intégration des nouveaux arrivants à Bruxelles : un puzzle institutionnel et politique Integratie van nieuwkomers in Brussel: een institutionele en politieke puzzel Catherine Xhardez Translator: Jane Corrigan Publisher Université Saint-Louis Bruxelles Electronic version URL: http://brussels.revues.org/1434 DOI: 10.4000/brussels.1434 ISSN: 2031-0293 Electronic reference Catherine Xhardez, « The integration of new immigrants in Brussels: an institutional and political puzzle », Brussels Studies [Online], General collection, no 105, Online since 24 October 2016, connection on 20 March 2017. URL : http://brussels.revues.org/1434 ; DOI : 10.4000/brussels.1434 Licence CC BY www.brusselsstudies.be the e-journal for academic research on Brussels Number 105, October 24th 2016. ISSN 2031-0293 Catherine Xhardez The integration of new immigrants in Brussels: an institutional and political puzzle Translation: Jane Corrigan In Belgium, the Brussels-Capital Region constitutes the main gateway for international migration. Like everywhere in Europe, the challenge of immigration and in particular what happens afterwards, namely the integration of new immigrants in the host society, is particularly palpable in Brussels. Within the Belgian federal state, the federated entities have implemented different integration poli- cies. Recently, these policies have experienced major upheavals, especially in Brussels where the result raises questions. Different (and possibly competing) institutions are competent, and today there are two civic integration programmes in the same territory: one from the Dutch-speaking community and the other from the French-speaking community. -
The Success of the Regionalist Parties in the 2014 Elections in Belgium
Regional and Federal Studies, 2015 Vol. 25, No. 1, 91–102, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13597566.2014.998202 The Success of the Regionalist Parties in the 2014 Elections in Belgium PIERRE BAUDEWYNS, RE´ GIS DANDOY & MIN REUCHAMPS Universite´ catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium ABSTRACT In May 2014, and for the second time in her political history, regional, federal and European elections were organized simultaneously in Belgium. In the direct follow-up of the sixth state reform, which increased the powers and autonomy of the Belgian Regions and Communities, these elections were crucial for the future of the country and for the multi-level coalition formation at the regional and federal levels. The political campaign was dominated by socioeconomic issues and demands for further autonomy, particularly in the Flemish region. Regional electoral results confirmed the success of the regionalist parties in Flanders, but also in Brussels and in the German-speaking Community. These successes allowed regionalist parties to enter all regional and federal governments—often as the dominant party—with the exception of the Walloon and the French-speaking Community cabinets. KEY WORDS: Regional elections, federal election, regionalist parties, coalition formation, Belgium, Flanders, Wallonia, Brussels, German-speaking Community Introduction The elections of 25 May 2014 in Belgium have been labelled as the “mother of all elec- tions” by the media and political observers. On the same day, all regional, community, federal and European assemblies were directly or indirectly renewed. But, besides a complete renewal of the political representatives at all policy levels, these elections were also important for the stability and future of the country.