1993JHAS...24...27S cross complex, cross, 0142-7273/93/0018-00.17 Venus Atetelco Venus, very most will planet. symbol far. according and and of earth, explore characteristics context, ornament The Tlaloc" graphic In Prec1assic tions, rated throughout rain-maize be sent of Archaeoastronomy, IVAN Mesoamerican 1. If The THE them THE the Part relevant © be fertility The previously greater the the late that probable Science but water, all by is planet SPRAJC, Middle argued, VENUS-RAIN-MAIZE in for This I VENUS-RAIN-MAIZE of indicates, grounds, the and implied. evidence earliest upper and over of phases examining Pasztory, it to is (almena) frequently many Tetitla complex Venus, the in also deities part History origin this tenuous, inquiring the maize prominent Venus in of archaeoastronomical Prec1assic Mesoamerica rain probably detectable by referent jaguar famous strongly Instituto paperl instances manifestation no. the of of the as were for wear SeIer Publications comparative ("Tlaloc", and and from gods the was the Mesoamerican with 18 pertaining apparent the appears head-dress it the into represented associated (JHA, fertility.2 it five evidence is was 4 the as Covarrubias's have Olmec associated place Chalcatzingo WORLD modifications Cinteopa. resembles rain which, history Nacional was presence much COMPLEX such its a crosses,7 development in the xxiv Ltd Venus on an possible "Great and motion demonstrated of different of to evidence jaguar COMPLEX as .• If more historical the of presented evening as of (1993)) with the a the VIEW: 6 maize the on in Provided de the cultural primarily of research. $2.50 the the the Both symboP IN group representations which Goddess") of the observational Antropologia Monument hypothesis, Venus Venus-rain-maize the abundant evening this "Venus Lamat it A was complex; evidence god periods. Venus from is DIACHRONIC star. underwent of the PART murals explanation. Venus-rain-maize by in relief of may attested, © evolution, the IN that In the on with as It the 3 latter Part 1993 glyph Olmec ear" later star were It THE is evening the was be NASA common for a Some II was it available so-called the of which 4 Science may similar the I was Teotihuacan-period of a periods bases. following and e (c. was of (T51O), in described the reveals interpreted Tetitla, conceptual in MESOAMERICAN deities further interpreted, Historia, Astrophysics this evening PERSPECTIVE but its the previously 800 obscured also star their History was Classic complex the maintained to diverse jaguar ancestor for Teotihuacan Venus-rain-maize these B.C.) suggests a that (infra). complex so-called associated partly be the Tepantitla indication Maya sociohistorical sections and at Publications aspect Mexico period. added by relationship Maya Data may changes, the only is least manifesta­ known on unnoticed shown corrobo­ Armillas indeed of sign that Venus­ System almost icono­ in of repre­ in "Jade I some City that, later with Kan roof that rain The and will the the the for Ltd its so to it a 1993JHAS...24...27S pointed FIG. shown ubiquitous graphic bigotera S28 FIG. © The Science 2. 1. Teotihuacan, Fig. Five-pointed 25, Vindobonensis and Examples Venus that (and/or History star, emblems 6; 8). (b) in drawing both Mitla, identity Teotihuacan aey in namely of Publications stars glyphic) the Tetitla full (Figure 13, by Palace Highland/Oaxaca and M. and forms of Portico 1 Urdapilleta). Kan (e) the compounds Ltd. IV, the b d 1).8 iconography an crosses and Teotihuacan 1, (c) • Aztec so-called Ellen and Provided Ivan Chichen half in style (c) stone star Baird Sprajc Xochicalco, a in variants Venus b by and enclosures star disc which Itza, the cross and (from glyph appearing NASA enclosures Temple of Stela it is John from c Baus from e the is sustained Astrophysics 1 substituted of (a) (from five-pointed Carlson c., (a) c also Cacaxtla, the and Codex op. Berlo, Jaguars, in cit. by Data in have Cacaxtla Fejervary-Mayer (ref. some op. Building by the System eyed cit. (d) 13), the recently Tlaloc icono­ (ref. Codex Figs A, 1993 star, five­ and (b) 8), 3 1993JHAS...24...27S Veracruz, war panel five-lobed and in in III Tlaloc iconography Highland/Oaxaca FIG. tail male these particularly body,1O but and of adorned 1993 © The the the the of is 3. Science has a appears and personage murals Baus associated of Figures Maya the Postc1assic eye female five-pointed contexts and with attributes the sacrifice Palace c., History where Venus and also transparent on area, carved also are op. eyed already personage, a the in cit. mentioned on both Publications related scorpion at it iconography reveal sign style at south on half-stars which that (ref. eyed the bench Cacaxtla, is least with the The on is 13), Venus attached and Epic1assic identify the at star to each the attached; in tail Figs a other. throne Venus-Rain-Maize Venus north Cacaxtla, above, Ltd water planet's (Figure certain must Late five-pointed glyph Tlaxcala: (Figure 1 .• in with and him piers 12 to central Provided and murals recently and Sacrificial have who Classic 2; contexts both the 3). a association (Figure in as drawing but with 3). jaguar-skin Substructure earth 11 a wears been underside Mexico, two by recently In figures sacrificial in stars excavated rain carved the by Maya 2). represent spite Complex fertility symbolism painted generically a M. NASA and are with The big stand Urdapilleta). Oaxaca III discovered kilt of iconography of boulder depicted victim, fertility Astrophysics of five-lobed latter in water on the piers Venus. a to the the within involving related the feathered which and gruesome Cacaxtla frequently and represent has 8N-ll deities.13 from 9 in in one The also Venus blue Data Substructure fertility. Teotihuacan the a an to hand, Palace "goggled" Group half Maltrata, Yucatan, Venus serpent's System scorpion the outsized imagery A borders a occurs apron relief form male (from later The and S29 at is 1993JHAS...24...27S contradictory iconographically Venus" agricultural debt enclosure evening fices, fied ated evening for concerning and appears dence ing is rain-maize star the sacrificial the the names victims, tail, more warfare with Carlson Copan, behind on a B, ritual. them "scorpion" "mayanized" S30 Since such star. © similar The It Such in again early the Science from Lamat ancient by IS the fertility), is on significant religious in that seems a accordance in a that the sometimes We foregoing on K. the real Honduras, Cacaxtla warfare a gradually manifestations a corresponds justification the star the suggests,17 order interpretation Classic, on skull the in symbolism had History Classic prominent Taube captives associations page captain glyph.14 the warfare can in "Venus Mesoamerican fertility, that which war western the prevail, iconography. half-variant but (as ideas Yucatec; to is to Scorpion Venus assume, style expressed 46 western Publications evidently acquired an Building with it with in the be associated achieve evidence, evolved Maya the represents this The of and enclosure", may might obtained of total alternative section to and for paid with appear role was the scorpion phenomena, the mural what of became was the the of analogies sacrifice: the plate, of well talud. Man raids the agreement Lamat some defeated Venus. and Venus, introduced to IS young for appear inspired sacred A by world Ltd the evening Dresden course, revealing the column with of is we surrounded the a have proper in (Figure a .• Venus transformed of and but young In placed; involved glyph such very Cacaxtla the with series actual Ivan know maize battles military gods, (Venus) Provided A skulls Cacaxtla particularly from dimensions view. in Teotihuacan warriors been by among in star conquests Palace, glyph that of with as view secular Codex functioning Sprajc in his among for man this of Teotihuacan. the lea)). furthermore, place an about god, the the the phenomena. with Human fostered in warfare were Tlaloc-related by the by Venus, exploits, some glyph; rain-associations murals, of in which association case inescapable having stands in sacrificial one Maya Venus the on which A is probably goals a for its prominent the the concepts and, with their the than depicted, the NASA complex similar the iconography well-known his represented association sacrifices the Venus-related second by particularly cult the Maya of area in a Maya often considering table and its 16 19 consequently, most may social battle body the their scorpion the Astrophysics the same It first the symbolism and evening reads of act relating enclosure are motifs. satisfy may precinct at teeth; rulers also symbolism in be scheduled column universe western common is and function, mural appearances immediate were both personage, some symbolism for certainly which in was characteristics a significant with not the with for sinan, tail full their a manifestation, in who their securing This human their Data considered fertility fertility stylized itself of and be five-pointed of time one the and part Maya rain, is the in a this variant to becoming sacrificial Structure exploited the a System scorpion concepts which meaning depicted personal "Tlaloc­ relevant general. evening warfare motive; overtly emerg­ Venus­ concur is coinci­ of during identi­ of is of maize glyph if, sacri­ deity texts rain, 1993 situ­ with way and not the the the as of of is a 1993JHAS...24...27S especially sacrifice evening complex epigraphic ered feathered connections cult; and and ambitions. complex developed in Part reptilian readily part probably sources s!lOuld feathered observable and do ancient. determine "Quetzalcoatl Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, the two type the the their the temple known religious the that 1993 There Quetzalcoatl, Indeed, Even this agree western other © Yucatec southern sixteenth gods this gods dispersion Venus fertility were maize of sociopolitical serpent I, Science the of in 26 be apparent association, mention if star the Section is connotations Mesoamerican deity, on god had in syncretism, serpent, identified the pronounced later the serpent various when in grounds. examined some warrior-hunting To natural glyphs part associations; of Classic History the in certain associations god are at Gulf century. was House fa<;:ades", Gulf independent does support Venus of the times represented Itzamna's Maya and further least of 3, the observational common Itzamna. new not whose context also scholars phenomena Publications symbolized 23 Coast Venus-rain-maize Campeche, Coast by K, because Maya important not province I of how separately with as exactly two was although of The ideas Their have only bicephalic this Thompson appear deities. has but the evidence Quetzalcoatl appear the personification the are had they 22 area, and adopted war clearly in Venus-Rain-Maize two-headed analogue, origins assumption, have Magician argued in in in aspect been Itzamna's in Venus association Teotihuacan Ltd. a the retained. latter of (see an on the ideological various points: and He seems late water, integrated blunder. base, Mesoamerican in covering each offered disclosing Xicalango until dragon,21 • Olmec important the discernible recently with light is and order Section in that sacrifice Provided Classic glyphs of can known complex may to relatively was originated at western 20 many of clouds, periods. the association celestial 25 Itzamna; which, of it the the have Uxmal. I might became very the to horizon,28 be constraints. to them can be five-pointed the would one 2), a appear by a supported Late iconography, evening are as in establish characteristic morning accounted very role compose strip Complex predominant directions: the been better fa<;:ade diverging whereas among close be the many as vegetation late Representations be art of of dragons.24 in Zoomorphic in NASA SeIer Quetzalcoatl Classic; mentioned in therefore common Pedro a of a homeland the with regularly the the periods. from and star relationship isolation later understood the manifestation of different land the their Astrophysics preferred the on the focus star, star most Gulf the interpretations, was for Venus, some one Armillas propagation Classic although origin the the former, iconographic importance complex traits from and It 27 representation antiquity so-called suggest seem by more that Coast on of personified important resulted may of fa<;:ades aspects, (v. Preclassic may early peoples of development fertility; than discussed to some Veracruz between a of the in Maya. Data death-war­ infra), to suggested, important having the particular be call of its area; the figure terms that be colonial western become Chenes its and System of of in added which of a feath­ water easily them from deity they very rain The and and and late this S31 on, the the the the the the the no by of of of to to in 1993JHAS...24...27S S32 Veracruz, serpent Classic Veracruz FIG. rattlesnakes worshipped pendant;3l stars symbols: Chichen Tlapacoya Ehecatl by appears the © The 4. Prec1assic. Science some or A with Fig. Gulf species, period late of in with Itza coast. on 284). shows the and History Prec1assic Oaxaca later and Classic Coast in in Teotihuacan in "stellar Kan The the 33 that Yucatan. which the round this having times A Publications urn same crosses;30 is same considerable during eye" Classic creature the from also figurines has is temples, motif variants 32 Ehecatl-like god feathered normally Tlacochahuaya, a murals feathers the Ltd and probable the in is with .• period his represented found, Ivan antiquity Late which of Epic1assic Provided it a headdress on represented serpent the Highland/Oaxaca is Sprajc beaks. Classic place Monte its Oaxaca, frequently are for symbol by head. of (from later, 34 representations the particularly of example, appears the carved Alban representing A 29 NASA origin are with Caso wind However, e.g. god adorned associated I, Astrophysics and boulder Huaxtec associated on of deity style at with i.e. a Bernal, common the a deity Cha1catzingo before Monte it with Venus may at a wind from is with attributes with op. Acanceh similar Data not with be five-pointed the cit. glyph Alban-III- god, along a Maltrata, feathered indicated System until mask (ref. end Venus mask 1993 since as and and and the and 35), the of a 1993JHAS...24...27S culture, Postclassic worship merchants, mentions many merged. Xolot1. with period, so-called strong fact Olmeca-Xicallanca esis Quetzalcoatl's of Quetzalcoatl although can chroniclers opinion Olmeca-Xicallanca, Ehecatl, Maya B Mexican Mexican the Xicalango well, toward merchant which names have pre-Aztec authentic from arts, geneous: natural roots the 1993 © It An urn, Quetzalcoatp9 Science founders of existent be that seems, Quetzalcoatl been incorporated knowledge the cultural in important 35 half-variant luxury of Acosta interaction riches the associated decorated that again, of and society the the but highlands, at Epiclassic the the opposite city that Toltecs, civilization History composed and Quetzalcoatl. deriving Gulf Huaxtec mention that commercial then, the so-called the Mesoamerican groups is Mexica of par and articles peculiarities Saignes, they the culture Acallan the were associated predecessors feathered the period Publications and Coast. time excellence. prized It had between with precisely Olmeca, the the who direction that of who or Gulf probably from were Tollan involved of is sculptures the with actually incorporated commercial Tolteca-Chichimeca from the the The heirs real who strong Terminal hero are in 40 diverse evident, "stellar both in Most at products. organization, Olmeca-Xicallanca Recall two serpent Coast the Lamat the the relate Venus-Rain-Maize undoubtedly this the central Ltd occasionally Uixtotin primarily Kulturvolk, argued with many - Xicocotitlan of Classic, A of aspect, need the the connections played of .• east, Toltecs, development aspects famous ethnic the Gulf time the pochteca eyes" presumably that this then, early Classic Provided the had Olmeca-Xicallanca were (Venus) contacts wind parts The Mexico into not for former Nonoalca. and appear and area, group had the Nonoalca; an it with groups, of a colonial (Figure that their but in concern cult trade associated as identified their god, might that of cult merchants important (A.D. by empire of fundamental Mixteca the a came which with glyph Davies i.e. civilization, and it with of the with the of Mesoamerica as the non-Aztec distinguished route Complex representing was a as should political later 41 they but a the NASA 700-900), Mesoamerican a to 4) sources us That the from the be Toltecs, people coastal since prototype the dominating the the were and the with very with "Toltec" the they were which says, here, led were Quetzalcoatl in significant role Gulf Maya Astrophysics Coast, agrees not regions first the civilized is, the big the and they through popular the not Venus ethnic benefiting all role. identify great explicitly but were considered the in be but Northwest, characterized origin. Coast. resemble accumulated. Postclassic symbols place. forrner. heavily ports Quetzalcoatl area. civilized ethnically economic god with of the probably among it overlooked Toltec force The of by craftsmen origin; also cultures those is peoples, Quetzalcoatl­ in Tochtepec Data that 36 Quetzalcoatl Teotihuacan the had During the of Chadwick's a abundance, the They 38 from Cholula, associated gravitated in enigmatic matter Recalling both with them on System Sahagun state, splendid trade nationY children hypoth­ arriving Classic, various not but indeed, central central system homo­ passed is some must by their with that The and and this S33 the the the the the yet as to of at a a 1993JHAS...24...27S place. comes along tal Venus tations Xochicalco anized" FIG. the to however, ments, S34 Quetzalcoatl and later Ehecat1. Furthermore, teristic © Two provenance the Science 5. personages not times second Column Sche1e the Late from as whereas of central 47 sun at iconographic as morning the The Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, Huaxteca, History is Ehecatl/ Tula and central the warrior or stelae) 40 appears known Stela en dates of Freidel, Mexican on we East of to Publications face and the Temple star, Stelae Mexican 3 and do Xolotl, 6 refer it 9 may but to of goods op. features on representations Chichen find is the Ehecatl on Xochicalco have cit. Epiclassic it of there 1 the reflect "Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli" exclusively the Ltd should (ref. several Venus and the which myths been stelae are .• grounds Warriors 19), that appear Itza does Ivan 3 these Provided Xochicalco symbolized of be Fig. a in examples as sites contains the of common (Figure not Sprajc Xochicalco which noted Epiclassic of 9:18b). evening at clearly to of Xochicalco fusion with by the Chichen appear their the the that a Quetzalcoatl of Venus civilized very and 5).43 designation date figures NASA associated with star. the resemblance evening migrations, the Itzli; at with Cacaxtla. 4 clearly According 45 date all as Ehecatl Astrophysics date in god Ollin, note Davies life. Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, on Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli the 9 as the aspect 1 (like with 42 Xochicalco of discernible lower Ehecatl, which Acatl, as may a to Saenz Venus Quetzalcoatl contends civilizing to well those the Data the portions have may44 of so C. skirt identified feathered represen­ as System which charac­ on Venus. monu­ "may­ Klein, orien­ taken of 1993 (from refer hero that the the as in 1993JHAS...24...27S for evening at argued deity in ideas Ehecatl, the this these skirts. the strongly were with the symbolism wind western the (Figure by Conquest: ography, Cacaxtla by on Gulf of Chonta1. appear Some serpent. stances 1993 © While At Regarding central Seibal "mexicanization", Thompson, the the Ehecatl. culture west. Science new warriors god Coast is Acatl morphosis two with star. acquired the the god worshipped buildings and sources other. almost Epiclassic. in Their indicate In no star, Campeche, 3) 48 The 51 the considering with resemble style Epiclassic and murals, Highland/Oaxaca concepts Venus and Mexico, that relation The History The the people a - his associated hero is doubt (Figure intrusion 53 and same Quetzalcoatl's with also the generally one exclusively new second and non-Maya creator It clearly deity apparent Codex pointed to that personified to manifestation Publications is signs it east, in where those the the As of from that with the date, embodied Venus ones, "spirit" Tlauizcalpantecutli the Chicben and will 5).49 and round Ehecatl that creator which of with sign aspect already characteristics Chimalpopoca distinguish named The contemporaneous but latter out depicted recognized the be southern the of The anomaly the as Mayan with one the on some skirts facial of Venus-Rain-Maize shown the Venus Quetzalcoatl-Ehecatl Ltd that well temples, by of Cacaxtla style later association Itza has zone the the god and "star date that of Tlauizcalpantecutli, in the Quetzalcoatl discussed .• of the intrusive time sources these the as in cultural god west-facing been there represented at and Veracruz, Provided the features, east. can conception Venus a is that between as between Toltec warriors" 1 central as the figure complex transformed have Cacaxtla however, of Acatl retained evening feathered clearly the pair be being 52 the attributed, are the ... plumed explicitly air with in foreigners elements accounted Maya glyphs other by he ruler mexicanized been several of of same Mexico the or the or is, hair-style but the the carved his tells bears of sacrificial, Complex Venus, Quetzalcoatl star. in figures of many Ehecatl must wind. most again, NASA Ce context serpent of culture serpent, two association in named Xicalango this as association the attached Quetzalcoatl into the of again, relate characterizes representations culture this Acatl, It various represented the panels. sky-bearer for 54 of have aspects, his kind Astrophysics probably wearing morning reliefs Pollock, may the Some absent. on and context his Chontal exhibits name had by of the is apotheosis, warfare the to Topiltzin hero. are Morning the been 50 to Teotihuacan be old also the at contexts with region, the probably Putun can nose at circular of mentioning the Ce - "Venus their significant one star, These is citing fact attributes, identified the on relate the these found Chicben Quetzalcoatl­ evident Data expansion Maya be the and related as Acatl.... time of ornaments hand, late bearers or that or Epiclassic and in Star. suggested heads has associate or System morning warriors form a temples circum­ fertility merged Nacxit skirts" to on Maya­ south­ of of meta­ stelae study traits there there icon­ been with that The him Itza and S35 but the the the the the Ce or of of of 1993JHAS...24...27S it mum Veracruz very while Also normally various from are above-mentioned departed display is Terminal the that tion period S36 since (with added according dated cult, Puuc Palace Maya regions; than to with maximum by "shameful suggested ably Governor's Kukulcan,63 Feathered temples; rain-maize season © Pollock The The the from Quetzalcoatl the association oriented Science Quetza1coatl on important reflecting attested the relevant the the in the sites in time to northerly area that lower at when circular orientations and Maya intrusions the the the central the according early Gulf the coast;57 in Putun-Maya. represented exception Uxmal Classic, by History presented to northerly serpents suggest things" of round the Palace agricultural complex, Quetzalcoatl Epiclassic that Yucatan whose Terminal to platform iconographic the the association at the is sites. regions, phase the of Gulf among form the must Mexico the extreme this in Publications is direction; fact florescent links came reports this temples and a probably were from newly 61 represented of worship central one extremes to to extreme following much foreign Coast In time, with of of have peninsula deity that Classic 62 Cuicui1co, of embedded Stela are on of the the the· from of the the and cycle, introduced houses, Also that the temples, from of introduced of do the Quetza1coatl-Ehecatl Huaxtec corroborated elements evidence the many been Mexico is Totonac; Ltd with origin these Puuc evening books northwestern Caracol must impact 19 in in of Venus the of not Caracol the there known East known .• area; observation: most represent at Yucatan the the they at Venus the Ivan of the which east but architectural appear of legends, Provided Uxmal have of Uxmal makes in Seibal, Wing is there of attires; a Totonac evening by coming indicating west. of them as star splendid mid-ninth among of all round Ehecatl the cult, coastal also Sprajc to and at are the Chilam as non-Maya the seems Chichen, evening been by have have Chichen until he are a gap of by extremes, the part are feathered a departed phallic appear evening which one otherwise the new Itza, the the novel Nunnery).64 the circular temples star. from arrived many no area origin: of is specimens; another continuity propagated stairways to the been style, of cult that NASA of disposition Balam, myths century. with confirmed manifestation prototypes various star, whom have probably Various and the Itza, attributes in first they the the origin star/ version of foreign 56 toward round popular which temple. of from may serpents Astrophysics groups indicated Venus Yucatan Quetzalcoatl-Ehecatl Gulf sites is this foreign in was "Mexican" been which oriented face 5 60 erotic Thompson on centuries, also improbable); it which central begin have traits It the at god by temples of reflect is delimit 59 that of the area. the built cultural east. of and common of of in belongs the oriented the not round with his element, round west of peninsula practices was by been east, eight Quetzalcoatl­ western Data the to confirms found the to most 58 agrees Mexico The Governor's during same representa­ the much migrations influences. separating It the appear the dedicated the identified Venus probably and Veracruz System temples, inspired whereas features cult temples may (on on Venus­ phallic clearly to in to at round maxi­ prob­ rainy time. 1993 later side, with also and this say the the the the the the the the be at of is is 1993JHAS...24...27S Venus extremes doorway ine coes ceremonial is Honduras, must Xicallanca), be context abundant. Quetza1coatl described Gulf of Quetza1coatl, aspects. complex late Huexotla Mesoamerica. have two the these trade, the tures who nation ritual prepared by Quetza1coatl. Quetzalcoatl objects one Maya the traders represented 1993 The © In Before not the constructed a ball Chenes Science some patron phases. aspects were hand, view recently Coast and been have affirmations: feathered ballgame Chenes God together only Mesoamerican of game extremes tied from in symbolism represents egg-shaped The considering the and as diffusers the (Santa of facts History The secondary, originated, which the activity area L and area, in roughly of It where or to 73 cult had "mexicanized" the cult Governor's discovered practice the who buildings. or Round probably Consequently, peoples the is inhabitants Atamalcualiztli with during the parts and his serpent about of with observed Publications appears his (the where also in must very Gulf Rosa on Chichen of the involved the the now cacaxtli ballgame the the related contemporaneous militaristic rubber impersonator the of his the temples, ballgame explicable possesses were The tower culminates Venus similar the have the new open Yucatan 67 from and the the Quetzalcoatl Coast. Gulf a Palace integrated changes in Xtampak, to worship. east parallelisms Venus-Rain-Maize single of Postclassic, Ltd ritual responsible ball. Itza rubber religion, be Castillo with or the or spread in jaws standing if of the was area (and connotations; wall .• the coming accompanied hymn vegetation the originating backpack It alignments originates traits 7o at peninsula Templo by and the religious Provided the during of in region ballgame, Quetza1coatl is is Uxmal, Xolotl, of where ballgame, is Gulf as other the both a of the Nocuchich).66 depicted not cult, EI Chichen agricultural known available. which the and in an monster, in but into and for Paalmul).65 most Tajin Classic were Rojo the present the front by accompanying stairway the Coast has feathered in and celestial it may complex, in some also from its relative i.e. vogue the some his by in since seems Postclassic, evolution Complex the as that characteristic other as vestiges merchants propagation at been ball NASA fertility Caracol, of is the the have the which The stylistically connections a period, other an the until Preclassic, area Cacaxtla mentioned cycle ceremonial of at leading a the the Beside to diffusion that courtS.72 Maya bodies), Temple evening myths, armed interpreted whose Astrophysics popularity serpent been Gulf cacao them this Venus is of Epiclassic the promulgation and rites, ballgame (the and especially we feature a let EI par the time, area the characteristic oriented to Coast. Terminal in merchant were seem bearers expansion tree; activity similar, and are us probably More Circular-sub fertility, with star on of as are in 22 and excellence, Putun-Olmeca­ the ballgame, activity many circular briefly are Data ball continued the evening and dealing of as buildings is the 69 particularly oriented at temple, one involved to variant trade wind during explicitly, the The to probably normally ballgame a were System courts. of since dissemi­ parts support Classic, Copan, framed other. on associ- newly­ of of Venus in exam­ of cacao struc­ those with star, fres­ as may trait and god S37 the the the the the the the its its of to of of to in 68 a a 71 1993JHAS...24...27S enormous entirely confirms escalation evident connected calendars cent lunar in lunisolar importance two the the that have the the relating human here, was with times. the planet begin solar system. sunset,77 one as as ated Venus the that the though they S38 of Lehmann, © At It Even the morning the Mesoamerica Preclassic. later beginning crescent Science later importance is evening replaced is Itzamna moon basic the are with the can been 78 this months year.75 each evening in referred one obvious identity If As sacrifices on new; attempts if both most and nonetheless crescent Quetzalcoatl the association rather the no which so, the History point with forms of this as after importance, preceded in Itzamna different of new star moon Specifically, it longer Venus-rain-maize was Walter aspect above-mentioned by violence early accommodated the the Quetzalcoatl natural Quetzalcoatl of the Nevertheless, star, to that is argument the of of than conjunction, and it day Publications the each try since corresponding in also interesting moon at Dresden origin in moon Quetzalcoatl the in seems tropical as as many was be Yucatan. myths grounds. much Lehmann by correlating cult equivalent of to with lunar at the starting appears linked Lehmann month half and remote sustained. west establish particularly and a associated of Venus. sunset, may of the has fair west,81 details the calendar Codex, idealized: a cult, militarism and Ltd that this calendars year, even in Kukulcan that with to which in century is have, complex no point morning The He to .• as complex. reached times. cosmological priority the to practice the determined Itzamna stress to suggested. and Ivan which was Venus it In of in in call Even Provided some a a direct Venus argued originally Kukulcan, with is earlier two moon victorious indeed, normally Lehmann's tropical of more later of terms effect, war among also Itzamna, possible Sprajc ago, These were attention during the the as a Mesoamerican if the may indigenous star of and the different relevance must as lunar with periods by the and and that governed morning 82 absence accurate version of lunar recognized the same used contributed west evening the by the is year. comments be moon began systems results legends the general who the warrior human Venus be that a Venus NASA Quetza1coatl evening it the argument, type, to a lunar in characteristic conclusion cycle and 76 Toltec the very does Maya;79 Epiclassic survival of of for introduces groups In the first the star, correspondence with Mesoamerica cycles,80 by in star, Astrophysics as may, moon evolution his human consisting of Quetzalcoatl sacrifice strictly as associated the is calendric ancient the that fact Venus the count, seem to manifestation notwithstanding, evening visibility lunar Lehmann cultures: the worship the evening in not the importance in discussion indeed, in evening from the definitely that many is accordance and and first first sacrifices, Guatemala lunar significant h practice the fully prominence calendar, view were indeed, of type, manifested only days antedates Data star. of system the of with considering prehispanic visibility in Postclassic, appearance star as a the years reflect concludes is presented calendars 12 star, common lunisolar with System the Yucatan 74 of begin whereas early vaguely idea had related on earlier of Venus is as of or while cres­ 1993 their with such ago, may that this still not the the the the the the the the an 13 of of of of as in at 1993JHAS...24...27S into Aztecan with According with political probably savage explain front ancient frequently Chichimec deities ciated cultures, Toltec terized so-called to Venus Venus; religion refer morning Venus?84 religious monsters; evening pantecuhtli, evidence of Quetzalcoatl, Nicholson EhecatJ.85 Mixcoatl, reports, "symbolized sacrificial aspect Mesoamericans 1993 + © This Various Indeed, David Jimenez creator Tula Science vogue Venus the to heads of canid, primarily of the evidence figure as it? this the and Uto-Aztecan star. which syncretism. examined emphasis but mythology If realignments star and Kelley Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli Venus and do god Kelley History Defining the the to says religion morning Moreno, appears scholars tribes evening until + as common world a relate the admittedly Lord probably Kelley, not why Until association whose of warfare identified representations morning planet: trickster shift mostly they paid supports earlier as showed, Publications suggests after war with refer of view. do on so to of morning 87 star quite of in his celestial have really star, the shared the and assumption the far, peoples almost gods so the the the The both the symbolism, in a the refer the hunting-gathering, the star, to or seem + Mixcoatl- by coyote, Uto-Aztecan many the coyote that recently on however, cannot hunting, Uto-Aztecan nomads worship west. central observed fall particularly to Venus-Rain-Maize the Ltd. occurred, culture jaws became evening the Dawn, deities star a Saenz fire only opinion linguistic no quite some of had this of number 89 figures God sources • Venus-rain-maize and and, are the Provided attention of Furthermore, is was be Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli Tula, it as who motif Mexico to notably of two explicit clearly other like hero with a the that was the who starY never of sustained, so-called a well Venus that as occasionally, the largely association superstructure of god and of in invaded Mixcoatl relate linguistic principal when the may erotic by chthonic front + Lehmann generally Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli. the Tula as 'Chichimec' Conquest-period reveals features Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli-type is differ in relation represented to but the of Since ethnographic morning Morning as the Complex have emphasizing based iconographically him the hunting. characteristics NASA Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli the head it morning and since central trickster also from deities and and the stock of has deity invasions this complex to evening been with believed with supposed, with Astrophysics on Chichen coyote Huitzilopochtli primacy of important the the star in those life Star. interrelated been en Both Mexico holds (Figure a involved, the complex agriculture. provoked Huitzilopochtli star, the the and face, morning Quetzalcoatl. celestial few grounds, way". the blended manifestation central prototype that argued and of A + of were Maya Itza of newly had significance of true early culture 88 how Quetzalcoatl­ Data elder human and the after 5).90 86 identical changes the the the Tlahuizcal­ If were of According associated may monsters' not deities: aspect not System with northern also Mexican that that thus colonial In celestial can at evening brother so, charac­ the formed ancient deities, deities, related of come hero. asso­ head Uto­ Tula only only The and S39 fall the the the the the the for we to of of of in a 1993JHAS...24...27S Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli nor had morning planet S40 common fishing, evidence central e.g. centuries among god Tulum in Postclassic Likewise, Mesoamerican star, star the scale. rain various kills with relationship rather star. worship of of among identifies the Navarrete: settlement system Mexican Maya the possessed been © When Granted The the Iximche the Soconusco Science Yucatan provides 96 Cinteotp3 features of Late and the who the a not Some It area, Late probably resemble Kekchi prelude Mexican ultimate the the is and the manifestations but of Quetzalcoatl water may star cultural nahuatized az derives maize the at presented they opens the the History reflected Postclassic, pattern that discussing resulted in is Kekchi Venus Lacandones Postclassic, late he Cora with the involved as it "particularly peninsula, foreigners, became characterized Guatemala. also military transference However, area spread myths concept places for to serpent a the central murals affected type.101 time origin the Publications deity rain traits, an and of as mankind; be and importance in in in mountain. 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For beliefs as establish mexicanization new and reasoning. seed the philosophy. plant natural a of colonization totally violent phenomena astronomy. place morning diverse the begins in are glance, consequence Maya realms. its and Venus but and from along concepts life specific which to relating average COMPLEX disappearance star's is basis. manifested Data of in a correct cycle the obscure intervention a space. born. phenomena by conceptual the symbolism few the incompre­ the with does particular However, We star 104 System intricate remains !Os heliacal bearing To of mental rest on spread of Venus planet Venus disap- of 106 of them must have rela­ with of that The The S41 the the the the the the of in a 1993JHAS...24...27S indeed, permanent extremes) importance ing morning Venus's ments,t18 northerly/southerly planting pearance evening (5) encompasses extended its approximately extremes linked days.110 Lowlands, Mesoamerica. that the vegetation the the Venus-moon rebirth, by S42 star. synodic (3) 3 (4) (2) association over association Maya May/November © The house a Venus As Venus's planet: argument Science Iwaniszewski western evening have combination the It maize associations already to reinforced Since is periods setting.1l2 perceived. star and star. can world, interval in (Figure both not as History and water known and concomitance Venus of the may the attributes of god harvesting conceptual sky.114 both 116 star were some supports be Venus the Some been coincide fertility.l13 shown between to of maximum these West, including Publications accounted and have was in "dies" This 117 6). of and extremes: has that morning by agricultural Venus. western related of 260 extreme recognized. Lunar Mesoamerican quite with observational Accurate the patron In maize,115 Venus maximum probably in may this thus correlation, been suggested Mesoamerican season. with days, relationship October in with 109 Among Part some development maize explicit Mesoamerica, conclusion: concepts, extremes the symbolism Ltd or delimit side represent for in derived occurring of with the seasons this evening .• I, 119 west, cycle each and observations regions Yet the by because and, Ivan of Section the Provided onset extremes, and that data rain facts latitudes.107 correspondence however, the the numeral the that the (4) but 8-year in from Mixe-Popoluca also as by Sprajc an of deities star of December indicate may the rainy and between fact and and of various extension, set decisive after well universe is the the 1, by extension agriculture, the approximately "reborn" the is Mesoamerica, concepts out cycle maize the the attested Venus the that year. thus 8;108 refers moon season must visible, as conjunction associated crescent This NASA 8-year that above, extremes parts end April the factors but is they and (southerly Particularly have may with rather may may extremes is have of greater more these in Astrophysics and on waning on became of in concerning associated cycle of to lunar moon always and the and have rain. be been the must the the have with architectural Cora of revealed to coincide it Mesoamerica Venus coincidences exactly e.g. east. significant, perhaps than average, 111 other is Venus June equivalent rainy (5). extremes), both been symbolism. correlated moon and transferred motivated the have interesting first occur the in Data The with as others; death than the hand, west aspects (northerly moon motivated Venus season visible that exhibit with been System by and evening for around follow­ water, as Maya align­ were, other some were 1993 to with they also and this one 263 has are the the the All the the the or of as in in a 5 1993JHAS...24...27S evening with Venus-rain-maize (e) in cultures moon with (d) evidence the symbolism ment (c) phenomenon, (b) (a) and FIG. 1993 various circumstances the the the fact 6. © the Venus, fertility the of Science magnitude sky delimit fixed, Zones to and evening fusion moon's star that seasons the of rainy presented Venus upon parts the those to of the the as in sunrise History was Venus while the an evening or these the of rainy well season, star association of of as world seem imaginary documented;120 horizon mutual the (1), association, the in and the Publications evening evening season the as extremes as concepts. maximum Part evening (2) to star The sunset world, the might evening only where conditioning be transference in and observer I, "rise" observation Venus-Rain-Maize Mesoamerica with the star manifestation star Section zones Venus extremes Venus concur Ltd where but (3) be extremes; star are .• along at water, in may accounted in they visible the particularly Provided phenomena the is the visible 3 Mesoamerican with 180· o· N of the centre. (units (drawing have also do the of west; vegetation association as the important in the not agricultural of morning/evening horizon, by associated contributed While the B, concepts interesting, for Complex by the the extremes explain G, east maintaining ,Jo. Snezana NASA latitudes; by all planet, I and and of Venus and are annual the related because the with Astrophysics Venus west. cycle, Hvala-Tecco). and/or fertility to N); documented star note extension extremes importance because or The fertility climatic the rises/sets, they as with the is reinforced view of concordance is evening approximately asymmetry are a Data the the universal; both is of in seasonal seasonally changes compared from by System move­ of moon many lunar star S43 the the the the the in 1993JHAS...24...27S changes, comprehension The mining Venus moon, understanding complex particularly conditioned, concepts is non probably S44 standing superior star apparently ally can effected only complex Postclassic, new the Mesoamerica. maize the Another began be which ble Some societies) suggests that tions, represented originated © The The In therefore common development for Science Middle fixed be must Venus-rain-maize intimately religious a because Aztec but complex archaeological as each to association whose coherent considered terrestrial the formation by that to of fact may became this that can phenomena; evening as develop have History with within invariable timely society historical Preclassic, the different because was in when the a probable as motivating they relationship the research had ideas have be consequence of The agricultural been and time human they of related union ruling of attributed Publications closely affairs. evening star the different explained occurrences already of their are as Venus and the its the been that perception they (many the aspects they still Venus and firmly and societies especially complex, data, coming but greater characteristics that may Venus-rain-maize of order; population ultimate class with the association the incorporated the It do, connected ead the herald evolutionary was with were CONCLUDING star perfect ancient at it societies historical Ltd. of a has of the as established. of have morning though rain basic is in a other an in specific associated than hence to of them certain water evening involved. had the proper incorporated from like • of been interesting Venus-rain-maize origin Ivan terms stratified early be Provided two and celestial some and same these characteristics those movements a on aspects any onset with of conceived characteristic the and not the shown traditions, Sprajc can function.l21 star leading crucial maize into ideological development processes stage to the quite star recently of REMARKS other general notions symbolism. At complex Since with Classic fertility by coincidences visible the sacrificial unambiguous, and therefore ascended societies. order west the are the with the of some that different of symbolism in annual north. importance numerous cultural the as the NASA Mesoamerican the Mesoamerican observation a the side arrived brought occupying in implications fertility onwards on about is Venus is In one reflect single usatain, commonly substantiations, time end evening complex of of Mesoamerica. modifications universally worldwide. in evolution of and the contribute Some The some Astrophysics of climatic levels hunting of the trait, of rank the probably the the the extremes eastern of deities religious certain deities. symbolism the warfare indicate to the evidence that in cases of star agricultural Venus comparable Venus-rain-maize Venus-rain-maize universe sky of in was only of agents the central changes, rainy them for world of and complexity. their considered cultures. extremes, and Mesoamerica Data to events sociocultural horizon, nature. Similar it a Venus-rain­ agriculture. in detected are resulted symbolism, complex the as that phenome­ a is may examined season gathering responsi­ System seems concepts the presence with view evening season­ Mexico general evident under­ which deter­ cycle. these posi­ 1993 have gods Late The The not but the by as to in in in in It 1993JHAS...24...27S condition lap ing movement was had Venus planet's present-day phenomena standable contributed and changes. could ena observed gods The that the the suggests tions mances. which with nated required: the have upper after dictated probably advantage tion the systems. sophisticated storage societies attributed 1993 The According The of visibility extremes, modern observations (e.g. © not not natural undoubtedly coincide that more been the associated of prediction Science not in the social pretends as basic Venus-rain-maize 126 and synodic been only such the that certain Conquest, the Astronomical On the correlations. egalitarian the evening motivated each characteristics that to linked Possibly have to advanced of observable to rural peasants;125 History autumnal ideas and sun accumulation order some the classes. apparent but with a societies to the achieved their beliefs ancient Venus the other, they consequence to been with ceremonial period Thompson, to invisibility and are other apparently beliefs of a communities. star Venus of additional, be legitimation Publications periodicity, when is the the privilege 124 are were knowledge these societies, necessary, with the an Venus stars. astronomical it Mesoamericans responsible that The For conditioned motion appearances by share in However, hand, knowledge end also which role is incorporated and of exclusive complex the phenomena Venus-rain-maize nature the conceptually natural Venus-Rain-Maize of concepts regard possess example, various of How, intervals, useless acts of easily of may the indigenous rites the of Ltd time to quite data of the symbolized but the converging of as achieved Venus For the .• coincide establish same that the ethnographic practitioners of involved have rainy then, was to that power. exact about domain of it, well observable been of (writing, gods Provided knowledge different by events ruling no the the the moon is into the the much since dedicated the served side in part the the fused. much as represented season can social sophisticated length in setting developed proper by perception in Conquest. Venus horizon evening the But the the the historical recording deities of the class in by a of complex and more cult time specialists of motives: and we calendar, Complex religious as ideology the easier exact the is the the concomitant beliefs system On in on prediction and evidence of of the its sun, to explain functioning instruments does the and NASA and/or and Mesoamerica? accurate star the Venus-rain-maize related elite, sky, the the and the the phases 122 the the later world distinct magnitude on traditions. could, of parallelism devices the was, was Nevertheless, about other not orderly methods synodic complex toward Astrophysics etc.). within of other Venus and harvest).123 the planet astrological the the since space, the presented crescent and the to of decapitated. are and view. offer indeed, natural basis periodic then, thus phenomena hand, segments presence This of them rain natural that of hand, governing complex they well complemented the cult Venus period ritual or time-consum­ Since is and the or domination. between an In it of Data have not and permit apparently knowledge moon south reflect the known lost persist in tools were is the phenom­ universe; adaptive different observa­ complex complex dates changes climatic services various perfor­ can and of always System under­ Part of atten­ maize social origi­ over­ soon class may that and S45 this the the are the the the be of to of in I 1993JHAS...24...27S S46 © REFERENCES 11. 13. 12. 10. 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Quetza1coatl that and Figs pre-Hispanic and over in (ref. of (BAR emplumada, G. 1979), Lopez various p. de with vi that Ltd J. at V., the "Star in 163. and 654f rain 427, language. 8), 2), observational Peru: (ref. the G. A du (1988), F. authenticity Itzamna 153; Eric Sahagun, the 8 j mesoamericana, the 1989), the 2), water .• 1979), forest "Origen (Norman, associations 61. former can 19ff. passim; Lounsbury, the XLIIe some Ekholm - International historia god vi, have mountain Austin, and Quetza1coatl 2), 8th 'fachadas 82ff. warriors Serpiente yukatekischer timing John of S. Native Provided miscellaneous and be B. aspect Mexicans", 35-47; 79-102. 82f., and 287-305, Thompson, his Chac Mesa k. 102-28; of (Mexico writing. recently and "came Preclassic Quetzalcoatl Congres 11, related Historia Central identification Carlson, B. the mitico sumaria kings: and aspects" Hombre-dios: fertility, American of of Figs 1982); records: ch. of at Itzamna Carlson, in and Burr Redonda emplumada (witz) de "Astronomical a of war by observational I. near no. culture idem, and pp. Chichen of Complex 13th-century 6. Series, with the argued 245, City, International the The de Bernal the Quetzalcouatl' general Itzamna American ... Mexico", Nigel op. Bauten These Cartwright Tollan: 01mec events, Maya almanacs (Thompson, 12 they is 290ff. representation, to New (2 Anthony las 247, NASA computations the y The Cacaxtla untold 1943), attest cit. "The (1991), known de incorporating hero vols, of Tlaloc", 174; that Religi6n Davies, both (Austin, fachadas (Mexico Itza", descriptions first de history Palenque 248. phoenix (ref. World, Additional A style Venus the is, (Berlin, antiquity, Astrophysics las Grolier these basis Oxford, (inventor i, their story Mexico Maya problem in knowledge in 23-33). again, evening had F. des Brundage, to 391-400, 8). long-nosed Scorpion cosas in representations ", Maya udro americanos, Cuadernos Handbook the and The y Aveni City, phenomena 1971), have ed. Even fa~ades of Americanistes: of zoomorphas of generic of a ed. politica Word Venus (June in 1916). Codex: special not City, the religion Dresden most time, I 1983), evidence the de Toltecs: Mayan of in by star of by (1985),82-101. history Vigesimoseptimo 1977); been if p. and 395-446; Nueva and Mesoamerican a western too arts, ancient The 1993). and W. Data Man A. other represent almanac", serpent 1967), ed. relationship: 398; of appearances en images Schele connection 27-57, of A Lorren its intimately (Norman, mistaken, F. F. planetary fifth Henry the predomi­ el Until image (ref. by calendar confirm­ Codex", prelimi­ Espana, System Eduard de can planets Middle uses - Hanks mundo world: Aveni Paris. i, Maya A. other idem, with S47 sun: and and 22), Rio 646 pp. the see the D. be F. B. at in in 1993JHAS...24...27S S48 © 42. 41. 40. 32. 31. 30. 38. 37. 39. 36. 34. 33. 35. Science Carlson, Carlson, Jorge Pollock, Sprajc, Davies, Brundage, Cf Ibid., SahagUn, Chadwick, Chadwick, R. symbols (1986), City, ed. directly connected anthropofogica, cially ing 27), 284; Davies, Justeson Venus, William mercaderes ment myth mas, shells however, supporting been presence foraneos New construction Part Homenaje Historia Lopez Lowland Mesoamerican tic variety America believed 261; arriving culture of a central it de the hibited probably 5. (ref. Ochoa, E. Alfonso way, History might Angulo Considering antropofogia, the 158, affiliation in Huaxtec L. op. Ochoa, 230, by op. eadem, 27), Orleans, ed. 2, 1990), op. of op. op. and diffused in of Cacaxtla op. Austin, population "Gulf-oriented". Mexican of met in Chadwick, 117-21, at op. op. cit. 177; from op. The op. prehispanica cit. ed. at (Carnegie Mayan that is M. of later et by de cit. M. Caso Mayan be cit. cit. the does Fig. took 122, cit. Publications data, a the other sites with V., cit. the suggested en cit. al. merchants. (ref. this and cit. 333. cit. (ref. Teotihuacan", op. fifth "Nuevas E. region by that Norman, Roman Pollock, (ref. of (ref. (ref. their creation the (ref. Acosta of 1985),21, periods, El notes, "Los la Los showed 31, and 220f.; (ref. i (ref. to Gulf not McClung Teotihuacan the p. that and (ref. such it (ref. cit. xxv the to general and M. sources coastal 1), (1945), 27), language estructura the 36), Tajin Zapotecs; sun they 8), 8), seems migrated 29), 118. Institution and ancestors mitos Mayan a "The Ignacio indicates Fig. (ref. 33), opposite necessarily 36), Teotihuacan relieves (1988), Pina Greene Atlantic Teotihuacan's 27), de Zapotec vii-viii 36), certain Coast; 30f., Fig. 52. as Teotihuacanos Pollock, not interpretaciones op. (ref. 163f. Saignes of Lyle Davies, that predominantly 608f., were The Ltd 266, reliefs: fa no.7). symbols 33ff., 0 52, 50, 3. Foreign mention Xochicalco 33), 1. picture natural del 122; 'Olmeca-Xicallanca' de cit. 17; lla; Fig. Chan only humankind: Huaxteca, and .• in 27), Bernal, languages the social identification toward iconographic del even 165-80. Campbell (1966), extent tlacuache: to contacts Fig. coming Tapia pIs. Robertson had 614 course, Miguel of (ref. coast, signs 112ff., Teotihuacan: H. A. op. Provided 11 op. Jean-Claude 66. script imply the by Lamat grupo (Mexico Ivan 108; (Mexico Washington, of to ceramics in XLV: the - cosmopolitism" built Miller, the d 35. E. tenochca", cit. cit. 36), their intermingled Totonacs: Urnas from suppose and links and iconography central the 1-24; It B. and particularly arrival 2nd is 115. D. idem, from Acosta with bringing Aztecs, Also (Middle en of that (ref. 'lA' Sprajc during (ref. and is day the Caminos A A, 10, 163. Totonacan, southeast, e; E. Pollock, (Austin formal by Teotihuacan common Cacaxtla. also City, edn the torno with evidence of de City, found Marta coastal C, V. the ch. Pyramids en 27), the C. name Nuevos similar the The Terrence Mexican the 36), of that Delhalle There these Oaxaca Saignes, Gulf and Miller, Pub!. (Mexico according in indicative Justeson la 29. of Maya Rattray the the the American to 1987), zone 97; NASA Lamat al phoenix de with similarity El in montana also 1975), 164. after and Foncerrada with in is Round XLVI: Teotihuacan: connection?", central motifs earlier Barrio where peoples rather Coast is Gulf datos, are la certain Evelyn Late 471; Some comercio probably and Third op. (Mexico area of between (ref. Kaufman, the and Epic1assic. indicate plenty mitologia Other "Los 191-228, London, City, the southern Astrophysics et (Mexico the glyph the Washington, to that cit. structures (ref. 15-61 area a; that western on the Prec1assic. origin, prototypes: aI., Research suggests de nuevas during archaeological 6), Mexico Albert sagrada city's Palenque to Childs from Teotihuacan Torquemada, signs, Brundage, pochteca: 1984), Sun (ref. migrations of the los en the de bearers 165 of op. the 27), City, came that are the Tabasco mesoamericana p. archaeological 1980), el A City, fall the (orig. Molina, Zapotec Veracruz; The Comerciantes", Oaxaca and Teotihuacan most sintesis, probably American 13),294. the cit. - Maya: Luykx, Rattray, aa Lamat Maya possibly suggested Postc1assic 204, Mexico de a 144. 72; "Mayoid" of Teotihuacan preliminary 1952), Institute, Round Panuco a to Data Figs divergent Late foreign (ref. Lexical of the 1936), John Chalcatzingo", aboriginal 1987), Ubicaci6n considerable The probable Lorenzo 183-98, the pub!, Fig. and barrios at the Davies, urns "Mural evidence origin, nuevos Moon, "The 4, 349. 346, attributed System 35), Classic; 365, prehispanico, phoenix "Los attesting Table, representing copious a S. antiquity, Maya region, 164. "Mexican" Campeche: 9; 243-73, by impact later diffusion, Pub!. as Totonacs Justeson, traits was 68, in develop­ evidence (Mexico Figs is, Alfredo nahuatl p. study", Ochoa, linguis­ was, glyphs. barrios Middle proble­ having such op. Anales Venus de before paint­ 1993 1978: 72 espe­ some from Acta area (ref. date 186; well part and sea 93, the 53; the cit. los ex­ on in in p. n. Ii a 1993JHAS...24...27S 1993 45. 46. 49. 48. 47. 43. 44. 59. 57. 58. 56. 55. 54. 53. 52. 51. 50. © Pollock, Pollock, Pollock, Pollock, Pollock, A. V. V. A Alfonso Cf Sprajc, Sylvanus Cesar Cecelia Davies, Cf Science clear Krickeberg, Miller, may found Cocom Coast, of at also Quetzalcoatl: god's images gefiederten It Institution (Festschrift 2nd Jeff Mesoamerica", Pyramid Prem, Mexica Maya Postclassic Seibal the mouth, the ring personages sun 66,68-70. (New (Granada, Eye: Historia Esther Las Maya, Mechique Linguistic Acalan-Tixchel: Americanistas: Gesammelte Ledyard Miller, Tres Teotihuacan, 1967), Ochoa, Sprajc, is Nahua, Xochicalco deity A. often antiguas Karl op. western indicative, support op. to be ibid., F. History opusculos edn distinction Caso, op. op. op. op. op. impersonators; York and G. and in because op. i, op. "Uberlegungen with sign 4th implicated the cit. at dynasty Saenz, Pasztory, op. Klein, op. cit. de Smith, 9f of cit. cit. cit. cit. Kowalski, cit. merged the 9-15, and Morley 359. (Norman, Zoque, and cit. of 1973), cultural Mexican Schlangen, cit. Chichen of Chichen Otto (ref. Los and bearers las cit. the cit. the (ref. Ehecatl that Abhandlungen edn Kukulcan historias (ref. (ref. (ref. ed. (ref. Publications the Maya (ref. Washington, France Gulf Stelae Popol (ref. is, (ref. one del for The Indias epigraphic (ref. ruler "Las Mexico, (ref. calendarios "Major A Feathered London, in 1), by 61-69, of between Zerries), 27), Gucumatz opinion with i, 36), 36), 36), (Stanford, 36), in Chontal and 36), contribution by siglo "The example, 13), diffusion of 45-50. Diehl The area: face Mayapan of 185-215, 13), Actas "Who by religion", 33), Itza, lowlands Itza, Vuh; 1 fact, 1), of cf 67. del some V. 1968), his 161. 163. 136-73. estelas de Xochicalco, 160. Venus and - the George 163; Caso, 297. Itzamkanac, architecture 29f. zu in Lopez VI, 288f.; 56. morning Quiche of Venus-Rain-Maize 1976), Scholes Nueva 1962 titles the ibid., and Xochicalco attested that 351-64, K. the Ltd representing Pub!. Serpent evidence Quetzalcoatl and am (ref. If prehispanicos 3 del of Historia J. 3rd the that den Pasztory was from as pp. Angel as 1983), these 56f. ibid., two de .• Berlo and so-called the Contributions some and E. I Quetzalcoatl was to A., W. Yucatec 299, earth 85ff., XXIII (Mexico evening 5), earth: (San Espana edn among 436; Cukulchan 187ff. considered S. star. the chronologischen and Provided Xochicalco", dates p. the in figures Morelos, Hombre-dios Davies, Sotuta at Brainerd, myths Ah 161, i, highlands", Ma. (ref. suggests and examples Thompson, the Figs (Mexico 157; 358. de Washington, iconographic Jose, history 97. deities, 692f., rejected Xochicalco Gulf stelae Ralph h'ol, Frontality Congreso As a languages: the Reptile's on cult 164f. star: e capital los caches", (Mexico Garibay, 8), City, The have, is 20-31, human islas considered Thompson, it 1976). this Coast Itza?: by op. was Mexico", "Lord 173-85. (= seems to found, mexican rather among and Sprajc, connected revised a has Prem's and City, L. Saenz's of same the American Kukulcan/Quetzalcoatl) de structure, of significant indeed, (ref. Complex in cit. in 1964), "Sky a these ethnography Roys, Eye, City, in been 20-32. supports in Links to Internacional Teogonia Acalan, face 1934). la NASA Justeson of details royal to a Angaben than 1979); XXXV Mesoamerica for Excavations author os op. the two-dimensional 22); analysis the by (ref. tierra Rubber". themselves Ethnologische have identification Middle bearers, but shown, star 1967), Maya an with protruding por example, between 69-100, cit. The Robert Maya Quiche On title archaeology, Davies, to one Astrophysics and Adrian and Terminal historical 27), this this firme warriors shows et been e (ref. Congreso the sus fertility Maya of specific historia 191. of of or al., auf history the epigraphic colors that Classic area, identification: was the god de at J. 107, them northern as 1), the pinturas, name op. the (2 to pp. in op. after Recinos, The that concept Seibal, Sharer, der dates from the and a Zeitschrift, Chon 38. vols, identified Historia have, background, be involving and Fr. Classic Yucatan himself, cit. Mesoamerican relations first cit. de and mentions, no. god being 7lf., Internacional (ref. glyph Data the adopted is members deity descendants interpreted the Pyramide los (ref. Diego tal the carved (ref. mentioned Mexico the evidence, Yucatan ed. to 10 directions indeed, Histoyre of of Venus The Popol mexican 22), 9 System and 77. Indians decline night appearing peninsula, relate (Carnegie they 27), Hanns the by del the 35), serpent's Reptile's triad with speakers between i Duran, ancient by on (1974) of G. citing SeIer, refer­ Early 3-47. night 224f. City, cycle Gulf Vuh: been S49 24f., may Arte sun: and der the the the the the the see os: art R. du de as of of in in of J. 1993JHAS...24...27S S50 60. 67. 66. 69. 68. 65. 64. 63. 62. 61. 70. 71. 73. 72. © Science Anthony W. Thompson, Pollock, Venus Ibid., Ibid., Sprajc, Sprajc, 8prajc, Carlson, Eric Brundage, Sahagun, Pasztory, Willey Cambridge, Chichen Itza: antiquity, Indians, were played period: "Sculpture sources serpent American Anales scene (1989), (Etudes for ethnographically elaborated and Temas game" iconography cultura Jeffrey Mesoamerica", the Antropologia, the phenomena", Religion Chan, on appearing and Teotihuacan 1965), vivencia, Michael the their ballgame" Centrali-Americana: (Washington, to Yaxchilan J. ,Taladoire, 45-50. 50-53. Folan, the also warfare", Xolotl ballgame inner Nunnery op. D. op. op.cit. History Ernesto An discussed op. op. bodies: F. 469-97, op. representing Hieroglyphic de (ref. an op. (Memoirs no. fundamentales maya, K. Call Carison, report The in cit. ii, cit. seems en Mesoamericaines, P. ancient ed. Itza Maya Aveni, liii "The antiquity, antropologia, cit. doorway cit. "Kukulkan important cit. (Cambridge, on Wilkerson, Oaxaca: ed. (ref. this cit. Closs, I, and Mesoamerica, or (ref. phoenix (ref. 69), Mass., (ref. Jeffers by Publications (1988), mural Les of Vargas, is Mexicon, 12-18, viii y in (ref. (ref. (ref. the Quadrangle: XII by 1984), on Ian p. to ceremonial (ref. Nanahuatl historical 69), M. Tenochtitlan", history major sustained by 445; the astronomical in I), Sharon ibid., 1), Tercera 1), documented 488. G. be (1972), terrains sodomy of "Venus EI Mesa 27), 8), 1982), 36), (Monterey, An painting: Graham, xlv lintel 45-50. T. Michael 29f.; 445; (ref. the Ritual Stairway 804-11. 24; 29), Archaeology Vase implied pp. role R. the Jeff Tajin 101-32, y "In 3Iff.; en "Xicalango, 48ff., Uriarte arts 43f., xxiv (1980), approach xii Mass., (ref. Willey Taladoire, un 171; L. Redonda; 17f. sun Peabody 27), 900f. 77-82. Brundage, Mesa C6dice in and of el ed. Karl 1-263, in Ltd de in by of search complex (1990), serie culto Weldon of ball Gibbs of human the (1987), 46, Mary simbolismo in the Temple Figs the Pasztory, P. jeu 49f., Davies, 22), by the iconographic 2 .• religious and observatory?", Corpus in pp. 79-86. the (Mexico (Archaeology - Kowalski, Calif., 1982), later the Redonda in of Maya Figs court Ivan Possible Maya Closs, J. Xicalango Magliabechiano, II, pp. falico (5 the de of Seven Provided to 15 Yaxchilan 105-8. 10, 63. Museum and Ellen El B. 120ff.; Litvak Maya op. Mexico the numbers puerto 95--114, and vols, sacrifice The the 4; balle the Lamb, 41, 164ff., A Mixteca a, juego times, op. A 2, 1979), Tlaloc-Venus 160f. 20f., of reliefs Sprajc cit. world: significance ibid., Horst en Mexico "The City, carried feathered of Mountain c, phallic Gods phoenix Gutierrez, del 46, study de App. phallic London, Later, lowlands", cit. "Las Maya K. Delhalle (Mesoamerique Chichim (ref. g, City, the chantal evidence. region: by p. 239; The Palenque de 319; of 48. juego "The of of 449; 147-65; is Science, there were and in 1992), Hartung, hand (ref. Glyphs, penis-headed region: 109. refers the of 6; pelota Archaeology Great southern architectonic deidades it 69), aspect City, however, associations associated Kowalski, same 1972), (ref. Mesoamerica, Davies, p. hieroglyphic Sejourne, to Taladoire, the N. NASA de 1889-1902), serpent: are sun, Thompson, of also 27), "The of Itza, de and warfare 33v. 545; other 305-33. Gutierrez, i. Castillo In to {iv), in c1xxxviii 27), Foam: pelata Mixtec the Ball 1981), John en variant gods two of In intercambio: 441-55, "The interpreted 204ff.; Mesoamerica: moon Handbook the both astrales Yucatan, Luykx, Maya A Pasztory, the Mesoamerica: Astrophysics Middle the op. 63; parts ed. fact, et figures Court op. op. and deformed with Monaghan, A. manikin ritual ballgame of and and A mesoamericano op. Human feathered 387f., Caracol codices", Sud-ouest T. Gulf Pasztory, cit. Venus by (1975), of inscriptions, cit. ibid., iii, Tatiana and cit. certain pp. op. Venus ballgame the of P. associated ed. (Sociedad y op. cit. decorative the Ethnology, M. Classic at the with already (ref. Mexico", pI. (ref. la Mesoamerica. Coast "Middle (ref. cit. of 441, as Maudslay, ballgame 532f., Venus 21; Chichen Mito by (ref. fertilidad and cit. sacrifice glyph Greene glyph", 35. 977-85, deity, tower scene Middle among Part Venus ballgame (ref. serpent role Venus 49), Expedition, Data 27), Proskouriakoff, "Middle 6), des Lorenzo Raices "The 446f. as E. ball Some people (ref. the in 69), 552f.; Mexicana astronomical y 201, one; at is 70). of iii, I a elements Etats-Unis) Classic comparable Estudios represented at 208. 76f., the en System H. xv, Robertson realidad", may game", glyphs: in the p. glyphs Itza, metaphor ballgame: found American American feathered Venus has 35). Uxmal", agricola: 73; Chichen y symbols Biologia Part Fig. Austin, Copan, 979. eastern further Classic Classic Ochoa in Esther Boone no. super­ Maya 1993 Some 182. have been Pifia xxxi in The ball the 16; on on de de of in in S. 3: I; a 1993JHAS...24...27S 1993 75. 79. 80. 78. 77. 76. 74. 87. 86. 85. 84. 83. 82. 81. J. Wigberto Walter Anthony Otto Caso, It Nicholson, Nicholson, Lehmann, Cf Cf Cf See © Eric should Science iconography", 255-70, Peabody Wissenschaft Wilcox west. white espacio Guatemala: el is indigenas Mesoamerica", Mass., theory", mentioned been by Nicholson Mesoamerican "The Segovia; Origins Arqueoastronomia 943. (ref. found origin evidence deities", Oxford, described cf Institution Dresden Berlin, Pawnee the by Maya Mesoamerica, America Robert 102; 1968), The 111; When Michael Mircea also Ulrich Neugebauer, neither pensamiento J. op. J. also Maya fifth S. Lehmann, Stewart, aallss between Parallelisms Oliver Broda, considered the Eric 1), stripes, of research, F. among stars Thompson, cit. 119-67, be Chamula 1924), 1975), (Tucson, op. History y Jimenez p. "Religion" "Religion" Kohler, identify of in Eliade, 1992), L. sun Codex Marvin (Los orig.: data D. the for 35-38. exclusive Museum Aveni, mesoamericanos", tiempo Contributions recalled, calendar", by S. (ref. 268; (UCLA of that cit. World religious 1. La Coe, came S. (ref. Thompson, newcomers Hall, Pawnee in op. George Washington, 1067. 158; North presented ed. like Mixe-Mythen", Altos pp. "Ergebnisse in (ref. archaeology: 47), A maya: Iwaniszewski Traite Estudios 87-101; i, Joe Publications Farge, ends originally den Tratado their "Conceptos 1991), "old", "The cit. Interestingly, entre Cohodas, 27), history The Moreno, no. archaeoastronomy, The y calendar by 147ff. Maya down Michael however, nor Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli of Latin (ref. (ref. 85; The D. "A 74), etnoastronomia, Jahren (ref. in American and art with Catlin cosmology", 2 Maya god 133f.; Litvak d'histoire Ensayo American Mesoamerican moon unambiguous; Stewart, los Herbert 251-88, "Post-Columbian The (1934), Michael in as de 27), 27), is 773f., to "The of Plains to hieroglyphic de Venus-Rain-Maize and 75). American College the each Venus's to Publ. of Sprajc, grupos cultura einer among D. ancient sky Davies, Earth: "Ballgame historia scribe 1925/1926 "Estratigrafia American in that in 426. 426f.; and New Ltd board: acerca be and war and Pawnee de iconography Anthropos, moon 777. Coe, Arqueoastronomia Thompson, Indians 109-24, particularly the J. cycle in des "Structural searched 509; .• mit Indian P. L. even acercamiento, Archaeology Spinden, the op. with Park, nahuatl, mayances Mayan and approaches, Castillo idem, heliacal mathematical the American Since nineteenth Cosmology op. Closs, Maupome religions "Early Studies de del Provided ed. ed. Unterstiitzung goddess Washington, see writing: may An bal/game, cit. and Venus Quetzalcoatl's his ausgefiihrten present-day anthropology Venus las may p. cit. imagery by ciclo by "Ehecatl 1982), Sprajc, perspective each in for xxiii (ref. dates literature, world 115; Mesoamerican xvii "Cognitive have internal religiones rise (ref. The (ref. in A. pp. steps y evidence Broda Maya Series, codices, contempon'meos", not towards (Paris, anthropologist, table: in An lunar by (1928),749-91, 1), as F. Pre synodic century, (Mexico (1984), tipologia and Alfonso ed. 275ff. in of ed. reduction and Middle 55ff.; ed. 27), (New Complex op. astronomy begun 69), be of introduction, in Aveni the y morning particularly Quetzalcoatl" classic the 1939), the et hieroglyphic etnoastronomia Mixe-Popoluca; der by An by 31; fortuitous. ed. the Ethnology, y by cit. the Forschungsreise 64, 1964», the and of (Mexico NASA association were 31-36, al. the and York, on Patricia east, su aspects 171-91, period Skidi M. Notgemeinschaft City, with N. Los two V. example by America: Villa a (Cambridge, evolution (ref. 126. Maya Mayan (ref. of 149. north, impacto Mesoamerica, cultures luni-solar religiosas", Mexican comparative A. star: L. Leon-Portilla called history, (New Hammond the Mayan Angeles, men Astrophysics 150; lxxxviii 1973), 1), the p. 1991), Pawnee Rojas, Summary, pp. F. of 81), 3rd City, Scarborough p. of J. In in morning lowlands: 28f. Von (ref. writing the vi, 33. of Aveni the heliacal with correlation York, Alexander 186. With painted ancient O'Brien, 775ff. of "the edn a Tiempo were en 557-74, en 8. dates commensuration 235-48, no. following calendar see 1972; no. Since Mandan "Los Venus (1986), 27), Maya 1989), nach cosmovision", Del 1976), Indians Mesoamerica, la the (Norman, in notes (New morning (Austin, also Heidelberg Sprajc, (ref. pp. 4; ed. vida star der (Papers (Mexico analysis", 42; 29 setting Chamberlain, with Maya Data morning conceptos y transl. History Mexiko the Religion p. "Prehistoric writing", 389-415. Cambridge, table p. and 53f. realidad 939-46, Marshack, mentioned Deutschen 107-22, by Brundage, problem", on in may York (Carnegie ceremony 78), analogies diaria of 558. 235. ultimate red System ancient op. related eclipse H. in D. rays": of in 1974), 1971), North by City, have SS1 227, The und star and and and and the the the cit. ed. R. de de en en T. B. in p. in in in p. 1993JHAS...24...27S © S52 103. 102. 101. 100. 107. 106. 105. 104. 89. 99. 98. 97. 96. 95. 93. 92. 91. 90. 94. 88. Science Arthur Carlos Donald Dieter Miller, Anthony Aveni, Navarrete, Sprajc, J. Perhaps Brundage, David Klein, David Comparative Eduard Brundage, Cf Sprajc, figurillas Eric contexts indeed, Saenz, star, (Field (ref. Chichimecs: ateness Quetza1coatl, only opinion, agricultural innovations, importance: Epiclassic herausgegeben Miller, "Sky Significantly, the the morning universe: star, prehispanique", 397-416. Cosmological agriculture. Chicago, in Public Postchisico the part Mexico Miinchen, Sixth "Ochpaniztli, 309-21, 107-67, Sprajc, History Verhandlungen op. Itza?" "The Dutting, Gulf On Navarrete, H. H. First G. op. op. 2 S. 1), as Robertson, he SeIer, one bearers" the Palen Aveni, (1981), op. Museum cit. op. Museums of Kelley, the Kelley, Miller, op. Thompson, The opposed 29. been (Washington, cit. cit. op. p. The pp. is in de Coast first moon star 1930), International both 12. Publications (ref. ancient the Maya celestial evidence cit. 309. (ref. cit. occasionally edge Tardio", cit. que (ref. (ref. cit. which phoenix Jonuta, The fifth Lopez 156f.; Stanislaw societies, Codex "Aspects whereas found: "The bis la Traditions the 59-100, early proposed is (ref. (Berlin, (ref. (ref. Ce 49), (ref. On "Algunas (ref. Quetzalcoatl "Quetza1coatl area, 44), Deciphering Round and 63. of fete 1), 1), to of "The normally symbolisms culture 18. unpublished sun in year Michel concepts he the the A., des 43), Acatl morning real 179. body 28. those 13), 51). 39. Fejerwiry-Mayer: 103), Ethnology 85ff., from Tabasco (ref. the Natural 1), Estudios August des Liverpool, ibid., where (ref. appears 1982), p. the since sea Iwaniszewski, edge 1901), of Tulum Los Table, Ltd 54. Conference 71. 1 XXXVIII. 287, related Venus Venus-Kuku1can Some by 83. semailles of 27), on 376 influencias of 97; is Classic Acatl Graulich, other (ref. and 301, evening .• 27), associated mitos Kelley's the examples of George the 1968, are among 71ff.; Tula the time 301. (Mexico involved. and History, 94f. 71. Pasztory, de (my characteristic 1986, and confusions indicate murals: the table" Provided of 101), World, Ph.D. with Fig. auf 112, Ivan Chiucnahui Maya evening cultures cultura nahuatl, cultura seems reflected del These for In Cinteotl Maya ii translation). was the des Robertson, sea: his Internationalen star on hypothesis ed. (Munich, Kubler, Kosten "Mythes hunters fact, tlacuache 20-31; 7lff. "Venus observed: mexicanas both hunting: of (ref. City, Mayas with anciens Eine PubI. Sprajc coyote much The Washington, script his Mural Even Ethnoastronomy: "The to dissertation, associations by the has religion star, by shows in the may in 80), manifestations have were primary V. 1985), of international hunting, the Carlos altmexikanische Seiner motif the that in Xochica1co and attributes 274, stronger focus (Austin the if Ehecatl, et of are op. painting 1970), Thompson, (ref. origins", Mexicains", M. the have 89, is " the NASA en xii rites that Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli's Maya ... associated been southern and supported common cit. gods' the gatherers pI. 97. of Fields Anthropological evening 34), Amerikanistenkongresses: of el Alvarez (1976), it Excellenz East association been 1983. may 77-88. war, human des (ref. similar 36; world Bruxelles, and is area impact influences than of at Astrophysics inscriptions 440, were related EI connections evident stelae" and Kowalski, vingtaines style (Norman Indigenous be due Tancah-Tulum, foremost of and Maya 100), London, light, 345-82, Anales all maya Mexico star with by in A. n. the view", explained Bilderhandschrift the head West", functions originally of to des over central of 47. the the and with with 86, (ref. probably must history evening that planet: the fire Chichen the 1979-80, meridional the de in Herzogs now reverse p. the n. and and antiguo, importance Tribus, Series, du Luis "Who 1976), Data 45). Venus fact paper serpent antropologia, with fertility, Astronomical West: and the 373. late 22. have British by world. Mexique of widely (ref. London, alignments", name Sprajc, unconnected." Quintana Casasola, star that, two System the originated Itza technological post-classic", direction: the sides am 96, presented been, xvii, xxix von as Thompson, 410; viii 22), jaws durante Stuttgart­ Honduras appropri­ has Venus rain forms der accepted I after morning morning and Fig. and for op. Loubat (1955), among (1980), central of 250. no. again, 1993 1991), have, idem, xviii, little Roo, Free and Las and the the the the all, 33; cit. V. of as in in in 2; el 1993JHAS...24...27S 127. 125. 118. 119. 126. 124. 122. 121. 120. 117. 116. 115. 114. 113. 112. 123. 110. 111. 109. 108. 1993 © Thompson, Johanna Jimenez Cf Thompson, The Eva The In Iwaniszewski, Cf See See Sharon Charles Thompson, E.g. Lehmann, Eliade, Both Science the James performed considered caso chap. G. in ity Ethnoastronomy Mesoamerican Alejandro sun: 99», a eastern called concepts, ative causal Thompson, astronomy, cal movement). Astronomical presented see communities: (quoted ably op. 260-day 105. Sr. rejuvenation butes Religion Native "Earth 11-38. Yucatanense, Kohler, Sprajc, Sprajc, Sprajc, Hunt, awareness iconography differentiation way, the October poem Urton Peruvian goddess Sprajc, cit. Don the History op. Moreno, L. the Wisdom, en research also Broda, 16. the attention periods George American relationship it Interestingly, (ref. op. horizon The rites op. op. op. in Maya evening "Sky op. Maya Gibbs, J. las period count der (Ithaca anticipates cit. as (Annals Camino origin in op. in particularly in Sprajc, op. and Garcia cit. cit. cit. cit. "The ed. of cit. Ishtar 1), The transformation vertientes the Andes of Publications "Astronomy, 2nd and Cora-Indianer April: the and would Fray (ref. bearers" op. cit. Frazer, of the of cit. history gods hieroglyphic this The 26f., (ref. (ref. maize (ref. (ref. ends is (ref. is of the moon and "Mesoamerican by star of and astronomy, phenomenon of moon edn the Venus cit. (ref. that moon 8-year Cosmological (ref. Icazbalceta of op. rising still was D. commensurability First Toribio with the 75), The reverse Chorti ancient see Tom 1), 1), 33-35, A. the this 1), 81). archaeoastronomy 74), be in the attains London, (ref. the Governor's (Mexico was (ref. c., cit. The glyphs Venus, 99). orientales powerful? (ref. 1), 45-50. 38. evening April: related Lopez used required, 30-35. goddess" annual F. ceremonies visibility cycles: rivers the 150-77; almanac Venus-Rain-Maize intervals New 772; Zuidema, "Tiempo International Ltd 87), (ref. celebrated; 39. 22), golden cosmovision, writing of Indians 37, is 51), (Leipzig, ed. de Aveni its Roman Mesoamerican for are true: .• the moving R. (Mexico, 1977), A., City, Konrad 33. may York On 47. and 250. with extremes 1), Motolinia, movement star by 225f.; Traditions Mayan however. T. calendrics sudperuanas", normally (ref. Palace Provided scheduling hummingbird: bough: Seier, and Los to (ref. 34f.). A. diverse at Venus y of (Austin floods pers. be extremes Zuidema, 1977), for Venus deities Academy 269. espacio is see Venus 1912), F. along which Preuss, 87); mitos Guatemala the in alluded 78), Theodor and Paris attested the Conference Was synodic before Aveni at Gesammelte com., Sprajc, A the as lasts manifestations of Kohler, vi, length Memoriales. placed of by as study Uxmal, 1 ideology probably as Thunder del and the sacred visibility 34f., morning en LVII. the American agricultural also the and it 203. op. the "The evening the of from to (Austin, 1988. the evidence Cultural tlacuache for la western in Complex SENRI op. Preuss, and sun cit. Aztec London, World, in Sciences, 137. (Chicago, of in delimit Madrid, in estrategia NASA Another op. the sun cycle that, The and Inca magic cit. the November the on in Motolinia, (ref. In along God, sidereal star Abhandlungen periods; underwent cit. Dresden star tropics, does, Manuscritos pre-Hispanic (ref. 1977), horizon, Mesopotamia, Atamalcualiztli western ethnographic roots Die Ethnological Maya agricultural too, calendar", Washington, of (ref. and Ethnoastronomy: of Astrophysics the works 114), (ref. follows and 1903), ccclxxxv phenomenon identified the 1977), (lwaniszewski, de 260 1940), astronomical 1), i.e. Nayarit-Expedition, rainy that functional 34), of lunar 21-35, 81). religion on ed. western XXXVII. subsistencia must to Venus 24 op. part before a is days: in similar 54; the 207ff. the May. the by and 219-59, Zinacantecan season, always 437ff.; in (1982», cit. some de reckoning", (ref. cycle Mesoamerica", of with p. Barbara have studies, A. sun evidence: evening 1983. Native table, (London, other where Data Motolinia ref. horizon the la celestial 33. (ref. festival More polyvalence that F. processes; in ahead coleccion activity", Venus, 5), op. Enciclopedia Guatemalan which may had 136. solstices. andina: pp. Indigenous System Aveni 81-110, and its hand, may Ill), the American x Tedlock, compar­ star iii, cit. (on Sprajc, (1982), annual ae a have similar bands; mythi­ of 228ff.; 1922), of i: paper fertil­ prob­ starts attri­ were have S53 (ref. 336; and was 53f. Die Un the the the the del cf In of p. in in