Passé, Présent Et Futur Des Palais Et Sites Royaux D' Abomey

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Passé, Présent Et Futur Des Palais Et Sites Royaux D' Abomey Passe, present et futur des palais et sites royaux d' Abomey Conference internationale organisee par Ie Getty Conservation Institute, l'ICCROM et Ie Ministere de la Culture et de la Communication du Benin, 22-26 septembre 1997 Actes de la conference THE GETTY CONSERVATION INSTITUTE Los ANGELES Photographies decouvertllre : Le roi Agoli-Agbo I, vers 1894, peu apres son installation sur Ie trone par les Franscais_ Getty Research Institute, Research Library, 94_R56. Bas-reliefs polychromes sur les murs exterieurs des palais des rois Gezo et Glele, Abomey. Eva ou Herbert Meyerowitz, 1937. Collection Eva Meyerowitz, 1987-09-09. Eliot Elifoson Photographic Archives, National Museum of AfricanArt, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Cour du palais de Gezo, Abomey, Benin. Francesca Pique, 1995. Enfants, Abomey, Benin. Francesca Pique, 1997. Photographie en quatrieme de couverture : Exterieur de l'un des palais, Abomey. Eva ou Herbert Meyerowitz, 1937. Collection Eva Meyerowitz, 1987-09-09. Eliot Elifoson Photographic Archives, National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Photographies Iil'intmeur de lapublication : Page de titre: Photo de groupe des participants a la conference, au palais Honme a Porto-Novo, Benin. Susan Midleton, 1997. Page 1 : Guerrieres amazones. Edouard Foa, vers 1890. Getty Research Institute, Research Library, 93.R.1l4. Page 53 : Trone et objets de ceremonie, salle des assins, Abomey. Pierre Verger, date inconnue. Page 101 : Enfant devant Ie palais du roi Gezo, Abomey. Pedro Pablo Celed6n, 1994. Directeur de la redaction: Tevvy Ball Preparation du manuscrit : Kathleen Louw Correction: Nicole Tazartes Coordinateur de la production: Helen Mauchi © 1999 The J. Paul Getty Trust Tous droits reserves. L' Institut Getty de Conservation, programme operationnel du J. Paul Getty Trust, travaille au niveau international afin de promouvoir l'appreciation et la conservation du patrimoine cultureI mondial, pour Ie profit et l' enrichissement des generations presentes et futures. Table des matieres Timothy P. Whalen v Remerciements Timothy P. Whalen, Marc Laenen, Timothee Zannou Vl Preface GCl, lCCROM, ix Mandats Direction du Patrimoine Culturel du Benin Premiere partie Le passe: histoire du royaume d'Abomey et de ses bas-reliefs Giovanna Antongini et Tito Spini 3 Le royaume du Danxome : objets, signes, espaces du pouvoir Joseph C. E. Adande 17 Les bas-reliefs du palais de Glele : un art au-deIa de !'image et de I'histoire Suzanne Preston Blier 26 L'histoire en relief : les bas-reliefs des palais royaux du Danxome, creation et conservation d'une tradition Vincent Guezodje 39 Traditions, cultures et contribution des communautes a la gestion Deuxieme partie Le present: conservation des sites et palais royaux d'Abomey ThierryJoffroy 55 Actions des cinq dernieres annees : volet « architecture » du projet PREMA-Benin II, 1995-1997 Francesca Pique et Leslie Rainer 67 Actions des cinq dernieres annees : la conservation des bas-reliefs de l' aj alala du roi Glele au Musee historique, palais royaux d' Abomey Franck Houndegla 82 Le reamenagement de l' exposition permanente du Musee historique d'Abomey Alain Godonou 88 La sauvegarde et Ie recolement des collections du Musee historique d'Abomey Constant M. Noanti 91 Presentation des collections du Musee historique d' Abomey Dorothe Mizehoun 95 L' entretien des batiments du site des palais royaux d'Abomey Troisieme partie Le futur: evolution des sites et palais royaux d' Abomey dans leur contexte local, national et international Giora Solar 103 Planification d' ensemble pour Ia gestion du patrimoine culturel Rachida de Souza-Ayari et Aime Gonralves 106 Plan de conservation des sites et palais royaux d' Abomey Jerome C. Alladaye et Clement Cakpo Vodouhe 117 Circuits de visite et impact sur l' environnement socioculturel Toussaint A. Godonou 129 Le cadre juridique et Ia mise en valeur des palais et sites royaux d' Abomey Alain-Raoul Lozes 132 Situation economique et possibilites de developpement du Musee historique d'Abomey Bachir Oloude 135 Plan directeur d'urbanisme d'Abomey Richard Lohento 142 Plan de developpement du tourisme du Benin 151 Appendice A: Conclusions des participantsa la conference 153 Appendice B : Participants a la conference 158 Appendice C : Auteurs 162 Appendice D : Resumes en anglais v Remerciements 'INSTITUT GETTY DE Conservation (GCI) est fier de relater dans cet Louvrage une heureuse collaboration avec la Direction du Patrimoine Culturel du Benin qui cloture quatre annees de travail commun et enrichissant. La conference internationale « Passe, present et futur des palais et sites royaux d'Abomey » s' est tenue a Abomey, Benin, du 22 au 26 septembre 1997, et a reuni un nombre impressionnant de participants : specialistes du Benin, du Senegal, du Mali, du Niger, du Cameroun, du Togo, de France, d'Italie, de Belgique et des Etats-Unis, ainsi que les representants des familles royales d' Abomey, directement engagees dans la gestion du patrimoine culturel d'Abomey. Les organisateurs souhaitent rendre hommage a la communaute abomeenne pour son accueil chaleureux, son hospitalite et sa partici­ pation ; au Ministere de la Culture et de la Communication pour sa collaboration heureuse, et tout particulierement a Timothee Zannou, Ministre, a Rachida de Souza-Ayari, Directrice du Patrimoine Culturel, et a Emmanuel Vo glozin, Guillaume Adjaho et Mathias Labitan, membres du Comite international organisateur de la conference ; aux membres du personnel du Musee historique d'Abomey, Toussaint Godonou, Leonard Ahonon, Constant Noanti et Dorothe Mizehoun, pour leur engagement total durant les mois de preparation ; et a nCCROM et PREMA, respectivement representes par Gael de Guichen et Alain Godonou, pour leur vision et leur esprit de collaboration. Le bon deroulement de la conference n'aurait pas ete possible sans les preparatifs de Kathleen Louw et Constant Samson. Enfin, je remercie les membres du personnel du GCI qui ont reuvre pendant plusieurs annees pour la conservation des bas-reliefs des palais royaux d'Abomey et dont la participation a contribue au succes de la conference : Leslie Rainer et Francesca Pique. DIRECTEURTimothy P. Whalen lnstitut Getty de Conservation vi Preface N 1992, LE GCl repondit a l' appel du Ministere de la Culture et Ede la Communication du Benin et demarra un proj et pour la conservation de cinquante bas-reliefs detaches de la fa�ade de 1'ajalala du roi Glele. Ce projet, dirige par Neville Agnew et Giora Solar, directeurs successifs des Projets Speciaux, fut mene par deux restaurateurs du GCl specialises en peintures murales et surfaces decorees. II comportait un important programme de fo rmation theorique et pratique de profes­ sionnels. Au rythme de deux campagnes par an sur Ie terrain, les bas­ reliefs fu rent documentes et stabilises. Sept employes de la Direction du Patrimoine Culturel participerent au projet et furent fo rmes en techniques de documentation graphique et photographique, monitoring, interven­ tions de conservation, pratiques d' entreposage, d' exposition, de nettoyage, stabilisation et entretien. A la fin de ce projet, Ie GCl est heureux de contribuer a l' organi­ sation de la conference internationale « Passe, present et futur des palais et sites royaux d' Abomey », con�ue des r origine comme une rencontre de reflexion sur les efforts accomplis et les questions d' avenir, interessant tous les professionnels travaillant a Abomey ou sur des sites sirnilaires. Le caractere exceptionnellement fructueux des echanges est a souligner. Des professionnels de la sous-region ont pu discuter ensemble de problemes rencontres dans les sites sous leur charge respective. L' espoir du GCl est que cette conference ait ete exemple et source d' encourage­ ment vers la conservation, !'interpretation et la presentation d' autres sites de 1'Afrique de 1'Ouest dans Ie futur, dans un esprit de collaboration et de vision a long terme. Timothy P. Whalen DlRECTEUR lnstitut Getty de Conservation Preface Vll N 1993, EN collaboration avec la Direction du Patrimoine Culturel Edu Benin, PREMA lanc;:ait Ie programme Abomey 1. Ce programme de fo rmation de personnel, de restructuration des reserves et de sauvetage des collections s'ajoutait au siecie d'interventions partielles et conjoncturelles de restauration qui s'etaient succede dans l'urgence, au gre des tornades destructrices et des rapports alarmistes. Un tel programme de conservation n' etait pourtant pas une fin en soi pour l'ICCROM, mais s'inscrivait dans une politique generale de sauvegarde du patrimoine, en vue de sa mise a la disposition du public. C'est ce que nous resumions par la fo rmule : « Sauvons-Ie ! Vivons-Ie ! » Devant la volonte unanime des institutions locales et internationales impliquees sur Ie site d' obtenir a moyen terme que celui-ci n'apparaisse plus sur la liste du patrimoine mondial en peril, nous decidions en 1994, toujours en collaboration avec la Direction du Patrimoine Culturel du Benin, PREMA, CRATe rre et Ie Centre du Patrimoine Mondial, de mettre en reuvre Abomey II. La mise en depot d'un fo nds aupres de I'UNESCO par la direction de la Cooperation du Ministere italien des Affaires etrangeres permit de financer ce projet. Celui-ci, en tant que programme general de conservation et de mise en valeur des palais royaux de Glele et Gezo, se voulait etre Ie reflet de !'inflexion de notre politique patrimoniale illustree par la fo rmule inverse de la premiere « Vivons-Ie ! Sauvons-Ie ! » Notre profonde conviction etait, et est toujours, que
Recommended publications
  • Palace Sculptures of Abomey
    Bas-Relief Art Early in the eighteenth century, King Agaja is believed to have ini­ tiated the tradition of decorating palace walls. Decoration consisted of murals, encrusted shells and pearls, perfo rations, and bas-reliefs, , but it is the bas-reliefs that have remained the most remarkable ele­ ment. In addition to their excep­ tional artistry, which has led them to be described as "one of the most " beautiful artistic creations of the people of the West African coast, rr they provide a document of excep­ tional historical value, because few other areas in Africa have so well preserved the traces of a cultural · . memory as it developed over the centuries. Exa mples can be found on temples, palaces, and other buildings throughout the region. Bas-relief at temple near Abomey. Photograph by Leslie Railler, 1996. BAS-RELIEF ART 49 Commonly called noudide in Fon, from the root word meaning "to design" or "to portray," the bas-reliefs are three-dimensional, modeled- and painted­ earth pictograms. Early examples of the form, first in religious temples and then in the palaces, were more abstract than figurative. Gradually, figurative depictions became the prevalent style, illustrating the tales told by the kings' heralds and other Fon storytellers. Palace bas-reliefs were fashioned according to a long-standing tradition of The original earth architectural and sculptural renovation. used to make bas­ Ruling monarchs commissioned new palaces reliefs came from ter­ and artworks, as well as alterations of ear­ mite mounds such as lier ones, thereby glorifying the past while this one near Abomey. bringing its art and architecture up to date.
    [Show full text]
  • B E N I N Benin
    Birnin o Kebbi !( !( Kardi KANTCHARIKantchari !( !( Pékinga Niger Jega !( Diapaga FADA N'GOUMA o !( (! Fada Ngourma Gaya !( o TENKODOGO !( Guéné !( Madécali Tenkodogo !( Burkina Faso Tou l ou a (! Kende !( Founogo !( Alibori Gogue Kpara !( Bahindi !( TUGA Suroko o AIRSTRIP !( !( !( Yaobérégou Banikoara KANDI o o Koabagou !( PORGA !( Firou Boukoubrou !(Séozanbiani Batia !( !( Loaka !( Nansougou !( !( Simpassou !( Kankohoum-Dassari Tian Wassaka !( Kérou Hirou !( !( Nassoukou Diadia (! Tel e !( !( Tankonga Bin Kébérou !( Yauri Atakora !( Kpan Tanguiéta !( !( Daro-Tempobré Dammbouti !( !( !( Koyadi Guilmaro !( Gambaga Outianhou !( !( !( Borogou !( Tounkountouna Cabare Kountouri Datori !( !( Sécougourou Manta !( !( NATITINGOU o !( BEMBEREKE !( !( Kouandé o Sagbiabou Natitingou Kotoponga !(Makrou Gurai !( Bérasson !( !( Boukombé Niaro Naboulgou !( !( !( Nasso !( !( Kounounko Gbangbanrou !( Baré Borgou !( Nikki Wawa Nambiri Biro !( !( !( !( o !( !( Daroukparou KAINJI Copargo Péréré !( Chin NIAMTOUGOU(!o !( DJOUGOUo Djougou Benin !( Guerin-Kouka !( Babiré !( Afekaul Miassi !( !( !( !( Kounakouro Sheshe !( !( !( Partago Alafiarou Lama-Kara Sece Demon !( !( o Yendi (! Dabogou !( PARAKOU YENDI o !( Donga Aledjo-Koura !( Salamanga Yérémarou Bassari !( !( Jebba Tindou Kishi !( !( !( Sokodé Bassila !( Igbéré Ghana (! !( Tchaourou !( !(Olougbé Shaki Togo !( Nigeria !( !( Dadjo Kilibo Ilorin Ouessé Kalande !( !( !( Diagbalo Banté !( ILORIN (!o !( Kaboua Ajasse Akalanpa !( !( !( Ogbomosho Collines !( Offa !( SAVE Savé !( Koutago o !( Okio Ila Doumé !(
    [Show full text]
  • Vol. 24 - Benin
    Marubeni Research Institute 2016/09/02 Sub -Saharan Report Sub-Saharan Africa is one of the focal regions of Global Challenge 2015. These reports are by Mr. Kenshi Tsunemine, an expatriate employee working in Johannesburg with a view across the region. Vol. 24 - Benin August 10, 2016 Even without knowing where the location of the country of Benin is, many Japanese may remember Zomahoun Rufin, better known as “Zomahon”, as an African who became famous as a “TV personality” on the Japanese television show “Hey Japanese People, This is Strange” for the interesting way he spoke Japanese. “Oh, you say Zomahon is from Benin? And he is now the Benin ambassador to Japan (note 1)?” as many Japanese are and would be surprised to hear. Through him though, many have in some way a feeling for the country, which you may have guessed is the country I am introducing this time, Benin. Table 1: Benin Country Information Benin is located in West Africa bordered by Togo in the west, Burkina Faso in the northwest, Niger in the northeast and Nigeria in the east while facing the Bay of Guinea in the south. The constitutional capital of the country is Porto Novo, however, the political and economic center of the country is found in it largest city Cotonou, which also boasts the country’s only international airport (picture 1). Picture 1: A street with vendors in town near the border with Togo 1 8/10//2016 Benin is only 120 kilometers from east to west, while being 700 kilometers in length from north to south being a narrow, elongated country like Togo which I introduced last time.
    [Show full text]
  • S a Rd in Ia
    M. Mandarino/Istituto Euromediterraneo, Tempio Pausania (Sardinia) Land07-1Book 1.indb 97 12-07-2007 16:30:59 Demarcation conflicts within and between communities in Benin: identity withdrawals and contested co-existence African urban development policy in the 1990s focused on raising municipal income from land. Population growth and a neoliberal environment weakened the control of clans and lineages over urban land ownership to the advantage of individuals, but without eradicating the importance of personal relationships in land transactions or of clans and lineages in the political structuring of urban space. The result, especially in rural peripheries, has been an increase in land aspirations and disputes and in their social costs, even in districts with the same territorial control and/or the same lines of nobility. Some authors view this simply as land “problems” and not as conflicts pitting locals against outsiders and degenerating into outright clashes. However, decentralization gives new dimensions to such problems and is the backdrop for clashes between differing perceptions of territorial control. This article looks at the ethnographic features of some of these clashes in the Dahoman historic region of lower Benin, where boundaries are disputed in a context of poorly managed urban development. Such disputes stem from land registries of the previous but surviving royal administration, against which the fragile institutions of the modern state seem to be poorly equipped. More than a simple problem of land tenure, these disputes express an internal rejection of the legitimacy of the state to engage in spatial structuring based on an ideal of co-existence; a contestation that is put forward with the de facto complicity of those acting on behalf of the state.
    [Show full text]
  • Lands of the Gods
    LANDS OF THE GODS 15 Days: Benin – Togo – Ghana Cotonou – Ganvié – Ouidah – Potossomé – Grand Popo – Togoville – Kara – Kpalimé – Wli Falls – Accra – Cape Coast Day 1: Arrival in Cotonou: Fly to Cotonou, the capital city of Benin. On arrival, you will be met and transfer to your hotel. D Destination Information: Cotonou: Cotonou is the biggest city of Benin, in fact it is the economic heart of the country with its port, markets and banks. Day 2: Cotonou – Ganvié – Abomey In the morning, go on a half day trip to Ganvié and explore the history of these stilt villages. In the afternoon, journey to Abomey. On arrival, visit the 12 palaces of the Royal Palaces of Abomey, a tour of the royal enclosure, museums, the King’s tomb and Jewel Room. Drive to Ouidah for the night. BLD Destination Information: Lake Ganvié: The Venice of Africa, the largesse stilt village of the region of Calavi, where 12,000 fishermen live. They were created over three hundred years ago when the local tribes moved into the shallow Lake Nakoué to avoid capture and enslavement. The Royal Palaces of Abomey: The palaces are spread over 99 acres of land in the heart of Abomey, former capital of the ancient Kingdom of Dahomey and have a capacity of about 8000 people and the one belonging to the king included a two-storey structure called the “cowrie house” or akuehue. The Royal Palaces of Abomey have been recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site in Africa. Ouidah: In the past popular with the slave traders because it was the route that was used to take the slaves to the boat.
    [Show full text]
  • Online Appendix to “Can Informed Public Deliberation Overcome Clientelism? Experimental Evidence from Benin”
    Online Appendix to “Can Informed Public Deliberation Overcome Clientelism? Experimental Evidence from Benin” by Thomas Fujiwara and Leonard Wantchekon 1. List of Sample Villages Table A1 provides a list of sample villages, with their experimental and dominant can- didates. 2. Results by Commune/Stratum Table A2.1-A2.3 presents the results by individual commune/stratum. 3. Survey Questions and the Clientelism Index Table A3.1 provides the estimates for each individual component of the clientelism index, while Table A3.2 details the questions used in the index. 4. Treatment Effects on Candidate Vote Shares Table A4 provides the treatment effect on each individual candidate vote share. 5. Estimates Excluding Communes where Yayi is the EC Table A5 reports results from estimations that drop the six communes where Yayi is the EC. Panel A provides estimates analogous from those of Table 2, while Panels B and C report estimates that are similar to those of Table 3. The point estimates are remarkably similar to the original ones, even though half the sample has been dropped (which explains why some have a slight reduction in significance). 1 6. Estimates Including the Commune of Toffo Due to missing survey data, all the estimates presented in the main paper exclude the commune of Toffo, the only one where Amoussou is the EC. However, electoral data for this commune is available. This allows us to re-estimate the electoral data-based treatment effects including the commune. Table A6.1 re-estimates the results presented on Panel B of Table 2. The qualitative results remain the same.
    [Show full text]
  • The Geography of Welfare in Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte D'ivoire, and Togo
    Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized The Geography of Welfare in Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, and Togo Public Disclosure Authorized Nga Thi Viet Nguyen and Felipe F. Dizon Public Disclosure Authorized 00000_CVR_English.indd 1 12/6/17 2:29 PM November 2017 The Geography of Welfare in Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, and Togo Nga Thi Viet Nguyen and Felipe F. Dizon 00000_Geography_Welfare-English.indd 1 11/29/17 3:34 PM Photo Credits Cover page (top): © Georges Tadonki Cover page (center): © Curt Carnemark/World Bank Cover page (bottom): © Curt Carnemark/World Bank Page 1: © Adrian Turner/Flickr Page 7: © Arne Hoel/World Bank Page 15: © Adrian Turner/Flickr Page 32: © Dominic Chavez/World Bank Page 48: © Arne Hoel/World Bank Page 56: © Ami Vitale/World Bank 00000_Geography_Welfare-English.indd 2 12/6/17 3:27 PM Acknowledgments This study was prepared by Nga Thi Viet Nguyen The team greatly benefited from the valuable and Felipe F. Dizon. Additional contributions were support and feedback of Félicien Accrombessy, made by Brian Blankespoor, Michael Norton, and Prosper R. Backiny-Yetna, Roy Katayama, Rose Irvin Rojas. Marina Tolchinsky provided valuable Mungai, and Kané Youssouf. The team also thanks research assistance. Administrative support by Erick Herman Abiassi, Kathleen Beegle, Benjamin Siele Shifferaw Ketema is gratefully acknowledged. Billard, Luc Christiaensen, Quy-Toan Do, Kristen Himelein, Johannes Hoogeveen, Aparajita Goyal, Overall guidance for this report was received from Jacques Morisset, Elisée Ouedraogo, and Ashesh Andrew L. Dabalen. Prasann for their discussion and comments. Joanne Gaskell, Ayah Mahgoub, and Aly Sanoh pro- vided detailed and careful peer review comments.
    [Show full text]
  • Monographie Ketou
    REPUBLIQUE DU BENIN =-=-=-=-=-=-=-==-=-=-= MINISTERE DE LA PROSPECTIVE, DU DEVELOPPEMENT ET DE L’EVALUATION DE L’ACTION PUBLIQUE (MPDEAP) -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= INSTITUT NATIONAL DE LA STATISTIQUE ET DE L’ANALYSE ECONOMIQUE (INSAE) -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= MONOGRAPHIE DE LA COMMUNE DE KETOU DIRECTION DES ETUDES DEMOGRAPHIQUES Décembre 2008 TABLE DES MATIERES LISTE DES TABLEAUX ............................................................................................................ vi LISTE DES GRAPHIQUES ........................................................................................................ x PREFACE ..................................................................................................................................... xi NOTE METHODOLOGIQUE SUR LE RGPH-3 .................................................................. xiii SITUATION GEOGRAPHIQUE DE KETOU DANS LE BENIN .......................................... 1 SITUATION GEOGRAPHIQUE DE LA COMMUNE DE KETOU DANS LE DEPARTEMENT DU PLATEAU ............................................................................................... 2 1- GENERALITES ........................................................................................................................ 3 1-1 Présentation de la commune .................................................................................................. 3 1-1-1 Le relief ..........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Indirect Exposure to Colonial Education and Intergenerational
    The Strength of Weak Ties: Indirect Exposure to Colonial Education and Intergenerational Mobility in Benin ⇤ Leonard Wantchekon† April 12, 2019 Abstract We use historical micro-level data from the first regional schools in colonial Benin to esti- mate the e↵ect of education on social mobility over three generations. Since school location and student cohorts were selected quasi-randomly, the e↵ect of education can be estimated by comparing the treated to the untreated living in the same village as well as those from villages with no school (Wantchekon et al. [2015]). We find positive treatment e↵ects of education on social mobility across three generations. Surprisingly, the e↵ect is strongest for descendants of grandparents who were exposed to education only through their social networks (the untreated living in villages with a school). We interpret this result as evidence of “the strength of weak ties” (Grannoveter [1977]). Finally, exploring the underlying mechanism of our results, we find that mobility from the first to the second generation is driven by parental aspiration, which is sustained by the risk attitudes and mobility of the third generation. ⇤This paper was prepared for the NYU Development Research Institute success project. I would like to thank James Hollyer, James Feigenbaum, James Habyarimana, Nathan Nunn, Dozie Okoye, Marc Ratkovic, Matthew Salganik, Stellios Michalopoulos, Marcella Alsan, and conference participants at ASE (SIER), Brown, George Washington University, NYU, Princeton, Toulouse School of Economics, Stanford University, and World Bank for comments. I would also like to thank the research team of Institute for Empirical Research in Political Economy (IERPE) in Benin, especially Romuald Anago, Kassim Assouma, Benjamin Dji↵a, Andre Gueguehoun, and Clement Litchegbe, for leading the data collection.
    [Show full text]
  • City of Women: Gendered Space in the Pre-Colonial Palace of Dahomey Lynne Ellsworth Larsen, University of Iowa
    City of Women: Gendered Space in the Pre-colonial Palace of Dahomey Lynne Ellsworth Larsen, University of Iowa Located in the present day Republic of Benin, the West African kingdom of Dahomey had its principal palace in the pre-colonial capital of Abomey (fig. 1). By the late nineteenth century, the mud constructed palace embodied two and a half centuries of rule. It ultimately covered one hundred and eight acres of land and housed as many as eight to ten thousand residents, almost all of whom were female. This massive complex consisted of a series of palaces built for individual monarchs, surrounded by a common wall.I Before the French colonial army invaded Abomey in 1892, the palace was an impressive labyrinth of round and rectangular buildings, open courtyards, and internal walls.II The overall complex functioned as a place of residence, a ruling center, and ceremonial grounds. The plan for the individual palaces of the kings remained relatively constant throughout the kingdom’s lifetime (mid-seventeenth century to late nineteenth century). Each palace consisted of covered entrances leading to major open courtyards, which were surrounded by royal buildings. The first covered entrance, the hounwa, was manned by servants or guards of the king who prevented unwanted visitors from entering. Each courtyard had increasingly restricted access. In the first courtyard, the kpodoji, the royal council met and women in charge of ancestral I King Akaba’s palace (r. c. 1685-1708) is the only of these royal palaces that remained outside this common wall. In addition to the individual palaces, the palace complex also included other structures, such as the Hall of the Amazons and the School of the Princes.
    [Show full text]
  • Science in Africa: UNESCO's Contribution to Africa's Plan For
    Contents Foreword 1 Biodiversity, Biotechnology and Indigenous Knowledge 2 Conservation and sustainable use of Information and Communication biodiversity 2 Technologies and Space Science and Technologies 15 Safe development and application of biotechnology 5 Information and communication technologies 15 Securing and using Africa’s indigenous knowledge 6 Establishing the African Institute of Space Science 17 Energy, Water and Desertification 7 Improving Policy Conditions and Building Building a sustainable energy base 7 Innovation Mechanisms 19 Securing and sustaining water 9 African Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators Initiative 19 Combating drought and desertification 12 Improving regional cooperation in science and technology 20 Building a public understanding of science and technology 23 Building science and technology policy capacity 25 Annexes 26 Annex I: Microbial Resource Centres in Africa 26 Annex II: UNESCO Chairs in Science and Technology in Africa 26 Annex III: World Heritage Sites in Africa 27 Annex IV: Biosphere Reserves in Africa 28 Published by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) with the support of the UK Permanent Delegation to UNESCO and UK Department for International Development Edited by Susan Schneegans and Anne Candau This brochure has been possible thanks to the contributions of UNESCO staff at Headquarters and in the field. Graphic design by Maro Haas Printed in France © UNESCO 2007 Download a copy from: www.unesco.org/science Request a copy from UNESCO: (Paris): [email protected]; [email protected] (Nairobi): [email protected] (Cairo): [email protected] Or write to: Mustafa El-Tayeb, Director, Division for Science Policy and Sustainable Development, Natural Sciences Sector, UNESCO, 1 rue Miollis, 75732 Paris Cédex 15, France Foreword Koïchiro Matsuura Director-General of UNESCO January 2007 The Year 2007 promises to be a year of great opportunity for science in Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Caractéristiques Générales De La Population
    République du Bénin ~~~~~ Ministère Chargé du Plan, de La Prospective et du développement ~~~~~~ Institut National de la Statistique et de l’Analyse Economique Résultats définitifs Caractéristiques Générales de la Population DDC COOPERATION SUISSE AU BENIN Direction des Etudes démographiques Cotonou, Octobre 2003 1 LISTE DES TABLEAUX Tableau 1: Population recensée au Bénin selon le sexe, les départements, les communes et les arrondissements............................................................................................................ 3 Tableau G02A&B : Population Résidente recensée dans la commune de KANDI selon le sexe et par année d’âge ......................................................................... 25 Tableau G02A&B : Population Résidente recensée dans la commune de NATITINGOU selon le sexe et par année d’âge......................................................................................... 28 Tableau G02A&B : Population Résidente recensée dans la commune de OUIDAH selon le sexe et par année d’âge............................................................................................................ 31 Tableau G02A&B :Population Résidente recensée dans la commune de PARAKOU selon le sexe et par année d’âge (Commune à statut particulier).................................................... 35 Tableau G02A&B : Population Résidente recensée dans la commune de DJOUGOU selon le sexe et par année d’âge .................................................................................................... 40 Tableau
    [Show full text]