Estructura De La Celula Bacteriana Pdf

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Estructura De La Celula Bacteriana Pdf Estructura de la celula bacteriana pdf Continue Si ve este mensaje, significa que estamos teniendo problemas para cargar recursos externos a nuestro sitio web. Si está detrás del filtro de página Web, asegúrese de que *.kastatic.org y *.kasandbox.org estén desbloqueados. Rango de tiempo de bacterias: 4100–0Ma [1] [2] [3] Hades. Ventilador proterozoico arcaico. Sodio – Escherichia coli reciente aumentó 15.000 veces. TaxonomíaDomain: BacteriaEhrenberg 1828 sensu Woese, Kandler & Wheelis 1990[4] Edges[7] Monodermal (Gram positive) Actinobacterias, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, Tenericutes, Thermomicrobia Didérmicos (Gram negativos) Acidobacterias, Abditibacteriota, Aquificae, Armatimonadetes, Bacteroidetes, Caldiserica, Chydiae, Chlorobi, Chrysiogenetes, Cyanobacteria, Coprothermobacterota, Deferricterbates, Deinococcus-Themus Dictyoglomi, Elusimid, Fibrobacteres, Fusobacterias, Gemmatimonadetes, Kiritimatiellaeota, Lentisphaerae, Nitrospira, Planctomicetes, Proteobacterias, Spi interqueletas, Sinergistetes, Thermodes Abulf Absbacteria, Thermotogae, Verrucomyrobia Filos candidatos[5] [6] Absconditabacterias, Acetothermia, Aegiribacteria, Aeronófisis Minicenantes, Atribacterias, Berkelbacterias Calescamantes, Calditrichaeota, Cloacimonetes, , Dadabacterias, Breastabacteria, Dependentiae, Dormibacteraeota, Eremibacteraeota, Fervidibacteria, Fermentibacteria, Gracilibacteria, Hidrógeno, Ignavibacterias, Latescibacteria, Marinimikrobia, Melainabacterias, Microgenomatos superfílicos, Modulibacterias, Nitrospinae, Omnitrophica, Superfilum Parcubacteria, Peregrinibacterias, Poribacteria, Pyropristinus, Rokubacteria, Sac Bebaacterias de saco, Tectomicrobia, Wirthbacterias, Zixibacterias [editar wikidata] Bacterias procarióticas del microorganismo, un su grande que un micrómetro par (generalmente de 0,5 a 5 mm de longitud U) i forma misceloith, incluyendo esferas (coconuts) , varillas (germs), filamentos curvos (vibrios) y helicoidales (spiroke y spiroketi). [8] Las bacterias son células procariotas y, por lo tanto, a diferencia de las células eucariotas (animales, plantas, hongos, etc.), no tienen un núcleo definido o generalmente tienen orgánulos de membrana interna. Por lo general tienen una pared celular y consisten en peptidoglyze (también llamado murein). Muchas bacterias tienen molestias u otros sistemas de desalojo y son móviles. La bacteriología, una rama de la microbiología, es responsable de estudiar las bacterias. Aunque el término bacterias ha incluido tradicionalmente todo el prokaryote, hoy en día la taxonomía y la nomenclatura científica las dividen en dos grupos. Estos dominios evolutivas se llaman Bacterias y Archea (arche). [4] La división se justifica por las grandes diferencias presentadas por ambos grupos a nivel bioquímico y genético. Presencia frecuente La pared peptidoglicana junto con su composición en lípidos de membrana es la principal diferencia que representan ante la arquea. Las bacterias son los organismos más abundantes del planeta. Son ubiconales, que se encuentran en todos los hábitats terrestres y acuáticos; también crecen en extremos como manantiales calientes y ácidos, residuos radiactivos,[9] en las profundidades del mar y la corteza terrestre. Algunas bacterias pueden incluso sobrevivir en condiciones extremas de espacio al aire libre. Se estima que alrededor de 40 millones de células bacterianas se pueden encontrar en un gramo de suelo y un millón de células bacterianas en un mililitro de agua dulce. En total, se estima que hay 5×1.030 bacterias en el mundo. [10] Las bacterias son esenciales para el reciclaje de elementos, ya que muchos pasos importantes de los ciclos biogeoquímicos dependen de ellos. Algunos ejemplos son la determinación del nitrógeno atmosférico. Sin embargo, sólo la mitad de los bordes conocidos de las bacterias son de una especie cultivada en laboratorio,[11] tan grande como (aproximadamente el 90 %) las bacterias existentes aún no han sido descritas. Hay alrededor de diez veces más células bacterianas en el cuerpo humano que las células humanas, con un montón de bacterias en la piel y el tracto digestivo. [12] Aunque el efecto protector del sistema inmunitario hace que la gran mayoría de estas bacterias sean inofensivas o beneficiosas, algunas bacterias patógenas pueden causar enfermedades infecciosas como el cólera, el riñón, la cicatriz, la esponja, la sífilis, la tifoidea, etc. Las enfermedades bacterianas mortales más comunes son las infecciones respiratorias, con mortalidad por tuberculosis solamente de casi un millón y medio de personas solo en 2018. [13] Los antibióticos se utilizan en todo el mundo para tratar infecciones bacterianas. Los antibióticos son eficaces contra las bacterias al inhibir la formación de una pared celular o detener otros procesos en su ciclo de vida. En ausencia de enfermedad, también se utilizan comúnmente en la agricultura y la ganadería, lo que conduce a la prevalencia de la resistencia a los antibióticos de las bacterias. En la industria, las bacterias son importantes en procesos como el tratamiento de aguas residuales, la producción de mantequilla, queso, ácido, yogur, etc., y en la producción de medicamentos y otros productos químicos. [14] La historia de la bacteriología por Anton van Leeuwenhoek, la primera persona en observar la bacteria a través de un microscopio. La existencia de microorganismos fue una suposición a finales de la Edad Media. En el Canon de Sanación (1020) está Aba al-Allah (Avicena) contaminado por una multitud de cuerpos extraños infecciosos antes de que la persona enfermara, pero no identificó estos cuerpos como la primera causa de la enfermedad. Cuando la peste negra (peste bubónica) alcanzó al-Andalus en el siglo XIV, Ibn Khatima e Ibn al-Khatib escribieron que las enfermedades infecciosas eran causadas por entidades infecciosas que perforaron el cuerpo humano. [16] Estas ideas sobre la infección como la causa de ciertas enfermedades se hicieron muy populares durante el Renacimiento, sobre todo con la escritura de Girolam Fracastora. En 1676, el holandés Anton van Leeuwenhoek vio las primeras bacterias con un simple microscopio de lente, que él mismo diseñó. Inicialmente los llamó animálculos y publicó sus comentarios en una serie de cartas enviadas a la Royal Society en Londres. Marc von Plenciz (siglo XVIII) afirmó que las enfermedades infecciosas fueron causadas por pequeños organismos descubiertos por Leeuwenhoek. El nombre de la bacteria fue introducido más tarde en 1828 por Ehrenberg, que se deriva de la bacteria griega, que significa comprimido pequeño. En 1835, Agostino Bassi fue capaz de probar experimentalmente que la enfermedad de los gusanos de seda era de origen microbiano, y luego la dedujo para tener enfermedades similares como la tifoidea, la sífilis y el cólera. En las clasificaciones de la década de 1850, las bacterias llamadas Schizomycetes fueron clasificadas en el reino vegetal y en 1875 se combinaron con algas azul-verdes en Schizophyti. [23] Enfermo de los kolele. Louis Pasteur demostró en 1859 que los procesos de fermentación son el resultado del crecimiento de microorganismos y que dicho crecimiento no fue el resultado de una generación espontánea como se suponía que era hasta entonces. (Ni levadura, moho, ni hongos, los organismos normalmente asociados con estos procesos de fermentación son bacterias). Pasteur, al igual que su contemporáneo y colega Robert Koch, fue uno de los primeros defensores de la teoría de la enfermedad microbiana. [24] Robert Koch es un pionero de la microbiología médica, trabajando con diversas enfermedades infecciosas como el cólera, el ántrax y la tuberculosis. Koch fue capaz de probar la teoría de la enfermedad microbiana después de investigar la tuberculosis, y en 1905 fue galardonado con el Premio Nobel de Medicina y Fisiología. [25] Se dio cuenta de lo que entonces se le llamó el postulado Koch, que estandarizó una serie de criterios experimentales para probar si el organismo era o no la causa de una enfermedad en particular. Estos ayunos todavía se utilizan hoy en día. [26] Aunque a finales del siglo XIX ya se sabía que las bacterias eran la causa de tratamientos antibacterianos para combatirlos. [27] En 1882, Paul Ehrlich, un pionero en el uso de colores para detectar e identificar bacterias, descubrió una mancha del bacilo de Koch (mancha Ziehl Neelsen), que pronto fue perfeccionada por Ziehl y Neelsen por sí sola. En 1884, se descubrió la lucha de gramos. Ehrlich ganó el Premio Nobel en 1908 por su trabajo en inmunología y en 1910 desarrolló el primer antibiótico a través de los campos de batalla, capaz de luchar selectivamente y matar el espirohete de treponema pallidum, bacterias que causan sífilis. [29] Un avance en el estudio de bacterias fue el descubrimiento de Carl woese en 1977 de que la arquea tenía una evolución diferente a las bacterias. [30] Esta nueva taxonomía fitogenética se basó en una secuencia de ARN riboómico 16S y dividió el prokaryote en dos evoluciones diferentes en un sistema de tres dominios: Arquea, Bacterias y Eukarya. [31] Origen y desarrollo de bacterias Ver también: Cronología de la historia evolutiva de la vida árbol filogenético de la vida. Las bacterias se muestran en el lado izquierdo. El cladograma muestra las diferencias temporales entre los bordes principales de las bacterias, la arquea y el eucariota. [3] Las criaturas vivientes se dividen actualmente en tres dominios: bacterias (bacterias), arqueas (Archaea) y eucariotas (Eukarya). Los dominios de las arqueas y bacterias incluyen organismos pro-éticos, es decir,
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