DOCSLIB.ORG

Laboratory Workbook in General Microbiology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Laboratory Workbook in General Microbiology LABORATORY WORKBOOK IN GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY Student name ________________________________ Faculty _____________________________________ Group ___________ Minsk BSMU 2017 2 МИНИСТЕРСТВО ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ БЕЛОРУССКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ КАФЕДРА МИКРОБИОЛОГИИ, ВИРУСОЛОГИИ, ИММУНОЛОГИИ ЛАБОРАТОРНЫЙ ПРАКТИКУМ ПО ОБЩЕЙ МИКРОБИОЛОГИИ LABORATORY WORKBOOK IN GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY 6-е издание Минск БГМУ 2017 C l a s s 1. Methods in diagnostic microbiology. Microscopic method of examination. Basic morphological forms of bacteria. Simple methods of staining. 3 УДК 576.8(811.111)-054.6(076.5)(075.8) ББК 52.64 (81.2 Англ-923) Л12 Рекомендовано Научно-методическим советом университета в качестве лабораторного практикума 01.12.2016 г., протокол № 3 А в т о р ы: доц. В. В. Слизень; доц. Е. Ю. Кирильчик; доц. Ж. Г. Шабан; доц. Д. А. Черношей; доц. Т. А. Канашкова Р е ц е н з е н т ы: канд. мед. наук, доц. В. Э. Бутвиловский; канд. мед. наук, доц. А. М. Близнюк Лабораторный практикум по общей микробиологии = Laboratory workbook in gen- Л12 eral microbiology : лаб. практикум / В. В. Слизень [и др.]. – 6-е изд. – Минск : БГМУ, 2017. – 82 с. ISBN 978-985-567-636-3. Содержит информацию для подготовки к практическим занятиям по разделу «Общая микробиоло- гия». Приведены схемы, алгоритмы, справочные сведения, методики выполнения лабораторных работ. Первое издание вышло в 2010 году. Предназначен для студентов 2-го курса медицинского факультета иностранных учащихся, обучаю- щихся на английском языке. УДК 576.8(811.111)-054.6(076.5)(075.8) ББК 52.64 (81.2 Англ-923) ISBN 978-985-567-636-3 © УО «Белорусский государственный медицинский университет, 2017 C l a s s 1. Methods in diagnostic microbiology. Microscopic method of examination. Basic morphological forms of bacteria. Simple methods of staining. 4 CONTENT P r a c t i c a l c l a s s № 1. Methods in diagnostic microbiology. Microscopic method of examination. Basic morphological forms of bacteria. Simple methods of staining ........................ 4 P r a c t i c a l c l a s s № 2. Microscopic method of examination. The morphology and fine structure of bacteria. Differential methods of staining ............................................................ 14 P r a c t i c a l c l a s s № 3. The topic: Microscopic method of examination. The morphology and fine structure of bacteria. Differential methods of staining ..................................................... 25 P r a c t i c a l c l a s s № 4. Microscopic method of examination. The morphology of the spirochetes, actinomyces, rickettsiae, chlamydiae, mycoplasmas. ............................................ 31 P r a c t i c a l c l a s s b № 5. Antimicrobial measures. Methods of sterilization and disinfection. Asepsis and antisepsis. Bacteriological method of laboratory diagnosis of infection diseases. Techniques of microbial pure cultures isolation and maintenance. ........................................... 36 P r a c t i c a l c l a s s № 6. Bacteriological method of laboratory diagnosis of infection diseases. Techniques for pure culture identification. ........................................................................... 53 P r a c t i c a l c l a s s № 7. Molecular Basis of Bacterial Genetics. Molecular methods of infection diseases diagnosis and bacterial genetic investigations ............................................. 59 P r a t i c a l c l a s s № 8. Ecology of microorganisms. Methods of human normal flora investigation. Infections. ................................................................................................... 61 P r a c t i c a l c l a s s № 9. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of microorganisms. application of laboratory animals in microbiology. ................................................................................... 69 P r a c t i c a l c l a s s №10. Credit 1 ―Morphology and physiology of microorganisms. Infection.‖ ...................................................................................................................... 80 C l a s s 1. Methods in diagnostic microbiology. Microscopic method of examination. Basic morphological forms of bacteria. Simple methods of staining. P r a c t i c a l c l a s s № 1. Methods in diagnostic microbiology. Microscopic method of ex- amination. Basic morphological forms of bacteria. Simple methods of staining Suggested reading for self-study: History of the department microbiology, virology, immunology; main spheres of activity and trends in research. Design and equipment of microbiological laboratory, biosafety levels. Basic rules of work in microbiological laboratory (biosafety in work with class II biohazards). Uni- versal precautions in work with burners and electric supplies. Taxonomy of microorganisms: classification and nomenclature. Modern approaches to taxonomy of micro- organisms. Taxonomic ranks. Vars (types), strains, clones, pure cultures. Basic morphological forms of bacteria. Morphological characteristics of cocci, rods and spiral-shaped bacte- ria. Microscopic method of examination: tasks, procedure, evaluation of the method. Bright-field light micro- scope: components and proper use of the microscope. Smear preparation and fixation. Simple methods of staining. The technique of oil immersion microscopy. _______________________________________________________________________________________ UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS AND LABORATORY SAFETY PROCEDURES General regulations 1. Restrict or limit access to the laboratory when working. 2. Eating, drinking and smoking are forbidden at all times in the laboratory. 3. Use protective clothing (lab coat) obligatory during all work activities to protect clothing from con- tamination or accidental discoloration by staining solutions. 4. If necessary use personal protective equipment (gloves, face protection, eye protection). 5. Do not place anything in your mouth while in the laboratory. This includes pencils, food, and fin- gers. Learn to keep your hands away from your mouth and eyes. 6. Place all extra clothing, unnecessary books, purses, backpacks in an appropriate place. The laborato- ry work area must be kept free from unnecessary things. 7. Decontaminate work surfaces daily. 8. Maintain insect and rodent control program. Precautions during work 1. Work according to plan and fill in all the required reports in laboratory manual and have them signed by the tutor. 2. Mechanical pipetting devices should be used for manipulating all liquids in the laboratory. Mouth pipetting must not be done. 3. Flame wire loops and needles before and immediately after transfer of cultures. Do not move through the laboratory with a loop or pipette containing infectious material. 4. Be careful with the burner flame. 5. Use of needles and syringes should be limited to situations in which there is no alternative, and the recommendations for preventing injuries with needles should be followed. 6. Minimize splashes and aerosols during laboratory procedures. 7. Avoid contamination of benches, floor, and wastebaskets during experiment. 8. Blood and other body fluids from all patients should be considered infective. All persons processing blood and body-fluid specimens should wear gloves. Gloves should be changed and hands washed after completion of specimen processing. 9. Slides and coverslips are glass. Do not cut yourself when using them. Dispose of any broken glass in the appropriately labeled container. Precautions after work 1. Label all experimental material with: a) your name; b) date; c) specimen; d) microorganism name. 2. Return all reagents, cultures, and glassware to their appropriate places after experiment. 3. Contaminated materials used in laboratory tests should be decontaminated before reprocessing. Spe- cial receptacles will be provided for infectious materials and used glass slides. Place all discarded cultures and contaminated glassware into these receptacles. Tall jars filled with a germicide will be provided for pi- pettes. 4. After completing laboratory activities wash your hands thoroughly, using disinfecting soap and re- move your protective clothes. 6 Precautions after accidents 1. Laboratory work surfaces should be decontaminated with an appropriate chemical germicide after a spill of blood, other body fluids, microbial cultures 2. The following procedure should be used to clean up spills of blood or blood-containing fluids: i. put on gloves and any other necessary barriers. ii. wipe up excess material with disposable towels and place the towels in a container for sterilization. iii. disinfect the area with either a commercial germicide or household bleach (sodium hypochlorite). 3. When infectious material is accidentally spilled, cover it immediately with a disinfectant and notify your instructor at once. 4. When infectious material is accidentally spilled on skin, wash it with antisepticat first and then with soap thoroughly and notify your instructor at once. _______________________________________________________________________________________ Biosafety - combinations of laboratory procedures, laboratory facilities and safety equip- ment that protect workers, ―products‖, co-workers, lab support personnel, environment when work- ing with potentially infectious microorganisms (tab. 1.1). A biosafety level (BSL) - is the level of the biocontainment precautions required to isolate dangerous biological agents in an enclosed facility. As of 2006, there are four safety levels. Higher numbers indicate a greater risk to the external environment. A biological
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology: Discovering the Unseen World Through Hands-On Investigation
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Open Educational Resources Queensborough Community College 2016 Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology: Discovering the Unseen World Through Hands-On Investigation Joan Petersen CUNY Queensborough Community College Susan McLaughlin CUNY Queensborough Community College How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/qb_oers/16 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology: Discovering the Unseen World through Hands-On Investigation By Dr. Susan McLaughlin & Dr. Joan Petersen Queensborough Community College Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology: Discovering the Unseen World through Hands-On Investigation Table of Contents Preface………………………………………………………………………………………i Acknowledgments…………………………………………………………………………..ii Microbiology Lab Safety Instructions…………………………………………………...... iii Lab 1. Introduction to Microscopy and Diversity of Cell Types……………………......... 1 Lab 2. Introduction to Aseptic Techniques and Growth Media………………………...... 19 Lab 3. Preparation of Bacterial Smears and Introduction to Staining…………………...... 37 Lab 4. Acid fast and Endospore Staining……………………………………………......... 49 Lab 5. Metabolic Activities of Bacteria…………………………………………….…....... 59 Lab 6. Dichotomous Keys……………………………………………………………......... 77 Lab 7. The Effect of Physical Factors on Microbial Growth……………………………... 85 Lab 8. Chemical Control of Microbial Growth—Disinfectants and Antibiotics…………. 99 Lab 9. The Microbiology of Milk and Food………………………………………………. 111 Lab 10. The Eukaryotes………………………………………………………………........ 123 Lab 11. Clinical Microbiology I; Anaerobic pathogens; Vectors of Infectious Disease….. 141 Lab 12. Clinical Microbiology II—Immunology and the Biolog System………………… 153 Lab 13. Putting it all Together: Case Studies in Microbiology…………………………… 163 Appendix I.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of Original Gram Stain and Its Modification in the Gingival Plaque Samples
    Journal of Bacteriology & Mycology: Open Access Research Article Open Access Comparison of original gram stain and its modification in the gingival plaque samples Abstract Volume 7 Issue 1 - 2019 Aim: The aim of the study is to compare the characteristics of original gram stain and its Nirmada pukhrambam modifications in the gingival plaque samples. Department of Oral Pathology, Saveetha Dental College, India Background: The gram stain remains the most frequently used rapid diagnostic test. It is described as the corner stone of clinical laboratory. The gram stain divides bacteria Correspondence: Nirmada pukhrambam, Department of Oral Pathology, Saveetha Dental College, India, into gram positive and gram negative on the basis of their cell wall and cell membrane Email permeability. It is a very important preliminary step in the initial characterization and classification of bacteria. When properly interpreted in the light of clinical history, the gram Received: October 03, 2018 | Published: January 22, 2019 stain can provide useful, presumptive information as to the etiology of much infection. Various modifications have been made in the staining pattern for better diagnosis of the micro organisms. Materials and methods: Seven paired gingival plaque samples are collected from seven healthy individuals. One set labeled as original gram and the other set labeled as modified gram. Both the set are heat fixed and stain with two different methods and scored by two different observers who are blind to the study. Results and conclusion: 80.95% of the smear shows good Staining intensity in modified gram stain as compared to the original gram because acetone alcohol mixture gives a better decolourising agent than the normal acetone.
    [Show full text]
  • Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
    FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES BY DR JAWAD NAZIR ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, LAHORE Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes Prokaryote comes from the Greek words for pre-nucleus Eukaryote comes from the Greek words for true nucleus. Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Eukaryotes One circular chromosome, not in Paired chromosomes, in nuclear a membrane membrane No histones Histones No organelles Organelles Peptidoglycan cell walls Polysaccharide cell walls Binary fission Mitotic spindle Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Size and shape Average size: 0.2 -1.0 µm 2 - 8 µm Basic shapes: Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Size and shape Pairs: diplococci, diplobacilli Clusters: staphylococci Chains: streptococci, streptobacilli Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Size and shape Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Size and shape Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Size and shape Unusual shapes Star-shaped Stella Square Haloarcula Most bacteria are monomorphic A few are pleomorphic Genus: Stella Genus: Haloarcula Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Bacterial cell structure Structures external to cell wall Cell wall itself Structures internal to cell wall Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Glycocalyx Outside cell wall Usually sticky A capsule is neatly organized A slime layer is unorganized & loose Extracellular polysaccharide allows cell to attach Capsules prevent phagocytosis Association with diseases B. anthracis S. pneumoniae Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Flagella Outside cell wall Filament made of chains of flagellin Attached to a protein hook Anchored to the wall and membrane by the basal body Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Flagella Arrangement Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Bacterial motility Rotate flagella to run or tumble Move toward or away from stimuli (taxis) Flagella proteins are H antigens (e.g., E.
    [Show full text]
  • Cell Structure and Function in the Bacteria and Archaea
    4 Chapter Preview and Key Concepts 4.1 1.1 DiversityThe Beginnings among theof Microbiology Bacteria and Archaea 1.1. •The BacteriaThe are discovery classified of microorganismsinto several Cell Structure wasmajor dependent phyla. on observations made with 2. theThe microscope Archaea are currently classified into two 2. •major phyla.The emergence of experimental 4.2 Cellscience Shapes provided and Arrangements a means to test long held and Function beliefs and resolve controversies 3. Many bacterial cells have a rod, spherical, or 3. MicroInquiryspiral shape and1: Experimentation are organized into and a specific Scientificellular c arrangement. Inquiry in the Bacteria 4.31.2 AnMicroorganisms Overview to Bacterialand Disease and Transmission Archaeal 4.Cell • StructureEarly epidemiology studies suggested how diseases could be spread and 4. Bacterial and archaeal cells are organized at be controlled the cellular and molecular levels. 5. • Resistance to a disease can come and Archaea 4.4 External Cell Structures from exposure to and recovery from a mild 5.form Pili allowof (or cells a very to attach similar) to surfacesdisease or other cells. 1.3 The Classical Golden Age of Microbiology 6. Flagella provide motility. Our planet has always been in the “Age of Bacteria,” ever since the first 6. (1854-1914) 7. A glycocalyx protects against desiccation, fossils—bacteria of course—were entombed in rocks more than 3 billion 7. • The germ theory was based on the attaches cells to surfaces, and helps observations that different microorganisms years ago. On any possible, reasonable criterion, bacteria are—and always pathogens evade the immune system. have been—the dominant forms of life on Earth.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Probes to Visualize Bacterial Cell Structure and Physiology
    molecules Review From Differential Stains to Next Generation Physiology: Chemical Probes to Visualize Bacterial Cell Structure and Physiology Jonathan Hira 1, Md. Jalal Uddin 1 , Marius M. Haugland 2 and Christian S. Lentz 1,* 1 Research Group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology and Centre for New Antibacterial Strategies (CANS), UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway; [email protected] (J.H.); [email protected] (M.J.U.) 2 Department of Chemistry and Centre for New Antibacterial Strategies (CANS), UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Academic Editor: Steven Verhelst Received: 30 September 2020; Accepted: 23 October 2020; Published: 26 October 2020 Abstract: Chemical probes have been instrumental in microbiology since its birth as a discipline in the 19th century when chemical dyes were used to visualize structural features of bacterial cells for the first time. In this review article we will illustrate the evolving design of chemical probes in modern chemical biology and their diverse applications in bacterial imaging and phenotypic analysis. We will introduce and discuss a variety of different probe types including fluorogenic substrates and activity-based probes that visualize metabolic and specific enzyme activities, metabolic labeling strategies to visualize structural features of bacterial cells, antibiotic-based probes as well as fluorescent conjugates to probe biomolecular uptake pathways. Keywords: activity-based probe; antibiotic conjugate; bacterial imaging; bacterial uptake; fluorogenic substrate; metabolic labeling; phenotypic heterogeneity 1. Introduction—From 19th Century Microbiology to Modern Day Chemical Biology If chemical biology can be defined as the ‘interrogation of biological systems with chemical approaches’ [1], we must acknowledge some of the first microbiologists as chemical biologists.
    [Show full text]
  • Biomedical Sciences I Integrated Course Inglese / English
    Biomedical sciences i Integrated course 1. language Inglese / English 2. course contents Coordinatore/Coordinator: Prof. Wanda Lattanzi Anno di corso/Year Course: 1 Semestre/Semester: 2 CFU/UFC: 12 Moduli e docenti incaricati /Modules and lecturers: Cellular biology I (3 UFC): Wanda Lattanzi / Lorena Di Pietro Cellular biology I practicals (1 UFC): Marta Barba/Saccone Valentina / Palacios Daniela /Lorena Di Pietro Physiology of excitables cells (0.8 UFC): Marcello D’Ascenzo Physiology of excitable cells practicals (0.2 UFC): Cristian Ripoli General microbiology (2 UFC): Giovanni Delogu General microbiology practicals (1 UFC): Giovanni Delogu /Michela Sali Histology and general embryology (2.2 UFC): Luca Tamagnone Histology and general embryology practicals (1.8 UFC): Maria Teresa Viscomi / Silvia Masciarelli 3. bibliography CELLULAR BIOLOGY I Karp G, “Cell and Molecular Biology – Concepts and Experiments” 8 edition, Wiley, 2016 (latest available edition) For additional consultation: Alberts B, et al. Essential Cell Biology, 4th Edition, Garland Science - Taylor & Francis Group, 2013. PHYSIOLOGY OF EXCITABLES CELLS Medical Physiology Author: Walter F. Boron; Emil L. Boulpaep Elsevier (Second Edition) ISBN: 978-1-4377-1753-2; ISBN: 978-0-8089-2449-4; Principles of Neural Science Author: Eric R. Kandel, James H. Schwartz, Thomas M. Jessell, Steven A. Siegelbaum, A. J. Hudspeth McGraw-Hill (Fifth Edition) ISBN: 978-0-07-139011-8 GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY Madigan MT, et al. Brock Biology of Microorganisms 13th edition. Material provided by the teacher. Pearson Global Edition. HISTOLOGY AND GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY Wojciech Pawlina, Histology- A Text and Atlas with Correlated Cell and Molecular Biology, 7th or 8th Edition, Wolters Kluwer. For additional consultation: Young, B and others - Wheather’s Functional Histology, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, 2013.
    [Show full text]
  • Structure of Bacterial and Archaeal Cells
    © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 4 CHAPTER PREVIEW 4.1 There Is Tremendous Diversity Structure of Among the Bacteria and Archaea 4.2 Prokaryotes Can Be Distinguished by Their Cell Shape and Arrangements Bacterial and 4.3 An Overview to Bacterial and Archaeal Cell Structure 4.4 External Cell Structures Interact Archaeal Cells with the Environment Investigating the Microbial World 4: Our planet has always been in the “Age of Bacteria,” ever since the The Role of Pili first fossils—bacteria of course—were entombed in rocks more than TexTbook Case 4: An Outbreak of 3 billion years ago. On any possible, reasonable criterion, bacteria Enterobacter cloacae Associated with a Biofilm are—and always have been—the dominant forms of life on Earth. —Paleontologist Stephen J. Gould (1941–2002) 4.5 Most Bacterial and Archaeal Cells Have a Cell Envelope “Double, double toil and trouble; Fire burn, and cauldron bubble” is 4.6 The Cell Cytoplasm Is Packed the refrain repeated several times by the chanting witches in Shakespeare’s with Internal Structures Macbeth (Act IV, Scene 1). This image of a hot, boiling cauldron actu- MiCroinquiry 4: The Prokaryote/ ally describes the environment in which many bacterial, and especially Eukaryote Model archaeal, species happily grow! For example, some species can be iso- lated from hot springs or the hot, acidic mud pits of volcanic vents ( Figure 4.1 ). When the eminent evolutionary biologist and geologist Stephen J. Gould wrote the opening quote of this chapter, he, as well as most micro- biologists at the time, had no idea that embedded in these “bacteria” was another whole domain of organisms.
    [Show full text]
  • Gram Negative Bacterial Structure  Explain the Medical Implications of Spore Formation
    Lecture (3) Bacterial cell structure Objectives Enumerate Essential and non-essential bacterial cell components Describe the common anatomical structures found in bacteria and explain their function [flagella, pili, glycocalyx, capsule, endospores, cytoplasm, inclusions, chromosome, plasmids, cell membrane, and cell wall]. Compare gram positive and gram negative bacterial structure Explain the medical implications of spore formation. Bacterial cell structure •Cell wall Essential •Cytoplasmic Membrane •Cytoplasm Structures •Nuclear body •Capsule. Non Essential •Flagella •Pili structures •Inclusion granules Cell wall Cytoplasmic Essential structures membrane Any bacterial cell is composed of the following structures (Essential structures): 1. Cell wall. 2. Cytoplasmic membrane. 3. Cytoplasm. 4. Nuclear body. Nuceloid Cytoplasm Non Essential Structures Capsule Inclusion Some (Not all) bacteria may granules contain one or more of the following structures: 1. Capsule. 2. Flagella (single Flagellum) 3. Fimbria (pili). Pili 4. Inclusion granules Flagellum Cell wall Cytoplasmic THE CELL WALL membrane The cell wall is a rigid structure that surrounds the bacterial cell just outside of the plasma membrane. Nuceloid Cytoplasm Cell wall Structure Bacteria are classified according to their cell wall as: Gram positive or Gram negative. Peptidoglycan Polysaccharide chains The main structural component of the cell wall. Peptidoglycan is formed of carbohydrate + protein. It consists of long polysaccharide chains that are cross-linked by amino acid bridges. Gram positive Cell Wall In Gram-positive bacteria the peptidoglycan forms a thick layer external to the cell membrane. Cell wall of gram positive bacteria also contain Teichoic acid molecules. Gram negative Cell Wall In Gram-negative bacteria, the peptidoglycan layer is thin and is overlaid by an outer membrane.
    [Show full text]
  • Coevolution with Bacteriophages Drives Genome-Wide Host Evolution And
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Open Research Exeter 1 Submission Type: Article, Discoveries 2 3 Article Title: Coevolution with bacteriophages drives genome-wide host evolution and 4 constrains the acquisition of abiotic-beneficial mutations 5 1,2,* 1,3 4 1,5 6 Authors Pauline D. Scanlan , Alex R. Hall , Gordon Blackshields , Ville-P. Friman 6 6,7 1,8 7 Michael R. Davis Jr , Joanna B. Goldberg & Angus Buckling . 8 9 Affiliations 1 10 Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United 11 Kingdom 2 12 Present Address: Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork, Ireland. 13 Email: [email protected] or [email protected] 3 14 Present Address: Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland. : 15 Email [email protected] 4 16 Central Pathology Laboratory, Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, School 17 of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland. Email: [email protected] 5 18 Present Address: Imperial College London, Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park 19 Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK. Email: [email protected] 6 20 Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia 21 Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA. Email: [email protected] 7 22 Joanna B. Goldberg. Present Address: Department of Paediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, 23 Allergy/Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, 24 Rollins Research Center, 510 Clifton Road NE, Suite3009 Atlanta GA 30322, USA. Email: 25 [email protected] 1 8 26 Angus Buckling.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bacterial Nucleoid Revisited
    MICROBIOLOGICAL REVIEWS, June 1994, p. 211-232 Vol. 58, No. 2 0146-0749/94/$04.O0+0 Copyright © 1994, American Society for Microbiology The Bacterial Nucleoid Revisited CARL ROBINOW'* AND EDUARD KELLENBERGER2,3* Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Health Sciences Centre, University of Westem Ontario, London, Canada N6A SC],' and Institut de Gene'tique et de Biologie Microbiennes, Universite de Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne,2 and Biozentrum der Universitat Basel, CH-4056 Basel,3 Switzerland REFLECTIONS ON THE HISTORY OF BACTERIAL CARYOLOGY.............................................................211 GROSS ANATOMY OF THE NUCLEOID: RECALL AND REVISION............................................................212 The Road from "Nuclear Material" to "Nucleoid" and Back Again ..............................................................212 HCl-Giemsa Must Be Taken with a Grain of Salt............................................................................. 213 Acid Hydrolysis of Osmium-Fixed Bacteria Endows Nucleoids with an Affinity for Purple Components of Standard Giemsa Stain Which They Normally Lack.........................................................214 The Nucleoid in Bouin-Thionin Preparations ............................................................................. 215 The Nucleoids in Cyanobacteria Remembered............................................................................. 216 ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF BACTERIAL DNA-PLASMS IN SITU..........................................................216 Early Results
    [Show full text]
  • Department of Animal Biology School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad
    Department of Animal Biology School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad Vision Our vision is to achieve academic excellence in education and research by promoting systematic learning to understand the molecular basis of animal health and diseases in diverse areas of modern biology. Mission MS-1: Providing high-quality education of international standards in animal biology and biotechnology at Master’s and Doctoral level. MS-2: Carrying-out research in frontier areas of animal biology and biotechnology through intra- and extra-mural research grants. MS-3: Development of processes/technologies/methods through academia- industry interactions, thus promoting entrepreneurial skills MS-4: Establishing national/international collaborations with premier research institutes/universities for advancing scientific knowledge in interdisciplinary areas of animal biology and biotechnology. Department of Animal Biology School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad M.Sc. in Animal Biology and Biotechnology Qualification Descriptors After completion of M.Sc. program in Animal Biology and Biotechnology, the students will be able to QD-1: Demonstrate comprehensive knowledge and skills in the area of Animal Biology and Biotechnology. QD-2: Use knowledge and skills required for identifying problems and issues, collection of relevant quantitative and/or qualitative data pertaining to animal health and welfare. QD-3: Apply disciplinary knowledge and transferable skills to design novel strategies for improving animal and human health through biotechnological
    [Show full text]
  • Microbiological Classification of Infectious Diseases
    Microbiological Classification of Infectious Diseases • Disease is a disturbance in the state of health • Microbes cause disease in the course of stealing space, nutrients, and/or living tissue from their symbiotic hosts (e.g., us) • To do this, microbes do most of the following: – Gain access to the host (contamination) – Adhere to the host (adherence) – Replicate on the host (colonization) – Invade tissues (invasion) – Produce toxins or other agents that cause host harm (damage) BIOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS • Infectivity – the ability to infect a host • Pathogenicity – the ability to cause disease in the host • Virulence – the ability to cause severe disease in the host • Immmunogenicity –the ability to induce an immune response in the host Infectious Disease Terms Infectious dose – number of organisms needed to successfully infect Latent period - exposure to infectiousness interval Incubation period – interval from exposure to clinical symptoms Infectious period – interval during which host can transmit infection Reproductive rate – ability of an agent to spread in populations Virulence Pathogenicity Immunogenicity Outbreak – limited spread Endemic – usually present; steady prevalence Epidemic – rapid spread Pandemic – occurring across countries and in multiple populations Important Terms MODES OF TRANSMISSION •Direct – Droplet – Aerosol – Skin to skin • Indirect – Fomites (clothes, blankets, door handles etc) – Vectors (e.g. mosquitoes) – Food and water – Intermediate hosts (e.g. snails) CLINICAL RESPONSES TO INFECTION
    [Show full text]