SID1722284/1 Paul Hales May 2020

Assessing What Remains of Peterborough’s Medieval Agricultural Landscape

Author: Paul Hales SID #: 1722284/1

Supervisor: Andrew Hatton Submission: May 2020

MOD000798 Undergraduate Major Project Word Count: 10,000

BA (Hons) Archaeology and Landscape History SID1722284/1 Paul Hales May 2020

Acknowledgements

My thanks to my dissertation supervisor and the Archaeology and Landscape History Degree Course Leader, Andrew (Bob) Hatton MPhil, PGCE, BSc (Hons), HND, MIFL for his endless patience, faith and encouragement. Also grateful thanks to Peterborough City Council Archaeologist, Dr. Rebecca Casa-Hatton MCIfA, without her initial idea, support and enthusiasm this project would never have got going. Thanks to the wider Peterborough City Council Natural Environment Team, for welcoming me albeit temporarily into their team and allowing me to use their knowledge, resources and to drink their tea. To my fellow students at UCP, being voted the most interesting dissertation at the winter conference, was the necessary fillip at just the right time. Finally to my great-grandfather George Hales, the creator of the straightest furrows.

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Abstract

My great-grandfather George Hales worked as a ploughman at Powder Blue Farm, just north of Peterborough. George was rightly proud of the fact that his plough horse’s lines and tack were always the neatest and that his furrows were always the straightest.

The medieval landscape of ridge and furrow was created by our ancestors over hundreds of years. This report examines the survival of ridge and furrow in the area known as Peterborough Unitary Authority (PUA). It contrasts survival in 2020 with what has been recorded, primarily from aerial photographs taken in the 75 years since 1945. Present day landscape images have been compared with the archival aerial photographs taken by Dr. Ben Robinson, Dr. Stephen Upex and Rog Palmer and held in the photographic collections of Peterborough Historic Environment Record (HER).

A catalogue of all ridge and furrow locations within PUA has been recorded. These have been measured by area and assessed for condition, wherever possible a reason for any absence of the ridge and furrow landscape has been determined. These results will provide an input into and inform future planning and policy making decisions. Where the need for proposed future development at any particular site can be weighed against the public benefits offered by preserving the historic landscape.

Writing in the journal Antiquity in 2000, Hall and Palmer stated: “Modern agriculture has removed ridges to such an extent that it has become desirable to preserve some of the increasingly rare good examples” (Hall, D. & Palmer, R., 2000. Ridge and furrow survival and preservation. Antiquity, 74(283), pp. 29-30).

Twenty years later and this still holds true, especially for areas such as Peterborough where ridge and furrow landscapes are far from common. Of the 1006 hectares of ridge and furrow landscapes identified since 1945, an alarming amount (293 hectares) is now absent and entirely lost. A further amount (667 hectares) has been subject to various degrees of degradation, only a small amount (44 hectares) remains in a well preserved and recognisable condition. These last few remaining well preserved parcels should be considered for preservation as soon as possible.

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Table of Contents

Acknowledgements ...... ii

Abstract ...... iii

Plates, Tables and Figures ...... v

1.0 Introduction...... 1

2.0 Aims and objectives ...... 8

3.0 Methodology...... 9

4.0 Data ...... 20

5.0 Creating ridge and furrow ...... 32

6.0 Case studies ...... 39

7.0 Discussion ...... 63

8.0 Conclusions and recommendations ...... 73

References ...... 77

Bibliography...... 79

Appendix 1...... 80

Appendix 2...... 81

Appendix 3...... 97

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Plates, Tables and Figures

Plate Description Page 1 Glebe Farm, Stanground Cover 2 Ploughman and plough boy with team of oxen 36 3 Ox plough teams at work 37 4 Domesday Book entry for Stanground 39 5 & 6 Stanground South Aerial Photograph 1988 & 2005 45 7 Glebe Farm site - view southeast 46 8 Glebe Farm site - view east 47 9 Glebe Farm site - section 49 10 Top Lodge Farm, Upton 55 11 Domesday Book entry for Glinton 56 12 & 13 Alwalton Hill, Hampton 60 14 & 15 Alwalton Hill, Hampton 62

Tables Description Page 1 Administrative Chronology 4 2 Assessment criteria for ridge and furrow conditional grading 14 3 ArcGIS Attribute Object Data 15 4 PUA R&F Totals 21 5 R&F All Conditions: by parish or ward 22 6 R&F All Conditions: by total area (ha) 23 7 R&F Absent Condition: by parish with greatest area (ha) 24 8 R&F Absent Condition: by percentage of total parish R&F area 24 9 R&F Degraded Condition: by parish with greatest area (ha) 25 10 R&F Degraded Condition: by percentage of total parish R&F area 26 11 R&F Preserved Condition: by parish with greatest area (ha) 27 12 R&F Preserved Condition: by percentage of total parish R&F area 27 13 Arcane measures & metric equivalents 34 14 Parish Data: Fletton & Stanground 39 15 Glebe Farm, Stanground: change through time 44 16 Parish Data: Hampton & Orton Longueville 50 17 Parish Data: Upton 53 18 Parish Data: Glinton 56 19 Parish Data: Hampton 59 20 Glossary 75 21 Acronyms 76

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Figures Description Page 1 PUA Location 3 2 PUA Boundary 5 3 PUA Wards & rural civil parishes 6 4 Nassaburgh Hundred 7 5 PUA Earthworks & cropmarks 16 6 PUA SHINE polygons 17 7 PUA Ridge & Furrow polygons 18 8 PUA Boundary with LiDAR imagery 19 9 R&F Percentage of each condition 21 10 Land use analysis - loss, threat and potential threat 28 11 PUA Ridge & Furrow polygons & monument points 31 12 Schematic of two furlongs 32 13 Plough team using an ox goad 34 14 Gradual build-up of the ridge at the centre of a strip 35 15 Plough team - Advantages of turning left over turning right 37 16 Peterborough’s southern medieval villages 40 17 Peterborough’s southern suburban villages 41 18 Extract from the Stanground enclosure award - 1801 43 19 - 26 Glebe Farm, Stanground - change through time 44 27 Glebe Farm, Stanground R&F survey 45 28 Orton Longueville - 1901 52 29 Orton Longueville - 1952 52 30 Grange Farm, Orton Longueville - AP marks 52 31 Grange Farm, Orton Longueville - Assessed R&F 52 32 Top Lodge Farm, Upton 54 33 Top Lodge Farm, Upton - LiDAR 55 34 North Zone of PUA 58 35 R&F in Glinton village 58 36 Alwalton Hill - AP marks 61 37 Alwalton Hill - Assessed R&F 61 38 PUA Study zones 64 39 - 47 PUA Study zones and assessed R&F polygons 64 - 72 48 PUA All ArcGIS layers 80

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1.0 Introduction

1.1 General introduction and project background Every day for 14 years the short walk to school took me past a field which contained some curious lumps and bumps, some ridges and furrows (plate 1).

There is a perception the landscape around us is entirely natural, however, forests and woodlands have been managed and rivers persuaded into courses that most suits man. Today’s East Anglian Fens are not natural, farmland and fields are not natural. Some of the characteristics of the fields seen today are as a result of hundreds of years of toil by our ancestors.

The ridge and furrow earthworks produced by medieval cultivation were once a familiar sight across many parts of England, these are now a rare archaeological resource (Anderton & Went, 2002). Writing in the journal Antiquity in 2000, Hall and Palmer stated: “Modern agriculture has removed ridges to such an extent that it has become desirable to preserve some of the increasingly rare good examples” (Hall & Palmer, 2000). This still holds true some twenty years later. This project will examine the survival of ridge and furrow in the area known as Peterborough Unitary Authority (PUA). Contrasting survival in 2020 with what has been recorded from aerial photographs taken in the 75 years since 1945.

1.1.1 This project has been undertaken as part of an undergraduate major project. The work was identified by Peterborough City Council’s, Natural and Historic Environment team.

1.1.2 The primary project output is this report.

1.1.3 A number of statistical tables have been produced, these are included throughout the report and include:

 Total ridge and furrow (all conditions) recorded since 1945  Total ridge and furrow recorded since 1945 (but now in an absent or degraded condition) in 2020  Total ridge and furrow (in a well persevered condition) in 2020  The proportion of each parish or ward containing ridge and furrow  The reason for loss, threat or potential threat (by land class/use)

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1.1.4 This report will describe the project methodology, the resulting outputs and the background to the creation of ridge and furrow landscapes. It will include a number of case studies, maps, plates and an analysis of the results from the study area.

1.1.5 A secondary project output is the production of an interactive geographic information system (GIS) layer.

1.1.6 GIS is a computer system used to capture geographic spatial data. Using a GIS software application (ArcGIS v10.5.1) a layer of information pertaining exclusively to ridge and furrow has been created. For the first time this will bring together an up to date assessment of ridge and furrow landscapes within PUA. It includes: mappings, locations (parishes, wards, eastings and northings), details of survival, the present assessed condition of the ridge and furrow, any reason for loss or threat and spatial area (in sq. metres) calculations.

1.1.7 This ridge and furrow data layer will be made available to Peterborough City Council’s, Natural and Historic Environment team and any other interested parties.

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1.2 Definition of the study area The study area is defined as Peterborough Unitary Authority.

Located in the northwest corner of Cambridgeshire (figure 1) the unitary authority is made up of 34,346 hectares (ha) (one hectare = 100m x 100m or 10,000 sq. meters) and consists of rural civil parishes and urban city wards (figures 2 & 3). The River Welland forms most of the northern boundary and the River Nene forms part of the southern boundary.

Figure 1 - PUA Location

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1.3 Administrative Chronology For administrative purposes Peterborough has been switched and swapped between various administrative districts (table 1). The area now called Peterborough Unitary Authority (figures 2 & 3) is broadly similar to the old Nassaburgh Hundred or Soke of Peterborough (figure 4). Historically the Soke of Peterborough had been considered to be part of Northamptonshire until the Local Government Act of 1888 when it became a county in its own right. The Soke remained a formal administrative area until 1965, at which time it was merged with Huntingdonshire to create a more viably sized county. In 1974 the county of Huntingdon and Peterborough was again considered too small and was merged this time with Cambridgeshire. The present administrative area (the unitary authority) was created in 1998; a unitary authority has the combined powers of a non-metropolitan county and a district council (Peterborough City Council, 2020).

Years County Reason for Change 1889 - 1889 Northamptonshire Local Government Act (1888) 1889 - 1965 Soke of Peterborough Individually too small & merged with Huntingdon 1965 - 1974 Huntingdon & Peterborough Too small, reorganised into Cambridgeshire 1974 - 1998 Cambridgeshire Local Government Commission for England (1992) 1998 - Present Peterborough Unitary Authority n/a

Table 1 – Administrative Chronology

1.4 Constraints Peterborough’s administrative history can cause some issues with potential record sources being located in different county archives. As the city of Peterborough is on the very southern boundary of the area formerly known as the Soke. Some areas of the unitary authority which are now contiguous with and are clearly part of the city e.g. Stanground, Fletton, the Ortons (all villages south of the River Nene) and some outlying villages e.g. Wansford, were previously administered as part of the counties of Northamptonshire or Huntingdonshire.

1.5 Study Zones For the purposes of this report the author has divided PUA into a number of author defined study zones. These zones have no political, official or administrative purpose they are purely used to group areas with broadly similar conditions (figure 2).

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Figure 2 - PUA Boundary (Peterborough City Council, 2020) and author defined zones (shown as red lines) (Authors Own, 2020)

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Figure 3 - PUA Wards & rural civil parishes

Key to Figure 3

1 Ailsworth 8 Dogsthorpe 15 Hampton Hargate & Vale 22 Northborough 29 Southorpe 36 Wansford 2 Bainton 9 East 16 Hampton & Hempsted 23 Orton Longueville 30 St. Martins Without 37 Werrington 3 Barnack 10 Etton 17 Helpston 24 Orton Waterville 31 Sutton 38 West 4 Bretton 11 Eye 18 Marholm 25 Park 32 Thorney 39 Wittering 5 Castor 12 Fletton & Stanground 19 Maxey 26 Paston & Walton 33 Thornhaugh 40 Woodston 6 Central 13 Glinton 20 Newborough & Borough Fen 27 Peakirk 34 Ufford 41 Wothorpe 7 Deeping Gate 14 Gunthorpe 21 North 28 Ravensthorpe 35 Upton

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Figure 4 - Nassaburgh Hundred or Soke of Peterborough - Extract from John Speed’s map of Northamptonshire (1610)

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2.0 Aims and objectives

2.1 Aims The project aims were suggested in a brief by Peterborough City Council: “The primary aim of this project is to assess the current survival of ridge and furrow landscapes within Peterborough Unitary Authority. Aerial photographic collections or legacy archaeological assessments will be used to determine the condition of these landscapes and to assess any loss since the previous assessment. The results will inform further decision making as to the future management of any surviving and significant medieval agricultural earthworks”.

2.2 Objectives The project objectives were to:  Produce an up to date map which records the condition (absent, degraded or preserved) of ridge and furrow with PUA  Produce a new interactive ridge and furrow layer using ArcGIS software  Produce qualitative statistics relating to the area and condition of the ridge and furrow  Identify potential threats to any remaining ridge and furrow landscapes  Identify how these landscapes were originally created  Discuss a number of case studies  Produce a report summarising the above  Provide a copy of the report to Peterborough City Council’s, Natural and Historic Environment team and any other interested parties (e.g. Nenescape Landscape Partnership Scheme) (Nenescape, 2020)

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3.0 Methodology

3.0.1 The study design was discussed and agreed with Peterborough City Council’s Natural and Historic Environment team.

3.0.2 For the purposes of this report areas of PUA with broadly similar conditions have been grouped together into a number of author defined study zones. These zones have no political, official or administrative purpose (figure 2).

3.0.3 The only practical way to study the 34,000 hectares of PUA in a short time span, is to evaluate the information available from aerial photographic collections or digital (computer) sources.

Therefore this study will be an evaluation or re-evaluation of:

 Earthworks and cropmarks that can be identified as ridge and furrow  Ridge and furrow locations previously identified from aerial photographs  Ridge and furrow identified from other digital sources (e.g. Natural England’s inventory)

In some cases these areas had been added as distinct layers into legacy digital geographic information systems (GIS).

3.0.4 The author has combined information from these multiple sources to create a new layer (in GIS) of exclusively ridge and furrow data (see section 3.1 to 3.5).

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3.1 What is GIS and ArcGIS 3.1.1 A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system used to capture geographic spatial data.

3.1.2 GIS applications are widely used by national governments, the military, by natural resource exploration organisations, and by transport, logistics, telecommunication and insurance businesses. GIS has also become a vital tool for local governments for city and regional planning.

3.1.3 ArcGIS is a GIS desktop software application, developed by the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI). ArcGIS allows the manipulation and interactive interrogation of layers of spatial data.

3.1.4 For this project, the author has created a new spatial data layer of ridge and furrow locations using the ArcGIS software (v10.5.1) under license to Peterborough City Council. This layer combines information from legacy sources and introduces new conditional ridge and furrow data as determined by the author.

3.1.5 Various GIS terms have been used throughout this study:

 Polygon multi-sided shape made up of straight lines to form a closed area  Attribute a table containing narrative detail about each polygon  Layer a level at which specific data (e.g. polygons) can be added  Shapefile a geospatial mark type and file format (file extension .shp)

Data (attributes and polygons) from each layer can be exported as a shapefiles and converted for use in other data formats e.g. MS Excel.

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3.2 Sources consulted This study examined and combined a number of digital data sources.

3.2.1 The starting point and primary data source was a thorough review of aerial photographic evidence previously used to map earthworks and cropmarks within each parish and ward of PUA. This evidence included the aerial photographs taken by Dr. Ben Robinson, Dr. Stephen Upex and Rog Palmer and held in the photographic collections of Peterborough HER (Historic Environment Record).

3.2.2 Earthworks and cropmarks noted by Palmer had been added as shapefile marks (simple lines) to a distinct legacy layer in the ArcGIS system (figure 5).

3.2.3 Natural England’s Selected Heritage Inventory for Natural England (SHINE) records provided a secondary data source (Natural England, 2020). These SHINE records had been added as shapefile marks (polygons) to a distinct legacy layer in the ArcGIS system (figure 6).

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3.3 Actions taken 3.3.1 The author created a new ridge and furrow layer using ArcGIS.

3.3.2 Earthworks or cropmarks (clearly identifiable from AP as ridge and furrow) were added as new ridge and furrow polygons to the new ArcGIS layer (figure 7).

3.3.3 Any SHINE polygons (where the narrative detail mentioned ridge and furrow) were added as new ridge and furrow polygons to the new ArcGIS layer (figure 7).

3.3.4 Each new ridge and furrow polygon received a detailed entry in the ArcGIS attribute table (this is detailed in section 3.4).

3.3.5 All new ridge and furrow polygons were compared against any available Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) images (figure 8).

Although LiDAR data is an invaluable asset it does have some limitations. When the original LiDAR survey was conducted in 1995 it covered only rivers, river valleys and areas at risk from flooding, the LiDAR map is therefore incomplete and only covers approximately 50% of the study area.

3.3.6 Each newly identified polygon was further verified using satellite imagery. There are a number of easily accessible satellite sources such as Bing Satellite or Google Earth. Satellite sources provide some of the most up to date data with the added feature in some cases where the images can be regressed.

3.3.7 By combining sources, it is possible in some cases to see the process of archaeological destruction (see section 6.1).

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3.4 Object Data 3.4.1 Each ridge and furrow polygon has been labelled and catalogued with various data points (table 3) and included in the ArcGIS attribute table.

3.4.2 The data from the attribute table was extracted into MS Excel for further analysis. An area calculation was made for each polygon and an assessment made as to the survival status and condition.

3.4.3 Survival status and condition were determined by comparing historical reports, images or mapping with the most recently available data. A simple traffic light grading system was then applied by the author, where red equals absent, amber equals degraded and green equals well preserved (table 2).

3.4.4 A note on assessment criteria and conditional grading. In the report, Turning the Plough (Hall, 2001), Hall adhered to the strict and rigorous inclusion criteria which had been created by English Heritage (now Historic England). As part of their Monument Protection Programme (MPP) the evaluation manual stated: “the condition of ridge and furrow should be very high i.e. it has never been ploughed since it ceased to be part of the open field system. Ridge and furrow that has been ploughed just once or twice may still be considered worthy of preservation” (Historic England, 1990).

3.4.5 In their response and re-evaluation of Hall’s original report: Turning the Plough Update Assessment (Catchpole & Priest, 2012) a less stringent inclusion criteria was used. They state: “The current project has taken a different approach, especially in light of recent experimental work on the effects of different ploughing techniques on archaeological sites (Spandl, et al., 2010) and made professional judgements on whether the ridge and furrow is still in good enough condition to warrant preservation, even if there have been recent episodes of ploughing” (Catchpole & Priest, 2012).

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3.4.6 In this report (and on the ArcGIS layer) a simplified assessment criteria for conditional grading and colour coding has been devised by the author (table 2), where:

Condition Assessment Criteria

Absent All ridge and furrow (previously recorded) is lost. Normally to intensive cultivation (modern plough out) or to build over.

Degraded Ridge and furrow exists but in a degraded condition. Now only visible using aerial photographs, LiDAR images or by excavation.

Preserved Ridge and furrow is physically visible and obvious on the ground. Recognisable to a lay person (once pointed out)

Table 2 – Assessment criteria for ridge and furrow conditional grading

3.4.7 GIS (ArcGIS) systems are adept at building up multi-layered graphics, an example of this multi-layering can be found in appendix 1. In the example provided the overlaid layers create a complex and detailed picture (figure 48), however add too much data and the graphic can become difficult to interpret, therefore the ArcGIS figures in the main body of the text have been kept as simple as possible.

3.4.8 The GIS (ArcGIS) ridge and furrow attribute table can be found in appendix 2.

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Attribute Explanation

Parish Civil Parish or Urban ward of PUA

Unique ID MPBnnnna or DPBnnnnb the first character indicates M (Monument) or D (SHINE) record: the second & third characters PB indicate Peterborough: nnnn indicates the nearest monument or SHINE record spot: the final character is a sequential letter where there is more than one parcel of R&F near the record spot.

Site Locating text

E / N Easting / Northing (coordinates X = Easting Y = Northing)

Year Date when first identified (where known)

Survival Absent or Present

Condition Absent All R&F is lost (see table 2) Degraded R&F visible only from AP, LiDAR or by excavation.

Preserved R&F visible and obvious on the ground.

Area Parcel Area in m2

Land class Land use class (where absent, this is the reason for loss)

Description From source material

Status SHINE or Scheduled Monument

Source Type AP, excavation, evaluation, geophysical or field survey

Source Ref Originating organisation

Other Report No. or AP No.

Date Date record was created in the attribute table

Created by Author of original record

Table 3 – ArcGIS Attribute Object Data

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Figure 5 - PUA Earthworks & cropmarks extracted from ArcGIS AP layer - Scale 1:100,000 (Air Photo Services, 2020)

Description Key Shown Ridge & Furrow Condition Key Shown

Rural Parishes & City Wards Absent

Earthworks & Cropmarks from AP Y Degraded

SHINE polygons Preserved

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Figure 6 - PUA SHINE polygons extracted from ArcGIS layer - Scale 1:100,000 (Natural England, 2020)

Description Key Shown Ridge & Furrow Condition Key Shown

Rural Parishes & City Wards Absent

Earthworks & Cropmarks from AP Degraded

SHINE polygons Y Preserved

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Figure 7 - PUA Ridge & Furrow locations added to ArcGIS layer - Scale 1:100,000 (Author’s Own, 2020)

Description Key Shown Ridge & Furrow Condition Key Shown

Rural Parishes & City Wards Absent Y

Earthworks & Cropmarks from AP Degraded Y

SHINE polygons Preserved Y

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Figure 8 - PUA Boundary with LiDAR imagery - Scale 1:100,000 (Environment Agency, 1995-2020)

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4.0 Data

Please note data contained in the tables on the next few pages has been extracted from the ArcGIS attribute table and then manipulated by the author in MS Excel. ArcGIS captures the polygon area calculation in square metres (m2) and to 7 decimal places, for the purposes of this report all area totals have been converted to hectares (ha), the number of decimal places has been reduced to 3 for area calculations and to 2 decimal places for percentage calculations. This does cause some rounding issues however these are not statistically significant. Where data is less relevant it has been retained in the table but greyed out. 4.1 Statistics The following statistics have been gathered:  Total area (hectares) of PUA (table 4)  Total area (hectares) of ridge and furrow identified since 1945 (all conditions) (table 4)  Total area (hectares) of ridge and furrow identified since 1945 (but now absent or in a degraded condition) in 2020 (table 4)  Total area (hectares) of ridge and furrow identified since 1945 (in a well persevered condition) in 2020 (table 4)  The proportion of PUA containing ridge and furrow (table 4)  The proportion of ridge and furrow in each condition (figure 9)  The area of ridge and furrow in each parish (tables 5 & 6)  The area and proportion of ridge and furrow in each parish (by condition) (tables 7 - 12) i.e. If a parish has a total of 10 hectares of R&F and:  5 hectares are absent 50%  3 hectares are degraded 30%  2 hectares are well preserved 20%  Land use class/reason (for ridge and furrow in each condition) (figure 10)

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4.2 PUA totals

R&F Condition Absent Degraded Preserved Total Area

PUA Total Area (Hectares) 34,346.830

Area (Square Metres) 2,938,939.767 6,676,165.477 447,881.107 10,062,986.351

Area (Hectares) 293.894 667.617 44.788 1,006.299

Area (% of PUA) 0.86% 1.94% 0.13% 2.93%

Area (% of R&F) 29.20% 66.34% 4.45% 100.00%

Table 4 - PUA R&F Totals

Total area of PUA = 34,346.830ha

Total area of R&F recorded within PUA since 1945 = 1,006.299ha

This report will use these two totals as a baseline for all calculations.

Figure 9 (left) - R&F Percentage of each condition (1006ha total).

The tables on the next few pages show different statistical analyses of the ridge and furrow data:

Key to tables Table R&F Condition sorted by 5 alphabetically total area by parish or ward All 6 descending total area by parish or ward 7 parish with greatest area (ha) Absent (ha) descending 8 percentage of total parish R&F area 9 parish with greatest area (ha) Degraded (ha) descending 10 percentage of total parish R&F area 11 parish with greatest area (ha) Preserved (ha) descending 12 percentage of total parish R&F area

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4.3 Sorted parish data

Parish or Ward Zone Absent (ha) Degraded (ha) Preserved (ha) Total (ha)

Alwalton W 4.967 0 0 4.967 Bainton W 0 4.458 23.835 28.923 Bretton C 10.742 0 0 10.742 Castor W 1.170 5.329 2.192 8.691 Deeping Gate N 9.066 100.539 0 109.604 Dogsthorpe C 5.207 0 0 5.207 East C 7.205 3.813 0 11.018 Etton N 6.873 88.147 0.499 95.519 Eye E 0 5.014 0 5.014 Fletton & Stanground S 45.728 5.929 1.076 52.732 Glinton N 6.031 67.648 5.878 79.557 Hampton Hargate & Vale S 14.920 0 0 14.920 Helpston N 0 76.140 1.849 77.989 Marholm W 0 4.150 0 4.150 Maxey N 10.823 38.105 0 48.929 Newboro. & Borough Fen E 0 6.530 0 6.530 Northboro. N 0 47.413 0 47.413 Orton Longueville S 99.006 1.180 0 100.187 Paston & Walton C 29.755 61.916 0 91.671 Peakirk N 0.279 9.516 0 9.795 Southorpe W 0 3.433 0 3.433 St. Martins Without W 0 26.702 0 26.702 Thorney E 0 0.690 0 0.690 Upton W 0 88.164 9.460 97.623 Werrington C 1.523 14.329 0 15.852 West C 0 8.473 0 8.473 Totals 293.894 667.617 44.788 1,006.299

Table 5 - R&F All Conditions: by parish or ward

Zone notation (see figure 2): C = Central, N = North, S = South, E = East, W = West Only parishes or wards with any recorded ridge and furrow have been listed

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Parish or Ward Absent (ha) Degraded (ha) Preserved (ha) Total (ha)

Deeping Gate 9.066 100.539 0.000 109.604 Orton Longueville 99.006 1.180 0.000 100.187 Upton 0.000 88.164 9.460 97.623 Etton 6.873 88.147 0.499 95.519 Paston & Walton 29.755 61.916 0.000 91.671 Glinton 6.031 67.648 5.878 79.557 Helpston 0.000 76.140 1.849 77.989 Fletton & Stanground 45.728 5.929 1.076 52.732 Maxey 10.823 38.105 0.000 48.929 Northborough 0.000 47.413 0.000 47.413 Bainton 0.000 4.458 23.835 28.923 St. Martins Without 0.000 26.702 0.000 26.702 Werrington 1.523 14.329 0.000 15.852 Hampton Hargate & Vale 14.920 0.000 0.000 14.920 East 7.205 3.813 0.000 11.018 Bretton 10.742 0.000 0.000 10.742 Peakirk 0.279 9.516 0.000 9.795 Castor 1.170 5.329 2.192 8.691 West 0.000 8.473 0.000 8.473 Newborough & Borough Fen 0.000 6.530 0.000 6.530 Dogsthorpe 5.207 0.000 0.000 5.207 Eye 0.000 5.014 0.000 5.014 Alwalton 4.967 0.000 0.000 4.967 Marholm 0.000 4.150 0.000 4.150 Southorpe 0.000 3.433 0.000 3.433 Thorney 0.000 0.690 0.000 0.690

Table 6 - R&F All Conditions: by total area (ha)

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Parish or Ward Absent (ha) Degraded (ha) Preserved (ha) Total (ha)

Orton Longueville 99.006 1.180 0.000 100.187 Fletton & Stanground 45.728 5.929 1.076 52.732 Paston & Walton 29.755 61.916 0.000 91.671 Hampton Hargate & Vale 14.920 0.000 0.000 14.920 Maxey 10.823 38.105 0.000 48.929 Bretton 10.742 0.000 0.000 10.742 Deeping Gate 9.066 100.539 0.000 109.604 East 7.205 3.813 0.000 11.018 Etton 6.873 88.147 0.499 95.519 Glinton 6.031 67.648 5.878 79.557 Dogsthorpe 5.207 0.000 0.000 5.207 Alwalton 4.967 0.000 0.000 4.967 Werrington 1.523 14.329 0.000 15.852 Castor 1.170 5.329 2.192 8.691 Peakirk 0.279 9.516 0.000 9.795

Table 7 – R&F Absent Condition: by parish with greatest area (ha)

Parish or Ward Absent (ha) Total (ha) Percentage

Hampton Hargate & Vale 14.920 14.920 100.00% Bretton 10.742 10.742 100.00% Dogsthorpe 5.207 5.207 100.00% Alwalton 4.967 4.967 100.00% Orton Longueville 99.006 100.187 98.82% Fletton & Stanground 45.728 52.732 86.72% East 7.205 11.018 65.39% Paston & Walton 29.755 91.671 32.46% Maxey 10.823 48.929 22.12% Castor 1.170 8.691 13.46% Werrington 1.523 15.852 9.61% Deeping Gate 9.066 109.604 8.27% Glinton 6.031 79.557 7.58% Etton 6.873 95.519 7.20% Peakirk 0.279 9.795 2.85%

Table 8 - R&F Absent Condition: by percentage* of total parish R&F area *Calculated by (Absent Hectares / Total Hectares) x 100

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Parish or Ward Absent (ha) Degraded (ha) Preserved (ha) Total (ha)

Deeping Gate 9.066 100.539 0.000 109.604 Upton 0.000 88.164 9.460 97.623 Etton 6.873 88.147 0.499 95.519 Helpston 0.000 76.140 1.849 77.989 Glinton 6.031 67.648 2.890 76.569 Paston & Walton 29.755 61.916 0.000 91.671 Northborough 0.000 47.413 0.000 47.413 Maxey 10.823 38.105 0.000 48.929 St. Martins Without 0.000 26.702 0.000 26.702 Werrington 1.523 14.329 0.000 15.852 Peakirk 0.279 9.516 0.000 9.795 West 0.000 8.473 0.000 8.473 Newborough & Borough Fen 0.000 6.530 0.000 6.530 Fletton & Stanground 45.728 5.929 1.076 52.732 Castor 1.170 5.329 2.192 8.691 Eye 0.000 5.014 0.000 5.014 Bainton 0.000 4.458 23.835 28.923 Marholm 0.000 4.150 0.000 4.150 East 7.205 3.813 0.000 11.018 Southorpe 0.000 3.433 0.000 3.433 Orton Longueville 99.006 1.180 0.000 100.187 Thorney 0.000 0.690 0.000 0.690

Table 9 – R&F Degraded Condition: by parish with greatest area (ha)

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Parish or Ward Degraded (ha) Total (ha) Percentage

Northborough 47.413 47.413 100.00% St. Martins Without 26.702 26.702 100.00% West 8.473 8.473 100.00% Newborough & Borough Fen 6.530 6.530 100.00% Eye 5.014 5.014 100.00% Marholm 4.150 4.150 100.00% Southorpe 3.433 3.433 100.00% Thorney 0.690 0.690 100.00% Helpston 76.140 77.989 97.63% Peakirk 9.516 9.795 97.15% Etton 88.147 95.519 92.28% Deeping Gate 100.539 109.604 91.73% Werrington 14.329 15.852 90.39% Upton 88.164 97.623 90.31% Glinton 67.648 76.569 88.35% Maxey 38.105 48.929 77.88% Paston & Walton 61.916 91.671 67.54% Castor 5.329 8.691 61.32% East 3.813 11.018 34.61% Bainton 4.458 28.923 15.41% Fletton & Stanground 5.929 52.732 11.24% Orton Longueville 1.180 100.187 1.18%

Table 10 - R&F Degraded Condition: by percentage* of total parish R&F area *Calculated by (Degraded Hectares / Total Hectares) x 100

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Parish or Ward Absent (ha) Degraded (ha) Preserved (ha) Total (ha)

Bainton 0.000 4.458 23.835 28.923 Upton 0.000 88.164 9.460 97.623 Glinton 6.031 67.648 5.878 79.557 Castor 1.170 5.329 2.192 8.691 Helpston 0.000 76.140 1.849 77.989 Fletton & Stanground 45.728 5.929 1.076 52.732 Etton 6.873 88.147 0.499 95.519

Table 11 - R&F Condition: Preserved - by parish with greatest area (ha)

Parish or Ward Preserved (ha) Total (ha) Percentage

Bainton 23.835 28.923 82.41% Castor 2.192 8.691 25.22% Upton 9.460 97.623 9.69% Glinton 5.878 79.557 7.39% Helpston 1.849 77.989 2.37% Fletton & Stanground 1.076 52.732 2.04% Etton 0.499 95.519 0.52%

Table 12 - R&F Condition: Preserved - by percentage* of total parish R&F area *Calculated by (Preserved Hectares / Total Hectares) x 100

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4.4 Land use analysis

Loss

Absent Hectares %

Building development 271.184 92.27%

Mineral extraction 17.503 5.96%

Household refuse tip 5.207 1.77%

Total 293.894 100.00%

Threat

Degraded Hectares %

Cultivated land 608.180 91.10%

Waste ground or scrub 40.734 6.10%

Leisure activities 10.775 1.61%

Parkland, gardens, 7.927 1.19% or nature reserve.

Total 661.617 100.00%

Potential Threat

Preserved Hectares %

Cultivated land 41.521 92.70%

Leisure activities 3.267 7.30%

Total 44.788 100.00%

Figure 10 – Land use analysis – loss, threat and potential threat

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4.4.1 The land use analysis (figure 10) shows that areas where ridge and furrow is now absent, the loss can be almost entirely attributable to ‘building development’ for residential housing, commercial offices, retail or industry. Some smaller losses are attributed to ‘mineral extraction’ around Maxey in the north of the unitary authority and as ‘household refuse tip’ at a site in the east at Dogsthorpe.

4.4.2 Where the area is degraded and under threat, the threat comes primarily from ‘cultivated land’, intensive agricultural cultivation and deep ploughing, as farmers seek alternative land use or income streams (e.g. solar energy farms). Because of their very nature areas of waste ground or scrub, will always be targets and at risk of build over. The degraded areas classified as ‘leisure activities’ are generally school playing fields. Areas of ‘parkland’, mostly in the grounds of Burghley House, St. Martins Without, private domestic ‘gardens’ and ‘nature reserve’ are self-explanatory and should have a greater degree of protection.

4.4.3 Areas where ridge and furrow has been classified as well preserved a potential threat has been assessed. The primary land use in this category is ‘cultivated land’, this will usually be pastoral (unploughed pasture for grazing). The remaining land class is defined as ‘leisure activities’, the children’s playground at Glebe Farm, Stanground and along the trackside of the Nene Valley Railway as it runs through Ferry Meadows Country Park, Castor.

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4.5 Monument points 4.5.1 In previous sections the layer data was built from polygon information, where each polygon equated to a parcel of ridge and furrow identifiable and quantifiable (by area). The author then applied a qualitative judgement to these polygons to produce the traffic light grading system (figure 7). This system although satisfactory ignores a category of ridge of furrow prevalent in archaeological reports from around PUA.

4.5.2 Many archaeological reports from around PUA mention ridge and furrow in passing, normally as an observation on site rather than an investigation per se into the ridge and furrow landscape. These observations have been entered onto the ArcGIS layer as a ‘spot’ or ‘monument point’ (figure 11 & appendix 3). As these reports mention only a single point it is not possible to quantify the area covered by any ridge and furrow. Inevitably some of these points will represent significant extents of ridge and furrow and they have been included for that reason. The following extract from RN52252 in Peterborough City Council library is typical of these reports: “It is possible that the two shallow linear features were of late medieval to early post-medieval date. They are likely to be the remains of a ‘ridge and furrow’ agricultural system in common usage during that period.” (Webster, 2012).

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Figure 11 – PUA Ridge & Furrow polygons & monument points - Scale 1:100,000 (Author’s Own, 2020)

Description Key Shown Ridge & Furrow Condition Key Shown

Rural Parishes & City Wards Absent Y

Earthworks & Cropmarks from AP Degraded Y

SHINE polygons Preserved Y

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5.0 Creating ridge and furrow

5.1 Village layout 5.1.1 Once a familiar site in many lowland parts of England, the origins of ridge and furrow earthworks can be traced back to around the 10th century. After several centuries of cultivation the fields around each village would have acquired a characteristic corrugated appearance.

5.1.2 With these landscapes came a vocabulary of their own (figure 12). Each cultivated ridge strip was called a land, aligned blocks of lands were called furlongs. Groups of furlongs were called great fields. There would be two, three or occasionally four, unenclosed great fields which would occupy most of the available land around each village township. Any remaining land, normally the unploughable areas, would be left as pasture, meadow or woodland.

5.1.3 This system was so prevalent in the East Midlands it has been called the Midland Open System (Hall, 1982).

Figure 12 – Schematic of two furlongs (Hall, 1982)

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5.2 Village life 5.2.1 Life revolved around the agricultural calendar. Springtime would see the sowing of the great fields and the grazing of any over wintered animals in village pastures and meadows. Summertime was spent harvesting crops of barley, hay, rye, vegetables and fruit. In autumn, animals would be grazed on the remains of the crops, whilst manuring the fields. Winter was spent primarily indoors along with any animals which had not been killed for meat.

5.2.2 Most peasants would not own the land they farmed. They would pay a rent to the village lord for the strips they farmed; in most cases the actual rent was paid ‘in kind’ by the provision of food or material goods. Peasants had an obligation to work for the village lord on the demesne lands, the demesne were lands held by the lord, but never farmed by him, but from which the lord kept all the produce. This obligation had to be discharged before the peasants were allowed to harvest their own crops.

5.2.3 There were a number of categories of peasant. Firstly, freeman, literally ‘free men’ who might hold land but still had obligations of service. Secondly, villens or villagers, who were not free and had to work two or three days a week in the service of the village lord, but they were allowed to farm lands for themselves; cottars or cottagers were similar to villens just with fewer lands to farm. The final category of peasant was the slave. Of both sexes, slaves were simply chattels (property) of the village lord and could be traded or exchanged, they could be employed as ploughmen, dairymaids, household servants or concubines.

5.2.4 Slavery was commonplace in England until the start of the 12th century. According to the Domesday Book survey, approximately 10% of the population were considered to be slaves. William the Conqueror (reigned 1066-1087) had introduced a law forbidding the sale of English slaves overseas, it was not until the general church council of 1102 convened by Anselm (Archbishop of Canterbury under William II and Henry I), that wide ranging ecclesiastical and political reforms were discussed and agreed. At this convention Anselm was able to obtain a resolution against the slave trade in the British Isles.

5.2.5 Although Anselm’s resolution was not legally binding, slave trading in England declined after 1102. As a slave owner it made sense from both a moral and economic perspective to rid yourself of the burden of ownership (feeding, clothing, and housing).

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Freed slaves instead would become rent paying tenants, entering the lower levels of the peasantry, and still with continued obligations and limited freedoms. Slavery was non-existent in the British Isles after 1200.

5.3 Ploughing the open fields 5.3.1 The Domesday survey makes much reference to plough lands and plough teams. The open fields would generally be ploughed with a crude, heavy, single bladed plough drawn by teams of up to eight oxen.

5.3.2 The origins of many arcane land measurement terms can be traced back to ploughing with oxen (table 13). The rod (5m) is thought to have originated from the length of the medieval ox goad (figure 13, plate 2), a goad is a long stick with a pointed end for driving cattle. The furlong (furrow length) was the distance an ox team could plough without resting. An acre (0.4ha) was the amount of land one man with one ox could plough per day. The oxgang was the amount of land tillable (ploughed) by one ox, a virgate the amount of land tillable by two oxen and a carucate the amount of land tillable by a team of eight oxen, in a plough season.

Rod 1 rod The length of an ox goad 5 metres

Chain 4 rods 20 metres

Furlong 10 chains (40 rods) Distance able to plough without rest 200 metres

Acre 4 rods by 1 furlong Tillable by one ox in a day 0.4 hectare

Oxgang 15 acres Tillable by one ox in a plough season 6.0 hectares

Virgate 30 acres Tillable by two oxen in a plough season 12 hectares

Carucate 120 acres Tillable by eight ox in a plough season 48 hectares

Table 13 – Arcane measures & metric equivalents

Figure 13 (left)

Plough team using an ox goad

(Wright, 1887)

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5.3.3 Starting in the middle of a field strip, ploughing in a clockwise direction, the first furrow would be ploughed, the soil turned over to the right. At the end of the furlong, the plough team would be turned and a second furrow ploughed in the opposite direction, again turning the soil over to the right. At the end of this run, the plough team would be turned again and a third furrow created to the left of the first furrow (figure 14). Year after year constant ploughing in the same direction would gradually create a central ridge and furrows to the side of each strip.

5.3.4 Cross ploughing was avoided, ploughing would take place up and down, never across any slopes in the fields. Controlling a long plough team and creating a straight furrow was already difficult enough without also trying to counter the gravity as you ploughed across a sloping field. 5.3.5 The creation of ridges up and down the field (rather than across) also helped with drainage. In wetter periods the ridge was available if the furrow was waterlogged, in drier periods the furrows would retain moisture.

Figure 14 – Gradual build-up of the ridge at the centre of a strip (Küster, 1997)

5.4 Creating the characteristic reversed ‘S’ shape 5.4.1 A team of oxen shackled to a plough would be many metres long (plates 2 & 3). This would lead to the formation of a particular characteristic of ridge and furrow landscapes. When a plough team reached the end of each furrow the lead oxen were turned slightly to the left along the headland, the plough would continue to be kept straight for as long as possible drawn by the stronger oxen who were always yoked at the back and were able to draw the plough on their own for these last few metres.

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Once the plough reached the end of the furrow, the oxen would be standing facing leftward along the headland. Each oxen pair would then be turned around to the right along the headland and across the end of the strip and then lined up at the beginning of the next furrow. This directional manipulation results in each furrow exhibiting a slight twist to the left, which when seen from above forms the characteristic reversed ‘S’ shape (Hall, 2005).

5.4.2 The movements of the oxen and the plough team seem counter intuitive. However if the oxen had been turned right at the furrow end, they would need to be turned immediately right again for the return furrow. The oxen would then be cutting across the top of the ploughed strip, the plough would have to be taken out of the ground before it reached the end of each furrow, and multiple pairs of oxen would be potentially moving in opposite directions. Making a right turn would also result in the lead oxen lining up beyond the end of the next return furrow and awkwardly having to shuffle sideways before ready to plough again (figure 15) (Eyre, 2020).

Plate 2 – Ploughman and plough boy with team of oxen - 19th century (Williams, 2020)

5.4.3 Through selective breeding, oxen became stronger and as the technology of the plough developed then smaller, shorter plough teams came to the fore. These shorter plough teams took up less room on the headland and straighter ploughing became possible. Ridge and furrow from the later Middle Ages is therefore straighter.

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Figure 15 – Plough team – Advantages of turning left over turning right (Eyre, 2020) A. Position of 8 oxen after completing a furrow and turning left B. Position of 8 oxen after completing a furrow and turning right

Plate 3 - Ox plough teams at work (Bonheur, 1849)

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5.5 Oxen and horses 5.5.1 The ox was the primary power source on medieval farms for hundreds of years and would have been a familiar sight in the large open fields. Oxen were the ideal draft animal, a team of oxen would pull heavy loads, steadily and resolutely all day long and were highly suited to breaking up wet, heavy soils (Williams, 2020). A pair of animals would be chosen, matched for size, height and strength. They would work as a paired team for the rest of their life, always hitched the same way around, and traditionally given paired names, the near side (left) a single syllable name and the off- side (right) a two syllable name e.g. Lark and Pheasant.

5.5.2 Oxen had several advantages over horses. Well trained oxen were considered less excitable than horses. The labour effort in caring for oxen was considerably less than that for horses, given sufficient food, oxen require no grooming or rubbing down, and it was considered that one man could look after double the number of oxen to horses.

5.5.3 A further advantage of oxen was as food. In larger plough teams, pairs of younger animals would be introduced as the oldest pair were taken out at about seven years old to be sold or fattened for beef.

5.5.4 The horse was unsuited to the ox yoke, the yoke applied pressure to the horse’s chest and inhibited their breathing. Following the invention of the horse collar, the horse was able to engage its rear quarters providing extra power and speed.

5.5.5 The draft horse’s speed and a manoeuvrability advantage came in to its own after the acts of enclosure, teams of six or eight oxen harnessed in pairs one behind the other were just too unwieldy to plough into the corners of the new smaller enclosed fields. 5.6 Steam and diesel power 5.6.1 The draft horse eventually replaced the ox, becoming ubiquitous in the landscape until superseded firstly by steam power and eventually by diesel powered modern tractors. With each jump in power the ability to plough a straighter furrow became easier. The unrelenting power of steam and diesel means that many characteristic ridge and furrow landscapes have been simply ploughed out of existence.

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6.0 Case studies

6.1 Glebe Farm, Stanground

6.1.1 Parish data

R&F Condition Absent (ha) Degraded (ha) Preserved (ha) Total (ha) Area Fletton & Stanground 45.728 5.929 1.076 52.732 Percentage of Parish R&F 86.72% 11.24% 2.04% 100.00% Primary Assessed Threat Almost too late, risk of careless build over without statutory protection

Table 14 - Parish Data: Fletton & Stanground

6.1.2 The medieval village of Stanground lay south of the River Nene, approximately 2km southeast of the centre of Peterborough; the village was surrounded by water meadows and open rural fields (figure 16). Nowadays the ever expanding city has consumed many of the southern villages of Peterborough. Those hemmed in by the fen edge are particularly affected, Stanground is now barely distinguishable from Fletton, nor Fletton from Woodston, or Woodston from the Ortons. What were once outlying and distinct villages (figure 16) have become merged into a continuous suburban sprawl (figure 17).

6.1.3 Stanground is first mentioned as Stangrunde in a charter from the year 954 (Hart, 1966). In the Domesday Book (plate 4), Stangrun is in the possession of Thorney Abbey and has a population of 23 (16 villagers, 6 smallholders, and a priest); with 10 plough lands and 2 lord’s plough teams (Powell-Smith, 2020). The village would remain in the possession of Thorney Abbey until the dissolution of the monasteries in 1539 (Page, et al., 1936).

Plate 4 – Domesday Book entry for Stanground (Powell-Smith, 2020)

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Figure 16 - Peterborough’s southern medieval villages - Scale: 1:63,360 (Ordnance Survey, 1900)

Description Key Shown Description Key Shown

Glebe Farm site Y Medieval village FLETTON Y

Glebe / Tithe lands Y Grange Farm site Y

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Figure 17 - Peterborough’s southern suburban villages - Scale: Unknown (Bing Satellite, 2020)

Description Key Shown Description Key Shown

Glebe Farm site Y Medieval village FLETTON Y

Glebe Farm environs Y Grange Farm site Y

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6.1.4 Following the dissolution, the manor of Stanground passed firstly to the Crown and then to Sir Walter Mildmay, Chancellor of the Exchequer under Elizabeth I, and then to his descendants. By the start of the 19th century large parts of the manor were sold to different freeholders including 242ha (600 acres) to the Earl Fitzwilliam (Page, et al., 1936).

6.1.5 As previously stated medieval farming was based around the system of open fields which surrounded each village. Gradually this system was eroded by enclosure; this consolidation into individually owned or rented fields began as early as the 12th century. Originally these acts of enclosure would have been by an informal agreement, but by the 17th century the practice had become enshrined in law. Between 1604 and 1914, over 5,000 enclosure bills were enacted by Parliament. These acts covered about a fifth of the total area of England, over 2.75 million hectares.

6.1.6 Enclosure came relatively late to the Peterborough area, possibly because of the ongoing influence of major landholders such as the Earl’s Fitzwilliam of Milton and ecclesiastical land owners. The enclosure act for Peterborough was passed in 1796 but not enforced until 1801. The enclosure award map (figure 18) for south Stanground reflects this ongoing influence of the church, the two largest awards: 146 acres for “The Vicar for Tithes” and a further 56 acres for “The Vicar for Glebe”, shown in the centre of the map, are both settled in favour of the church in lieu of any tithes.

6.1.7 At this point a note is required about Tithes and Glebes. A tithe literally means one tenth. It was a long established practice in many Judeo-Christian religions to give 10% of income to the church. The right of the church to receive tithes in England was first established in 855. These rights were further enhanced by comprehensive and far reaching medieval land laws contained in the Statute of Westminster of 1285, the last of which were not repealed until 2006 (UK Government, 2006). The word glebe is archaic from Middle English it means ‘land or fields’, derived from the French glèbe, itself derived from Latin gleba meaning ‘land, clod or soil’. In historical terms the Glebe was piece of land which served as part of the clergy’s benefice, this extra income would be generated by renting the land or farm to a tenant farmer. Glebes associated with the Church of England persisted until 1978.

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Figure 18 - Extract from the Stanground enclosure award 1801 Scale: Unknown (Gajos, 2011)

Description Key Shown Description Key Shown

Glebe Farm site Y Glebe / Tithe lands Y

Please note the red rectangle on this map is a legacy shape from the source map

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Figure 19 - 1900 - OS Map Extract Figure 20 - 1945 - RAF AP Figure 21 - 1999 - Satellite Figure 22 - 2000 - R&F cropmarks from AP overlaid (Ordnance Survey, 1900) (Google Earth Pro, 2019) (Google Earth Pro, 2019) onto early OS (Air Photo Services, 2020)

Figure 23 - 2006 - LiDAR Figure 24 - 2008 - Satellite Figure 25 - 2016 - Satellite Figure 26 - 2020 - R&F assessed polygons overlaid onto (Environment Agency, 1995-2020) (Google Earth Pro, 2019) (Google Earth Pro, 2019) (figure 22) and latest OS (Authors Own, 2020)

Table 15 – Glebe Farm, Stanground - Collection of images showing change through time

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Figure 27 – Glebe Farm R&F survey (Gajos, 2011) Position and direction plate 7 (red) and plate 8 (blue) taken from (Author’s Own, 2020)

Plate 5 - Stanground South Aerial Photograph (RC8 KnBI 156) (CUCAP, 1988) Plate 6 - Stanground South Aerial Photograph (183 11/20/2005) (Robinson, 2005)

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Plate 7 – Glebe Farm site – R&F view southeast, water visible in base of furrow (Authors Own, 2020)

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Plate 8 - Glebe Farm site R&F view east across 8 ridges (Authors Own, 2020)

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6.1.8 The case study site is located immediately east of where Glebe Farm was previously located (plates 5 & 6) on the southern edge of Stanground, south of Oakdale Avenue and north of the new Cardea (Stanground South) development (NGR TL 2054 9582). The site now forms an area of public open space, under grass, with a children’s playground in the northwest corner. The single remaining well preserved 1.076ha remnant of ridge and furrow, appears to be a lucky survivor sandwiched between domestic housing developments. It lies on a level piece of ground at approximately 12m AOD. To the south-east of the site the land drops down towards the old course of the River Nene and a level of c.2m AOD. The former fen edge is believed to lie approximately 500m to the south-east of the site.

6.1.9 During the medieval period, large portions of the site would have been given over to open field cultivation, evidenced by the remains of ridge and furrow cultivation. The area was partitioned in the post-medieval period by the construction of a series of drainage ditches, which form the basis of the current field pattern.

6.1.10 The site and its immediate environs are typical of the way ridge and furrow landscapes have been treated throughout the study period (1945 - 2020). Almost all examples (98%) of ridge and furrow within Fletton and Stanground are now absent, or heavily degraded (table 14). The relentless demand for domestic housing consumes more, formerly green field sites and with it any underlying heritage landscape. Reviewing the images (table 15, figures 19 - 26) the sequence of destruction between 1900 until 2020 at the case study site is clear to see.

6.1.11 The last remaining parcel of well preserved ridge and furrow in Stanground, is now the only extant example within PUA south of the River Nene. This 1ha parcel consists of ridge and furrow earthworks aligned northwest to southeast across the site, consisting of a series of ridges between 0.20m – 0.30m in height (furrow to ridge) which are even spaced at approximately 8.50m – 9.00m intervals (top of ridge to top of ridge) (figure 27, plates 7 & 8).

6.1.12 Even the status of last remaining ridge and furrow south of the Nene, has not been enough to spare this parcel from further loss. In 2011, prior to the construction of a new footpath which would join two housing developments, an archaeological watching brief on the area was established. The watching brief’s aim was to assess “whether any archaeological remains survived, and if so to record and determine their

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nature, condition, extent and significance” (Gajos, 2011). Before commencement of the groundworks the area was surveyed and the ridge and furrow recorded (figure 27). As the archaeological report states: “The original intention was that all excavation for the construction of the footpath would be done under constant archaeological supervision.” However, the report concludes: “due to a breakdown in communication all excavation, the laying of geotextile membrane and the stoning up of the footpath were undertaken without archaeological monitoring” (plate 9) (Gajos, 2011).

Plate 9 - Glebe Farm site - Footpath section through R&F (Gajos, 2011)

6.1.13 The threat to ridge and furrow in Stanground comes primarily from carelessness. Another footpath constructed with the same disregard for any underlying legacy landscape and this final remaining well preserved parcel, could easily slip into a degraded condition.

6.1.14 Given its potential educational value, the site is adjacent to two schools and location between large housing estates, all possible efforts should now be taken to preserve this last precious remnant of historic landscape.

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6.2 Case Study II - Grange Farm, Orton Longueville

6.2.1 Parish data

R&F Condition Absent (ha) Degraded (ha) Preserved (ha) Total (ha) Area Orton Longueville with 113.926 1.180 0.000 115.107 Hampton Percentage of Parish R&F 98.97% 1.03% 0.00% 100.00% Primary Assessed Threat None, it is too late

Table 16 – Parish Data: Hampton & Orton Longueville

6.2.2 Similar to the experience in Fletton and Stanground the story of loss continues to the west into the adjacent parishes of Orton Longueville and Hampton. Peterborough was designated a new town in July 1967. The newly formed Peterborough Development Corporation (PDC) proposed a series of townships as part of this expansion. Orton was designated as the second township, comprising of the former outlying villages of Orton Longueville and Orton Waterville plus new areas to be developed now named as Orton Brimbles, Orton Goldhay, Orton Malborne, Orton Northgate, Orton Southgate and Orton Wistow.

6.2.3 The village of Orton Longueville lays south of the River Nene, approximately 3km southwest of the centre of Peterborough (figures 16 & 17). The village has been determined by the author to be in the south zone of PUA. Grange Farm formerly lay at the southern end of the village. On the Ordnance Survey 3rd edition the site is still surrounded by agricultural fields, orchards and allotments (figure 28).

6.2.4 The gradual creep of piecemeal development is first evidenced on the OS maps from 1952 (figure 29) where the southern-most parcel of orchard is now built over and the growing brick industry in Woodston can be seen to the east.

6.2.5 On early aerial photographs, fields to the west and east of the village were still showing preserved interlocking and butting furlongs, reversed ‘S’ shaped and ‘C’ shaped curved ridges, approximately 8m wide, with headlands 12m wide and almost 1m high in places (figure 30). South and southeast of Grange Farm two wooded areas, probably orchards, are the reason no ridge and furrow is recorded in those areas.

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6.2.6 A reassessment of this same area in 2020, reveals complete absence of ridge and furrow. Although part of the Grange Farm buildings remain, there is no longer any evidence of farming or the orchards. This area is now built over residential housing forming part of the expanded suburban village of Orton Longueville. The area to the east of the ring road in Woodston is now built over with industrial warehousing and offices (figure 31).

6.2.7 With the decline of industrial brickmaking, extensive brown field sites have become available further to the south of the Ortons. This extensive new township, called the Hamptons, consists primarily of residential housing, retail and support infrastructure (libraries, schools, leisure centres). This latest wave of development has ensured any remnants of ridge and furrow spared or preserved from the original township are now also absent.

6.2.8 The loss of ridge and furrow in these parishes is significant (table 16). The approximately 114ha of absent ridge and furrow represents 11.3% of the ridge and furrow (in all conditions) recorded within PUA. This area alone constitutes 38.7% of all the absent ridge and furrow from PUA.

6.2.9 It is too late for the parishes of Orton and Hampton as only one hectare of heavily degraded ridge and furrow remains. The damage started in the 1950s, was compounded with designation as a new township in the late 1960’s and completed with the recent developments at Hampton.

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Figure 28 Orton Longueville (Ordnance Survey, 1901) Figure 29 Orton Longueville (Ordnance Survey, 1952)

Figure 30 - Grange Farm, Orton Longueville Figure 31 – Former Grange Farm, Orton. Longueville R&F drawn in from AP overlaid onto Hunts OS (3rd edition) Scale 1:2500 Assessed R&F drawn in and overlaid onto modern OS Scale 1:2500

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6.3 Case Study III - Top Lodge Farm, Upton

6.3.1 Parish data

R&F Condition Absent (ha) Degraded (ha) Preserved (ha) Total (ha) Area Upton 0 88.164 9.460 97.623 Percentage of Parish R&F 0.00% 90.31% 9.69% 100.00% Primary Assessed Threat Invasive and intensive cultivation.

Table 17 – Parish Data: Upton

6.3.2 Upton is an entirely rural parish 9.5km west of the centre of Peterborough. It is in the author determined west zone of PUA. Agriculture dominates the parish and other than a few outlying farms there are no settlements other than the small village of Upton.

6.3.3 Top Lodge Farm is situated on the Langley Bush Road to the west of the village, the road at this point passes through the farmyard (figure 32).

6.3.4 One small parcel of well preserved ridge and furrow lies adjacent to the road, it is quite difficult to see as the topography is very flat (plate 10). The better preserved three parcels of ridge and furrow are not visible from the road. However the characteristic corrugated strips are very clear on satellite and LiDAR images (figure 33). Although no absence is recorded within the parish of Upton (table 17), over 90% of parish ridge and furrow identified by Palmer is now assessed as degraded, due to extensive plough out.

6.3.5 The modern farming economy favours the reversion of grassland to arable, this inevitably involves intensive ploughing. In the west zone of PUA this represents the single greatest threat and potential cause of destruction to ridge and furrow landscapes.

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Figure 32 – Top Lodge Farm, Upton - Scale 1:10,000 Plate 10 photo direction

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Plate 10 - Top Lodge Farm, Upton - R&F is difficult to see from ground level

Figure 33 – Top Lodge Farm, Upton - R&F is clear on LiDAR Plate 10 photo direction

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6.4 Case Study IV – Glinton environs

6.4.1 Parish data

R&F Condition Absent (ha) Degraded (ha) Preserved (ha) Total (ha) Area Glinton 6.031 67.648 5.878 79.557 Percentage of Parish R&F 7.58% 85.03% 7.39% 100.00% Primary Assessed Threat Invasive and intensive cultivation, further mineral extraction.

Table 18 – Parish Data: Glinton

6.4.2 Glinton [Glentone] was mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 (plate 11). For the period it was a substantial village with a population of 59 (41 freemen, 10 villagers, 6 smallholders and 2 female slaves); there were 12 plough lands, 9 lords plough teams and 14 men’s plough teams, 2 mills, 100 acres of meadow and extensive woodland (Powell-Smith, 2020).

Plate 11 – Domesday Book entry for Glinton (Powell-Smith, 2020)

6.4.3 Glinton is located 9km north of the centre of Peterborough, it is one of the first of the villages not to have been consumed by the cities outward expansion. It falls into what the author has determined to be the north zone of PUA (figure 34). Before Peterborough’s new town designation, expansion for housing throughout 1950s and 1960s took place in a more piecemeal fashion. Glinton provides an illustration of how before planning regulation, luck could play a role in heritage asset preservation.

6.4.4 Over 85% of the ridge and furrow in the parish is now in a degraded condition (table 18), however to the north of the village there are three fields with ridge and furrow in well preserved condition (figure 35). Dr. Stephen Upex identified these in a note to Glinton Parish Council: “There is a growing recognition nationally that remnants of ridge and furrow that do survive from the medieval and post medieval period are of considerable importance historically and archaeologically. The three fields at Glinton

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represent some of the last remaining furlong extents in the entire Welland valley and possibly the last true medieval cultivation features within the whole of Glinton parish” (Upex, 2019). He finishes his report to the parish council with: “My own view is that such areas of increasingly scarce ridge and furrow are of local and regional importance as historical and archaeological markers and ought to be considered for long term preservation where they can be integrated into and serve education, heritage, amenity and recreational functions.” (Upex, 2019).

6.4.5 The ridge and furrow landscape in this area has suffered a combined threat from build over for houses and road infrastructure schemes, to the widespread threat from intensive agricultural cultivation, and to the northwest of the parish and into the neighbouring parishes of Etton and Maxey, a threat from mineral extraction, especially for sand and gravel.

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Figure 34 – North Zone of PUA Scale 1:24000 Figure 35 – R&F in Glinton village

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6.5 Case Study V - Alwalton Hill, Hampton

6.5.1 Parish data

R&F Condition Absent (ha) Degraded (ha) Preserved (ha) Total (ha) Area Hampton 4.967 0.000 0.000 4.967 Percentage of Parish R&F 100.00% 0.00% 0.00% 100.00% Primary Assessed Threat Build over (warehousing)

Table 19 – Parish Data: Hampton

6.5.2 Despite the name Alwalton Hill is in the parish of Hampton (and not Alwalton). The parish of Hampton is a newly created area 4 km south of the centre of Peterborough. It is an area with ongoing development activity.

6.5.3 The case study location is at the western edge of Hampton, south of the A1139 and east of the A1, which at this point marks the PUA boundary. This location with its easy access to these major trunk roads has made Alwalton Hill a favoured site for new warehousing. Previously this area was entirely rural, with woodland and green fields (figure 36). At the time of writing the Alwalton Hill site is in the midst of extensive ongoing activity, primarily the construction of warehouses with a few minor attempts at landscaping (plates 12 & 13). The semi-triangular copse known as Alwalton Hill is the only remnant of green in this previously entirely rural location (plates 14 & 15).

6.5.4 The ridge and furrow at Alwalton Hill recorded by Palmer in RN2005/11 (figure 36) (Palmer, 2005) is now entirely absent (figure 37). The ridge and furrow in this area, whilst only covering a few hectares (table 19), must have been typical of what the fields surrounding the southern villages of Peterborough once looked like.

Contrasting two images, the first (plate 14) from the Cambridge University Collection of Aerial Photographs and was taken during late spring / early summer of 1988, the second, a composite satellite image from 2020 (plate 15). Plate 14 provides a pre- development view and plate 15 a perfect illustration of the ongoing active development at the site. Consisting of two satellite images spliced together (the bottom half taken before the top half), the image shows the spread of the massive new warehouses over the green fields.

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6.5.5 The wholesale destruction of the ridge and furrow landscape at this location is symptomatic of the treatment of all ridge and furrow sites within the south zone of PUA. This site is a visceral example of current ongoing loss. The modern logistic industries of distribution and warehousing are important to the economic success of Peterborough. This success comes at a price with the destruction of a heritage landscape which was once also the key to Peterborough’s economic fortune.

Plate 12 – Alwalton Hill – April 2020 (Authors Own, 2020)

Plate 13 – Alwalton Hill – April 2020 (Authors Own, 2020)

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Figure 36 - Alwalton Hill - AP assessment - Scale 1:10,000 (Palmer, 2005) Figure 37 - Alwalton Hill - Assessed R&F - Scale 1:10,000 (Authors Own, 2020)

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Plate 14 – Alwalton Hill – 1988 Scale 1:10,000 Plate 15 – Alwalton Hill – 2020 (Bing Satellite, 2020)

(CUCAP, 1988) (CUCAP RC8 KnBI 182). (National Library of Scotland, 2020)

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7.0 Discussion

7.1.1 Based on the assessment made in this 2020 study, the first and most obvious observation is that an alarming picture emerges confirming Hall and Palmer’s statement from 2000 that: “ridge and furrow, once ubiquitous in the East Midlands, is now very rare and becoming rarer year by year” (Hall & Palmer, 2000).

7.1.2 Although many ridge and furrow landscapes survived until the 20th century, pressure from modern intensive cultivation, land demands for housing and industry, or just plain mismanagement have caused widespread damage. Within PUA some 293.894ha [29% of the baseline] of ridge and furrow landscapes are now absent. These landscapes are not temporarily lost or mislaid, the absence of ridge and furrow has been crystalised and they are gone forever, with 271 hectares lost to build over alone.

7.1.3 A further 667.617ha [66.54% of baseline] exist but in a degraded state. For the purposes of this study degraded is defined as a landscape not obvious on the ground and one only revealed by excavation, aerial photography or interpretation by a trained professional. Increased intensive cultivation, especially deep ploughing is the greatest risk to these areas.

7.1.4 There is some good news, 44.788ha [4.45% of baseline] remain in a well preserved, obvious and visible condition.

7.1.5 Examples of each of these conditions have been discussed in the previous case studies.

7.1.6 By using the aerial evidence, this report confirms that in 2020, of the 41 parishes and wards identified within the study area, only 22 had any remaining ridge and furrow. Of these 22 parishes or wards, only 7 retained any areas of ridge and furrow which met the criteria (table 2) considered to be well preserved.

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7.2 Zonal Analysis

The author has divided PUA into a number of author defined study zones. These zones have no political or administrative purpose they are purely used by the author to group areas with broadly similar conditions (figures 38 - 47).

Figure 38 – Study Zones (Authors Own, 2020)

7.2.1 The central zone is defined as the area north of the River Nene and broadly hemmed in by Peterborough’s ring road network of dual carriageways, the parkways. Being almost entirely urban/suburban this zone has unsurprisingly no extant well preserved ridge and furrow. Ridge and furrow was noted as a monument point during excavation in the grounds of south Thorpe Hall, however when the author examined this site, the remains are not obvious and have therefore been categorised as degraded. Some further degraded elements remain around Werrington (figure 39).

Figure 39 – Central zone (above right) (Authors Own, 2020)

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7.2.2 Consisting of the area east of the ring road system, the east study area is the largest of the author defined zones. This area is now mostly arable fen, however, during medieval times this area would have been largely water logged swamp or marsh, subject to frequent flooding and inundations of the sea. The odd dry island would have been primarily suited to pastoral farming until turned into productive arable agricultural land when drained from the mid-16th century onwards. A tiny parcel of degraded ridge and furrow in the centre of this zone can be found south of village of Thorney, one of these dry islands. Along the western edge of this zone the remaining areas of ridge and furrow would all have been along the fen edge (figure 40).

Figure 40 – East zone (Authors Own, 2020)

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7.2.3 The south study zone is defined as the area south of the River Nene. The villages along the fen edge would have been dominated by agriculture. Extensive ridge and furrow would have surrounded these villages. This zone is the scene of the earliest landscape loss, when 19th century expansion and industrialisation of clay extraction and brick making consumed vast areas of land. As heavy industrialisation declined, further landscape loss was consolidated by the expansion of residential housing, offices, out of town retail developments, and now distribution warehouses. Aside from the single one hectare parcel of well preserved ridge and furrow, no other well preserved medieval landscape exists within this zone (figure 41).

Figure 41 – South zone (Authors Own, 2020)

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7.2.4 The west study zone consists of the area west of Peterborough’s ring road system, and an imaginary line south of the village of Helpston to the Roman Road called King Street (figure 42). This area consists of affluent rural villages. Any landscapes threats from build over are lessened as well organised and cohesive resistance to any new mass residential development always appears to be successful e.g. the recently proposed (and rejected) Great Kyne development north of Castor and Ailsworth. Good examples of ridge furrow exist at Top Lodge Farm, Upton, around the village of Bainton and small parcels along the Nene valley south of Castor. The greatest threat in this area comes from intensive cultivation and continued plough out. A potential future threat could exist as farmers seek alternative farm incomes due to the uncertainties generated by leaving the European Union (Reed, 2019).

Figure 42 – West zone (Authors Own, 2020)

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7.2.5 The remaining area is the north zone. Contained in this zone is the largest area of degraded ridge and furrow. The threat to ridge and furrow in this zone is a mix of all the potential threat types: creeping intensive cultivation, further unsympathetic piecemeal residential development, and potential expansion of the mineral extraction facilities around Maxey Quarry. However some well preserved areas of ridge and furrow remain at Glinton, Etton and around Helpston (figure 43).

Figure 43 - North zone (Authors Own, 2020)

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Figure 44 – PUA R&F zones showing absent polygons – Scale 1:100,000 (Authors Own, 2020)

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Figure 45 – PUA R&F zones showing degraded polygons – Scale 1:100,000 (Authors Own, 2020)

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Figure 46 – PUA R&F zones showing well preserved polygons – Scale 1:100,000 (Authors Own, 2020)

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Figure 47 - PUA - R&F zones showing all conditions – Scale 1:100,000 (Authors Own, 2020)

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8.0 Conclusions and recommendations

The landscape around us although appearing natural is the result of centuries of human intervention, some of these ancient interventions are still visible. In the past, ridge and furrow of the open field systems would have been a ubiquitous feature of the historic British countryside.

The author has carried out original research into the survival of medieval ridge and furrow within PUA. A catalogue of these locations is available at the time of writing on the GIS. Further sources have been consulted, assessed and integrated into the GIS database, including photographic collections and LiDAR images. The identified areas of ridge and furrow have been measured by area, and assessed for extent of survival and condition by criteria determined by the author to ensure consistency. If possible an explanation has been provided for any apparent absence of historical cultivation remains, as in the case of the former Fen wetlands.

Results provided by the author in this report will contribute to enhancing the current SHINE database in order to assist Natural England with Countryside Stewardship schemes, as well as providing evidence to support the current planning constraints on which planning policy decisions are based. Farming techniques and the need for proposed future development at a particular site could then be weighed against the public benefits offered by the preservation of portions of the historic landscape.

Of the ridge and furrow landscapes identified since 1945 an alarming amount 293 hectares is now absent and entirely lost, with a further amount 667 hectares subjected to various degrees of degradation and neglect. Peterborough’s voracious appetite for expansion, especially in the south of the unitary authority must soon be reaching its conclusion. The brown field sites left by the demise of industrial brick making have almost all been consumed for domestic housing or industrial warehousing. Attention must now turn to the ridge and furrow landscapes in the north and west, as these largely green field areas contain the largest extents of albeit degraded ridge and furrow.

There needs to be a change of attitude. Even among the archaeological community, ridge and furrow is often mentioned but can be easily dismissed. This may be justifiable in other areas of the country where these landscapes are more prevalent,

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however, within Peterborough Unitary Authority these landscapes are more marginal and their fragile existence is at greater risk of destruction, as typified by the ongoing loss at Alwalton Hill. Peterborough City Council’s, Natural and Historic Environment team’s decision to commission this study was correct, as analysis of the data has shown that although well preserved, extant ridge and furrow does exist within the unitary authority, but is an increasingly rare heritage asset. Therefore for tracking and monitoring purposes it is recommended that:  Ridge and furrow landscapes categorised as ‘degraded’ be prioritised for reassessment to establish the degree of degradation  Ridge and furrow ‘monument points’ be separately assessed  A new aerial photography or satellite survey of PUA be commissioned  A reassessment exercise be conducted within 5 years

It is not possible to undo the wrongs of the past, however there is still a chance to influence future behaviours, it is therefore recommended that:  Any future planning applications, which would result any further loss of ridge and furrow (in any condition) be heavily modified or completely denied  All remaining ridge and furrow sites (in a well preserved condition) be considered for the highest level of planning protection possible, be that listing or scheduling

These landscapes are not simply a collection of fields with a few curious lumps and bumps, they are of local and regional importance as historical and archaeological markers. Today with only a very small amount remaining in a well preserved and recognisable condition, the last few remaining parcels have educational, heritage, amenity and recreational value. These landscapes provide a visceral link to this country’s agrarian past. The current generation owes it to both past generations, who created these fields, and to future generations, to preserve these intricate, complex and fragile landscapes as part of England’s heritage.

______

10,000 words

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Word Definition / Origin Land Terms: Acre 4 rods by 1 furlong (approx. 0.4ha) 120 acres (approx. 48) the amount of land tillable by eight oxen in a plough Carucate season Chain 4 rods (approx. 20m) Demesne Land owned by the village lord, but farmed for him by the village peasants, as part of their obligations. Demesne produce belonged to the lord. Furlong Present day (although limited in use): one eighth of a mile British Historical: originally denoting the length of a furrow in a common field. From the Old English furlang, from furh ‘furrow’ + lang ‘long’. Aligned blocks of ‘lands’ were called furlongs, A furlong = 10 chains (approx. 200m) Furrow Area between ridges, topsoil will generally be shallower (than on the ridge). Gore A triangular piece of land between strips. Great Field A group of furlongs made up the great fields. Headland Area at the end of each strip, where the plough was turned. Useful demarcation between fields. Hundred British Historical: A subdivision of a county or shire, having its own court. Lands An area of ridge and furrow (see strip). Ley Land laid to grass or clover, usually temporarily. 15 acres (approx. 6ha) the amount of land tillable by one ox in a plough Oxgang season Ridge Area created by years of ploughing in the same direction (see furrow), topsoil will generally be deeper. Rod The length of an ox goad (approx. 5m) Soke British Historical: A right of local jurisdiction. A district under a particular jurisdiction; a minor administrative district. Strip An area of land allocated to one family (see lands). 30 acres (approx. 12ha) the amount of land tillable by two oxen in a plough Virgate season ArcGIS Terms: Attribute a table containing narrative detail about each polygon Layer the current level at which data (polygons) are being added Polygon multi-sided shape made up of straight lines to form a closed area Shapefile a geospatial file format (extension .shp)

Table 20 – Glossary (Lexico.com, 2019)

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Acronym Description AP Aerial Photograph / Aerial Photography CAM ARC Cambridgeshire Archaeology CAU Cambridge Archaeological Unit CCAU County Council Archaeological Unit CUCAP Cambridge University Collection of Aerial Photography DMV Deserted Medieval Village GIS Geographic Information System HER Historic Environment Record LiDAR Light detection and ranging NRHE National Record of the Historic Environment NVRC Nene Valley Research Committee OAE Oxford Archaeology East PB Peterborough PCA Pre-Construct Archaeology PDC Peterborough Development Corporation PHER Peterborough Historic Environment Record PUA Peterborough Unitary Authority R&F Ridge and Furrow RN Record Number / Report Number SHINE Selected Heritage Inventory for Natural England SMR Sites and monuments record

Table 21 – Acronyms

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References

Air Photo Services, 2020. Air Photo Services. [Online] Available at: http://www.airphotoservices.co.uk/index.htm [Accessed 12 February 2020]. Anderton, M. & Went, D., 2002. Turning the Plough - Loss of a Landscape Legacy. Conservation Bulletin, 42(March), pp. 52-55. Bing Satellite, 2020. National Library of Scotland: Satellite Hybrid: Peterborough South. [Online] Available at: https://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/side-by-side/swipe/#zoom=14&lat=52.56999&lon=- 0.23852&layers=1&right=BingSat [Accessed 12 February 2020]. Bonheur, R., 1849. Ploughing in Nevers. [Art] (Musée d'Orsay). Catchpole, T. & Priest, R., 2012. Turning the Plough Update Assessment, Gloucester: English Heritage. CUCAP, 1988. Peterborough Unitary Authority - Aerial Photographic Collection - Scale 1:10000. Cambridge: Cambridge University Collection of Aerial Photographs. Environment Agency, 1995-2020. LIDAR Map of England and Wales. [Online] Available at: https://houseprices.io/lab/lidar/map?ref=TL19239834 [Accessed 11 December 2019]. Eyre, S. R., 2020. The Argricultural History Review - The Curving Plough strip and its Historical Implications. [Online] Available at: https://www.bahs.org.uk/AGHR/ARTICLES/03n2a2.pdf [Accessed 30 March 2020]. Gajos, P., 2011. Archaeological Watching Brief: Oakdale Avenue Footpath, Stanground, s.l.: CgMs Consulting. Google Earth Pro, 2019. Glebe Farm, Stanground. s.l.:Google LLC. Hall, D., 1982. Medieval Fields. 1st ed. Aylesbury: Shire Publications. Hall, D., 2001. Turning the Plough. Midland open fields: landscape character and proposals for management, Northampton: English Heritage & Northamptonshire County Council. Hall, D., 2005. The Open Fields of Northamptonshire. 1st ed. s.l.:s.n. Hall, D. & Palmer, R., 2000. Ridge and furrow survival and preservation. Antiquity, 74(283), pp. 29-30. Hart, C. R., 1966. The Early Charters of Eastern England. 1st ed. Leicester: Leicester University Press. Historic England, 1990. Series: MPP Monument Evaluation Manual and Class Descriptions. [Online] Available at: https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/photos/series/EHC01/214 [Accessed 1 February 2020]. Küster, H., 1997. History of the landscape in Central Europe. 1st ed. Munich: C. H. Beck. Lexico.com, 2019. Definition of arcane terms. [Online] Available at: https://www.lexico.com/?search_filter=en_dictionary [Accessed 23 September 2019]. National Library of Scotland, 2020. Bing Hybrid: Alwalton Hill. [Online] Available at: https://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/side-by-side/#zoom=15&lat=52.53042&lon=- 0.30352&layers=168&right=BingHyb [Accessed 12 April 2020]. Natural England, 2020. Selected Heritage Inventory for Natural England. [Online] Available at: https://www.myshinedata.org.uk/ [Accessed 13 February 2020]. Nenescape, 2020. Nenescape: Landscape Partnership Scheme. [Online] Available at: https://nenescape.org/about [Accessed 16 January 2020]. Ordnance Survey, 1900. National Library of Scotland: OS One Inch: Peterborough South. [Online] Available at: https://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/side-by-side/swipe/#zoom=14&lat=52.56999&lon=- 0.23852&layers=1&right=BingHyb [Accessed 12 February 2020].

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Ordnance Survey, 1901. Huntingdonshire v3 OS 25 inch. [Online] Available at: https://maps.nls.uk/view/114488489 [Accessed 12 April 2020]. Ordnance Survey, 1952. Huntingdonshire v5 OS 6 inch. [Online] Available at: https://maps.nls.uk/view/100890311 [Accessed 12 April 2020]. Page, W., Proby, G. & Inskip Ladds, S., 1936. Victoria County History - A History of the County of Huntingdon: Parishes: Stanground. [Online] Available at: https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/hunts/vol3/pp212-217 [Accessed 15 January 2020]. Palmer, R., 2005. RN2005/11 Land at Alwalton Hill, Peterbrorough: Aerial Photographic Assessment, Cambridge: Air Photo Services. Peterborough City Council, 2020. About the Council. [Online] Available at: https://www.peterborough.gov.uk/council/about-the-council [Accessed 4 March 2020]. Peterborough City Council, 2020. PUA Boundary Map. [Online] Available at: https://www.peterborough.gov.uk/council/about-peterborough/maps-of- peterborough#unitary-authority-area-0-3 [Accessed 17 January 2020]. Powell-Smith, A., 2020. Glinton: Land of Peterbrough Abbey. [Online] Available at: https://opendomesday.org/place/TF1505/glinton/ [Accessed 6 April 2020]. Powell-Smith, A., 2020. Stanground: Land of Thorney Abbey. [Online] Available at: https://opendomesday.org/place/TL2197/stanground/ [Accessed 6 April 2020]. Reed, J., 2019. No-deal Brexit could cost farms £850m in profits. [Online] Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-49321597 [Accessed 15 January 2020]. Robinson, B., 2005. A605 Bypass Excavation (Oblique Aerial Photo). Peterborough: Peterborough HER. Spandl, K. et al., 2010. Trials to Identify Soil Cultivation Practices to Minimise the Impact on Archaeological Sites: Effects of Arable Cultivation on Archaeology, s.l.: DEFRA; English Heritage;. UK Government, 2006. Commons Act 1285. [Online] Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/aep/Edw1/13/46 [Accessed 12 April 2020]. Upex, S., 2019. Ridge and Furrow at Glinton. Peterborough: Glinton Parish Council. Webster, M., 2012. Archaeological Evaluation Report: Agricultural field systems at 243 Peterborough Road, Stanground, Cambridge: Oxford Archaeology East. Williams, M., 2020. No Beasts for Draught but Oxen: The Living Tractor. [Online] Available at: http://www.foxearth.org.uk/oxen.html [Accessed 29 March 2020]. Wright, T., 1887. The vision and creed of Piers Ploughman Vol 1. 2nd ed. London: Reeves and Turner.

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Bibliography

Bowen, H., 1961. Ancient Fields. 1st ed. London: British Association for the Advancement of Science. Clarke, H., 1984. The Archaeology of Medieval England. 1st ed. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd. Ewart Evans, G., 1966. The Pattern under the Plough. 1st ed. London: Faber and Faber. Taylor, C., 1973. The Making of the English Landscape: The Cambridgeshire Landscape. 1st ed. London: Hodder And Stoughton. Taylor, C., 2000. Fields in the English Landscape. 2nd ed. Stroud: Sutton Publishing Limited. Wade Martins, S. & Williamson, T., 2008. The Countryside of East Anglia: Changing Landscapes 1870 - 1950. 1st ed. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. Williamson, T., 2002. The Transformation of Rural England: Farming and the Landscape 1700 - 1870. 1st ed. Exeter: University of Exeter Press. Williamson, T., 2004. Shaping Medieval Landscapes: Settlement, Society, Environment. 2nd ed. Oxford: Windgather Press. Williamson, T., 2006. England's Landscape: East Anglia. 1st ed. London: Collins.

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Appendix 1

Figure 48 - PUA - All ArcGIS layers - Scale 1:100,000 (Author’s Own, 2020) (Air Photo Services, 2020) (Natural England, 2020)

Description Key Shown Ridge & Furrow Condition Key Shown Description Key Shown

Rural parishes & City wards Absent Y Parks & gardens Y

Earthworks & cropmarks from AP Y Degraded Y Scheduled monuments Y

SHINE polygons Y Preserved Y Common land & Village greens Y

PUA boundary Y Monument points Y Ancient woodland Y

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Appendix 2 Ridge and furrow polygons from the attribute table in ArcGIS (please note for reasons of space some columns have been omitted) (Authors Own, 2020).

Parish UID Site E / N Survival Condition Area m2 Land Class Description Status Source Type Source Ref. Other Ref.

Alwalton MPB2111a Minerva 513554 Absent Absent 49665.758 Building AP assessment revealed R&F. Eight AP + Business Park 296021 development evaluation trenches were excavated in Excavation, December 1998 following a desktop evaluation, assessment of the area geophysics, field survey Bainton DPB1070a S of Barnack 509357 Present Degraded 28479.250 Cultivated R&F identified from SHINE record SHINE SHINE SHINE SHINE DPB1070; Rd. 305800 Land

Bainton DPB1136a N of Barnack 509028 Present Preserved 139781.62 Cultivated R&F identified from SHINE record - SHINE SHINE SHINE SHINE DPB1136; Rd. W of 306028 Land R&F visible on Google Earth Manor Farm Bainton DPB1265a S of Barnack 508844 Present Preserved 8820.49 Cultivated R&F identified from SHINE record SHINE SHINE SHINE SHINE DPB1265; Rd. 305585 Land

Bainton MPB4618a W of Ashton 509735 Present Preserved 89750.22 Cultivated R&F identified from SHINE record SHINE SHINE SHINE SHINE DPB4618; 305467 Land

Bainton MPB4618b W of Ashton 509805 Present Degraded 16098.052 Cultivated R&F identified from SHINE record SHINE SHINE SHINE SHINE DPB4618; 305817 Land

Bretton MPB3055a Edith Cavell 516564 Absent Absent 92649.076 Building The only archaeological features Aerial Hospital 299204 development identified on aerial photographs were Photography small areas of med. R&F encroaching upon the southern edge of the development site, which might have originally extended across the whole area Bretton MPB3055b Edith Cavell 516697 Absent Absent 14771.540 Building The only archaeological features Aerial Hospital 300785 development identified on aerial photographs were Photography small areas of med. R&F encroaching upon the southern edge of the development site, which might have originally extended across the whole area Castor MPB1017a N of Allotment 512248 Absent Absent 11696.723 Building R&F previously clear on LIDAR, now AP + Lane 298756 development lost under housing Excavation, evaluation, geophysics, field survey Castor MPB1750a W of Mill Hill 512547 Present Degraded 7315.050 Other O3, The scheduled area is surrounded Scheduled Excavation, NPT SMR PE128 297370 by grassland to the W & S. Don Monument evaluation, Mackreth of the NVRC who stated that geophysical, the area has been R&F pasture for field survey many years and undisturbed by the plough (rare in this area). Castor MPB5665a S. of Nene 511837 Present Preserved 21918.44 Other Med/Post Med R&F, Nene Park Scheduled Excavation, NPT SMR 1020124 Valley Railway 297638 Heritage Audit and Landscape Monument evaluation, Assessment, Site 4.4 (Castor)

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geophysical, field survey

Castor MPB5665b S. of Nene 511500 Present Degraded 17806.560 Other Med/Post Med R&F, Nene Park Scheduled Excavation, NPT SMR 1020124 Valley Railway 297700 Heritage Audit and Landscape Monument evaluation, Assessment, Site 4.4 (Castor) geophysical, field survey Castor MPB5679a N of Recn Gd 512000 Present Degraded 28172.482 Cultivated Med / Post Med R&F, Heritage Audit Excavation, NPT 298405 Land and Landscape Assessment for the evaluation, Nene Park Trust 2018. Site 6.6 geophysical, (Castor). Clear on LIDAR. field survey Deeping Gate MPB1168a W of A15 513222 Present Degraded 21884.409 Cultivated R1, R&F (not shown) (A Spedding SHINE Aerial CUCAP RC8-BO 229; SHINE 309524 Land 03/04/1984 CUCAP AP RC8-BO 229 Photography DPB1110; used) R2, R&F sketched at 1:10000. (R Palmer 23/09/1990). See RN 08527 for U crop marks. Deeping Gate MPB1168b A15 513540 Absent Absent 43702.447 Building R1, R&F (not shown) (A Spedding SHINE Aerial CUCAP RC8-BO 229; SHINE 309353 development 03/04/1984 CUCAP AP RC8-BO 229 Photography DPB1110; used) R2, R&F sketched at 1:10000. (R Palmer 23/09/1990). See RN 08527 for U crop marks. Deeping Gate MPB1168c NE of A15 513729 Present Degraded 297794.573 Cultivated R1, R&F (not shown) (A Spedding SHINE Aerial CUCAP RC8-BO 229; SHINE 309445 Land 03/04/1984 CUCAP AP RC8-BO 229 Photography DPB1110; used) R2, R&F sketched at 1:10000. (R Palmer 23/09/1990). See RN 08527 for U crop marks. Deeping Gate MPB939a Around Fox 513802 Present Degraded 445409.367 Cultivated R1, R&F Sketched at 1:10,000. (R Aerial Cover Farm 308798 Land Palmer 21/09/1990). Photography

Deeping Gate MPB939b E of Fox Cover 514138 Absent Absent 30402.352 Building R1, R&F Sketched at 1:10,000. (R Aerial Farm 308702 development Palmer 21/09/1990). Photography

Deeping Gate MPB939c B1524 514491 Absent Absent 16552.274 Building R1, R&F Sketched at 1:10,000. (R Aerial 308753 development Palmer 21/09/1990). Photography

Deeping Gate MPB939d E of B1524 514583 Present Degraded 28553.386 Cultivated R1, R&F Sketched at 1:10,000. (R Aerial 308763 Land Palmer 21/09/1990). Photography

Deeping Gate MPB939e Between A15 514209 Present Degraded 211745.277 Cultivated R1, R&F Sketched at 1:10,000. (R Aerial & B1524 308794 Land Palmer 21/09/1990). Photography

Dogsthorpe MPB1346a Between A47 523872 Absent Absent 15188.788 Household R1, Traces of ridge and furrow, visible Aerial & A15 303684 refuse tip only on air photographs, exist N and Photography NE of Dogsthorpe perhaps part of the open fields of that village. Dogsthorpe MPB1534a NW of A1139 521565 Absent Absent 36877.982 Household R1, Traces of R&F N and NE of Newark, Aerial 302188 refuse tip possibly part of the open fields of Photography Newark, finally enclosed in 1822. East and Fengate MPB1521a Kingsgate 522000 Absent Absent 62870.943 Building R1, R&F. See also GR TF/210-/013-. Aerial TF/210-/013-. Church site 301000 development Now Lost under warehousing and car Photography parking East and Fengate MPB3017a Fengate to 521618 Present Degraded 38126.181 Waste ground An assessment of aerial photographs Aerial PHER 51498-51505 Northey 298554 covering an area of some 8km square Photography between Fengate & Northey was undertaken in advance of

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development. R1, The Fengate area displayed evidence for med. R&F, including a headland. East and Fengate MPB3017b Fengate to 521203 Absent Absent 9180.880 Building An assessment of aerial photographs Aerial PHER 51498-51505 Northey 299060 development covering an area of some 8km square Photography between Fengate & Northey was undertaken in advance of development. R1, The Fengate area displayed evidence for med. R&F, including a headland. Etton DPB1121a N of 514095 Present Degraded 84990.687 Cultivated R&F identified from SHINE record SHINE SHINE DPB1121 Woodcroft 304724 Land Castle Etton MPB1128a W of Old 513483 Absent Absent 66798.13 Mineral R1, R&F. R3, TF/131-066-. R&F Aerial Palmer RN 08523 Rectory 306568 extraction sketched at 1:10000. (R Palmer Photography 21/09/1990). See RN 08523 for U crop marks in the area. Etton MPB1132a NE of 514110 Present Degraded 117212.476 Cultivated Much R&F (A Spedding 03/04/1984, Aerial CUCAP BFS 31 Woodcroft 305539 Land CUCAP AP BFS 31 used). R2, a) TF/141- Photography Crossing /055-. R&F. Sketched at 1:10000. (R Palmer 21/09/1990). b) TF/140-/055. Ridge and furrow additions sketched at 1:10000 Etton MPB1135a E of village 514410 Present Degraded 7345.624 Cultivated R&F (ignored) (CUCAP AP RC8-BO 238, Aerial RC8-BO, BV233, 306379 Land BV 233). R&F overlies 2 small Photography TF1406/35, 44-47 enclosures (RN 08532). NMR AP TF1406/32, 44 - 47. b) Headland plus R&F NMR AP TF1406/35 c) TF/143- /060-. R&F plus headland. NMR AP TF1406/8/282-283 Etton MPB1135b E of village 514488 Absent Absent 1935.058 Building R&F (ignored) (CUCAP AP RC8-BO 238, Aerial RC8-BO, BV233, 306429 development BV 233). R&F overlies 2 small Photography TF1406/35, 44-47 enclosures (RN 08532). NMR AP TF1406/32, 44 - 47. b) Headland plus R&F NMR AP TF1406/35 c) TF/143- /060-. R&F plus headland. NMR AP TF1406/8/282-283 Etton MPB1135c E of village 514569 Present Degraded 4351.137 Cultivated R&F (ignored) (CUCAP AP RC8-BO 238, Aerial RC8-BO, BV233, 306319 Land BV 233). R&F overlies 2 small Photography TF1406/35, 44-47 enclosures (RN 08532). NMR AP TF1406/32, 44 - 47. b) Headland plus R&F NMR AP TF1406/35 c) TF/143- /060-. R&F plus headland. NMR AP TF1406/8/282-283 Etton MPB1158a W of Old 513181 Present Degraded 76981.325 Cultivated R1, R&F. For surrounding crop mark Aerial RN 02171; 08522; Rectory 306526 Land sites see RN 02171, RN 08522 and RN Photography 08523; 08523 Etton MPB1164a Etton House 513511 Present Degraded 346154.390 Cultivated R1, R&F and furrow (not shown) (A SHINE Aerial CUCAP BVZ 40, BHF 42; SHINE 306160 Land Spedding 28/03/1984, CUCAP APs BVZ Photography DPB1048; 40, BHF 42 used). R2, TF/138-/061- .Ridge and furrow sketched at 1:10000. (R Palmer 21/09/1990). See RN 08524 for description of crop mark site.

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Etton MPB2770a Helpston Rd. 513676 Present Degraded 64625.998 Cultivated Seven features were recorded in 5 trial SHINE Excavation, Witham SHINE DPB1048; East of the 305864 Land trenches, 2/3 may represent the evaluation, Archaeology Elms remains of Med plough furrows. geophysical, Subsoil, over the E side of the site, may field survey mark the position of a headland created where the plough was turned in an area of R&F Etton MPB928a SE of village 514044 Present Preserved 4988.12 Cultivated R1, R&F. a) TF/140-/059. R&F including Aerial 306050 Land part as earthwork E of main Rd (at Photography TF/140-/060- ). Sketched at 1:10000). b) TF/141-/059-. Linear ditch (? headland, although crossed by R&F). R&F sketched at 1:10000. See RN 08531 - U crop marks. Etton MPB928b SW of village 513921 Present Degraded 21264.559 Cultivated R1, R&F. a) TF/140-/059. R&F including Aerial 306026 Land part as earthwork E of main Rd (at Photography TF/140-/060- ). Sketched at 1:10000). b) TF/141-/059-. Linear ditch (? headland, although crossed by R&F). R&F sketched at 1:10000. See RN 08531 - U crop marks. Etton MPB928c SE of village 514170 Present Degraded 32470.018 Cultivated R1, R&F. a) TF/140-/059. R&F including Aerial 305847 Land part as earthwork E of main Rd (at Photography TF/140-/060- ). Sketched at 1:10000). b) TF/141-/059-. Linear ditch (? headland, although crossed by R&F). R&F sketched at 1:10000. See RN 08531 - U crop marks. Etton MPB928d SE of village 514398 Present Degraded 39360.969 Cultivated R1, R&F. a) TF/140-/059. R&F including Aerial 305888 Land part as earthwork E of main Rd (at Photography TF/140-/060- ). Sketched at 1:10000). b) TF/141-/059-. Linear ditch (? headland, although crossed by R&F). R&F sketched at 1:10000. See RN 08531 - U crop marks. Etton MPB928e SE of village 514061 Present Degraded 15798.729 Cultivated R1, R&F. a) TF/140-/059. R&F including Aerial 305870 Land part as earthwork E of main Rd (at Photography TF/140-/060- ). Sketched at 1:10000). b) TF/141-/059-. Linear ditch (? headland, although crossed by R&F). R&F sketched at 1:10000. See RN 08531 - U crop marks. Etton MPB928f SE of village 514325 Present Degraded 70910.551 Cultivated R1, R&F. a) TF/140-/059. R&F including Aerial 306146 Land part as earthwork E of main Rd (at Photography TF/140-/060- ). Sketched at 1:10000). b) TF/141-/059-. Linear ditch (? headland, although crossed by R&F). R&F sketched at 1:10000. See RN 08531 - U crop marks. Eye MBP2927a W of 521202 Present Degraded 7138.728 Scrub In winter 2007-2008 an archaeological Excavation, Archaeological Whitepost Rd. 303002 investigation was undertaken on land evaluation, Project at Thorney Rd, Eye. The evaluation geophysical, Services only uncovered med. R&F. field survey Eye MBP2927b W of 521339 Present Degraded 3469.139 Cultivated In winter 2007-2008 an archaeological Excavation, Archaeological Whitepost Rd. 302987 Land investigation was undertaken on land evaluation, Project Services

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at Thorney Rd, Eye. The evaluation geophysical, only uncovered med. R&F. field survey

Eye MBP2927c W of 521668 Present Degraded 14373.919 Parkland or In winter 2007-2008 an archaeological Excavation, Archaeological Wolfellhill Rd. 303016 Garden investigation was undertaken on land evaluation, Project at Thorney Rd, Eye. The evaluation geophysical, Services only uncovered med. R&F. field survey Eye MBP2927d N of Hodney 521904 Present Degraded 17433.100 Scrub In winter 2007-2008 an archaeological Excavation, Archaeological Rd. 302918 investigation was undertaken on land evaluation, Project at Thorney Rd, Eye. The evaluation geophysical, Services only uncovered med. R&F. field survey Eye MBP2927e N of Eye Rd. 522221 Present Degraded 7723.090 Scrub In winter 2007-2008 an archaeological Excavation, Archaeological 302929 investigation was undertaken on land evaluation, Project at Thorney Rd, Eye. The evaluation geophysical, Services only uncovered med. R&F. field survey Fletton MPB1812a W of London 518495 Absent Absent 7590.745 Building R&F. See also TL/178-/969-. Aerial TL/178-/969-. Rd. 296511 development Photography

Fletton MPB1812b W of London 518667 Absent Absent 21893.646 Building R&F. See also TL/178-/969-. Aerial TL/178-/969-. Rd. 296767 development Photography

Fletton MPB1812c W of London 518562 Absent Absent 6441.364 Building R&F. See also TL/178-/969-. Aerial TL/178-/969-. Rd. 296917 development Photography

Fletton MPB1812d W of London 518274 Absent Absent 82513.848 Building R&F. See also TL/178-/969-. Aerial TL/178-/969-. Rd. 296739 development Photography

Fletton MPB1931a E of 517602 Absent Absent 6365.595 Building Fragmentary R&F only traceable on air Aerial TL/178-/969-; TL/182- Shrewsbury 297090 development photographs, exists S and SE of Photography /968-; Ave Woodston Hill, at TL/178-/969-, formerly Orton Field, and at TL/182- /968-, formerly Middle Field. Existing R&F and furrow up to 9 yards wide, S of Cow Pastures Fm. Fletton MPB1931b E of 517814 Absent Absent 22960.948 Building Fragmentary R&F only traceable on air Aerial TL/178-/969-; TL/182- Shrewsbury 296949 development photographs, exists S and SE of Photography /968-; Ave Woodston Hill, at TL/178-/969-, formerly Orton Field, and at TL/182- /968-, formerly Middle Field. Existing R&F and furrow up to 9 yards wide, S of Cow Pastures Fm. Fletton MPB1931c E of 517894 Absent Absent 25658.732 Building Fragmentary R&F only traceable on air Aerial TL/178-/969-; TL/182- Shrewsbury 296739 development photographs, exists S and SE of Photography /968-; Ave Woodston Hill, at TL/178-/969-, formerly Orton Field, and at TL/182- /968-, formerly Middle Field. Existing R&F and furrow up to 9 yards wide, S of Cow Pastures Fm. Fletton MPB1931d E of 517661 Absent Absent 19580.179 Building Fragmentary R&F only traceable on air Aerial TL/178-/969-; TL/182- Shrewsbury 296487 development photographs, exists S and SE of Photography /968-; Ave Woodston Hill, at TL/178-/969-, formerly Orton Field, and at TL/182- /968-, formerly Middle Field. Existing R&F and furrow up to 9 yards wide, S of Cow Pastures Fm.

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Glinton MPB1334a W of North 515361 Present Degraded 54265.448 Cultivated R1, Med. R&F over crop marks. See Aerial RN 02185 Fen Rd. 306737 Land also RN 02185 for crop marks Photography underneath. Glinton MPB1334b E of Nine 515225 Present Degraded 40978.547 Cultivated R1, Med. R&F over crop marks. See Aerial RN 02185 Bridges 308012 Land also RN 02185 for crop marks Photography Viaduct underneath. Glinton MPB1335a N of Mile 515675 Present Degraded 9782.823 Cultivated Drawn in from AP Aerial Drove 307109 Land Photography

Glinton MPB1335b S of Mile 515877 Present Degraded 12005.986 Cultivated Drawn in from AP Aerial Drove 306999 Land Photography

Glinton MPB1338a W of North 515271 Present Degraded 29187.014 Cultivated R1, R&F. See also RN 04961 for crop Aerial RN 04961 Fen Rd. 306537 Land marks. Photography

Glinton MPB2746a Gas 515203 Present Degraded 8870.858 Cultivated Series of Med or post-Med furrows in Excavation, OAE HER 54054 Compressor 304598 Land both excavation areas, and a post-Med evaluation, Station boundary ditch running N-S in Area 2 geophysical, represented the final activity on the field survey site. See HER 54054 for Early Med. Glinton MPB328a NW of village 515487 Present Degraded 18809.473 Cultivated R1, R&F ploughing (CUCAP AP AKL 75 Aerial CUCAP AKL 75; RN 08533 306658 Land listed as TF/144-/065-) See RN 08533 Photography for description of crop mark site Glinton MPB3453a N of village 515151 Present Preserved 28903.21 Cultivated Three fields to the N of Glinton contain SHINE AP + PHER 02185; SHINE 306238 Land well-preserved remains of med. and Excavation, DPB1044; Upex post med. R&F. The three fields evaluation, represent some of the last remaining geophysics, furlong extents in the entire Welland field survey valley and as such are of regional significance. Glinton MPB3453b N of village 515312 Present Preserved 6709.94 Cultivated Three fields to the N of Glinton contain SHINE AP + PHER 02185; SHINE 306154 Land well-preserved remains of med. and Excavation, DPB1044; Upex post med. R&F. The three fields evaluation, represent some of the last remaining geophysics, furlong extents in the entire Welland field survey valley and as such are of regional significance. Glinton MPB3453c N of village 515297 Present Preserved 23164.54 Cultivated Three fields to the N of Glinton contain SHINE AP + PHER 02185; SHINE 306317 Land well-preserved remains of med. and Excavation, DPB1044; Upex post med. R&F. The three fields evaluation, represent some of the last remaining geophysics, furlong extents in the entire Welland field survey valley and as such are of regional significance. Glinton MPB3453d E of North Fen 515693 Present Degraded 88243.225 Cultivated Drawn in from AP Aerial Rd. 306358 Land Photography

Glinton MPB4590a Scott Farm 515477 Present Degraded 29927.351 Cultivated A geophysical survey covering 30% (1 Excavation, 305574 Land hectare) of a proposed housing evaluation, development site was carried out geophysical, during 1996. Ten trenches were field survey excavated in this area. No archaeological features other than poor quality Med ridge and furrow were detected

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Glinton MPB4590b Scott Farm 515595 Present Degraded 8847.746 Waste ground A geophysical survey covering 30% (1 Excavation, 305261 hectare) of a proposed housing evaluation, development site was carried out geophysical, during 1996. Ten trenches were field survey excavated in this area. No archaeological features other than poor quality Med ridge and furrow were detected Glinton MPB4590c Scott Farm 515508 Absent Absent 2722.982 Building A geophysical survey covering 30% (1 Excavation, 305245 development hectare) of a proposed housing evaluation, development site was carried out geophysical, during 1996. Ten trenches were field survey excavated in this area. No archaeological features other than poor quality Med ridge and furrow were detected Glinton MPB4590d Scott Farm 516159 Present Degraded 11927.051 Cultivated A geophysical survey covering 30% (1 Excavation, 305784 Land hectare) of a proposed housing evaluation, development site was carried out geophysical, during 1996. Ten trenches were field survey excavated in this area. No archaeological features other than poor quality Med ridge and furrow were detected Glinton MPB4590e Scott Farm 515958 Present Degraded 52125.082 Cultivated A geophysical survey covering 30% (1 Excavation, 305955 Land hectare) of a proposed housing evaluation, development site was carried out geophysical, during 1996. Ten trenches were field survey excavated in this area. No archaeological features other than poor quality Med ridge and furrow were detected Glinton MPB4590f Scott Farm 515514 Absent Absent 6171.921 Building A geophysical survey covering 30% (1 Excavation, 305655 development hectare) of a proposed housing evaluation, development site was carried out geophysical, during 1996. Ten trenches were field survey excavated in this area. No archaeological features other than poor quality Med ridge and furrow were detected Glinton MPB4590g Scott Farm 515853 Absent Absent 44617.402 Building A geophysical survey covering 30% (1 Excavation, 305618 development hectare) of a proposed housing evaluation, development site was carried out geophysical, during 1996. Ten trenches were field survey excavated in this area. No archaeological features other than poor quality Med ridge and furrow were detected Glinton MPB4590h Scott Farm 515934 Absent Absent 6797.509 Building A geophysical survey covering 30% (1 Excavation, 305211 development hectare) of a proposed housing evaluation, development site was carried out geophysical, during 1996. Ten trenches were field survey excavated in this area. No archaeological features other than poor quality Med ridge and furrow were detected

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Glinton MPB4590i Scott Farm 515905 Present Degraded 15448.729 Cultivated A geophysical survey covering 30% (1 Excavation, 305299 Land ha) of proposed housing development evaluation, site was carried out during 1996. Ten geophysical, trenches excavated. No archaeological field survey features other than poor quality med R & F detected. Marks visible on Google Earth Glinton MPB5092a Northborough 514933 Present Degraded 82754.378 Cultivated Remains of med. R&F, & modern strip AP + CAU RN51623-26; 51659 -Etton Water 306893 Land quarries superimposed onto earlier, Excavation, main BA features. T4 was located at the evaluation, southern end of Sect 2. It contained geophysics, med. R&F oriented perpendicular to field survey Lincoln Rd. Subsoil horizon between the furrows contained no finds. Glinton MPB5097a Glinton- 515032 Present Degraded 44003.855 Cultivated R1, Archaeological features visible on Aerial PHER 51488 Northborough 306534 Land aerial photographs comprised Med Photography Pipeline strip fields over earlier, possibly prehistoric and/or Roman, features. See PHER REC 51488 for earlier features. Glinton MPB919a NW of village 514874 Present Degraded 20157.898 Cultivated R1, R&F. (R Palmer 29/09/1990). See Aerial Palmer RN 10015; 306237 Land RN 10015 - tracks Photography TF1406/13/167 - 170; TF1406/16; Glinton MPB926a NW of village 514818 Present Degraded 89991.762 Cultivated R1, R&F. Sketched at 1:10,000. (R Aerial Palmer RN 10014; 306542 Land Palmer 21/09/1990). See RN 10014 - Photography TF1406/9/119 - 120; track way. Glinton MPB941a NE of 514316 Present Degraded 59151.002 Cultivated R1, R&F. (R Palmer 21/09/1990). See Aerial Palmer RN 10000; Woodcroft 305360 Land RN 10000 - U crop marks. Photography TF1405/6/165 - 166; Crossing Hampton MPB1815a S of Cow 518101 Absent Absent 38041.570 Building R1, Existing R&F, up to 9 yards wide, S Aerial Pastures Farm 295906 development of Cow Pastures Farm, though within Photography old enclosures in 1811, appears to be of open field type. Hampton MPB1815b S of Cow 518223 Absent Absent 4936.472 Building R1, Existing R&F, up to 9 yards wide, S Aerial Pastures Farm 296146 development of Cow Pastures Farm, though within Photography old enclosures in 1811, appears to be of open field type. Hampton MPB1815c S of Cow 517604 Absent Absent 106218.105 Building R1, Existing R&F, up to 9 yards wide, S Aerial Pastures Farm 295841 development of Cow Pastures Farm, though within Photography old enclosures in 1811, appears to be of open field type. Hampton MPB4941a Alwalton Hill 515062 Absent Absent 57284.772 Building Trial trench evaluation in Mar & May AP + Palmer RN2005/11; 293823 development 2005 by Archaeological Solutions. Excavation, RAF/106G/UK/928:308 Evaluation revealed IA & R&F evaluation, 3-85; RC8-EF 263-265 remnants geophysics, field survey Hampton MPB4941b Alwalton Hill 514608 Absent Absent 95054.185 Building Trial trench evaluation in Mar & May AP + Palmer RN2005/11; 294421 development 2005 by Archaeological Solutions. Excavation, RAF/106G/UK/928:308 Evaluation revealed IA & R&F evaluation, 3-85; RC8-EF 263-265 remnants geophysics, field survey Hampton MPB4941c Alwalton Hill 516963 Absent Absent 157167.369 Building Trial trench evaluation in Mar & May AP + Palmer RN2005/11; 294320 development 2005 by Archaeological Solutions. Excavation, RAF/106G/UK/928:308 Evaluation revealed IA & R&F evaluation, 3-85; RC8-EF 263-265 remnants geophysics, field survey

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Hampton MPB4941d Alwalton Hill 514558 Absent Absent 62691.006 Building Trial trench evaluation in Mar & May AP + Palmer RN2005/11; 293987 development 2005 by Archaeological Solutions. Excavation, RAF/106G/UK/928:308 Evaluation revealed IA & R&F evaluation, 3-85; RC8-EF 263-265 remnants geophysics, field survey Hampton MPB4941e Alwalton Hill 514352 Absent Absent 33813.880 Building Trial trench evaluation in Mar & May AP + Palmer RN2005/11; 294132 development 2005 by Archaeological Solutions. Excavation, RAF/106G/UK/928:308 Evaluation revealed IA & R&F evaluation, 3-85; RC8-EF 263-265 remnants geophysics, field survey Helpston DPB1268a W of village 511915 Present Preserved 18492.50 Cultivated R&F identified from SHINE record SHINE SHINE centre 305634 Land

Helpston DPB1268b W of village 511892 Present Degraded 10253.168 Cultivated R&F identified from SHINE record SHINE SHINE centre 305569 Land

Helpston MPB1009a E of Maxey Rd. 512594 Present Degraded 202121.141 Cultivated O1, The site is overlaid by furlong ETTS5; RN 06861; 306269 Land boundaries and strips. D N Hall ref ETT S5. See RN 06861 - AS pottery scatter. Helpston MPB1009b E of Kings 511534 Present Degraded 217979.936 Cultivated R&F identified in SHINE DPB1061 SHINE SHINE DPB1061 SHINE DPB1061; Street 306457 Land

Helpston MPB1117a N of Helpston 512812 Present Degraded 124006.822 Cultivated R1, R&F (not shown on trace) (A Aerial CUCAP RC8-BO 234; RN 08511 Crossing 305873 Land Spedding 07/03/1984, CUCAP AP RC8- Photography BO 234 used) See RN 08511 for U crop mark site. Helpston MPB1162a E of Maxey Rd. 512710 Present Degraded 41304.356 Cultivated R1, R&F (not shown) (A Spedding Aerial CUCAP AFZ 45, CAL 95, RC8-BO 306596 Land 12/03/1984, CUCAP APs AFZ 45, CAL Photography 234; RN 08513 95, RC8-BO 234 used) See RN 08513 for full description of crop mark site. Helpston MPB1642a N of College 513212 Present Degraded 165735.839 Cultivated R&F identified from SHINE record SHINE SHINE SHINE DPB1154; Cottage 305080 Land

Marholm MPB5400a Marholm 515201 Present Degraded 41495.364 Cultivated R&F narrow E-W. Identified from AP Aerial RAF 1AB-9; Google Earth Farm 302376 Land (1AB-9). RAF AP from 31/07/1979. Photography Sortie 39/3163T Maxey MPB1119a SE of Nunton 512268 Present Degraded 20519.774 Cultivated R1, R&F. See RN 08515 for U crop Aerial RN 08515 Lodge Farm 307037 Land mark site. Photography

Maxey MPB1130a S of Mill on 512752 Present Degraded 146518.267 Cultivated R1, R&F (not shown on trace) (A Aerial CUCAP RC8-BO 228; RN 08526; Stamford Rd. 309440 Land Spedding 03/04/1984, CUCAP AP RC8- Photography BO 228 used). See RN 08526 for U (? Ro) crop mark site. Maxey MPB1130b NW of Fox 513192 Present Degraded 202485.471 Cultivated R1, R&F (not shown on trace) (A SHINE Aerial CUCAP RC8-BO 228; RN 08526; Cover Farm 309110 Land Spedding 03/04/1984, CUCAP AP RC8- Photography SHINE DPB1110; BO 228 used). See RN 08526 for U (? Ro) crop mark site. Maxey MPB1154a Maxey Quarry 513169 Absent Absent 108233.56 Mineral R1, R&F (not shown) (A Spedding Aerial CUCAP OV 23, BCS 19; RN 307376 extraction 26/03/1984, CUCAP APs OV 23, BCS Photography 08546 19). See RN 08546 for crop mark site. Maxey MPB4615a Lyndon Farm 511474 Present Degraded 11530.678 Leisure R1, Six trenches evaluation trenches Excavation, 307809 activities were excavated on the proposed site evaluation, of a poultry farm development during geophysical, Aug & Sep 1997. A few sherds of field survey Maxey ware or St Neots type ware

BA (Hons) Archaeology & Landscape History - MOD000798 Undergraduate Major Project 89 SID1722284/1 Paul Hales May 2020

pottery hint at middle to late Saxon settlement in the vicinity.

Newborough & MPB1581a E of Long 517557 Present Degraded 65301.618 Cultivated Marks drawn in following AP Aerial Borough Fen Meadow Drain 304709 Land assessment. Photography

Northborough MPB1139a N of Nine 514824 Present Degraded 207981.352 Cultivated R1, R&F (not shown on trace) (A Aerial CUCAP ZM 93; RN 08537 Bridges 307476 Land Spedding 11/04/1984, CUCAP AP ZM Photography Viaduct 93 used) See RN 08537 for U crop mark site. Northborough MPB1150a NW of Nine 514284 Present Degraded 18939.786 Cultivated R1, R&F (ignored) (A Spedding Aerial CUCAP RC8-DE 15; RN 08536 Bridges 307414 Land 04/04/1984,CUCAP AP RC8-DE 15 Photography Viaduct used). R2, R&F. Sketched at 1:10000. (R Palmer 21/09/1990). See RN 08536 for description of extensive crop mark site. Northborough MPB1335a NE of Nine 515205 Present Degraded 74679.448 Cultivated R1, R&F ploughing. See also RN 02188 SHINE RN 02188; SHINE Bridges 307311 Land for crop marks at this site. DPB1004; Viaduct Northborough MPB5093a NE of village 515679 Present Degraded 17290.346 Cultivated Confirmed presence of med. Aerial PHER 51623; 51624; 308075 Land cultivation remains (headlands and Photography 51659; 51660; 51625; R&F spaced regularly at 8m intervals). 51626 See PHER REC 51623 (Section 1: BA). See also PHER REC 51624, 51659, 51660 for Section 2; PHER REC 51625 for Section 3 and PHER REC 51626 for Section 4. Northborough MPB5093b NE of village 515576 Present Degraded 71728.126 Cultivated Confirmed presence of med. Aerial PHER 51623; 51624; 308432 Land cultivation remains (headlands and Photography 51659; 51660; 51625; R&F spaced regularly at 8m intervals). 51626 See PHER REC 51623 (Section 1: BA). See also PHER REC 51624, 51659, 51660 for Section 2; PHER REC 51625 for Section 3 and PHER REC 51626 for Section 4. Northborough MPB5093c NE of village 516028 Present Degraded 23023.187 Cultivated Confirmed presence of med. Aerial PHER 51623; 51624; 308666 Land cultivation remains (headlands and Photography 51659; 51660; 51625; R&F spaced regularly at 8m intervals). 51626 See PHER REC 51623 (Section 1: BA). See also PHER REC 51624, 51659, 51660 for Section 2; PHER REC 51625 for Section 3 and PHER REC 51626 for Section 4. Northborough MPB5093d Northborough 515190 Present Degraded 60489.502 Cultivated Confirmed presence of med. AP + CAU PHER 51623; 51624; -Etton Water 307570 Land cultivation remains (headlands and Excavation, 51659; 51660; 51625; main R&F spaced regularly at 8m intervals). evaluation, 51626 See PHER REC 51623 (Section 1: BA). geophysics, See also PHER REC 51624, 51659, field survey 51660 for Section 2; PHER REC 51625 for Section 3 and PHER REC 51626 for Section 4. Orton Longueville MPB1888a Grange Fm, 517408 Absent Absent 93280.637 Building R&F at Grange Fm (TL/168-/961- ) & Aerial Desmond Lady Lodge Fm 296108 development ENE of Lady's Lodge Fm (TL/160-/957- Photography ); preserved interlocking & butting furlongs, reversed-S, C-curved ridges, usually 8-9 yds. Wide, exceptional

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headlands, 15 yds. wide & 3 ft. high in places. R&F traces ploughed out on AP

Orton Longueville MPB1888b Grange Fm, 516900 Absent Absent 84430.530 Building R&F at Grange Fm (TL/168-/961- ) & Aerial Desmond Lady Lodge Fm 295598 development ENE of Lady's Lodge Fm (TL/160-/957- Photography ); preserved interlocking & butting furlongs, reversed-S, C-curved ridges, usually 8-9 yds. Wide, exceptional headlands, 15 yds. Wide & 3 ft. high in places. R&F traces ploughed out on AP Orton Longueville MPB1888c Grange Fm, 516799 Absent Absent 76937.511 Building R&F at Grange Fm (TL/168-/961- ) & Aerial Desmond Lady Lodge Fm 295932 development ENE of Lady's Lodge Fm (TL/160-/957- Photography ); preserved interlocking & butting furlongs, reversed-S, C-curved ridges, usually 8-9 yds. wide, exceptional headlands, 15 yds. wide & 3 ft. high in places. R&F traces ploughed out on AP Orton Longueville MPB1888d Grange Fm, 517161 Absent Absent 124158.152 Building R&F at Grange Fm (TL/168-/961-) & Aerial Desmond Lady Lodge Fm 295936 development ENE of Lady's Lodge Fm (TL/160-/957- Photography ); preserved interlocking & butting furlongs, reversed-S, C-curved ridges, usually 8-9 yds. wide, exceptional headlands, 15 yds. wide & 3 ft. high in places. R&F traces ploughed out on AP Orton Longueville MPB2936a Orton 516313 Present Degraded 11804.135 Leisure An aerial photographic assessment of Aerial CAU Longueville 296187 activities land at Orton Longueville School was Photography School undertaken in winter 2008 by Air Photo Services. The assessment identified remains of Med ridge and furrow which are likely to have masked earlier features Orton Longueville MPB3844a Botolph Bridge 517113 Absent Absent 33442.031 Building Survey on land belonging to the DMV Excavation, 297133 development at Botolph Bridge. The earthwork evaluation, survey recorded features including the geophysical, village street, trackways, sites of field survey Building developments, several ponds, ditches, toft and crofts and ridge and furrow. Orton Longueville MPB3844b Botolph Bridge 517411 Absent Absent 62099.650 Building Survey on land belonging to the DMV Excavation, 297044 development at Botolph Bridge. The earthwork evaluation, survey recorded features including the geophysical, village street, trackways, sites of field survey Building developments, several ponds, ditches, toft and crofts and ridge and furrow. Orton Longueville MPB3844c Botolph Bridge 517303 Absent Absent 59631.018 Building Survey on land belonging to the DMV Excavation, 297373 development at Botolph Bridge. The earthwork evaluation, survey recorded features including the geophysical, village street, trackways, sites of field survey Building developments, several ponds, ditches, toft and crofts and ridge and furrow. Orton Longueville MPB3933a SW of Orton 517079 Absent Absent 11743.379 Building Ridge profile identified in OL consisted AP + Upex Mere 296382 development of rounded selions with level areas, or Excavation, areas slightly concave in profile. Soil evaluation, core transects across 2 selions suggest

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they had been ploughed into a geophysics, rounded, convex profile, later field survey modified by re-ploughing. Orton Longueville MPB3933b N of 517236 Absent Absent 45688.812 Building Ridge profile identified in OL consisted AP + Upex Malbourne 296327 development of rounded selions with level areas, or Excavation, Way areas slightly concave in profile. Soil evaluation, core transects across 2 selions suggest geophysics, they had been ploughed into a field survey rounded, convex profile, later modified by re-ploughing. Orton Longueville MPB3933c SW of Orton 517188 Absent Absent 22688.364 Building Ridge profile identified in OL consisted AP + Upex Mere 296811 development of rounded selions with level areas, or Excavation, areas slightly concave in profile. Soil evaluation, core transects across 2 selions suggest geophysics, they had been ploughed into a field survey rounded, convex profile, later modified by re-ploughing. Orton Longueville MPB3933d SW of Orton 517079 Absent Absent 35492.379 Building Ridge profile identified in OL consisted AP + Upex Mere 296698 development of rounded selions with level areas, or Excavation, areas slightly concave in profile. Soil evaluation, core transects across 2 selions suggest geophysics, they had been ploughed into a field survey rounded, convex profile, later modified by re-ploughing. Orton Longueville MPB4437a Clayton School 516656 Absent Absent 177657.168 Building May 1996 Roger Palmer undertook an Aerial Palmer PHER 09216; 09217 295608 development AP assessment at Clayton School. The Photography assessment identified the remains of med. R&F. See PHER REC 09216 and 09217 for crop marks in adjacent areas. Orton Longueville MPB5205a Goldhay Way 516085 Absent Absent 162812.503 Building Cultivation remains 295736 development

Paston MPB4636a Paston 519097 Absent Absent 28632.311 Building Archaeological evaluation undertaken Excavation, Reserve 302860 development in Mar 1990 ahead of industrial evaluation, development. 8 trenches (1030m) geophysical, were excavated. Possible traces of R&F field survey were observed, no other significant features were noted. Paston MPB4636b Paston 519201 Present Degraded 88303.846 Cultivated Archaeological evaluation undertaken Excavation, Reserve 303299 Land in Mar 1990 ahead of industrial evaluation, development. 8 trenches (1030m) geophysical, were excavated. Possible traces of R&F field survey were observed, no other significant features were noted. Paston MPB4636c Paston 518720 Absent Absent 21260.424 Building Archaeological evaluation in Mar 1990 Excavation, Reserve 303545 development ahead of industrial development. 8 evaluation, trenches (1030m) were excavated. geophysical, Possible traces of R&F were observed - field survey Site now mostly destroyed by multi activity & build over Paston MPB4689a Paston 519696 Present Degraded 267241.119 Cultivated Excavation at Paston Reserve, centred Excavation, PCA PHER 54219; 54076; Reserve 2 303198 Land on OS NGR TF 1979 0298 in May 2017. evaluation, 54220; 54221; 54222; A small Ro farmstead was located geophysical, c.150m S of Car Dyke. A cast copper field survey alloy ingot from a ditch, possibly Ro to

BA (Hons) Archaeology & Landscape History - MOD000798 Undergraduate Major Project 92 SID1722284/1 Paul Hales May 2020

Med. date, post holes and furrows of uncertain date.

Paston MPB4689b Paston 520475 Present Degraded 58110.316 Cultivated Excavation at Paston Reserve, centred Excavation, PCA PHER 54219; 54076; Reserve 2 303130 Land on OS NGR TF 1979 0298 in May 2017. evaluation, 54220; 54221; 54222; A small Ro farmstead was located geophysical, c.150m S of Car Dyke. A cast copper field survey alloy ingot from a ditch, possibly Ro to Med. date, post holes and furrows of uncertain date. Paston MPB5405a A15 E of 519227 Absent Absent 14000.335 Building S1, R&F system N-S aligned. Paston 302063 development Junction Paston MPB5405b SW of Paston 519540 Absent Absent 208729.868 Building S1, R&F system N-S aligned. Parkway 302270 development

Paston MPB5405c A15 E of 519030 Absent Absent 3807.842 Building S1, R&F system N-S aligned. Paston 302240 development Junction Paston MPB5405d Paston 519723 Absent Absent 4118.847 Building S1, R&F system N-S aligned. Parkway 302512 development

Paston MPB5405e Payne's Nook 519950 Present Degraded 174618.546 Cultivated S1, R&F system N-S aligned. 302658 Land

Paston MPB5405f ENE of Leed's 520622 Present Degraded 30882.165 Cultivated S1, R&F system N-S aligned. Cottage 302860 Land

Paston MPB5405g NW of Payne's 519627 Absent Absent 12316.454 Building S1, R&F system N-S aligned. Nook 302716 development

Paston MPB5405h Leed's Cottage 520144 Absent Absent 4685.894 Building S1, R&F system N-S aligned. 302613 development

Peakirk MPB5425a S of Folly Bank 516988 Absent Absent 2786.015 Building R&F cultivation marks drawn in from Aerial Crossing 306535 development AP Photography

Peakirk MPB5425b S of Folly Bank 517036 Present Degraded 6412.341 Cultivated R&F cultivation marks drawn in from Aerial Crossing 306475 Land AP Photography

Peakirk MPB5425c W of Folly 517028 Present Degraded 88747.324 Cultivated R&F cultivation marks drawn in from Aerial River 306095 Land AP Photography

Southorpe MPB2224a Southorpe 508328 Present Degraded 34325.250 Nature R&F identified from SHINE record SHINE SHINE SHINE DPB1264; Nature 303191 reserve Reserve St Martins Without DPB1138a Chabonel 503680 Present Degraded 75585.502 Parkland or R&F identified from SHINE record SHINE SHINE SHINE DPB1138; Spinney 306480 Garden

St Martins Without DPB1139a N of Queen 504739 Present Degraded 56111.187 Parkland or R&F identified from SHINE record SHINE SHINE SHINE DPB1139; Elizabeth's Ave 306529 Garden

St Martins Without DPB1214a Jubilee 503876 Present Degraded 57368.302 Parkland or R&F identified from SHINE record SHINE SHINE SHINE DPB1214; Plantation 306013 Garden

BA (Hons) Archaeology & Landscape History - MOD000798 Undergraduate Major Project 93 SID1722284/1 Paul Hales May 2020

St Martins Without DPB1216a E of Newtown 503891 Present Degraded 57016.931 Parkland or R&F identified from SHINE record SHINE SHINE SHINE DPB1216; 306778 Garden

St Martins Without DPB1262a SE of 504122 Present Degraded 20934.009 Parkland or R&F identified from SHINE record SHINE SHINE SHINE DPB1262; Newtown 306545 Garden

Stanground MPB2108a Park Farm 521987 Absent Absent 6482.639 Building Site identified as LOW archaeological Aerial 296152 development potential Photography

Stanground MPB2238a Housing 520788 Absent Absent 45300.281 Building Traces of R&F identified across most of Excavation, RN 51235; 51236 allocation and 295627 development prospective development area, along evaluation, bypass with possible pits and linear features. geophysical, Two areas produced anomalies that field survey may indicate ancient settlement and boundary features. Stanground MPB2238b Housing 521087 Absent Absent 24736.147 Building Traces of R&F identified across most of Excavation, RN 51235; 51236 allocation and 295712 development prospective development area, along evaluation, bypass with possible pits and linear features. geophysical, Two areas produced anomalies that field survey may indicate ancient settlement and boundary features. Stanground MPB2238c Housing 521458 Absent Absent 25940.942 Building Traces of R&F identified across most of Excavation, RN 51235; 51236 allocation and 295723 development prospective development area, along evaluation, bypass with possible pits and linear features. geophysical, Two areas produced anomalies that field survey may indicate ancient settlement and boundary features. Stanground MPB2238d Housing 521758 Absent Absent 18144.409 Building Traces of R&F identified across most of Excavation, RN 51235; 51236 allocation and 296014 development prospective development area, along evaluation, bypass with possible pits and linear features. geophysical, Two areas produced anomalies that field survey may indicate ancient settlement and boundary features. Stanground MPB3912a Oakdale Ave 520576 Present Preserved 10755.89 Leisure Present - remains of R&F in play area AP + Footpath 295818 activities and surrounding field, clearly seen in Excavation, AP, LIDAR, Google Earth and on evaluation, ground Autumn 2019 geophysics, field survey Stanground MPB3912b Oakdale Ave 520539 Absent Absent 23169.282 Building Remains of R&F were seen during AP + Footpath 295744 development construction of new footpath - Most Excavation, now Absent for the remaining see evaluation, MBP3912a geophysics, field survey Stanground MPB4752a Land at 520506 Absent Absent 8955.715 Building AP had indicated possible AP + Oakdale 295397 development archaeological features on the site and Excavation, Primary significant BA remains had been evaluation, School recorded to the S of the development geophysics, area. Five trenches were excavated field survey and evidence of post med. R&F was identified Stanground MPB4752b Land at 520506 Present Degraded 28910.908 Leisure AP had indicated possible AP + Archaeological RN 56/13 Oakdale 296100 activities archaeological features on the site and Excavation, Project Primary significant BA remains had been evaluation, Services School recorded to the S of the development geophysics, area. Five trenches were excavated field survey

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and evidence of post med. R&F was identified

Stanground MPB4798a Buntings Lane 520140 Absent Absent 78587.526 Building R&F identified in walkover survey of AP + Archaeological RN 56/13 296220 development nearby Buntings Lane site & Palmer AP Excavation, Project interpretation evaluation, Services geophysics, field survey Stanground MPB4798b N of B1092 520548 Present Degraded 30381.135 Building R&F identified in walkover survey of AP + Archaeological RN 56/13 Playing Field 296465 development nearby Buntings Lane site Excavation, Project site evaluation, Services geophysics, field survey Stanground MPB4798c N of B1092 520581 Absent Absent 25496.557 Building R&F identified in walkover survey of AP + Archaeological RN 56/13 Playing Field 296439 development nearby Buntings Lane site Excavation, Project site evaluation, Services geophysics, field survey Stanground MPB4798d N of B1092 520369 Absent Absent 7452.867 Building R&F identified in walkover survey of AP + Archaeological RN 56/13 Playing Field 296547 development nearby Buntings Lane site Excavation, Project site evaluation, Services geophysics, field survey Thorney MPB5061a Abbey Fields 528213 Present Degraded 6895.076 Parkland or The study area contained remains of SHINE AP + CAM ARC RN 51341; 303815 Garden med. R&F, field ditches, raised Building Excavation, 51340;51316;51496;51 development platform & a large, open evaluation, 497;51403;51695; drainage feature. The trenches in the geophysics, NE part of the site uncovered deep, field survey stratified Med archaeology. SHINE DPB 1251 Upton MBP5854a Top Lodge 510170 Present Preserved 26630.65 Cultivated Med. R&F at Sutton, visible on AP Aerial NMR RN 09890; 09889; Farm 300960 Land dating from 1946 to 1991. The NMR Photography 51200; collection dating to 1990-1991 is the most useful for the identification. Upton MPB5854b Top Lodge 509743 Present Preserved 67965.48 Cultivated Med. R&F at Sutton, visible on AP SHINE Aerial NMR RN 09890; 09889; Farm 301180 Land dating from 1946 to 1991. The NMR Photography 51200; SHINE collection dating to 1990-1991 is the DPB1112; most useful for the identification. Upton MPB5854c Top Lodge 509178 Present Degraded 18695.663 Cultivated Med. R&F at Sutton, visible on AP Aerial NMR RN 09890; 09889; Farm 300710 Land dating from 1946 to 1991. The NMR Photography 51200; collection dating to 1990-1991 is the most useful for the identification. Upton MPB5854d Top Lodge 509440 Present Degraded 229890.622 Cultivated Med. R&F at Sutton, visible on AP Aerial NMR RN 09890; 09889; Farm 300157 Land dating from 1946 to 1991. The NMR Photography 51200; collection dating to 1990-1991 is the most useful for the identification. Upton MPB5854e Top Lodge 508995 Present Degraded 44821.309 Cultivated Med. R&F at Sutton, visible on AP Aerial NMR RN 09890; 09889; Farm 300342 Land dating from 1946 to 1991. The NMR Photography 51200; collection dating to 1990-1991 is the most useful for the identification. Upton MPB5854f Top Lodge 510730 Present Degraded 111848.749 Cultivated Med. R&F at Sutton, visible on AP Aerial NMR RN 09890; 09889; Farm 301392 Land dating from 1946 to 1991. The NMR Photography 51200; collection dating to 1990-1991 is the most useful for the identification.

BA (Hons) Archaeology & Landscape History - MOD000798 Undergraduate Major Project 95 SID1722284/1 Paul Hales May 2020

Upton MPB5854g Top Lodge 510529 Present Degraded 184465.104 Cultivated Med. R&F at Sutton, visible on AP Aerial NMR RN 09890; 09889; Farm 300838 Land dating from 1946 to 1991. The NMR Photography 51200; collection dating to 1990-1991 is the most useful for the identification. Upton MPB5854h Top Lodge 510234 Present Degraded 291916.874 Cultivated Med. R&F at Sutton, visible on AP Aerial NMR RN 09890; 09889; Farm 301471 Land dating from 1946 to 1991. The NMR Photography 51200; collection dating to 1990-1991 is the most useful for the identification. Werrington MPB2637a Foxcovert 516115 Present Degraded 27931.891 Cultivated Possible curvilinear gully of unknown Excavation, RN 54120 Road 304872 Land date was identified. A series of 19th or evaluation, 20th century plough furrow marks geophysical, which were 0.25m wide and spaced field survey equidistantly were identified. Werrington MPB4801a Papyrus Road 515069 Present Degraded 36792.148 Cultivated AP held at PBoro Museum showed Scheduled AP + PB Museum SMR 50134; NRHE 304044 Land cropmarks to be suggestive of Monument Excavation, 1334892 enclosures, trial excavation showed evaluation, marks be the result of a combination geophysics, of geological changes, field drains and field survey furrows NRHE 1334892 Werrington MPB4801b Papyrus Road 515482 Present Degraded 22090.366 Cultivated AP held at PBoro Museum showed Scheduled AP + PB Museum SMR 50134; NRHE 303796 Land cropmarks to be suggestive of Monument Excavation, 1334892 enclosures, trial excavation showed evaluation, marks be the result of a combination geophysics, of geological changes, field drains and field survey furrows NRHE 1334892 Werrington MPB4801c Papyrus Road 515714 Present Degraded 8610.078 Cultivated AP held at PBoro Museum showed Scheduled AP + PB Museum SMR 50134; NRHE 303514 Land cropmarks to be suggestive of Monument Excavation, 1334892 enclosures, trial excavation showed evaluation, marks be the result of a combination geophysics, of geological changes, field drains and field survey furrows NRHE 1334892 Werrington MPB4801d Papyrus Road 515875 Absent Absent 9759.723 Building AP held at PBoro Museum showed Scheduled AP + PB Museum SMR 50134; NRHE 303772 development cropmarks to be suggestive of Monument Excavation, 1334892 enclosures, trial excavation showed evaluation, marks be the result of a combination geophysics, of geological changes, field drains and field survey furrows NRHE 1334892 Werrington MPB4937a SE of Glinton 515627 Present Degraded 47869.011 Cultivated AP assessment of 133ha, in advance of Aerial A15 305005 Land development. R1, Aerial photographs Photography roundabout showed a background of natural limestone and periglacial fissuring that hampered the identification of archaeological features. Remains of Med R&F Werrington MPB4937b S of Glinton 515500 Absent Absent 5465.816 Building AP assessment of 133ha, in advance of Aerial A15 395041 development development. R1, Aerial photographs Photography roundabout showed a background of natural limestone and periglacial fissuring that hampered the identification of archaeological features. Remains of Med R&F West and Longthorpe MPB4463a S of Thorpe 517012 Present Degraded 84734.139 Parkland or R&F identified from SHINE record SHINE SHINE SHINE DPB1171; Hall 298372 Garden

BA (Hons) Archaeology & Landscape History - MOD000798 Undergraduate Major Project 96 SID1722284/1 Paul Hales May 2020

Appendix 3 Ridge and furrow monument points (not covered by polygons in Appendix 2) from attribute table in ArcGIS (Legacy layer) Parish UID Site Status Description Ailsworth MPB1574 Roman site in Normangate Scheduled Monument O1, Ridge and furrow noted. For cross refs see RN 01872. Field PE127

Ailsworth MPB1786 Sutton Field, Roman villa SW Scheduled Monument S2, Marked ridge and furrow running N - S from the railway to the hedge appears to overly the site. of Castor Station PE125 On a subsequent visit with the area under Spring wheat undulations in crop height confirmed this. See RN 01583 and RN 01901. Ailsworth MPB2057 Transco Gas Pipeline, Site 6, Ridge and furrow was also identified, Furrow width: 2-4m, width between furrows: 8-12m, Section 5, Plot 26-27 orientation: E-W, regularity or position of furrow: south half only. See PHER REC 50663-50667, 50669-50690 and 51487 for further archaeological work. Ailsworth MPB4279 Transco Gas Pipeline, Site 5, A possible plough headland visible as a linear earthwork following the line of the Roman road. Section 5, Plot 26 Initially it was considered to be an agger of the road but after a trench was dug this was disproved. Ploughed-out ridge and furrow was detected during excavation Ailsworth MPB4915 Transco Gas Pipeline, Site 32, R1, This site covers four distinct periods: Neolithic (PHER REC 50686), Roman (PHER REC 51844), Section 5, Plot 26 Saxon (PHER REC 51845) and medieval. Medieval - A regular pattern of east-west aligned ridge and furrow was identified, The furrows were 2.4m in width. Ailsworth MPB5165 Castor Hanglands S1, Ridge and furrow, mainly around the given grid reference but also at TF/1150/0140. They are all under Ailsworth Heath and Castor Hanglands. R1, The ridge and furrow system is of medieval type, with wide and low profile. There are also small areas of w Barnack MPB1002 R1, Ridge and furrow and headlands. Sketched at 1:10000. (R Palmer 23/09/1990, NMR APs TF0605/1 - 3, 7).

Barnack MPB3822 Burghley Park S1, Ridge and furrow cultivation remains running north to south at given grid reference. Also south at TF/0430/0662 and east to west at TF/0417/0653.

Barnack MPB4967 Barnack Road Quarry In Spring 1992 an archaeological evaluation by trial trenching was conducted by staff of Extension Cambridgeshire Archaeology in advance of a gravel quarry extension at Barnack Road, following a programme of augering, test pitting, and field walking. Barnack MPB5509 Burghley Park S1, Ridge and furrow. 1) TF/039-068-. North to south aligned system defined to the south by a sunken way possibly leading to the old lodges of Burghley House. 2) TF/037-/0640. North to south aligned system defined to the north by a ditch. 3) TF/0390/0605 Barnack MPB5513 Burghley Park S1, Ridge and furrow cultivation from TF/03/06.

Barnack MPB997 Burghley Park R1, Ridge and furrow. Sketched at 1:10,000. (R Palmer 23/09/1990).

Bretton MPB5219 S1, Ridge and furrow running north-east to south-west.

Castor MPB1219 Thorpe Watering R1, ridge and furrow (R Palmer 10/08/1983) See also RN 08293 for U enclosure.

Castor MPB2055 Transco Gas Pipeline Traces of ridge and furrow were identified during gas pipeline construction. Furrow width: 1m, width between furrows: 8m, orientation: east-west. Pipeline easement 36m by 380m centred on NGR given. See PHER REC 50664-50690 and 51487 for further archaeological info. Central MPB5694 Medieval ridge and furrow, 1. Archaeological evaluation on land off Mayors Walk, Peterborough in advance of the construction Mayors Walk of dwellings and associated ground works. Evidence of medieval ridge and furrow was found within trenches 1-5.

BA (Hons) Archaeology & Landscape History - MOD000798 Undergraduate Major Project 97 SID1722284/1 Paul Hales May 2020

Deeping Gate MPB832 R1, Ridge and furrow E of Maxey - one field NE - SW, one and half fields NW - SE, one field E - W. Sketched in pencil on 6in SMR map.

East and Fengate MPB3017 Fengate to Northey, Fengate An assessment of aerial photographs covering an area of some 8km square between Fengate and Northey was undertaken in advance of development. R1, The Fengate area displayed evidence for medieval ridge and furrow, including a headland. See PHER REC 51498- East and Fengate MPB981 Medieval to post medieval 1, Slight earthworks, possibly very truncated ridge and furrow. ridge and furrow earthworks, Peterborough Etton MPB1123 R1, Ridge and furrow (not shown on trace) overlying U enclosure complex (A Spedding 27/03/1984, CUCAP AP RC8-BO 236 used) See RN 08520 for U enclosure complex.

Etton MPB1125 R1, Ridge and furrow overlying U enclosures. (ASpedding 27/03/1984, CUCAP APs RC8-BO 235, BCS 13 used) R2, TF/137-/055-.Ridge and furrow. Headlands remain as modern field boundaries. Sketched at 1:10000. (R Palmer 21/09/1990). Etton MPB921 R1, Ridge and furrow to S and E. Sketched at 1:10,000. (R Palmer 21/09/1990). See RN 10016 - U crop marks; 08532 - crop marks to S.

Etton MPB924 R1, Ridge and furrow - earthwork in 1964. Sketched at 1:10,000. (R Palmer 21/09/1990).

Eye MPB885 R1, Ridge and furrow overlies the enclosures. (R Palmer 04/10/1989) See RN 09333 - crop mark details.

Fletton MPB1861 S1, Cultivation Remains: The open fields of the parish seem to have been enclosed in 1762 (P Parkinson, General View of the Agriculture of Hunts (1813), following an Act of Parliament of 1760. Only a fragment of ridge and furrow, probably of these fields Fletton MPB1864 Ridge and furrow, probably part of open fields of Old Fletton.

Fletton MPB1866 Ridge and furrow lay in old enclosures of Woodston in 1811.

Fletton MPB2825 Fletton Playing Fields O1, A field recognisance was carried out by the City Council Archaeologist in August 2013 in order to ascertain the presence, absence, date and degree of preservation of extant ridge and furrow earthworks across Fletton Recreation Ground. Hampton MPB2259 Glebe Farm Earthwork ridge and furrow in pasture south and east of farm buildings. R1, Plotted from aerial photographs as part of a desktop study in advance of possible housing allocation.

Hampton MPB2693 Alwalton Hill (Gateway Site) An aerial photographic assessment was conducted in May 2005, covering an area of 40 hectares, at Alwalton Hill, Peterborough. R1. The assessment showed remains of medieval ridge and furrow cultivation. Helpston MPB1160 R1, Ridge and furrow (not shown) (A Spedding07/03/1984, CUCAP APs ZN 78, RC8-BO 233 used). See RN 08512 for full description of crop mark site.

Helpston MPB1173 R1, Ridge and furrow, not shown on trace (A Spedding29/02/1984) See also RN 09503 for U crop marks.

Helpston MPB1642 R1, Track way; O1. Possible oval enclosure immediately adjacent to the track way, centred on TF/513274/304927, and ridge and furrow covering three fields, shown on PCC HER Aerial Photographs 2010. Helpston MPB3568 Land north of 29 Maxey An archaeological evaluation was undertaken on land north of 29 Maxey Road, Helpston between Road, Helpston the 19th and 29th November 2013 by Archaeological Project Services in advance of proposed residential development. R1. Evidence for ridge and furrow was uncover

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Marholm MPB965 R1, Cultivation remains. Extensive areas of ridge and furrow exist or can be traced on air photographs around the village. These, quite unrelated to the existing fields, are arranged in end on and interlocked furlongs, some with reversed S curves, and ha Maxey MPB1151 R1, Ridge and furrow (not shown) (A Spedding 28/03/1984, CUCAP APs ADM 70, 72, AGB 50, VI 81 used), R2, TF/133-/073-. Ridge and furrow. Sketched at 1:10000. (R Palmer 21/09/1990). See RN 08544 for description of crop mark site. Maxey MPB2859 Maxey Complex Aerial photographs show an extensive complex of early habitation at Maxey, centred at TF/124- /078 and including a cursus, pits, ring ditches, farmsteads and enclosures, drove ways, pit alignments and ridges. Maxey MPB4385 Maxey Quarry R1, An area of 40ha, centred on the given grid reference, was subjected to an air photograph assessment that recorded the presence of ring ditches, enclosures and medieval pasture (ridge and furrow). Maxey MPB4814 No. 19 West End Road Peterborough Site Code An archaeological evaluation was carried out at the rear of No. 19 West End Road, Maxey, in March MAX-WER05 2005 by staff of Cambridgeshire County Council Archaeological Fields Unit. (R1)

Maxey MPB938 R1, Ridge and furrow. Sketched at 1:10,000. (R Palmer 21/09/1990). See RN 09998 - U crop marks; 09997 - crop marks nearby 08567.

Orton Longueville MPB1768 All Saints Church, Botolph R1, O1, Site of All Saints Church, Botolph Bridge, nearly three quarters of a mile NNE from Orton Bridge Longueville Church, has a ditch on two sides. On the site is a floor slab with a late C15 or early C16 "black-letter inscription mostly defaced" The church Orton Longueville MPB3103 Orton Longueville School An archaeological trench-based evaluation and geophysical survey was undertaken in January 2010 on the proposed site of an all-weather sports pitch at Orton Longueville School, Peterborough by the Cambridge Archaeological Unit (Evaluation) and Bartlett-C Orton Waterville MPB1040 Ridge and furrow overlays ring ditches. See RN 01436 for ring ditches and SAM 193. List Entry 1020300

Orton Waterville MPB1884 R1, The open fields of the parish were enclosed in 1809 (Enclosure Map 1809, HRO). Immediately prior to that date there were three large open fields: Ham, Bush and Church Fields. Ridge and furrow still exists or can be traced on air photographs. S of the Orton Waterville MPB2128 R1, The former open fields of the parish were enclosed in 1809 but the numbers and names of the fields are unknown. Ridge and furrow, 4yds - 9yds wide and arranged in interlocking furlongs, some with reversed 'S' curves occurs over a small area south and Orton Waterville MPB2133 Oundle Road R1, Eight evaluation trenches were excavated in January 1998 which revealed no archaeological activity earlier than ridge and furrow agriculture. This was discovered aligned in at least three directions, east to west, north-west to south-east, and north Orton Waterville MPB2836 Ormiston Bushfield Academy In July 2009 staff of Cambridge Archaeological Unit carried out an evaluation by trial trenches in advance of redevelopment of the playing fields associated with Ormiston Bushfield Academy. R1, The trenches revealed the remains of medieval/post- medieval Orton Waterville MPB2937 Bushfield Community College An aerial photographic assessment of land at Bushfield Community College was undertaken in winter 2008 by Air Photo Services as part of a desktop study carried out by Cambridge Archaeology Unit. R1, The assessment identified remains of medieval ridge and Orton Waterville MPB3479 Peterborough Showground An archaeological evaluation was undertaken on land at Peterborough Showground by MOLA in December 2014 in advance of proposed development. R1. Of the twelve trenches excavated all but one produced evidence for post medieval ridge and furrow. These were Orton Waterville MPB4438 Lynch Farm complex Scheduled Monument Ridge and furrow covers the whole SAM 182 and beyond. PE182

Ravensthorpe MPB4560 New Prison at former R1, Archaeological evaluation trenching undertaken by Cambridge Archaeological Unit during May Rockwell/APV works 2000 revealed elements of Bronze Age settlement and enclosure (PHER REC 51187). Extensive Post- Medieval ridge and furrow was traced across a large part of the Sibson cum MPB123 Extensive area of ridge and furrow. Stibbington

BA (Hons) Archaeology & Landscape History - MOD000798 Undergraduate Major Project 99 SID1722284/1 Paul Hales May 2020

Stanground MPB2938 Stanground College An aerial photographic assessment of land at Stanground College was undertaken in winter 2008 by Air Photo Services as part of a desktop study carried out by Cambridge Archaeology Unit. R1, The assessment identified remains of medieval ridge and furrow w Stanground MPB3857 Roman and Saxon Court, An archaeological excavation was undertaken at Coneygree Road, Stanground in advance of Coneygree Road, Stanground proposed development. R1. A series of post medieval furrows were identified during excavation.

Sutton MPB1795 R1, Cultivation remains. The open fields of Sutton were not finally enclosed legally until 1903, though only two people worked the land in the C19 and physical enclosure took place in1880. Fragmentary traces of ridge and furrow exist or can be seen on AP Sutton MPB1904 R1, Ridge and furrow (R Desmond 13/06/1985). Exact location of find site not known.

Sutton MPB3130 The Grange S1, Possible traces of ridge and furrow visible on the 2010 Peterborough City Council aerial photograph.

Sutton MPB3131 S1, Traces of ridge and furrow visible on PCC's 2012 aerial photograph

Thorney MPB843 Ridge and furrow. See RN 11028 for enclosure.

Ufford MPB3132 S1, Possible traces of ridge and furrow visible on PCC's 2001 aerial photograph.

Upton MPB1896 Cultivation remains. The open fields of the parish were enclosed in 1843. The only traces of ridge and furrow that remain are immediately N of Upton Lodge (TL/102-/997- ), where three interlocked curved furlongs meet along the course of a small stream. Walton MPB4523 No. 1103 Lincoln Road An excavation was carried out during 2003. The exterior of the house suggests that four stages of development had taken place. These were probably carried out between 1500 and 1900AD. Prior to this the land probably was under ridge and furrow. 12 trench Werrington MPB1356 R2, The open fields of the parish were enclosed in 1794. Ridge and furrow can be traced on air photographs, NE of the hamlet of Gunthorpe arranged in end on, curved furlongs.

BA (Hons) Archaeology & Landscape History - MOD000798 Undergraduate Major Project 100