Journal of Stored Products Research 47 (2011) 216e221

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Journal of Stored Products Research

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Mating disruption for control of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (: Pyralidae) in dried beansq

Charles S. Burks a,*, John R. McLaughlin b, James R. Miller c, David G. Brandl a a USDA-ARS, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 S. Riverbend Ave., Parlier, CA 93648, USA b IPM Technologies, Inc., Centennial Campus, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA c Michigan State University, Department of Entomology, 203 CIPS, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA article info abstract

Article history: We compared the impact of mating disruption and aerosol space treatment using synergized pyrethrins Accepted 1 March 2011 on Indianmeal moth Plodia interpunctella in 2200e2900 m3 structures at a dried bean storage and processing facility in Stanislaus County, CA USA. Mating disruption was applied using a high-volume Keywords: aerosol timed release dispenser to apply 1.9 mg/d/100 m3 (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecyldienyl acetate (Z9,E12- Indianmeal moth 14:Ac). Biological effects of mating disruption were compared between areas treated with mating Mating disruption disruption, aerosol space treatments, and an untreated part of the facility. The ability of males to orient to High-volume timed aerosol dispenser a source, to mate with calling females, and the fertility of resident females was examined Dried beans using pheromone traps, sentinel females, and oviposition bait cups, respectively. Compared to an untreated area, males in pheromone traps and female mating were greatly reduced in both the aerosol space treatment and mating disruption treatment areas. After the second week of the study, P. interpunctella progeny were recovered from the untreated area and the aerosol space treatment area but not the mating disruption area, despite an active infestation in this area at the start of the study. An experiment examining development on the dried beans stored at this facility found variable develop- ment on broken beans, but generally poor development in intact beans. We conclude that the mating disruption treatment was as effective as the space treatment in suppressing population growth under the conditions at this facility, and discuss the potential for mating disruption using high-volume aerosol timed dispensers for phycitine moths in stored products. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

1. Introduction Cidetrak IMM, Trécé, Adair, OK) have been registered in the US for use against these species. The same principal sex pheromone component, (Z,E)-9,12-tet- Various neurological and behavioral mechanisms have been radecadienyl acetate (Z9,E12-14:Ac) is shared by stored product proposed for the way in which application of synthetic pest moths of the subfamily Phycitinae, including the Indianmeal to a crop or area reduces the rate of mating (Cardé and Minks, moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), the almond moth Cadra cau- 1995). Perhaps the most fundamental distinction among these tella (Walker), the Mediterranean flour moth Anagasta kuehniella mechanisms is between competitive and non-competitive mech- Zeller, the tobacco moth Ephestia elutella (Hübner), and the raisin anisms (Miller et al., 2006, 2010). This distinction is important moth Ephestia figulilella (Gregson) (all Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (El- because the formulation or mechanism by which synthetic pher- Sayed, 2010). This single component has proven adequate for use omone is released can affect the degree to which these different with all of these species for monitoring (Soderstrom et al., 1987; mechanisms might be involved, and therefore the efficiency with Phillips et al., 2000), and two mating disruption formulations which pheromone reduces the rate of mating. Competitive mech- based on this single component (Allure, BASF, St. Louis, MO; and anisms might be enhanced by releasing pheromone in smaller amounts from more points rather than in large amount from few points. Aerosol timed release devices, such as puffers (Shorey et al., q This article reports the results of research only. Mention of a proprietary 1996), the Metered Semiochemical Timed Release System (MSTRS) product or trade name does not constitute a recommendation or endorsement by (Mafra-Neto and Baker, 1996; Baker et al., 1997), and Microsprayers the US Department of Agriculture. (Isaacs et al., 1999), are examples of high-emission dispensers * Corresponding author. Tel.: þ1 559 596 2757; fax: þ1 559 596 2721. E-mail address: [email protected] (C.S. Burks). (Sarfraz et al., 2006) that release relatively large amounts of

0022-474X/$ e see front matter Published by Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.jspr.2011.03.001 C.S. Burks et al. / Journal of Stored Products Research 47 (2011) 216e221 217 pheromone from fewer sources. By comparison, the current center; we monitored in half of its length (i.e., a volume of commercially registered pheromone formulations for mating 2902 m3). This area was treated with synergized pyrethrins aerosol disruption of stored product moths are hand-applied dispensers space treatment overnight each Friday at the end of the workday. (Sarfraz et al., 2006) that release less pheromone from more widely The untreated breezeway, which served as an untreated control, dispersed points. was a covered area of approximately 18 18 m, also with a roof Previous studies of mating disruption for stored product moths 5.5 m high on two sides and 8.2 m high at the center (an equivalent have used both types of dispensers, with varied results. A study volume of 2223 m3). It was separated from warehouses on the using MSTRSs for mating disruption targeting a high density north and south side by corrugated metal walls and doorways, and P. interpunctella infestation in a 126 m3 maize storage facility with no walls on the east and west side. showed decreases in males captured in pheromone traps and in mated females, but captures in blank traps remained indicated that 2.2. Temperature, r.h., and expected longevity abundance did not decline (Fadamiro and Baker, 2002). This outcome is consistent with earlier observations indicating that Temperatures were monitored inside the storage facilities using mating disruption targeting this species did not reduce population Hobo temperature loggers (Onset Computer Corporation, Pocasset, when initial abundance was high (Sower and Whitmer, 1977). More MA) attached to one of the pheromone traps (described below) and recent studies, in industrial setting and with dispensers similar to set to record every 30 min. Temperatures in the breezeway were one of the current commercial designs, found evidence of sustained estimated using data from CIMIS station 92 in Gustine, CA; 26 km suppression of reproduction of C. cautella (Ryne et al., 2006) and from the study site. These data were used to determine daily long-term reduction of abundance of A. kuehniella (Ryne et al., minimum and maximum temperatures inside and outside the 2006; Sieminska et al., 2009). storage facilities. The University of California Online Degree-Day Here we present a study examining the impact of mating Calculator (http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/WEATHER/ddretrieve. disruption on P. interpunctella in dried bean storage facilities html) was used with a developmental threshold estimate by associated with a commercial processor. Mating disruption reduces Johnson et al. (1995) to compare the physiological impact of the abundance and damage by reducing the rate of population growth fluctuating daily temperature with the impact of constant (Jones and Aihara-Sasaki, 2001). This suggests that host quality temperatures, as determined in a previous study (Arbogast, 2007), could affect the abundance at which mating disruption is effective. on adult longevity and reproduction. Ironically, P. interpunctella and other stored product pests are sometimes economic pest of commodities on which they do not 2.3. Monitoring and treatment effects develop well (Johnson et al., 1995), an observation that has been dubbed the host paradox (Arbogast et al., 2005). Beans such as The effect of mating disruption and insecticidal space treat- garbanzo (chickpea) Cicer arietinum L. and soybean Glycine max L. ments were compared with the untreated area by monitoring with are reasonably good hosts for P. interpunctella when finely ground pheromone traps, sentinel females, and oviposition bait traps. The (LeCato, 1976; Cox and Simms, 1978; Sambaraju and Phillips, 2008), pheromone traps were wing traps (Pherocon IC, Trécé, Adair OK) but soybeans are a poorer host when intact (LeCato, 1976). with minor modifications as described by Kuenen et al. (2005), and In this study male capture in pheromone traps, mating status of were baited with commercial pheromone lures (IMMþ4, Trécé, sentinel females, and emergence of progeny from oviposition cups Adair OK). were used to compare, over a 15-week period, P. interpunctella adult Effects of the treatments on mating were examined with activity and reproduction in areas of 2200e2900 m3. Mating sentinel females; i.e., unmated females that are partially immobi- disruption with the Microsprayer, at a rate of 1.9 mg/d/100 m3,was lized, serving as a test of the relative ability of males in the different compared to an aerosol space treatment (fogging, Peckman and treatments to locate a natural pheromone source and mate with Arthur, 2006) with synergized pyrethrins, and to no treatment. calling females. A 473-ml round polypropylene cup (PK16S-C, Fabrical, Kalamazoo MI USA) was suspended from the top of a wing 2. Materials and methods trap by clips, and used to contain a second such cup with the top half coated with Fluon (ICI, London, UK) (Curtis and Clark, 1984). A 2.1. Study site and treatments portion of the wings on one side was clipped on freshly enclosed females. Three such females were placed in a single cup each The study site was storage facilities owned by a dried bean Thursday, and transported the same day to mating assay locations processor in Patterson, CA. Dried beans stored and processed at this at the study site. The following week, females were brought back to facility included black-eyed peas Vigna unguiculata (L.), dark red the laboratory where they were evaluated for mating based on the kidney beans Phaseolus vulgaris L., large lima beans Phaseolus presence or absence of spermatophore(s) in the bursa. Female lunatus L. (all Fabaceae), and garbanzo. Storage was in palletized sentinels came from a 9-month old laboratory strain founded from 45 kg paper bags. collections from a repository of culled dried figs, and maintained at Mating disruption was applied to dried bean storage in a square 27 C, 16:8 L:D on wheat bran diet (Tebbets et al., 1978). structure with 18.3 m sides and a roof that was 5.5 m high on two The apparatus used for oviposition bait traps was similar to that sides and 8.2 m high at the center (i.e., 2294 m3). The sides of the used for sentinel females, except that the inner cup contained wheat building were built of corrugated steel, and the roof had composite bran diet to a depth of 2 cm instead of females, and was not coated shingles. A single Microsprayer (Isaacs et al., 1999) was suspended with Fluon. Oviposition bait cups were placed in the study site for one from roof beams in the center of this structure, and emitted 0.07 mg week and then removed and held under colony conditions for 5e6 Z9,E12-14:Ac (Bedoukian, Danbury CT) in 95% ethanol every weeks to be certain all larvae had developed. Cardboard spools were 2.5 min. The resulting rate (confirmed by weighing the device placed in the cup to provide a pupation site for wandering larvae. weekly, Isaacs et al., 1999) was 1.9 mg/d/100 m3; i.e., similar to the Progeny were then counted as emerged adults, or as pupae in the release rate of used in a recent study (Sieminska et al., 2009). oviposition ring, and the diet was examined to be certain that no Mating disruption began on 22 June and continued through 21 remaining larvae were present before disposal. September. A second, larger warehouse was 18.3 26.6 m and also In the two storage areas under treatment with either aerosol had roof height of 5.5 m high on two sides and 8.2 m high at the space treatment or mating disruption, there were five sets of these 218 C.S. Burks et al. / Journal of Stored Products Research 47 (2011) 216e221 three types of monitoring device. One was at ceiling height in the respectively, and the Tukey multiple range test was used for center of the monitored area, and the other four were 1.5 m high comparisons. The independent variable in both cases was diet along walls associated with one corner. In the area under mating (either laboratory bran or broken beans). Individual two-tailed disruption, these latter four sets of monitoring devices were unequal variance t-tests (Neuhäuser and Ruxton, 2009) were used between a corner and half of the adjacent wall. In the area under to compare progeny per cup from oviposition cups, and survivor- aerosol space treatment, where we monitored half of a room and ship and development time between broken and intact beans. two corners were “virtual”, two sets of monitoring devices were Statistical analysis was performed using the SAS System (Cary, NC). along half the wall nearest these virtual corners and the other two were wrapped around the other corners. In all cases the female 3. Results sentinels were 5e10 m from the nearest pheromone monitoring trap. In the untreated breezeway there were two sets of these 3.1. Temperature, r.h., and expected longevity monitoring devices attached to upright beams, 1.5 m above the ground, on either side. In these cases the sentinel females were There was a significant downward trend in temperature over the 18 m from the pheromone traps, and the oviposition cups were duration of the study. For the first week of the study, average daily attached to a horizontal beam 1.5 m above the ground and 2 m from minima and maxima were 21 and 35, 21 and 37, and 13 and 35 C for the oviposition cups. Fewer monitoring devices were used in this the storage under mating disruption, the storage under aerosol untreated area because the lack of two sides of the structure offered space treatment, and CIMIS 92, respectively. For the last week of the fewer locations to place traps. study, average daily minima and maxima were 17 and 27,16 and 30, Monitoring with pheromone lures and ovipositional bait began and 10 and 29 C, respectively. Based on degree-days, temperatures 15 June (a week before the mating disruption began) in the two in the storages were physiologically equivalent to constant storages and 22 June in the untreated area. Monitoring with temperatures of 25e28 C the first week of the study, and 22e23 C sentinel females began 22 June in all three areas. Based on esti- the last week of the study. There was a significant upward trend in mates of longevity given the temperature and r.h. conditions at the the minimum r.h. measured at CIMIS 92 over the course of the study, site (described below), the monitoring data were examined in two with the mean average daily minimum 29% over the first week of the periods: the first comprising the two weeks before and after the study and 34% during the last week. There was no significant trend in beginning of mating disruption, and the second comprising the the maximum daily r.h., which was 52% over the course of the study. remaining 13 weeks of data collections. Previous studies found that 70% of oviposition by P. interpunctella occurs within 7 days at 25 C and 60e80% r.h. (Mbata, 1985; 2.4. Survivorship and development on dried beans Arbogast, 2007), and mean longevity of 5e7 d at 28 C and 65% r.h (Huang and Subramanyam, 2003). Given the lower r.h. found in A laboratory experiment examined survival of P. interpunctella these facilities, guidance from these previous studies serve as larvae on dried beans including black-eye peas, garbanzos, large conservative estimates of longevity and the ovipositional period. lima beans, and dark red kidney beans. Moisture contents of these beans were 11e12%, as measured by our cooperator, with the 3.2. Monitoring and treatment effects exceptions of 6% moisture content in the Garbanzos and one batch of lima beans with 17% moisture content. The latter was the result Males of P. interpunctella, E. figulilella, E. elutella, A. kuehniella, of rain shortly before harvest. The moisture content of our labora- and C. cautella were all captured in this study, in that order of tory bran diet was 13% (Johnson et al., 1992). Equilibrium relative abundance. However, no species other than P. interpunctella was humidity of the bran diet and whole and broken beans was captured in the mating disruption area. One specimen each of determined using an electronic hygrometer (Humi-Chek 6, Rose- E. elutella and E. figulilella was captured in the aerosol space treat- mount Analytical, Irvine, CA). Eggs (50 each) were placed on 50 g of ment area, in the 7-d periods beginning 24 August and 14 intact or broken beans in a 473 ml glass jar with a mesh top, and September, respectively. emergence was monitored every 1e3 d. Beans were broken using An infested bag of kidney beans was found in the area desig- a Straub Model 4E Grinding Mill (Quaker City Grinding Co., Phoe- nated for treatment with mating disruption, and removed at the nixville, PA). This either cracked the coat of the beans or split them, time that mating disruption began (Fig. 1). Despite its removal, with the objective of simulating severe handling damage that the number of males was still elevated the following week. During would be found in whole beans in storage. This procedure was the initial two-week period (1 week before and 1 week after the replicated three times for the laboratory bran diet and each of the start of mating disruption), a total of 25 males were captured in the five beanemoisture combinations. area treated with mating disruption, and 0 in the area treated with aerosol space treatment. The ratio between these two totals was 2.5. Analysis significantly different from 50:50 (Fisher’s exact test, P < 0.001). In the subsequent thirteen weeks, 6 males were captured in the area Because of large difference in numbers or proportions between under aerosol space treatment and 10 males were captured in the the untreated and treated areas, nonparametric tests (Pearson c2 area under mating disruption treatment. The ratio between these statistic or Fisher’s exact test) were used to compare males two sums was not significantly different from 50:50 (Fisher’s exact captured in traps, females mated, and progeny emerging from test, P ¼ 0.72). In this same 13-week period a total of 584 males oviposition cups between the untreated area and the areas treated were captured in the untreated area. These data indicate trap with aerosol space treatments or mating disruption. Percent trap suppression of 75% when comparing males captured in the mating suppression was calculated as 100 * (1 treated/reference), where disruption area during the first week of treatment to those the reference is a previous trap count or an untreated area. Survi- captured in the same traps the previous week, and 98% trap vorship from egg to adult on laboratory diet and broken beans was suppression when comparing males captured in the mating compared using mixed-model ANOVAs, with the replicate (block) disruption treatment area to those captured in the untreated area as the random covariate. The dependent variables, proportion of in weeks 3e15 of the study. eggs that emerged as adults and the time of development in days, The number of sentinel females mated in the areas under were transformed to stabilize variance using arcsine of Ox and ln(x) aerosol space treatment and mating disruption were each greatly C.S. Burks et al. / Journal of Stored Products Research 47 (2011) 216e221 219

A 75 the areas under mating disruption and under aerosol space treat- Unprotected Area ment (Fig. 2). Live progeny were recovered from the area under mating treatment for both weeks of the initial two-week period immediately before and after the beginning of mating disruption, 50 but not for any of the subsequent 13 weeks (Fig. 2). In contrast, live progeny were recovered from the area under aerosol treatment area during three of the last 13 weeks of monitoring, but not during Males 25 the initial two-week period (Fig. 2). A total of 897 P. interpunctella pupae or adults developed from four oviposition cups taken from the area under mating disruption during the initial two week period, and a total of 86 P. interpunctella developed from four cups 0 taken from the area under aerosol space treatment during the second period. The number and distribution of progeny recovered 8 B from two storages during these two periods is significantly Storage Areas different (c2 ¼ 1035, P < 0.001). Over the final 13 weeks of the 6 study, half the cups taken from the untreated area produced live larvae. There were a total of 68 19, 22 10, and 240 98 progeny Aerosol per cup in the infested cups removed from the untreated area, the 4 MD area under aerosol space treatment, and the area under mating

Males disruption, respectively. There were significantly more larvae per cup in the untreated area than the area under aerosol space 2 treatment (t ¼ 2.14, df ¼ 15; P > 0.05), but the difference between the larvae per cup from the first two week in the area under mating 0 disruption and the untreated area was not significant (t ¼ 3.55, df ¼ 3.1; P > 0.05). 1 Jul 1 Aug 1 Sep

Fig. 1. Plodia interpunctella males (mean and SE) captured weekly in 2000 in phero- 3.3. Development on dried beans mone traps in either an untreated area (A), or areas treated with either an aerosol space treatment of synergized pyrethrins or with mating disruption (B). The arrow Our laboratory strain of P. interpunctella showed substantial indicates the beginning of mating disruption, and the vertical dashed line indicates the variation in survivorship and developmental time between the expected longevity of adults eclosed at the start of mating disruption. dried beans examined (Table 2). Black-eyed peas had both higher survivorship and faster development time compared to the other bean species, and garbanzo beans had faster developmental time reduced compared to the untreated area (Table 1). In the area under (but not survivorship). Survivorship on intact beans was substan- aerosol space treatment, it is likely that this reduction in mated tially lower than on broken beans in all cases except lima beans, in females was due both to a reduced number of males (as indicated which case survivorship was poor on both broken and intact beans. by the data) and to injury or death to the female by Unequal variance t-tests found no difference between develop- the aerosol treatment the second night after the sentinel females mental time on intact vs. broken beans (P > 0.05). were placed. Almost all sentinel females recovered from the area under aerosol space treatment were dead, whereas most recovered from the area under mating disruption were alive. We also recov- ered fewer females from the area under aerosol space treatments, 0.8 which we believe was because of a tendency for desiccated females to be lost. The 2% mating among sentinel females in the area treated 0.4 with mating disruption was significantly less than that in the untreated area (Fisher’s exact test, P < 0.001), but was not signifi- 0.0 cantly different from the 0 mated females recovered in the area under aerosol space treatment. One of the females recovered in the mating disruption area was found the first week following mating 0.8 disruption, whereas the other three mated females were recovered in subsequent weeks (one each in the weeks following 6 July, 3 0.4 August, and 31 August). The number of live progeny recovered from oviposition cups 0.0 was also greatly reduced, compared to the untreated area, in both 0.8 Proportion cups with oviposition Table 1 Sentinel Plodia interpunctella females recovered and mated during assays in the 14 0.4 weeks following the beginning of mating disruption (MD) treatment. 0.0 Area No. assays No. females recovered % mating 1 Jul 1 Aug 1 Sep Unprotected 26 75 55 Aerosol 59 169 0 Fig. 2. Proportion of oviposition bait cups with progeny in an untreated area (A), and MD 66 193 2 in areas protected with either an aerosol space treatment of synergized pyrethrins (B) The rate of mating in the mating disruption area was significantly less than the or with mating disruption (C). The arrow indicates the beginning of mating disruption untreated area (Fisher’s exact test, P < 0.001), but was not significantly different in 2000, and the vertical dashed line indicates the expected ovipositional period of from the area under aerosol space treatment (P ¼ 0.13). females already mated at the start of mating disruption. 220 C.S. Burks et al. / Journal of Stored Products Research 47 (2011) 216e221

Table 2 pre-processing storage we found survivorship <20% of our laboratory Mean larval survival (mean SE) and time for development from egg to adult for diet, and development time over twice as long. Thus, in m.c. typical of Plodia interpunctella on laboratory diet and broken or intact dried beans. commercial storage, development of P. interpunctella on garbanzo Host % MC Equilibrium Survivorship Development beans is similar to that on raisins and prunes (Johnson et al., 1995), r.h. time (days) Broken Intact poor hosts on which this species is nonetheless an economic pest. Bran diet 13 71.7 87 3.5a 23 0.1a More generally, the results of this study indicate that all the beans Black-eyed pea 11 51.9 57 2.4b 4 2.4** 50 1.3b species examined are poor hosts as long as the coat is intact. Dark red kidney 12 48.2 9 1.8c 1 1.3* 78 3.3d Along with determining life expectancy, the temperature data * Garbanzo 6 21.3 15 3.7c 0 49 1.1b were of interest because we expected the hot daytime tempera- Large lima 11 51.9 11 3.0c 6 2.0 68 3.5c 17 77.9 7 2.9c 6 2.0 64 3.4c tures in the non-temperature-controlled storages might be stress- ful. However, despite individual daytime highs >40 C, the wide fi Means followed by different letters are signi cantly different (ANOVA with Tukey temperature differences from day to night and the degree-day multiple means test, P < 0.05). Significance of difference between survivorship in broken and intact beans: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 (Unequal variance t-test). model suggest that high temperature itself did not contribute to decreased reproductive capacity. It is more likely that low humidity, both ambient and the equilibrium humidity of the stored products, 4. Discussion had this effect (Mbata, 1985). Economics of mating disruption can be examined by comparing The monitoring data demonstrate that there was high the price of mating disruption formulations, in which one treatment P. interpunctella pressure in the test site; and that both the aerosol lasts over an extended time, with aerosol space sprays, which are space treatment and the mating disruption treatment reduced frequentlyapplied on a repeated basis. This type of comparison is not P. interpunctella activity, mating, and reproduction. The complete useful for mating disruption with a time-released aerosol mating lack of progeny from oviposition bait cups in the area under mating disruption system because dispenser costs are important, and disruption treatment (final 13 weeks), in contrast to progeny cannot be estimated in the absence of a registered commercial recovered from 6% of bait cups from the area under aerosol space system. One can, however, compare materials costs between the two treatment and half the cups in the untreated area, demonstrates registered mating disruption formulations and pyrethrins-based that mating disruption suppressed fertility of P. interpunctella in the aerosol space treatments. Treatment of 283 m3 with popular pyre- area under treatment with the Microsprayer. thrins-based formulations currently costs ca. $3.10 per application, The relatively high number of males captured in the mating and such applications can be repeated weekly or even daily. The disruption area in the first two weeks of the study (pre-treatment materials cost (i.e., dispensers) is $4 to $12 per 283 m3 for the more and the first week after treatment) indicate the presence of a resi- economical of the two registered stored products moth mating dent P. interpunctella population when this treatment started. The disruption formulations, with one treatment lasting 120 days. The large number of progeny per oviposition bait cup recovered from other formulation has a wider range of labeled dispenser densities the mating disruption treatment area during this initial two-week a price range of $22 to $110 per 283 cubic feet, with one treatment period also provide evidence of the presence of an abundant and lasting 90 days. For the more economical mating disruption fecund P. interpunctella population during this period. Occasional formulation, the materials price of the mating disruption is equiv- males captured in subsequent weeks in the area under mating alent to one to four applications, compared to a potential of 17 such disruption treatment provide further evidence of continued pres- applications on a weekly basis over 120 days. For the other formu- sure from outside the treated area. lation, most or all of the 13 fogging treatments in a weekly schedule While mating in the sentinel females was not completely shut over 90 days would need to be eliminated to provide a reduced down in the mating disruption area, the four mated females could fogging materials cost equivalent to the cost of the dispensers. These have been mated any time during the week that the sentinels were in comparisons do not consider labor costs. It can be anticipated that the mating disruption treatment area. A previous study showed a timed aerosol mating disruption system would be more expensive a nearly 30% reduction in fecundity with even a 1 day delay in mating in materials cost, but simpler and less expensive to install. at a constant 28 C and 65% r.h., and a complete loss of fertility after This is the first study we are aware of in which a high-volume a four day delay in mating under such conditions (Huang and mating disruption dispenser has been evaluated for a stored Subramanyam, 2003). Reduced progeny and/or damage has been product pest under commercial conditions. The data presented observed in other mating disruption studies despite the recovery of here indicate that this approach suppressed reproduction of at least some mated females (Rice and Kirsch, 1990; McLaughlin P. interpunctella under the conditions examined. It is, of course, et al., 1994; Vickers, 1997), presumably due to the effect of delayed possible that a formulation providing more widespread point mating (Vickers, 1997; Jones and Aihara-Sasaki, 2001). sources could more fully exploit point source competition and These results contrast with reports of failure to suppress pop- therefore achieve the same effect with less pheromone. However, ulations in other trials of mating disruption targeting P. interpunctella Z9,E12-14:Ac is economical relative to other pheromones, and populations with high initial abundance (Sower and Whitmer, 1977; storage and processing environments have different economic and Fadamiro and Baker, 2002). This may be due to difference in host sanitary considerations than the orchard environments in which quality between dried beans and maize or peanuts. Previous studies mating disruption is currently most widely use (Witzgall et al., have examined host quality of soybeans (LeCato, 1976; Cox and 2010). High-volume dispensers may, therefore, be particularly Simms, 1978)andgarbanzos(LeCato, 1976; Sambaraju and Phillips, well suited to stored product environments. 2008), but we are not aware of studies on the host quality for P. interpunctella of other dried beans. Of studies cited examining References garbanzos, one examined only a finely ground meal (Sambaraju and Phillips, 2008), and both examined this bean at a higher m.c. or Arbogast, R.T., 2007. A wild strain of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: exchange r.h. then was the case here. Sambaraju and Phillips (2008) Pyralidae) from farm-stored maize in South Carolina: effect of temperature on found survivorship on garbanzo powder equal to their laboratory mating, survival, and fecundity. Journal of Stored Products Research 43, 503e507. Arbogast, R.T., Chini, S.R., Kendra, P.E., 2005. Infestation of stored saw palmetto diet and development 11% slower, thus garbanzo meal at high berries by Cadra cautella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and the host paradox in moisture is a good host. At the lower moisture used for commercial stored-product . Florida Entomologist 88, 314e320. C.S. Burks et al. / Journal of Stored Products Research 47 (2011) 216e221 221

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