District Survey Report

District Survey Report Prepared in accordance with Para 7 (iii) of S.O.3611 (A) Dated 25th July,2018 of Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change Notification.

Prepared Under Guidance of –

DEPUTY COMMISSIONER CUM CHAIRMAN, DISTRICT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AUTHORITY, KHUNTI, JHARKHAND & DISTRICT MINING OFFICER - KHUNTI DIRECTORATE OF GEOLOGY & MINING. JHARKHAND Content Preface 1. Introduction 2. General Profile of the district a.Climate Condition b.Topography & Terrain c.Demography d.Cropping Pattern e.Land Form and Seismicity f.Flora and Fauna 3. Geology 4. Drainage System 5. Land use pattern of the district 6. Water Course & Hydrology

7. Rainfall and humidity 8. Details of Mining lease area in the district 9. Details of royalty or revenue received in last three years 10. Detail Of Production Of Sand / Bajri Or Minor Mineral In Last Three Years In Distt. 11. Details of Eco sensitive zone in District 12. Method for mining 13. Blasting and explosive 14. Mine rejects 15. Dumping of waste 16. Impact of Pollution from mining 17. Reclamation of mined out area 18. Remedial measures

19. Restoration 20. Disposal of mining machinery 21. Disaster And Risk Assessment 22. Occupational health hazard and remedial measures 23. Mine safety 24. Importance of mine manager 25. Facilities to labors 26. Positive aspects of mining 27. Summary 28. References

List of Tables Table 1. General profile of the district

Table 2. Rainfall (mm) in the Khunti District Table 3. Drainage system of Khunti District Table 4. Silent features of important rivers and streams Table 5. Cropping pattern of Khunti District Table 6. Lease list of stone for Karra Circle (minor mineral) Table 7. Lease list of stone in Khunti Circle (minor mineral) Table 8. Lease list of stone at Murthu Circle (minor mineral) Table9. Closed Lease List Table10. The regional stratigraphy of Jharkhand State Table 11. Detail Of Production of Sand / Bajri Or Minor Mineral In Last Three Years In District Table 12. Details Of Royalty Or Revenue Received In Last Three Years

List of Figures Fig 1. Location map of Khunti District

Fig 2. Block map of Khunti district

Fig 3. Regional connectivity of Khunti town

Fig 4. Temperature graph of Khunti district

Fig 5. Physiographic map of Jharkhand

Fig 6. Drainage map of Khunti District

Fig 7. Hydrological map of Khunti, District (source CGWB, 2013)

Fig 8. Seismicity map of India

Fig 9. Singhbhum Shear zone

Fig 10. Geological map of Jharkhand state

Fig 11. Mineral resource map of Jharkhand state

List of Plates Plate 1. Location of Mine Lease Areas on SOI toposheet.

Plate 2. Location of Mine Lease Areas on Googla Earth Location of minerals in District -Khunti

Plate 3. Location of potential areas for occurance of Hornblend in Khunti Plate 4. Location of potential areas for occurance of Hornblend metabasalt in Khunti Plate 5. Location of potential areas for occurance of Metabasic in Khunti Plate 6. Location of potential areas for occurance of Mica schist epidiorite in Khunti Plate 7. Location of potential areas for occurance of Mica schist phyllite in Khunti Plate 8. Location of potential areas for occurance of Phyllite in Khunti Plate 9. Location of potential areas for occurance of Porphyritic in Khunti Plate 10. Location of potential areas for occurance of Quartzite in Khunti Plate 11. Location of potential areas for occurance of Granite Gneiss in Khunti Plate 12. Location of potential areas for occurance of Tuff in Khunti

List of Annexures Annex-1 List of the minerals occurred in Khunti District. Annex-2 List of coordinates of probable areas of mineral occurance. Annex-3 List of Rules and policies applicable for mining activities. Annex-4 Jharkhand SEIAA guidelines for Sustainable Mining Annex-5 Photographs taken during survey

Preface On January 15th 2016, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India issued a notification and in which Para 7(iii) (a) and Annexure X purpose and structure of District Survey Report has been discussed. District Survey report (DSR) will be prepared in every district for each minor mineral. On July 25th 2018, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India again issued a notification inserted point II in Para 7(iii) (a) and Annexure X which is “ PROCEDURE FOR PREPARATION OF DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF MINOR MINERALS OTHER THAN SAND MINING OR RIVER BED MINING: and in which format for prepataion of the District Survey Report of minor minerals other than sand mining or river bed mining will guide systematic and scientific utilization of natural resources, so that present and future generation may be benefitted at large. The purpose of District Survey report (DSR) “Identification of areas of aggradations or deposition where mining can be allowed; and identification of areas of erosion and proximity to infrastructural structures and installations where mining should be prohibited”.The District Survey report (DSR) will contain mainly data published and endorsed by various departments and websites about Geology of the area, Mineral wealth details of rivers, Details of Lease and Mining activity in the District along with Sand mining and revenue of minerals. This report also contains details of Forest, Rivers, Soil, Agriculture, Road, Transportation and climate etc. Disclaimer: - All precautions are being taken while typing this report but the data may vary due to misprinting or typographical mistake. Therefore, it is recommended that EAC/SEIAA/DEIAA may take into consideration all its relevant aspects / data while scrutinizing and granting EC to the concerned Authority as applicable.

Introduction

The newly created Khunti district, earlier a sub-division of Ranchi district was carved out of Ranchi district and created on 12th September 2007 as the 23 rd district of Jharkhand. Geographically Jharkhand is located in the north eastern part of India and it is bounded by West Bengal in the east, Chhattisgarh and Uttar Pradesh in west, Bihar in north and Orissa in south. The state of Jharkhand is known for its rich natural resources like forest, rivers, lakes, water fall, dams and rich deposition of minerals. The Tropic of Cancer passes through the Kanke area of the Ranchi city. According to a local legend it is told that at old time Munda people tradition, King of Chhotangapur Maharaja Madra Munda's son Setea had eight sons. Of these eight greatgrandsons of Madra Munda, the eldest went southwards of Ranchi. He established a Khuntkatti village which he named Khunti.

Fig 1. Loction map of Khunti district

Part of the South Chotanapur Commissionary, Khunti is a very new district. Established on 12th September 2007, Khunti is a district with 6 Blocks, and is 40 Km south of the state capital, Ranchi. Khunti is surrounded by Ranchi on the northern side, Gumla and Simdega on the western side and by Saralkela and Chaibasa on the southern side. District Khunti has a total area of about 2,611 square kilometers and sixteenth rank in comparison to other districts in terms of area in state, is possesses one Khunti subdivision and subdivision is further 9 divided into blocks, panchayats and villages. Under Khunti Sub-Division, there are 6 C.D. Blocks blocks. It has also 2 towns (1 statutory and 1 Census Town) as detailed below: Subdivisions: 1. Khunti C.D. Blocks under Khunti Subdivision:- Karra, Torpa, Rania, Murhu, Khunti, Erki (Tamar II)

Fig. 2 Block map of Khunti district

Statutory Towns: Khunti C.D. Block-Khunti (Nagar Panchayat) Census Towns: Torpa C.D. Block- Torpa (CT) The district falls within Toposheet No. F45H5, F45B8 and 73F/1. The district administration is looked after by Deputy Commissioner (D.C.) who belongs to I.A.S. cadre. The D.C. is in charge of the civil revenue and criminal administration of the district. He is also the chief pilot of all development and welfare activities in the district. The commissioner, South Chotanagpur division having his headquarters at Ranchi, exercises general supervision and control over him. He is assisted by a number of experienced officers recruited through Jharkhand Public Service Commission. The Subdivisional Magistrates assists him at the subdivision level and the C.D. Block level he is assisted by Block Development Officers and Circle Officers. These officers are also assisted by a good number of subordinate officers and staff. Police administration is looked after by Superintendent of Police (S.P.). He has his headquarters at Khunti and works under the Deputy Inspector General of Police. He is assisted by a number of Deputy or Assistant Superintendents of Police, Police Inspectors, Sergeant Majors, etc. There is also elaborate system of judiciary at district level. As the seat of district is state capital the High Court is also functioning there. There are altogether 756 villages including 2 un-inhabited villages in the district and there are 86 Panchayats in the district. The district is bounded on the north by Ranchi district, on the south by the district of Pashchimi Singhbhum, on the east by Seraikella-Kharsawan district and Pashchimi Singhbhum district and on the west by the districts of Gumla, and Simdega. History of Khunti District:

As per 2011 census, Khunti had population of 5.31 lakh out of which 91.49% of population of Khunti district lives in rural areas of villages and 74% of the population being tribal. As implied the population is dependent on agriculture for their livelihood, the level of farming is subsistance with major share under mono-cropping.. Agriculture is mostly rain fed as irrigation is not well developed in the district. Significant percentage of population depends upon forest produce. Paddy is the major crop as it contributes to a great extent to the district economy. As against a target of cultivation of paddy in 76000 ha. It was grown in 62966 ha producing an estimated 76500 MT of paddy during the year 2014-15.

Table1 .: General profile of the district

Sr. no. Particulars Year Unit Statistics

1 Geographical features

(A) Geographical Data

i) Latitude 2012 Degrees 23.° 00’50” N

ii) Longitude 2012 Degrees 85°16’21”E

iii)Geographical Area 2012 Sq. Kms. 2,467 Sq. Kms

(B) Administrative Units 2012

i) Sub divisions 2012 01

ii) Tehsils 2012 01

iii) Sub-Tehsil 2012 --

iv) Patwar Circle 2012 --

v) Panchayat Simitis 2012 06

vi)Nagar nigam 2012 01

vii) Nagar Palika 2012 01

viii) Gram Panchayats 2012 85

xi) Revenue villages 2012 25

x) Assembly Area 2012 03

2. Population

(A) Sex-wise

i) Male 2011 55108

ii) Female 2011 92633

(B) Rural Population 2011 63512

3. Agriculture

A. Land utilization

i) Total Area 2010- sq. Kms. 2467 11

ii) Forest cover 2010- sq. Kms. 987 11

iii) Non Agriculture 2010- sq. Kms. 50 Land 11

v) cultivable Barren 2010- sq. Kms. 173 land 11

4. Forest

(i) Forest 2010- Sq.Kms. 987 11

5. Livestock & Poultry

A. Cattle

i) Cows 2007 Nos. 246400

ii) Buffaloes 2007 Nos. 30800

B. Other livestock i) Goats 2007 Nos. 616300 ii) Pigs 2007 Nos. 55000 iii) Dogs & Bitches 2007 Nos. 1630640 iv) Railways i) Length of rail line 2010 - Kms Nil 11

V) Roads

(a) National Highway 2010 - Kms 60 11

(b) State Highway 2010 - Kms 120 11

(d) Other district & 2010 - Kms 300 Rural Roads 11

(e) Rural road/ 2010 - Kms 80 Agriculture Marketing 11 Board Roads

(f) Kachacha Road 2010 - Kms 130 11

(VI) Communication

(a)Telephone 2010 - N.A

13 connection 11

(b) Post offices 2010 - Nos. 06 11

(d )Density of 2010 - Nos./10 80 Telephone 11 00 person

(e) Density of 2010 - No. per 1 1 Telephone 11 KM.

(f) PCO Rural 2010 - No. NA 11

(g) PCO STD 2010 - No. NA 11

(h) Mobile 2010 - No. NA 11

(VII) Public Health

(a) Allopathic Hospital 2010 - No. 10 11

(b) Beds in Allopathic No. 50 hospitals

(d) Beds in Ayurvedic No. Nil hospitals

(e) Unani hospitals No. Nil

(f) Community health No. 05 centers

(g) Primary health No. 06 centers

(h) Dispensaries No. 13

(i) Sub Health Centers No. 24

(j) Private hospitals No. 03

(VIII) Banking commercial

(a) Commercial Bank Nos. 15

(b) rural Bank Products Nos. 10

(d) PLDB Branches Nos. Nil

(IX) Education

(a) Primary school Nos. Nos.

(b) Middle schools 500

(d) Colleges Nos. 02

(e) Technical University Nos. Nil

Transport facilities

Khunti is connected with three main cities by road. These are quite good roads, which lead to Ranchi (capital), Simdega and Chaibasa district and the headquarter of the district is also connected with Ranchi-Jamshedpur National highway no. 33 at point of Salgadih, Tamar. To go to interior areas there are practically no roads; only to some certain areas there is mud roads on which small vehicles and motorcycle can play during the dry season only. To reach the most interior villages there are only footpath and pathways on which no vehicular traffic is possible, especially during the rainy season. The condition of the telephone and mobile network in the town and nearby villages is very good but letters addressed to interior villages reach very late. For these villages the weekly markets where people come to sell their food grains, vegetables and to buy their provisions have no access for communication. Thus quick communication is possible only in certain areas. Ranchi- Chaibasa road (NH-75) bisects it across north-south axis. The Khunti town has a geographical area of 25.80 sq. kms. The town is situated at a distance of 45 kms. from Ranchi, the capital city and is connected by National Highway which passes through the centre of the town. Thus the town has a linear development across this highway. It is bounded by West Singhbhum in south, Ranchi in the north east, Saraikela Kharsawan in south east & Simdega district in the west. Road Connectivity Khunti is connected to the state capital, Ranchi, by road. Major roads connecting Khunti is Ranchi Chaibasa Road NH-75. Air Connectivity The nearest airport is at the state capital Ranchi, 45 km away from the Khunti District. Railway Connectivity There is no connectivity to the Town as far as the railway connectivity is concerned The nearest railway station is at the state capital Ranchi, 47 km away from the Khunti District.

Fig 3. Regional connectivity of Khunti town

Climate condition

The district is characterized by warm climate in March to June and later on there is a gradual decline in temperature from October onwards to December. January is the coolest month of the year. March, April and May are the hot and dry months of the district. The district witnesses dust storms between March and June associated with low humidity, high temperature and fast blowing wind. The general elevation of 611 m above sea level gives it a uniformly lower range of temperature than the plains. It is only during the month of April or May that the temperature rises occasionally from 23° C to 36° C. The climate is warm and temperate in Khunti. The summers are much rainier than the winters in Khunti. This location is classified as Cwa by Köppen and Geiger. In Khunti, the average annual temperature is 23.9 °C. The warmest month of the year is May, with an average

17 temperature of 31.3 °C. The lowest average temperatures in the year occur in December, when it is around 16.8 °C.

Fig 4. Temperature graph of Khunti district However, in spite of the high day temperature, the nights are cool and the atmosphere is so dry that the heat is by no means as oppressive as that in plains. About 5 to 6 thunder storms occur in each of these months and cause refreshing fall in the temperature. The rains break usually before the end of second week of June. The rainy season usually ends by the last week of September. The cold weather may be said to begin in the first week of November. In December and January, the temperature on the grass sometimes falls to the freezing point. At the end of February, the day temperature rises considerably and continues to rise till it reaches its maximum in April or May. The year may be divided into three main seasons. The cold season is from November to February and is followed by the summer season from March to May. The period June to September is the south-west monsoon season and October is a transitional month between monsoon and winter conditions.

Topography and terrain The northernmost and southernmost parts of the district are covered with hillocks and forests. The district has different relief because of its physiography as it consists of of

18 plateaus of having different heights. Altitude of the area varies from 500m to 700 m above mean sea level in general. There are many hillocks through the district having altitude 700 m above mean sea level. The term Pat represents a feature similar to a table with steep edges around and a flat top. The District is the part of Chotanagpur plateau. Chotanagpur Plateau consisting mainly of gneisses and granite and partly of schists and other Dharwar rocks. The other plateaus are the Rajmahal Hills and the Kaimur Plateau. These plateaus are separated by the narrow and steep slopes known as scarps. It is believed that before the Chotanagpur Peneplain was successfully uplifted thrice by the side effect of the three violent Himalayan movements in Tertiary times continued till Pleistocene times resulting in well-known waterfalls like Hundru, Jonha, etc. on the scarps. The first upliftment took place during the Eocene to Oligocene period creating Pat region, the second one during Miocene forming the Ranchi and Hazaribagh Plateau and the third one during Pliocene and Pleistocene period uplifting the outer Chotanagpur Plateau. All plateaus are the parts of the same plain successively uplifted during Tertiary and Pliestocene times. Marvelous eye catching rare geological/geomorphological features like rejuvenated meandering and deep cutting young rivers. It is rare because of combination of senility with the character of young rivers. The district has the luxuriant forests and lush green rolling seasonal meadows. Magnificent undulating hills and valleys are the special attraction. A combination of table-top flat lands and the peneplain with dome shaped exfoliating hillocks resembling like inverted Nagara (drum) are spread over the district. Further, the Tors or the balanced diamond shaped rocks are also present wonderful nature of the state.

Fig 5. Physiographic map of Jharkhand

Rainfall data

The district falls under unassured rainfall zone and hence receives monsoon rains during June to September. Khunti receives rainfall almost throughout the year, though the concentration is during the monsoon months, from June to September. The annual rainfall in the region as whole is between 1000 to 1600 mm. During the monsoon months, June to September, the region receives about 85 % of the annual rainfall. July and August are the rainiest months. The highest rainfall of 426.7 mm recorded in the region during the month of July in 2015. The rainfall here averages 1111 mm. The driest month is December, with 0 to 14 mm of rainfall.

Table 2.: Rainfall (mm) in the Khunti District

YEA JA FEB MA APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC R N R

2013 - - - - - 205.7 229.3 340.8 208.5 291.5 0.0 0.0

2014 2.0 20. 27.3 0.0 56.0 188.5 308.0 397.7 167.0 14.0 0.0 0.0 5

2015 0.0 26. 0.0 62.4 11.4 108.0 426.7 227.5 59.5 25.0 0.0 14.0 0

2016 0.0 0.0 0.0 87.5 68.3 330.3 335.7 164.5 26.5 0.0 0.0 0.0

2017 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 182.5 391.2 266.3 98.7 44.1 0.0 0.0

Water course and hydrology

The important river basins of the region are the Tazna, Kanchi, Banai River, Chhata, Karo, changjhor and Koel are the main rivers in the District. River channels in the district are covered with alluvial soils consisting mainly of coarse sand and gravel mixed with silt and clay.

Table3. : Drainage system of Khunti District

Sr. no. Name of the Total area % of area Area drained river drained (Sq. drained in the in the district km) district (Sq. (Sq. km) km)

1. Banai River 186.06 100 186.06

2 Chhata 153.25 100 153.25

3 Kanchi 1096 50 548

4 Karkari 2629 0.23 6.10

5 Karo 2117 27 571.63

6 South Koel river 9160 1.70 156.48

7 Tajna river 215 100 215.86

8 Phulku Nala 30 100 30

9 Sundari Nala 39.13 100 39.13

10. Chengarjor Nadi 49.81 100 49.81 upto Chhata Nadi

Description of main rivers:

Fig.6. Drainage map of Khunti District

Kanchi River: Kanchi River is a prominent tributary of the Subarnarekha River. It originates from Garsul village of Ranchi district. It covers a total of 38 km length in Khunti district and Erki block. Subarnarekha River originating near piska nagri, near Ranchi, the capital of Jharkhand, the Subarnarekha traverses a long distance through Ranchi Seraikela Kharsawan and East Singhbhum districts in the state. Thereafter, it flows for shorter distances through Paschim Medinipur district in West Bengal for 83 kilometres (52 mi) and Balasore district of Odisha. There, it flows for 79 kilometres (49 mi) and joins the Bay of Bengal near Talsari. The total length of the river is 395 kilometres (245 mi). The basin of the Subarnarekha is smaller than most multi-state river basins in India. The rain-fed river covers a drainage area of 18,951 square kilometres (7,317 sq mi).

The South Koel River

It originates on the Ranchi plateau a few miles east of Ranchi, and conjoins the Belsiangar and Singbhum Rivers. The Koel is fed by three streams in Jharkhand, namely the North Karo, South Karo and Koina. The South Koel enters Odisha and joins with Sankh River at Vedavyas near Rourkela from where it is named as Brahmani. It flows from Rania block of Khunti District.

Karo River: The North Karo River drains the Indian state of Jharkhand. It originates on the Ranchi Plateau. It forms a 17-meter (56 ft) high scarp falls, Pheruaghaugh, at the southern margin of the Ranchi plateau. It drains the Gumla, Ranchi and West Singhbhum districts. It joins the South Koel near Serengda. The meandering valley of the Karo River, downstream from Pheruaghaugh falls is a typical example of an incised meander. It flows from Karra and Topra blocks of Khunti District.

Karkari River: Karkari River originates from Haldigara village of Khunti district. Its passes from Erki block of Khunti district covering a total distance of 20 kilometers.

Table 4. : Silent features of important rivers and streams

Sr. no. Name of the Total length Place of origin Altitude at river or in the district origin stream (Km) (Above MSL)

1. Banai River 46.75 Jaltanad; Khunti district 620 m

2 Chhata 33.50 Rolagutu; Khunti district 688 m

3 Kanchi 38 Garsul 620 m

4 Karkari 20.89 Haldigara; Khunti district 700 m

5 Karo 35.89 Hulsi, Dola, Sukda, Kesdl, 663 m Ranchi District

6 South Koel 8.20 Near Nagri, Ranchi District 715 m river

7 Tajna river 63.75 Nayatoli, Khunti District 630 m

8 Phulku Nala 11.50 Jaratoli-Jurdag, Khunti district 600 m

9 Sundari Nala 15.00 Mahuatoli, Khunti district 598 m

10. Chengarjor 15.50 Banthtoli, Khunti district 580 m Nadi upto Chhata Nadi

Ground water development

In Khunti District, groundwater mainly occurs in the unconfined aquifer formed by weathered residuum. Semi-confined and confined conditions exist in deeper fractures and joints. Groundwater-bearing formation is Chotanagpur granite gneiss, where granitic gneiss is the major groundwater bearing formations in the district covering three fourth. Two types of aquifers are found. Weathered aquifer and fractured aquifers. Thickness of weathered aquifers varies from 10-25 m in granite terrain and 30-60 m in lateritic terrain. In weathered aquifer ground water occurs in unconfined condition while in fractured

24 aquifer ground water occurs in semi confined to confined condition. The shallow aquifers are being tapped through dug wells, dug -cum borewells and hand pumps. The thickness of weathered mantle varies from 5 to 20 m.bgl. In lateritic terrain many dug wells dry up during summer months. Hand pumps generally tap first fracture zones and its depth is 30- 40 m.bgl. In granite gneiss terrain area first fracture occurs between 50-70 m and second fracture is found between 100-120 m depth. Discharge of borewells varies between 10 to 30 m3/hr in these areas. Drawdown varies between 13 to 20 m. Discharge may vary between 15 to 25 m3/hr. Drawdown may vary between 20-25 m.

Fig.7. Hydrological map of Khunti, District (source CGWB, 2013)

Cropping pattern

Table 4.: Cropping pattern of Khunti District

(Source-Agriculture Contingency Plan for District: Khunti)

Name of crop Production on (‘000 t)

Rice 150.2

Maize 3.6

Pigeonpea 1.8

Blackgram 2.9

Greengram 0.5

Groundnut 0.5

Wheat 20.9

Chickpea 23.2

Pea 6.07

Lentil 3.26

Musturd 1.28

Flora and Fauna

Landform and Seismicity

The area consists of mainly three types of geomorphologic units - Plateau weathered moderate, plateau-weathered shallow and Plateau dissected. Isenberg, residual hillocks are found within the area and Ranchi hill, Tagore hill and Bariatu hill are the three major hillocks. The topography of the area is relict type, controlled by the hard and resistant rocks, which forms a part of the Chhotanagpur plateau. The middle portion of the region have a very prominent physiographical features marked by magnificent hills and hillocks. Some hills are covered by luxuriant plantation. Major drainage originated from north central part of the study area and it form the Swarnrekha river. According to the seismic hazard map of India updated by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) in 2000, all of the southern districts of Jharkhand lie in Zone II.

Fig:8. Seismicity map of India

Soil

Mostly the residual type of soil is seen in the region of Ranchi. Archean and metamorphic rocks are greatly exposed and due to heavy rainfall and high temperature lateritic type of soils are formed. On the basis of texture the soil of the region are classified as follows:

 Stony and gravel soils - These are poor quality soils having a huge amount of cobbles, gravels and pebbles and mostly found at the base of the slopes or hills.

 Red and yellow soils: - The formation of the soil is by the decomposition of crystalline metamorphic rocks such as schist, slate, gneiss etc. Higher zones have light red soil yet the lower zones have moderately dark in color soil.

 Lateritic soils: This sort of soil is found in Ratu, Bero and some areas of Mandar. The color of the soil is dark red or brown. It has high iron substance and is formed by lateralization of the weathered particles in favorable to climate and topography.

 Alluvial soils: - the alluvial soils are found in the river channels of the region comprising mostly of coarse sand and gravels with sediment and mud. The thickness depends on relief.

Overview of Mining Activity in the District

The mining activity in the district is only restricted to minor minerals i.e. of sand, stone, Granite and Brick clays. Altogether there are leases of Stone, Granite and Sand which has been granted to the district. A total of ….brick making units are also granted in the district. The mining in all these leases is regulated as per different minerals concession rules of Jharkhand. There is no lease of major mineral in the district. At present …. Leases of Stone, Granite and sands and …… Bricks making units are operational in the district.

List of mining leases in the district with location, area and period of validity

Table:6.: Lease list of stone for Karra Circle (minor mineral)

Sl. No Name of the Circle Mineral Details of Panchyat Date Latitude Longitude Remarks person/concern s applied of and Address area’s in the leases Khunti

1 Sri Rampratap Karra Stone Mouza- Kaccha 23/0 22/0 N 23° 10' E 85° 11' Deo Bhagalpur, Bari 8/20 8/20 35.73" to N 38.49" to S/o.Late (Juljula) 11 21 23° 10' E 85° 11' Mahendra Nath Plot No.229 37.61" 41.50" Deo Area-- 1.00 Vill- Bhagalpur, Ps. Karra (Juljula) Po.- BinGow , Ps.- Karra Dist-Khunti,

2 Sri Anjay Kumar, Karra Stone Mouza- Gunsuli 15- 14- N 23° 11' E 85° 13' S/o.Shri Kisto Chapi, 05-16 05-26 57.62" to N 24.1" to E Mahto, Plot No.983 23° 12' 85° 13' Vill- Chapi, Part, 00.64" 28.15" Po-Ghunsali, Area-- 2.00 Ps.Karra, Ps. Karra Dist-Khunti,

3 M/s Bird Karra Stone Mouza- Lodhama 28- 27- N 23° 15' E 85° 13' Enterprises Kulhutu 10- 10- 19.80" to N 4.12" to E

Prop Dilip kr. Plot No.369 2004 2014 23° 15' 85° 13' singh Area-- 3.00 23.62" 11.41" Qr No. B-II 221, Ps. Karra Sector-2, Dhurwa, Ps. - Jagarnathpur Ranchi. 834004

4 Arvind Kumar Karra Stone Mouza- Lodhama 08- 07- N 23° 15' E 85° 13' Singh Kulhutu 12-13 12-23 18.5" to N 10.5" to E S/o. Sri Ram Plot No.369 23° 15' 85° 13' Rekha Singh Area-- 3.00 22.5" 16.0" Qr No. B-II 437, Ps. Karra Dhurwa,Hatia Ranchi, 834004

5 Shri Pericharla Karra Stone Mouza-Sirka Gunsuli 21/0 20/0 N 23° 12' E 85° 13' Anjaneyulu Raju, Plot 6/20 6/20 04.43" to N 24.06" to S/o. Shri Sairaju No.1572(P), 16 26 23° 12' E 85° 13' Pericharla, Area-- 17.71" 42.30" Add- Ashok 21.40, Nagar Ranchi, Ps. Karra, P.s- Argora, Dist- Ranchi,

6 Vishal Karra Stone Mouza- Gunsuli 08- 06- N 23° 10' E 85° 07' Construction, Sirka, 06-16 07-26 6.23" to N 8.56" to E Part-Satya Plot 23° 10' 85° 07' saVarkar Yam, No.1590(P), 6.47" 8.68"

S/o. M.Y.V Suba Area-- Raw, 12.00, Vill- Ashok Ps. Karra Nagar, Po-Argora, Ps.- Argora Dist-Ranchi, 834001

7 M/s Narne Infra Karra Stone Mouza- Jaltanda 02- 01- N 23° 05' E 85° 06' Pvt ltd Jaltanda 09-16 09-26 3.28" to N 46.63" to Sri Narne Plot No- 23° 05' E 85° 06' shriniwas rao 845, 810(P), 14.57" 56.58" S/o Sri N. Appa Area-- rao 10.60, Add- Flat No. Ps. Karra, 101,B-Block, Sri ram garden,Kanke road Dist-Ranchi (Jharkhand)

8 Nitesh Sarda Karra Stone Mouza- Dari Ghunsuli 07- 06- N 23° 10' E 85° 13' S/o. Sri N.K Plot No. 13 09-17 09-27 5.5" to N 53.1" to E Sharda (P) 23° 10' 85° 14' 101-Krishna Area-- 7.20 11.3" 1.7" Appartment Ps. Khunti PPCompound,

Ranchi. 834003

9 Hemanta Singh Khunt Stone Mouza- Gunsuli 04- 03- N 23° 11' E 85° 13' W/o Sanjay i Sirka 04-18 04-23 57.526" to 35.497" to Singh Plot No. N 23° 12' E 85° 13' At- Sarvoday 1590(P) 12.286" 42.604" Nagar, Kanke Area--10.00 Road, Ranchi , Ps. Karra Dist- Ranchi

Table7. : Lease list of stone in Khunti Circle (minor mineral)

Sl. No Name of the Circle Mineral Details of Panchyat Date Latitude Longitude Remarks person/concern s applied of and Address area’s in the leases Khunti

1 Sri Engnesh Mouza- E 85° 18' Bhengra Murhi N 23° 09' Khunt 12- 11- 17.2" to E S/o Late Joshyap Stone Plot No. 225 Murhi 13.6" to N i 11-09 11-19 85° 18' Bhengra Area- 1.70 23° 09' 8.9" 14.8" Vill- Ps. Khunti Pipratoli(Murhi),

Po.+Ps.- Khunti, Dist- Khunti, 835210

Srimati Vinita Sanga W/o Late (Kande Munda) Mouza- Area.1.00 N 23° 08' E 85° 17' Dugdugia 28- 27- S/o Late Sakil khunt 52.08" to N 11.76" to 2 Stone Plot No. 912, Gutjora 04- 04- Munda i 23° 08' E 85° 17' Area- 1.00 2006 2016 Vill-Kanadhi, 55.51" 13.22" Ps. Khunti (Dugdugiya), Po.+Ps.- Khunti, Dist- Khunti, 835210

Sri Asia Pradhan S/o.Late Mouza- karamdayal N 23° 08' E 85° 17' Dugdugia 30- 29- Pradhan khunt 48.9" to N 13.2" to E 3 Stone Plot No. 912 Gutjora 08- 08- Vill-Dugdugiya, i 23° 08' 85° 17' Area--1.00 2010 2020 P.o+Ps.- Khunti, 52.1" 14.7" Ps. Khunti Dist- Khunti, 835210

Santosh Kumar khunt Mouza- 12- 11- N 23° 07' E 85° 13' 4 Stone Mahto i Dumardaga 09-07 09-17 6.9" to N 28.0 " to E S/o. late jainu Plot No. 77 23° 07' 85° 13'

mahto Area-- 1.00 10.2" 30.8" Gayatri Nagar Ps. Khunti Pipra Toli Khunti,835210

Sri Ashok Sahu S/o. Sri Budhu Sahu N 23° 12' E 85° 16' Vill-Tupudana Mouza- 31- 30- Khunt 41.59" to N 53.44" to 5 Ps.- Stone Dungra Fuddi 05- 05- i 23° 12' E 85° 16' Tupudana,Po.- Plot No. 2010 2020 45.90" 57.52" hatiya 1622 Dist- Ranchi, Area-- 2.50 834003 Ps. Khunti

Sri Shripal Chand Jain S/o. Late Suparash Mal Mouza- E 85° 16' Jain Silda 28- 27- N 23° 12' khunt 8.0" to E 6 Vill- Stone Plot No. 221 Fuddi 06- 06- 1.5" to N i 85° 16' DakBunglow Area--2.25 2010 2020 23° 12' 2.6" 8.9" Road Khunti Ps. Khunti P0.+ Ps.- Khunti Dist-Khunti, 835210

Anwar Ansari Area 1.25 Mouza- S/o. Late Md. N 23° 08' E 85° 18' Murhi Hussain Ansari khunt 12- 11- 5.13" to N 0.13" to E 7 Stone Plot No.542 Murhi Vill- Fuddi, i 11-10 11-20 23° 08' 85° 18' Area-- 1.25 Po. - Fuddi, 4.62" 0.38" Ps. Khunti Dist- Khunti, 835210

Md. Azzad Allam S/o. Late Rauaf Mouza- N 23° 08' E 85° 17' Ansari Dugdugia 23- 22- khunt 45.19" to N 13.60" to 8 Vill- Balangi,Po. Stone Plot No. 912 Gutjora 06- 06- i 23° 08' E 85° 17' Gutzora, Area-- 1.00 2011 2021 50.24" 16.26" Dist-Khunti, Pin Ps. Khunti No. 835210

Sri Jaypal Ram Mouza- 11- 10- S/o. late Budhan Siladon 05- 05- Ram Plot No. 2011 N 23° 07' E 85° 13' khunt 2016 vill- Rawa, P.o- Stone 1579,1580, Birhu 11- 30" to N 45" to E i 10- Birhu 1581 05- 23° 07' 26" 85° 13' 48" 05- Dist-Khunti, Pin Area-- 1.00 2016 2021 No. 835210 Ps. Khunti (Rene wal date)

JHARKHAND STONE Mouza-- MINERALS, Chalangi N 23° 08' E 85° 17' DEVELOPMENT GRANIT 22- 21- khunt Plot No. 9.56" to N 22.48" to 10 NIGAM L.T.D E Gutjora 01- 01- i 1060, 23° 08' E 85° 17' Add- Napal (Stone) 2011 2031 Area-- 2.00 20.81" 34.61" house Dronda, Ps. Khunti Ranchi pin No.

Rabindra Choudhary S/o. Sri Dhaneswar Mouza- N 23° 12' E 85° 15' Chowdhary Dandol khunt 07- 06- 37" to N 27.4" to E 11 Vill-Tupudana Stone Plot No.170, Fuddi i 12-14 12-24 23° 12' 85° 15' Ps.- Area--5.00 42.9" 32.9" Tupudana,+Po.- Ps. Khunti hatiya Dist- Ranchi, 834003

Santosh Sanga Mouza- and Nagai N 23° 08' KanadhiPlot E 85° 16' PahanS/o.Late khunt 11- 10- 55.6" to N 12 Stone No.222Area- Gutjora 0" to E 85° Dhocha Pahan i 11-10 11-20 23° 08' - 1.04Ps. 16' 5.71" &Sri Samu 54.3" PahanVill- Khunti Kanadhi,Po. -

Fuddi, PS.+Dist- Khunti, 835210

Sri Soma Munda S/o. Late Depty Mouza- Munda Dugdugia N 23° 08' E 85° 17' 28- Vill-Dugdugia, khunt Plot No. 27/3/ 28.86" to N 46.25" to 13 Stone Gutjora 03- Po.- Fuddi,Ps.- i 1245(p) 2022 23° 08' E 85° 17' 2012 Khunti, Area--2.67 32.44" 51.19" Dist- Khunti, Ps. Khunti 835210

Smt Anju Devi Mouza- H/0 Anand Dugdugia N 23° 08' E 85° 17' Kumar 28- khunt Plot No. 27/3/ 27.64" to N 42.92" to 14 vill-Hutar Stone Gutjora 03- i 1245(p) 2022 23° 08' E 85° 17' chokh,po- 2012 Area--5.80 35.29" 52.11" Gutjora Ps. Khunti Dist- Khunti

Srimati Vinita Sanga Mouza- W/o Late (Kande Dugdugia N 23° 08' E 85° 17' Munda)Area.2.2 khunt Plot No. 11- 10- 24.7" to N 27.6" to E 15 Stone Gutjora 5 i 1338, 06-10 06-20 23° 08' 85° 17' S/o Late Sakil Area- 2.25 27.3" 33.6" Munda Ps. Khunti Vill-Kanadhi, (Dugdugiya),

Po.+Ps.- Khunti, Dist- Khunti, 835210

Nitesh Sarda S/o. Sri N.K Mouza- N 23° 09' E 85° 15' Sharda Jiyarappa khunt 20- 19- 47.95" to 50.56" to 16 101-Krishna Stone Plot No.272 Gutjora i 11-13 11-23 N 23° 08' E 85° 15' Appartment Area-- 1.50 49.97" 52.80" PPCompound, Ps. Khunti Ranchi. 834001

Nitesh Sarda Mouza- S/o. Sri N.K N 23° 09' E 85° 15' Jiyarappa Sharda khunt 21- 20- 38.6" to N 46.60" to 17 Stone Plot No.272 Gutjora 101-Krishna i 12-12 12-22 23° 09' E 85° 16' Area-- 5.00 Appartment 49.7" 1.05" Ps. Khunti PPCompound,

Mouza- Nitesh Sarda Dugdugia S/o. Sri N.K Plot N 23° 08' E 85° 17' Sharda khunt No.1331,13 12- 11- 25" to N 23.6" to E 18 Stone Gutjora 101-Krishna i 34,1329- 01-15 01-20 23° 08' 85° 17' Appartment 1333,1338 21.2" 32.8" PPCompound, Area-- 7.90 Ps. Khunti

Sri Ramesh Mouza- N 23° 07' E 85° 18' 19 Khunt Stone Bhandra 30- 29- Bhagat Chikor 1.48" to N 28.68" to

S/o Late Damri i Plot No. 478 11-12 11-22 23° 06' E 85° 18' Bhagat Area- 11.15 6.74" 33.78" Bhagat Singh Ps. Khunti chowk Khunti,Po.- Khunti, Dist-Khunti, 835210

Smt Vidya Devi Mouza- w/o Late Hiralal Dungra Smt. Vidya Devi khunt Plot No. 01- 30- 20 1 Kalab Road Stone Fuddi i 428,470,473 07-13 06-23 Ranchi Area-- 8.25 Dist- Ranchi, Ps. Khunti 834001

Shri Mangu Horo S/0 Shri Mangra Mouza- N 23° 07' E 85° 15' Munda Hutar, khunt 04- 03- 28.0" to N 44.6" to E 21 Vill- Hutar, Stone Toyatole Gutjora i 09-15 09-25 23° 07' 85° 15' Toyatole Po. - Plot No.214, 30.8" 50.6" Gutzora, Dist- Area-- 2.00 Khunti, 835210 Ps. Khunti

N 23° 12' E 85° 16' Sri Nishant Mouza- khunt 04- 03- 20" to N 15.78" to 22 Kumar Stone Dungra Fuddi i 09-03 09-13 23° 12' E 85° 17' S/0 Dilip Kumar Plot No.799, 21.19" 17.36" Gurudwara Area-- 1.50

Road, Hatia, Po. - Ps. Khunti Hatia Dist- Ranchi, 834003

Mouza- Shiv kumar sahu N 23° 08' E 85° 19' Teram S/o Arjun Sahu Khunt 06- 05- 25.8" to N 55.19" to 23 Stone Plot No. 36 Murhi Belahathi road, i 09-17 09-27 23° 08' E 85° 20' Area-- 3.61 Pipratoli, Khunti 31.51" 00.59" Ps. Khunti

Nitesh Sarda S/o. Sri N.K Mouza- N 23° 09' E 85° 15' Sharda Jiyarappa khunt 07- 06- 40.7" to N 49.4" to E 24 101-Krishna Stone Plot No.272 Gutjora i 09-17 09-27 23° 08' 85° 15' Appartment Area-- 3.58 47.9" 57.9" PPCompound, Ps. Khunti Ranchi. 834001

Nitesh SardaS/o. Sri N.K Mouza- N 23° 08' E 85° 19' Sharda101- TeramPlot khunt 07- 06- 28.4" to N 34.5" to E 25 Krishna Stone No. 63Area-- Murhi i 09-17 09-27 23° 08' 85° 19' Appartment 3.76Ps. 33.4" 37.1" PPCompound,Ra Khunti nchi. 834002

Parmeshwar Mouza- E 85° 17' Khunt 19- 18- N 23° 07' 26 Prasad Stone Chikor Bhandra 35.8" to E i 09-17 09-27 00.7" to N S/o Shiv Shankar Plot No. 480, 85° 17'

Prasad 482, 483, 23° 07' 6.2" 43.3" Vill- Chikor, P.O- 484, 486 (P) Bhandra, P.S- Area-- 4.09 Khunti Ps. Khunti Dist- Khunti

VKS Infrastructure Mouza- Pvt Ltd Murhi N 23° 09' E 85° 18' Director Vijay Kr Khunt Plot No. 04- 03- 13.6" to N 17.2" to E 27 Stone Murhi Sahu i 225/2 (P) 04-18 04-25 23° 09' 85° 18' At- H.No. 75 Old Area--5.30 08.9" 14.8" AG Colony, Ps. Khunti Kadru, Ranchi

VKS Infrastructure Mouza- Pvt Ltd N 24° 20' E 85° 54' Hatudami Director Vijay Kr Khunt 04- 03- 40.57" to N 39.71" to 28 Stone Plot No. 185 Hatudami Sahu i 04-18 04-25 24° 20' E 85° 54' Area--7.64 At- H.No. 75 Old 47.09" 44.4" Ps. Khunti AG Colony, Kadru, Ranchi

Table 8. : Lease list of stone at Murthu Circle (minor mineral)

Sl. No Name of the Circle Mineral Details of Panchyat Date Latitude Longitude Remarks person/concern s applied of and Address area’s in the leases Khunti

1 Sri Dhiraj Kumar Mouza- S/o. Sri Ram Lal Hasha N 23° 59' E 85° 16' Prasad 25/1 24/1 Murh Plot No. 27.5" to N 33.4" to E Vill-Murhu, Po- Stone Hasha 1/20 1/20 u 1919 23° 59' 85° 16' Murhu 11 21 Area--1.00 29.0" 37.4" Dist- Khunti, Ps. Murhu 835210

M/s Y.F.C Project Mouza- Pvt ltd Saydaba, Sri Kuntal Das Plot No.672- N 23° 13' E 84° 34' S/o Sri Asin Das 674,675 Murh 10- 09- 44.2" to N 58.17" to 2 Add- Bawali, P.S- Stone (P),676-678, Gutuhatu u 12-16 12-20 23° 13' E 85° 05' Nodakhli, Dist- 679(P),725- 43.85" 4.54" South 24 732,897,898 pargana (W Area-- 5.14, Bangal) Ps. Murhu

Table: lease list of stone at Topra Circle (minor mineral)

Sl. No Name of the Circle Mineral Details of Panchyat Date Latitude Longitude Remarks person/concern s applied of and Address area’s in the leases Khunti

1 Sri Rajiv Kr. Mahto, Mouza- S/o. Late Kashi dorma N 23° 00' E 85° 10' Nath Mahto, 25/1 24/1 Plot No. 11.1" to N 24.1" to E Vill- Dorma, Torpa Stone Dorma 1/20 1/20 3501 23° 00' 85° 10' Po.-dorma,Ps.- 11 21 Area-- 1.77 14.8" 29.2" Dorma Ps. Torpa Dist- Khunti, 835227

Sri Ganpati Mineral Mouza- Pro. Vaid Dorma N 23° 00' E 85° 11' 17- 16- Prakash kashyap Plot No. 34.10" to N 18.27" to 2 Torpa Stone Dorma 10- 10- Lobin bagan 4231 23° 00' E 85° 11' 2009 2019 Road Area-- 2.80 39.60" 21.28" No. 2, Khunti, Ps. Khunti 835210

o"kZ 2017&18 ds fpeuh bZV HkVBksa dh lwphA ftyk [kuu dk;kZy;] [k¡WwVhA

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ekStk & es0 g"kZ fodkl csykgkFkh] odlZ

izks0 Jh ijes'oj [kkrk laŒ& 06 N23°05' 46.8" to N23°05' 50.7" izlkn] E85°18'15.3" to E85°18' 16.7" IykWV laŒ& 3 firk & Jh f ko 4 And ” 251] 252] And

“kadj izlkn] 205] 262 N23°05' 48.0" to N 23°05' xzke & fpdksj] iks0 E85°18' 19.1" to E85°18' 19.8" [kWwVh ¼va”k½ 49.6" & Hk.Mjk] jdck & 3-56 ftyk & [kWwVh ,dM+] iz[k0 & [kWwVh ekStk & es0 usgk fczdl fpdksj izks0 Jh jksVs egrks]

firk & Lo0 cqdk [kkrk laŒ& N23°06' 11.34" to N23°06' egrks] 02] 75 12.70" E85°17' 54 83" to E85°17' 57.83" Mh0 ,0 ch0 jksM 4 4 And And IykWV laŒ& [kWwVh 2642] 2637 N23°06' 11.20" to N23°06' E85°17' 58.71" to E85°17' 54.98" iks0 $ Fkkuk & [kWwVh [kWwVh jdck & 2-49 09.62" ftyk & [kWwVhA ,dM+ iz[k0 & [kWwVh

es0 rtuk fczdl ekStk & izks0 lhek d';i N23°06'37.73" to E85°17'16.03" to E85°17'18.71" teqvknkx N23°06'35.87" 5 ifr& Jh f ko 3 ” And dqekj And [kkrk laŒ& 27 E85°17'17.41" to E85°17'14.96" xzke & MgwxqVw N23°06'34.95" to

iks0 $ ftyk & [kWwVh IykWV laŒ& N23°06'37.24" [kwWVhA 372] 378 jdck & 2-25 ,dM+ iz[k0 & [kWwVh

es0 loZJh y{eh ekStk & ik.Mq fczdl

izks0 Jh fou; dqekj [kkrk laŒ& 89 N23°02'43.43" to N23°02' 41.50" E85°14' 03.95" to E85°14' 03.27" t;'oky 6 IykWV laŒ& 4 firk & Jh xkso/kZu 1801 And And Hkxr jdck & 2-04 N23°02'42.04" to N23°02' E85°14' 00.88" to E85°14' 01.39" xzke $ iks0 & [kWwVh eqjgq ,dM+ 43.52" ftyk & [kWwVhA iz[k0 & eqjgq ekStk &isjdk][kkrk

es0 lksuk fczDl] laŒ& 25] izks0 eksrkghj [kku] IykWV laŒ& 7 firk & tkcqy [kku 798] 799 ,oa 4 N23°00'20.33" to E85°16'14.04" to E85°16'17.31" xzke $ iks0 & eqjgw] 824 N23°00'22.79" ftyk & [kWwVhA eqjgq jdck & 2-01 ,dM+ iz[k0 & eqjgw

ekStk & dkWVh es0 vkj0 ds0 fczDl izks0 Jh :is k dqekj ” [kkrk laŒ& lksuh 50] 56 57 N23°04'22.66" to firk & Jh x.ks”k N23°04'18.91" E85°06'38.16" to E85°06'38.63" 8 lksuh IykWV laŒ& 4 425] 443] And And xzke $ iks0 & 423] 424] N23°04'21.14" to E85°06'42.75" to E85°06'42.10" xksfoUniwj djkZ Fkkuk & djkZ ] 444] 445 N23°04'19.49" ftyk & [kWwVhA jdck & 3-54 ,dM+ iz[k0 & djkZ ekStk & dudyks;k es0 ctjax fczdl

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Table 9.: Closed Lease List

ftyk [kuu dk;kZYk;] [kWwVhA ifjlekIr@lEkkIr@O;;xr [kuu iVzVksa dh fooj.khA

ØŒ iÍs/kkjh dk uke vapy [kfut iÍk LFky dh fooj.kh v{kka'k ns'kkarj vfHk;qfDr

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MAHENDRA BHAGAT Mouza-fudi S/O. Late Mani Nath Bhagat Plot No. 514(p) [kuu iVVk 5 Netaji Chowk Khunti, khunti Stone izR;kfiZrA Acr--1.45 P.O+P.S - Khunti, Ps. Khunti Dist-Khunti

RAM KRISHNA CHODHARI Mouza-birhu S/O. Shri B.N.Chodhari Plot No. 1132(p) [kuu iVVk 6 khunti Stone izR;kfiZrA vill-Birhu, P.o-Birhu Acr--1.81 Dist -Khunti Ps. Khunti

Mouza-bailahati MUKESH KASHAYAP Plot No.854(p) [kuu iVVk 7 S/O. Shri Chamar Singh Ram khunti Stone izR;kfiZrA Acr--1.00 Vill- Datiya, P.O+P.S-Khunti Ps. Khunti

Prameswar Prasad Mouza- Murhi S/o. Sri Shiv Shankar Prasad Plot No. [kuu iVVk 8 Vill-Chikor, khunti Stone 2240,2241,2242 izR;kfiZrA Po.+Ps.- Khunti, Acr-- 1.40 Dist- Khunti, 835210 Ps. Khunti Sri Dilip Kr. Sharma, Acr 1.60 S/o.Late Gopeshwar Nath Mouza- Jojodag Sharma Plot No.720 Lor% lekIr 9 Karra Stone gks x;kA Vill-Bikuadag, Acr-- 1.60 Po.+Ps.- Karra, Ps. Karra Dist- Khunti, 835299

Sri Sakil Ahmad Mouza- Manahatu S/o.Md. Kamru Zana Khan Plot No.1372 Lor% lekIr 10 Vill-Torpa, Torpa Stone gks x;kA Acr--2.56 Ps.+Po.- Torpa Ps. Torpa Dist- Khunti, 835227 Sri Rameshwar Sahu Mouza- Churgi S/o.Sri Chatur Sahu Plot No.01 Lor% lekIr 11 Vill-Torpa, Torpa Stone gks x;kA Acr--2.26 Ps.+Po.- Torpa Ps. Torpa Dist- Khunti, 835227 Sri U.Narayan Singh Mouza- Roro S/o.Sri Ramesh Singh Plot No.05 Lor% lekIr 12 Vill- Roro, Torpa Stone gks x;kA Acr--1.00 Po.Angrabari,Ps.- Khunti Ps. Torpa Dist- Khunti, 835210

Mouza- Bindeshwari Bhagat Murhu(Lodhama) S/o.LATE DUKHAN BHAGAT Lor% lekIr 12 Karra Stone Plot No.194 gks x;kA vill+ P.o- Lodhma Acr-- 1.00 ps- Karra,Dist- Khunti, 834004 Ps. Karra

Smt Jeetan Herenj Mouza- Chotka S/o. Lutu Heranj Urikel Lor% lekIr 13 Vill-Urikel, Karra Stone Plot No.461 gks x;kA Po.+Ps.- Bingaon, Acr-- 0.90 Dist- Khunti, Ps. Karra

Srimati Budhani Tuti W/o Late Sukhram Munda Acr. Mouza- Dugdugia 1.20 Plot No. 1263, Lor% lekIr 14 S/o. Sri Budhram Munda khunti Stone gks x;kA Acr-- 1.20 Vill-Dugdugia,(Hutar) Ps. Khunti Po. Fuddi,Ps.- Khunti, Dist- Khunti, 835210

(Pathar Cuting Auddhogik, Swavlambi) Mouza- Dumardaga Sri Sukhu Munda Plot No. 1184, Lor% lekIr 15 S/o Late Samel Munda khunti Stone gks x;kA Acr- 1.00 Vill- Dumardaga, Ps. Khunti Po. Jaltanda,Ps.- Khunti Dist- Khunti, 835210

Sri Turaf Sanga Mouza- Jaltanda S/o.Late Gopal Sanga Plot No.294 Lor% lekIr 16 Karra Stone gks x;kA Vill- Jaltanda,Po.-Jaltandsi, Ps. Acr-- 1.23 Karra, Dist-Khunti, 835210 Ps. Karra

Sri Sukhram Munda Acr 2.12 Mouza- Hutar S/o Late Mara Munda Plot No.460, Lor% lekIr 17 Vill-Toyatoli,(Hutar) khunti Stone gks x;kA Acr-- 2.12 Po. Fuddi,Ps.- Khunti, Ps. Khunti Dist- Khunti, 835210

Sri Dilip Kr. Sharma, Acr 1.15 S/o.Late Gopeshwar Nath Mouza- Garratoli Sharma Plot No.173 Lor% lekIr 18 Karra Stone gks x;kA Vill-Bikuadag, Acr-- 1.15 Po.+Ps.- Karra, Ps. Karra Dist- Khunti, 835299 Md Kayum Ansari Mouza- Dandol S/o. Shek Sakhur Plot No. 823,824 Lor% lekIr 19 Vill- Mathtoli, khunti Stone gks x;kA Acr-- 1.50 Po.-Nayasaray,Ps.- Jagranathpur, Ps. Khunti Dist- Ranchi, 835303 Kunal Tiwari Mouza- japut S/0- Sri vinay kr. Tiwari Plot No. 12(p) Lor% lekIr 20 Khunti Stone gks x;kA Vill- Danipath Acr--3.00 po-p.s-Khunti Ps. Khunti Faruq Ansari Mouza- Murhu S/o.Md. Muslim Ansari Plot No.194 Lor% lekIr 21 Vill- Sidio, Rugiotoli Karra Stone gks x;kA Acr-- 1.00 Po+ , Ps..- Dhurwa Ps. Karra Dist-Ranchi, 834001

JAY PRAKASH BHALA Mouza-rewa S/o. Sri SatyaNarayan Bhala Plot No. 1322(p) Lor% lekIr 22 khunti Stone gks x;kA Vill-Karra Road Khunti, Acr--1.50 P.O-Khunti, Dist-Khunti Ps. Khunti

LAKHI LOLIN SANDIL Mouza-chelagi S/o. Late Sudarshan Sandil Plot No. 559 (p) Lor% lekIr 23 khunti Stone gks x;kA Vill-Chalangi, P.o-Fudhi Acr--1.20 P.S-Khunti, Dist-Khunti. Ps. Khunti

SHIV STONE WORKS iVzVk 'ks"k Mouza-silda Pro. Sri Rajendar Kumar vof/k ds fy, Plot No. 221(p) ifjlekIr 24 S/o. Sri Shiv Narayan Paswan khunti Stone Acr--2.25 dj fn;k Vill-Kokar Jatra tar,P.o-Kokar, Ps. Khunti x;kA Dist-Ranchi. iVzVk 'ks"k OM PRAKASH PRASAD Mouza-hasha vof/k ds fy, S/O. Late Hiralal Sahu Plot No. 1823(p) ifjlekIr 25 Murhu Stone Vill+P.o- Murhu, Acr--2.91 dj fn;k Dist-Khunti Ps. Khunti x;kA

C.L.P. STONE WORKS Mouza-Dugra Pro.-Shrimati Kalavati Devi Plot No. 1622(p) Lor% lekIr 26 W/O. Late Chotalal Paswan khunti Stone gks x;kA Acr--3.73 Vill-Kokar Jatratar,P.o-Kokar Ps. Khunti Dist-Ranchi. uohdj.k SATYA PRAKASH KHALKO Mouza-Hutar Lohd`r S/O. Late L. Khalko Plot No. 214(p) vkns'k dks 27 khunti Stone fujLr Vill- Birhu, P.O- Birhu Acr--6.75 dj fn;k Dist-Khunti Ps. Khunti x;kA

BIRSHA AUDHOGIK PATHAR iVzVk 'ks"k Mouza-manho KADHAN SAWABLAMBI SAHYOG vof/k ds fy, Plot No. 12(p) ifjlekIr 28 SAMATI L.T.D. Karra Stone Acr--2.00 dj fn;k VILL-REAWA, P.O-BIRHU, Ps. Khunti x;kA P.S+DIST-KHUNTI

iVzVk 'ks"k GAYAN PRAKASH Mouza-bhagalpur vof/k ds fy, S/o. Sri Mudrikya Prasad Singh Plot No. 229(p) ifjlekIr 29 Karra Stone Kusum Bihar,Morabadi Divayani Acr--2.70 dj fn;k Road, Ranchi Ps. Khunti x;kA

Sri Vikash Kumar Mouza- Patrayur E 85° 06' S/o.Sri Rajendra Sahu N 22° 55' Plot No.681 38.8" to E iV~Vk 30 Vill-Torpa, Torpa Stone 23.3" to N ifjlekIr Acr-- 1.40 85° 06' Po.+Ps.- Torpa, 22° 55' 26.6" Ps. Torpa 41.8" Dist- Khunti, 835227 Sri Dhreej Kumar, Acr 6.00 Mouza- Patrayur N 22° 55' E 85° 06' Sri Devandar Kr. Sahu Plot No.681 17.10" to N 43.18" to E iV~Vk 31 Vill-Torpa, Torpa Stone ifjlekIr Acr-- 6.00 22° 55' 85° 06' Ps.+Po.- Torpa Ps. Torpa 22.42" 43.80" Dist- Khunti, 835227 Sri Surjit Kumar Mouza- Patrayur E 85° 06' S/o.Sri Bhutan saw N 22° 55' Plot No.686 45.1" to E iV~Vk 32 Vill-Torpa, Torpa Stone 20.0" to N ifjlekIr Acr-- 3.15 85° 06' Ps.+Po.- Torpa 22° 55' 24.5" Ps. Torpa 50.9" Dist- Khunti, 835227 Niraj Kumar Mouza- Patrayur S/o. Sri Devandar Kr. Sahu Plot No.681 iV~Vk 33 Vill-Torpa, Torpa Stone ifjlekIr Acr-- 2.10 Ps.+Po.- Torpa Ps. Torpa Dist- Khunti, 835227

Sanul Ansari Mouza-Murhi S/o. Md Ajumudin Anshari Plot No.542 iV~Vk 34 Vill- Murhu, khunti Stone ifjlekIr Acr-- 1.20 Po. - Fuddi, Ps. Khunti PS.+Dist- Khunti, 835210 Sri Murari Lal Poddar Mouza- Hutar E 85° 16' Late Aatma Ram Poddar N 23° 07' Plot No. 783,796 18.46" to E iV~Vk 35 Vill-16 Ratu Road, khunti Stone 04.15" to N ifjlekIr Area- 6.45 85° 16' Ps.- Sukdavnagar, 23° 07' 13.9" Ps. Khunti 23.82" Dist- Ranchi, 834001

Regional Geology The shield area of the state of Jharkhand displays a mosaic of several geological provinces viz., (a) The Archaean Cratonic massif of Singhbhum Granite including older metamorphics (b) Iron ore province of South Singhbhum (c) Proterozoic mobile belt of North Singhbhum and (d) Chhotanagpur granite gneissic massif with enclaves of high grade rocks. The Archaean-Proterozoic rocks of the shield area occurring to the south of Gangetic alluvium and forming the basement for the younger rocks consist of two major tectonic units: (i) The Singhbhum Province in the south and (ii) Chhotanagpur Province in the north. The boundary between the two provinces is defined by a basement dislocation zone now manifested by Tamar-Porapahar Shear Zone (TPSZ). The most spectacular structural element of the Singhbhum Craton is a 1-10 km wide and 160 km (approximate ) long arcuate belt of shear zone (Singhbhum Shear Zone) separating the North Singhbhum Mobile Belt in the north from Iron Ore Super group and the Singhbhum Granite to the south acts as locale of copper mineralization.

Fig 9. Singhbhum Shear zone Structurally the state can be divided into “Southern Singhbhum Province” and “Northern Chotanagpur Province” devided by Tamar – Khatra Fault (TKF) popularly known as the “Northern Singhbhum Shear Zone”. The famous “Singhbhum Thrust Zone” is the store house of several important minerals traversing East Singhbhum, West Singhbhum and Saraikela-Kharsawan district Singhbhum Shear zone: The most spectacular structural element of the Singhbhum Craton in the southern part of the state is a 1-10 km wide and over 160 km long arcuate belt of shear zone called Singhbhum Shear Zone (SSZ). It separates the North Singhbhum Mobile Belt in the north from the Iron Ore Group and the Singhbhum Granite in the south. The SSZ consists of a number of thrust planes with variable upward displacement of the northern block. A number of cross faults are also known to have displaced the shear zone. The SSZ is host to mineral occurrences of economic importance. This belt hosts several copper, uranium and apatite-magnetite and several other deposits. Besides these nickel, gold, molybdenum, silver, tellurium and selenium are also extracted as by-products from the copper and uranium ores. The mineralized sections are Baharagora, Badia-Mosabani,

Pathargarah-Surda, Kendadih-Chapri, Roam-Rakha Mines-Tamapahar, Ramchandra Pahar- Nandup-Turamdih etc. The Older Metamorphic Group (OMG) represents the oldest rocks in the Singhbhum Craton. It is a diverse group consisting of medium grade (amphibolite facies), pelitic schist, arenites, calc-silicate rocks, para-and ortho-amphibolites (Saha, 1994). It is best exposed (type area) in 200 sq. km. area to the west and southwest of Champua. The north-south, elongated Singhbhum Granite Complex (SBG) massif is a multicomponent unit ranging in composition from tonalite through granodiorite to granite. It occupies an area of about 3000 sq km out of a total 8000 sq km for the entire cratonic block.The Singhbhum Granite batholith (sensu stricto) is considered to be made up of 12 magmatic bodies of biotite granodiorite-granite emplaced in three distinct phases. The Iron Ore province (Iron Ore Supergroup) comprises an assemblage of Archaean supracrustal consisting of mafic-ultramafic volcanics, volcano-clastics, chert, BIF, greywackes, metaargillites and arenites (with polyphase deformation and greenschist facies of metamorphism) and are deposited in three major basins of Eastern India; viz. i) Potka-Gorumahisani-Badampahar basin along the eastern border of Singhbhum Granite (Part designated as Gorumahisani Group), ii) West Singhbhum-Kendujhar basin in the western flank of Singhbhum Granite massif (designated as Lower Bonai Group), iii) Palalahara-Daiteri basin along southern part, confined entirely to the State of Orissa. In the State of Jharkhand, the litho-assemblages of Lower Bonai Group occur only in parts of East and West Singhbhum districts. IOG/ Lower Bonai rocks occur along the eastern flank of the Singhbhum Granite with fork shaped curvilinear belts along Kunderkocha - Tiring-Rajnagar in the west and Kunderkocha-Digharsai-Potka-Ukampahar in the north. These are considered to be the classical Greenstone belt comparable with the other such belts of the world and the sequences are engulfed and intruded by Singhbhum Granite, This Granite-Greenstone sequence is considered to be a significant locale for gold mineralization. In west Singhbhum the Lower Bonai IOG rocks lying to the west of SBG is dominated by BIF along with volcanics in the southeastern part and low grade metasediments with minor volcanics in the northern part which forms a part of the ‘Horse Shoe’ shaped Iron Ore synclinorium with NNE-SSW axial trend.

The ancient Singhbhum craton is surrounded on the east, north and northeast by predominantly pelitic supracrustals with a number of intrusive granitoids and the set-up is designated as Proterozoic Mobile Belt or North Singhbhum Mobile Belt. This belt extends along a roughly east-west trend and bounded by Singhbhum Shear Zone (SSZ) in the south and vast expanse of Chhotanagpur gneissic terrain in the north and with the east-west trending Tamar-Porapahar shear zone (TPSZ) in between. The prominent feature of this mobile belt is the arcuate Dalma volcanics, The Proterozoic period also represented by the Vindhyan Supergroup of rocks exposed in the Western part, which draws attention for its bio-organic sedimentary structure and limestone deposits. The coal bearing horizons of Gondwana Supergroup represent the Phanerozoic period. In Peninsular India several belts of depocentres of largely continental sediments were developed during the period, a major part of which falls within Bihar-Jharkhand. The Gondwana rocks occur as isolated basins within the Chhotanagpur Granite Gneiss terrain. These rocks occupy a significant part of Jharkhand and also include thick measures of coal seam. The basins have been developed along two distinct tectonic trends: (i) the east-west trending Damodar and Koel valley basins and its subsidiary belt and (ii) the north-south trending Rajmahal-Purnea belt.The Gondwanas are overlain by Rajmahal Volcanics in the Eastern part. The Pleistocene-Holocene period represented by the cover sediments of the Indo-Gangetic alluvial deposits occupy a vast tract in the northern part. Being the part of Peninsular India, the State of Jharkhand is made up of Archaean, Proterozoic, Late Paleozoic- Mesozoic and Tertiary rock succession. The general succession of complete State can be given as follows-

Fig 10. Geological map of Jharkhand state

Table 10. The regional stratigraphy of Jharkhand State

Geological Time Major formation Sub-divisions General Lithology Cenozoic tertiary Quaternary Deposit - Allucial soil Gravels & Granite Gneiss Laterite, bauxite Jurassic- Cretaceous Rajmahal Trap - Basalt, Clay stone, Siltstone tuff Triassic-Jurassic Dubraipur formation - - Palaeozoic- Mahadeva formation Mesozoic ( Upper Gondwana Panchet formation Conglomerate, carboniferous- Supergroup Carbonaceous- Raniganj Formation Triassic) shale, Barren Measure Coal formation, Barakar formation Granite Gneiss Karharbari formation Talchir formation Neo-Proterozoic Hazaribagh granite - Monzogranite, and Pegmatite syenogranite Meso Vindhyan Supergroup Semri Group Granite Gneiss, limestone, shale, Proterozoic siltstone Granophyre, soda granite Palaeo to Meso Metamorphics of Proterozoic chhotanagpur/ Bihar Koderma Group Metasedimentry, Mica Belt Kolhan arenaceous and Group Pelitic rocks, mica, beryl, dolerite Granite Gneiss, shale, limestone Palaeo- Proterozoic Gangapur Group, Quartzite, dolomite, phyllite, Upper Bonai and - conglomerate Mahakoshal Group

Singhbhum Group/ Dalbhum formation Carbonaceous

Dalma Volcanics Chaibasa formation phyllite, quartzites, cherts, epidorites, acid volcanic, Mica schists, quartzites, hornblende schists Dhanjori Group - Mafics, Ultramafics, Quarzite Chotanagpur Gneissic Bihar Mica Belt Granite/ Granite Complex ( CGC) (BMB) gneiss, pegmatite,

Anorthosite, Magmatism older magnetite, gabbro, metasediments amphibolites, chlorite schist, khondalite, charnockite, nephelene syanite Archaean / Proterozoic Newer Dolerite - Dolerite, epidiorite Iron Ore Group ( IOG) Lower Bonai Group Tuffaceous Shale, Phyllite tuffs, BIF, Gorumahisani Group Ferrugenous chert, local dolomite, acid intermediate, basic- ultrbasics, volcanics quartzites and conglomerate, quartzite, metamorphosed mafics and ultra mafics volcanic, cherty arenite Chakradharpur - Granite/ Granite Granite Gneiss ( Gneiss CKPG) Singhbhum Granite - Tonalite Gneiss Gneiss Older metamorphic - Pelitic schist, Group Quartzites, Para and Ortho amphiboles

Local geology

Khunti district is located in the south western part of the state. The district is part of Ranchi Plateau. Geologically the area is comprised of Archaean Granite and Gneisses. Occurrence of doleritic rock could be observed in the area. Doleritic rock in the area is exposed both in the form of sheet rock and batholithic mass. The geological sequences are as indicated below:-

Era/Period Litology

Sub recent to recent Alluvium

Pleistocene Laterite

Pegmatite and Quartz veins

Archaean Dolerite

Migmatite and Granite gneiss

Amphibolite

Mica and Schist

The stone deposit display greyish colour along with patches of blackish and whitish colors the rock type is quite hard.

Fig 11. Mineral resource map of Jharkhand state

STATUS OF MINERAL DEPOSITS OF JHARKHAND Sl.No Mineral National Jharkhand's Jharkhand' District . Reserve/ Reserve/ s Share Resources Resources w.r.t. India (in %)

1 Coal 293497.15 80356.20 27.37% Dhanbad, Bokaro, Latehar, Giridih, Ramgarh, Chatra, Hazaribagh, Pakur, Dumka

2 Iron Ore 17882.10 4596.621 25.70% West Singhbhum Haematite)

3 Apatite rock 24.22 7.270 27.07% East Singhbhum, Phosphate Garhwa

4 Cobalt 44.91 9.000 20.04% East Singhbhum

5 Silver Ore 466.98 23.840 5.10% Ranchi, East Singhbhum

6 Copper Ore 1558.45 288.120 18.48% East Singhbhum, Saraikela- Kharsawan

7 Kyanite 103.24 6.030 5.84% West Singhbhum,Saraikela -Kharsawa, East Singhbhum

8 Graphite 174.84 12.910 7.38% Palamu

9 Asbestos 22.16 0.154 0.69% West Singhbhum, Saraikela-Kharsawa

10 Fireclay 713.51 66.619 9.33% Dhanbad, Bokaro, Hazaribagh, Palamu, Giridih, Ramgarh

11 Quartz & Silica 3499.03 156.521 4.47% East Singhbhum, West Singhbum, Saraikela- Kharsawa, Dumka, Hazaribagh, Deoghar, Palamu, Sahebganj

12 Bentonite 568.36 0.980 0.17% Sahebganj

13 Bauxite 3479.62 146.323 4.20% Lohardaga, Latehar Gumla, Godda, Sahebganj

14 Chinaclay/ 2705.20 198.690 7.33% Lohardaga, Ranchi, Kaolin Dumka, Sahebganj, East Singhbhum, West Singhbhum

15 Feldspar 132.34 1.634 1.23% Dumka, Hazaribagh,Deoghar

16 Garnet 56.96 0.110 0.19% Koderma, Chatra

17 Magnetite 10644.06 10.542 0.10% Palamu, East Singhbhum

18 Barytes 72.73 0.035 0.04% Ranchi, Palamu, East Singhbhum

19 Talc/Soapston 269.02 0.338 1.25% West Singhbhum, e East Singhbhum, Saraikela- Kharsawa, Palamu

20 Dolomite 7730.55 41.430 0.53% Palamu, Garhwa, Latehar

21 Limestone 184935.11 634.410 0.34% Garhwa, Palamu, Ranchi, Ramgarh, Latehar, Hazaribagh, Bokaro, West Singhbhum

22 Chromite 203.30 0.730 0.35% West Singhbhum

23 Manganese Ore 429.90 13.700 3.18% West Singhbhum

24 Nickel 189.00 9.000 4.76% East Singhbhum

25 Gold Ore 493.69 8.150 0.09% Ranchi, East Singhbhum, West Singhbhum, Simdega, Palamu

26 Ochre 144.26 0.215 0.14% West Singhbhum

27 Vermiculite 2.50 0.030 1.23% Koderma

28 Mica 0.55 0.002 0.30% Koderma, Giridih, Hazaribagh

29 Black Granite 3175688.00 8875340.00 19.36% Dumka, Jamtara, 0 Koderma, Ranchi, 30 Coloured 42649661.0 Khunti, Simdega, Granite 0 Palamu, Latehar, Garhwa

Table 11. Detail of Production of Stone In Last Three Years In District

Sl Name of the person/concern Production No and Address 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 0 1 2 3 4 1 Sri Engnesh Bhengra 50250 81200 173400

2 Srimati Vinita Sanga 14000 0 0

3 Sri Asia Pradhan 0 0 0

4 Santosh Kumar Mahto 7925 0 0

5 Sri Ashok Sahu 0 0 0

6 Sri Shripal Chand Jain 212500 212000 285000

7 Anwar Ansari Acr 1.25 35000 20500 0

8 Md. Azzad Allam 11500 0 0

9 Sri Jaypal Ram 2000 8775 58750

10 Rabindra Choudhary 264500 414000 339500 Santosh Sanga and Nagai 11 101000 221000 279500 Pahan 12 Sri Soma Munda 191725 197000 301335

13 Smt Anju Devi 142250 376425 363600

14 Srimati Vinita Sanga 23375 0 0

15 Nitesh Sarda 19000 78175 99665

16 Nitesh Sarda 980790 1149125 995062

17 Nitesh Sarda 1767363 2871604 1027700

18 Sri Ramesh Bhagat 136800 124100 142200

19 Smt Vidya Devi 0 0 0

20 Shri Mangu Horo 23000 61700 63500

21 Sri Rampratap Deo 21725 22512 11000

22 Sri Anjay Kumar, 0 10000 59600

23 Sri Rajiv Kr. Mahto, 225400 50000 0

24 Sri Ganpati Mineral 7500 0 0

25 Sri Dhiraj Kumar 36850 0 95000

26 M/s Bird Enterprises 0 0 0

27 Arvind Kumar Singh 0 45000 140000

28 Sri Nishant Kumar 0 0 0

Shri Pericharla Anjaneyulu 29 0 23400 330000 Raju, 30 Vishal Construction 0 33800 325000

31 M/s Y.F.C Project Pvt ltd 0 0 4364200

32 M/s Narne Infra Pvt ltd 0 0 733000

33 Shiv Kr Sahu 0 0 392450

34 Nitesh Sarda 3.58 0 0 0

35 Nitesh Sarda 3.76 0 0 0

36 Nitesh Sarda 7.20 0 0 0

37 Parmeshwar Prasad 0 0 0

Total (in CFT) 4274455 6000319 10579466 Total (in Tonne) 170978.2 240012.76 423178.64

Table 12.: Details of Royalty Or Revenue Received In Last Three Years Stone Royalty for Last 3 Years Sl No. Financial Year Royalty received (Lacs) 1 2015-16 114.87 2 2016-17 198.36 3 2017-18 292.97

Method for Mining

After a mineral deposit has been discovered, delineated, and evaluated, the most appropriate mining method is selected based on technical, economic, and environmentally accountable considerations. The first step in selecting the most appropriate mining method is to compare the economic efficiency of extraction of the deposit by surface and underground mining methods. Methods Extraction of mineral or energy resources by operations

70 exclusively involving personnel working on the surface without provision of manned underground operations is referred to as surface mining. While an opening may sometimes be constructed below the surface and limited underground development may occasionally be required, this type of is essentially surface-based. Surface mining can be classified into two groups on the basis of the method of extraction; mechanical extraction, or aqueous extraction. Mechanical extraction methods employ mechanical processes in a dry environment to recover minerals, encompassing the specific mining methods of: a. Open pit mining b. Open cast mining c. Quarrying of dimension stone d. Highwall/auger mining

Open pit and open cast methods employ a conventional mining cycle of operations to extract minerals: rock breakage is usually accomplished by drilling and blasting for consolidated materials and by ripping or direct removal by excavators for unconsolidated soil and/or decomposed rock, followed by materials handling and transportation. Dimension stone quarrying is quite similar to open pit mining, but rock breakage without blasting is almost exclusively employed to cut prismatic blocks or tabular slabs of rock. The high labor intensity and cost associated with cutting stone makes quarrying the most expensive surface mining method. Highwall mining is a coal mining method for recovery of outcropped coal by mechanical excavation without removal of overburden. A continuous miner with single or multiple augers/cutting heads is operated underground and

71 controlled remotely by crew located outside. Augering can be regarded as a supplementary method for open cast mining in cases when coal seams in the highwall would otherwise remain unmined (unless recoverable by underground methods) or when rugged terrain would preclude economic stripping by conventional surface methods. Quarrying of dimension stone and highwall mining are specialized and less frequently used methods.

Because of the structure of granite, it is never quarried by blasting because this would shatter the granite. Two methods; Drilling and Jet Piercing, are used to cutthe granite out of the quarry. In Drilling, vertical holes are drilled about one inch apart to the desired depth (up to 20 feet), and the granite remaining between the holes is later removed by secondary drilling.In Jet Piercing, a high-velocity 4,000 degree flame like a blow torch is directed at the granite to be removed, causing a continuous flaking action. As the flame nozzle is moved back and forth, a deep channel is created in the granite. Granite is much like wood because it has a grain. In one direction granite can be split, but in the other direction it must be cut. Most granite blocks taken from the quarries are cut into slabs of varying widths by modern circular saws with industrial diamond tips. Blasting and Explosive

Excavations of drifts and drives are common features in any metal mining. The specific constrain in driving drivage is, unlike opencast bench blasting, absence of initial free faces. Therefore solid blasting is carried out, for which, Blast Design is most important factor, in order to, create free-faces for successive rows and column of holes. The important factors on which generally progress of drifts and drives depends are:

1. Geology of strata and Rock mass condition. 2. Appropriate blast design including drilling pattern, quantity and type of explosive, initiation sequence. 3. Types of drilling equipment used and length of drilling rod used 4. Dimension of Drives 5. Properties and VOD of Explosives used Important points

 Within the range of conventional blasting, the physical characteristics of the rock are more important than the characteristics of the explosives used and can have a greater impact on the success or failure of a blast.

 Final-size fragmentation is usually obtained before any appreciable rock movement or throw occurs.

 Rock can absorb only so much energy and only at a certain maximum rate before it will fail.

The general relations between the main blasting parameters; geology, blastability and explosives, will be applicable, and the estimation model is a very good tool for planning test blasts and experiments, and also for adjustments of the blast design when this is necessary for optimising the quarry production line as time progresses. High accuracy throughout the whole blasting process is fundamental for achieving a proper blast result. Various points as success criteria are shown below:

 Planning

 Surveying and marking of holes

 Adjustment of drilling pattern

 Adjustment of specific charge

 Delay times and initiation pattern

 Accurate drilling

 Properly selected stemming material

 Control, documentation and supervision of the work

Important points taken into the consideration during blasting

A. Fragmentation desired: B. Rock quality/character:  Size of digging/handling  Hard? Soft? Porous? equipment.  Holes wet? Dry? Variable?  Size of crushing equipment (if  Joints and slip planes? Bedding required). planes?  Rip-rap or dimensional stone  Voids or other incompetent zones? desired?

 Size limitations in project specifications?

C. Site limitations: D. Safety limitations:  Structures or other property to  Adequate protection from protect? At what distance? flyrock?

 Utilities nearby (underground or  Weather – is lightning a above ground)? possibility?

 Vibration and airblast  Any nearby electrical hazards? considerations?  Any nearby RF (radio) hazards?  Integrity of rock to be left in place.  Impact hazards from rock fall?  On-site or off-site vehicle traffic?  Ventilation needed?  Any other project specification  Traffic control required? limitations?  The impact of potential E. Equipment / materials limitations:

 Drilling equipment – size, misfires. (How isolated is the condition. site?

 Steel lengths available – depth  Is double-priming advisable to of blast. minimize misfires?)

 Explosives (including detonators) – Type, size, quantity available.

 Adequate magazine site nearby?

 Blasting mats available if needed?

 Other blasting accessories?

POWDER FACTOR: In construction blasting, powder factor (PF) is expressed as quantity (unit mass) of explosive per unit volume of material blasted. For mining, it is usually expressed as quantity of explosive per ton of material (or sometimes tons of material per unit mass of explosive).

DELAY TIMING: Very seldom is a conventional blast set off where all charges are detonated in the same instant. Usually there is a specific time interval and direction or directions for delaying the charges.In construction and in surface mining, millisecond delays are used between charges in a blast. There are several basic reasons for doing so:

 To assure that one or more free faces progress through the shot, providing a consistent burden.

 To enhance fragmentation between adjacent holes.

 To reduce ground vibration and airblast.To provide a means of directing the heave or displacement of the blasted material.

V, V1, V2 Patterns : These Pattern are far superior, to row delays. These result in superior fragmentation due to reduce hole burdens and increased spacing at the time of hole initiation and also due to inflight collision of broken rock during its movement. Thedelayed action of holes in the back row reduces over break ensuring increased wall stability.The best available pattern is one where the holes are drilled (staggered) on a equilateral triangle pattern. This in a drilled spacing to burden ratio of approximately 1.16. It has been observed that an effective spacing (Se) to Burden (Be),

ratio of about 3.5 is achieved with holes drilled on an equilateral triangle grid and fired using a V1 initiation sequence. Drilling (staggered) equilateral triangular pattern require more operator skill and supervision as compared to in-line patterns. Clear marking of the hole positions in advance by a responsible person would help the drillers immensely. Fig. gives various delay patterns discussed above.

The delay time between individual holes in a row:  The delay time between holes in a row should be between 1 ms and 5 ms per foot of burden, with 3 ms yielding good results in most instances.

 Where airblast is a problem or potential problem, the delay time between holes in a row should be at least 2 ms per foot of spacing.  This will result in a blast progression along the face or along a row of holes that is approximately half the speed of sound (or less) and reduces the low frequency airblast generated by face area movement or by surface area mounding.

 Where possible, corner holes at the end of rows should be given extra delay time because of the greater degree of fixation of the rock in those locations requires more time for the rock blasted by previously fired adjacent holes to move away. Delay interval between rows:  The delay interval between rows should be from two to three times longer than the delay interval between holes in a row.  The last row in the shot should often be delayed slightly more than preceding rows.  This serves to allow rock in previously fired rows time to move out and tends to reduce back-break in the rock behind the blast.

Direction of heave or throw: It is generally possible to control the direction of heave of the material from a blast through application of the initiation system timing sequence. In fig -, an arrow shows the directions of most logical heave when the various delay sequences shown are used. The numbers in the various figures represent the initiation sequence. Shooting row by row will generally lay the muck out in front of the shot. Shooting with a V-cut timing pattern will usually result in a muck pile that tends to mound up in the center in front of the shot.The method of digging out the shot will usually determine which is preferable.The direction of maximum vibration (all other things being equal) will theoretically be in the direction opposite from the direction of heave. Location and Orientation of Primer: In most instances the priming charge will be located at the bottom of the hole. If the priming charge was located at the top of the powder column, the energy would break through the surface

79 earlier in the explosion process, gasses would vent sooner and much of their contribution to the fragmentation process would be lost.The orientation of the detonator in the priming charge should be such that the detonator is pointing in the direction of the explosives column. i.e. the detonator would be pointing upward in a bottom-priming charge and downward in a top-priming charge.

FRAGMENTATION: Primary fragmentation occurs during the detonation phase. The shock waves exceed the compressive and the tensile strength capacity of the rock, and the rock is crushed and pulverized close to the drill hole, and radial cracks will be created out from the hole to a certain extent (equal to 4 – 5 times the hole radius). The gas pressure will penetrate new cracks and existing fissures and joints, loosening the rock mass and throwing it out and over the bench floor.

Secondary fragmentation breakage starts with the throw when fragmented material accelerates out from the bench. The secondary breakage is attributed to:

 Collisions between fragments in the air and between fragments and the bench floor.

 High compressive stress levels and conserved elastic energy in the rock are released when the fragments are loosened from the bench. The fragmentation varies through the rock pile. The coarser fragments originate from the first row and from the uncharged zone in the upper part of the blast. Controllable factors which influence primary fragmentation:

 Drill hole diameter

 Mass of explosive charge

 Stress waves’ peak values

 Charge distribution in the bench Secondary fragmentation may be increased by a plough shaped firing pattern. Fragmentation is also influenced by the original fracturing of the rock. This applies both during the detonation and in the following operations, such as loading, transportation, crushing and placing of the rock.

ROCK MASS FRACTURING: The discontinuities or weakness planes of the rock mass influence the blastability. The weakness planes are recognised by little or no shear strength along the planes. Typical discontinuity features are:

 Systematically fractured rock mass  parallel oriented joints and fissures  foliation planes or bedding planes

 Marked single joints

 Filled joints

 Crushed zones and zones with mineral or clay fill

Fracturing is characterised by rate of fracturing (type and frequency) as well as orientation (angle between blast direction and weakness planes). Various rock classification systems can be used to characterize the fracturing of the rock mass. Here we mention RQD, RMR and RMi. They more or less measure the same rock parameters.

The different fracturing parameters can be described as follows: “Joints” mean continuous planes of weakness. These joints can be open, e.g. bedding joints in granite, or filled with clay or weak minerals, e.g. calcite, chlorite or similar minerals.

“Fissures” are planes of weakness which can only be followed over parts of the face. It can be filled joints with low shear strength and bedding plane fissures (partings) e.g. as in mica schist and mica gneiss. “Homogeneous rock mass” means massive rock without joints or fissures and may occur in intrusive dykes, sills, batholiths etc.

Increased fissure joint degree gives better blastability. This is typical in regional metamorphic rock types.Systematically oriented joint sets make the rock more difficult to blast. Large blocks are isolated in the throw without being crushed. Fractured conditions are characteristic for rocks in surface blasting.

BLASTING DIRECTION: Normally the blasting direction is perpendicular to the face of bench face, and it should be adjusted according to the direction of the fracturing. In special cases, the bench face direction may be fixed in a non favourable direction due to topography, quarry borders or strict geometrical demands, as in road cuttings or building sites. In these cases, the firing pattern can be used to control the blast direction in a more favourable direction and improve the blasting result. Before drilling, the blast direction should be set according to the orientation of the main jointing systems. Fragmentation, backbreak and toe problems are all dependent upon the blasting direction. Even though optimal fragmentation usually is the most important criterion, consideration of back wall, toe and bench floor must be considered to get an optimal total result. Orientation of the back wall may be along a weakness plane and the blast direction turned close up to the optimal angle. Quarry management should provide documentation of the main discontinuity systems in operational maps. The blasting results should be followed up

82 according to blasting directions and main fracture systems. The results from these studies will be the foundation for further blast planning and optimal quarry management.

Some of the most common combinations of rock type, fracturing and conventional quarrying blasting results are discussed. These are:

 Anisotropic rock mass with approximately vertical fracturing.

 Anisotropic rock mass with inclined fracturing.

 Rock mass with vertical fracturing and little anisotropy.

 Rock mass with inclined fracturing and little anisotropy. Mine Rejects

The large volumes of waste produced at mining operations are expensive to manage, and are frequently cited as an obstacle in the environmental sustainability of mining. The mining industry plays a leading role in waste management, and is one of few industries that recycle its own waste. Uses of mine waste include:

 Waste rock: Can be reprocessed to extract minerals and metals, used as backfill, landscaping material, aggregate in road construction, or feedstock for cement and concrete  Clay-rich tailings: Clay-rich tailings have been used for making bricks, floor tiles, and cement  Red mud: Bauxite red mud is solid alkaline waste produced in aluminium refineries. Red mud has been used as a soil amender, in waste water treatment, and as a raw material for glass, ceramics, and bricks.

 Mine water: Mine water is used for dust suppression and mineral processing, industrial and agricultural uses, as a coolant, and as a source of drinking water  Water treatment sludge: Sludge from ARD treatment, which is high in iron, has been sold commercially for use in pigments Secondary usage of mine waste Flows of waste, recyclable materials and secondary raw materials help in environmental sustainability. However, distinguishing between primary and secondary raw materials is crucial for assessing resource productivity and decoupling trends. 3R (Reduce, reuse and recycle) and circular economy initiatives aim at closing materials loops and extending the lifespan of materials through longer use, reuse and remanufacturing, and the increased use of secondary raw materials. These initiatives also aim at material substitution by using materials with lower environmental impact, and replacing the environmentally most damaging materials.

 The cut-to-size small blocks of granite are used as cobblestone, kerbstone, road sidings and for many other innovative purposes.  In addition to its industrial applications, diaspore is also used for making decorative items such as small figurines, lampshades, flower- vase, etc. Owing to its softness and mode of occurrence in lumps, it is used extensively in handicraft industries for making various articles.  Low thermal expansion and shrinkage characteristics of pyrophyllite make it a useful ingredient in ceramic blends and may substitute either pitcher (grog) or silica. Pyrophyllite allows faster firing cycles in the manufacture of white ware. In production of stoneware and chinaware, more mechanical strength as well as improved whiteness can be

achieved at lower firing temperature. Pyrophyllite is quite stable up to 8000C & hence, pyrophyllite is consumed in refractory as well as in wall tiles, sanitaryware, electrical porcelain and other ceramic and vitreous china products. Pyrophyllite is non-abrasive, inert with a neutral pH, as well as absorbant providing good flowability which allows it to be used as a diluent, extender, vehicle and carrier for liquids such as fungicide, insecticide, herbicide and fertilizer.

Dumping of Waste

The type, amount, and properties of mine waste produced at different mines vary depending on the resource being mined, process technology used, and geology at the mine site. While many mine wastes are benign, mining companies manage their waste in order to deal with the large volumes of waste produced and to prevent the release of contaminates into the environment. Waste management plans are developed as part of the mine approval process in Canada, and consist of waste storage area selection and design, strategies to address problematic waste, and long-term stabilization of waste as part of mine closure types of mine waste

There are different types of mine waste materials which vary in their physical and chemical composition, their potential for environmental contamination, and how they are managed at mine sites. Types of mine waste include:

 Overburden: Overburden includes the soil and rock that is removed to gain access to the ore deposits at open pit mines. It is usually piled on the surface at mine sites where it will not impede further expansion of the mining operation – moving large volumes of material is expensive.

Overburden generally has a low potential for environmental contamination, and is often used at mine sites for landscape contouring and revegetation during mine closure.

 Waste rock: Waste rock is material that contains minerals in concentrations considered too low to be extracted at a profit. Waste rock is often stored in heaps or dumps on the mine site, but may be stored underwater with tailings if it contains a lot of sulphide minerals and has a high potential for acid rock drainage formation. Waste rock dumps are generally covered with soil and revegetated following mine closure, although there are cases of waste rock being re-mined due to an increase in mineral market prices or improvements in extraction technology.

 Tailings: Tailings are finely ground rock and mineral waste products of mineral processing operations. Tailings can also contain leftover processing chemicals, and are usually deposited in the form of a water- based slurry into tailings ponds (sedimentation lagoons enclosed by dams built to capture and store the tailings), although offshore tailings disposal has been successful in some cases. Tailings dams are discussed in further detail below.

 Mine water: Mine water is produced in a number of ways at mine sites, and can vary in its qualityand potential for environmental contamination. Water at mine sites is frequently monitored and various water management strategies have been developed to reduce the amount of mine water produced, and treat the water before it is discharged to the environment.

 Water treatment sludge: Sludge is produced at active water treatment plants used at some mine sites, and consists of the solids that had been removed from the water as well as any chemicals that had been added to improve the efficiency of the process. Although ways of recycling the sludge are being explored, the majority of sludge has little economic value and is handled as waste. Disposal of water treatment residues in underground mine workings is the least expensive option where it is permitted and environmentally safe. In extreme cases where the sludge is rich in cadmium or arsenic, it may be classified as hazardous waste and require special handling and disposal.

 Gaseous wastes: Gaseous wastes include particulate matter (dust) and

sulphur oxides (SO2). The majority of emissions to the atmosphere are produced during high-temperature chemical processing such as smelting, and vary in their composition and potential for environmental contamination. Environmental control technologies such as gravity collectors, cyclones, and electrostatic precipitators are capable of removing up to 99.7% of dust and fumes, and wet scrubbers typically remove 80-95% of sulphur oxide emissions. The usual approach to managing wastes is to contain and collect them at the point of production, treat the wastes to make them environmentally safe if necessary, and dispose of them to the land, water, or air. The waste management method used at a particular mine depends mainly on an evaluation of cost, environmental performance, and risk of failure. Successful management of tailings and waste rock is based on selecting appropriate waste storage locations, and proper material characterization, including the accurate prediction of long-term chemical behaviour. Solid mine waste

(overburden, waste rock, solidified tailings, slag, dust) can be used as backfill in underground or open pit workings, stored in piles on site or underwater to prevent ARD from occurring in the case of problematic wastes, used in construction of roads and dams at the mine, or recycled. Water can be recycled and reused for dust suppression and mineral processing, or treated and discharged into the environment.

The following steps are generally involved in the design of a waste rock dump:

 Establish mine rock and overburden characteristics and quantities.

 Assemble and review possible disposal site information, and hence select a site

 Characterize the selected site

 Establish the potential impacts of the dump on the environment

 Develop plans for disposal, operation, and closure As with all mine waste disposal facilities, including heap leach pads and tailings impoundments, the following are issues to be addressed in the design of the waste rock dump:

 Surface water management facilities

 Groundwater protection features including basal drains

 Stability

 Closure geometry

 Closure cover to control air entry, limit water infiltration, and hence limit seepage. In designing a waste rock dump, the performance of the dump at various stages of its proposed life may be modeled using numerical and/or computer models. This may include:

 Water balance studies of the site and the dump

 Geochemical modeling of potential acid rock drainage

 Groundwater impact modeling

 Slope stability modeling of static, seismic, and runout performance

 Long-term geomorphic studies to establish how the dump will behave in the long-term as an integral part of the topographic of the site. An integral part of the design of a waste rock dump is the preparation of the following documents for the dump or at least parts of the overall mine documents that relate specifically to the waste rock dump:

 Operations Plan

 Health and Safety Plan

 Instrumentation and Monitoring Plan

 Emergency Response Plan

 Closure Plan

 Post-Closure Monitoring and Maintenance Plan.

Construction

Construction of a waste rock is considered to entail the preparation of the site to receive the waste rock as part of the overall mining process. A contractor may be employed to construct access roads, strip the site, prepare foundations, place underdrains, and install surface water management facilities.

Operation

Operation of the waste rock dump, generally done by the mining employees, involves these activities:

 Ore transport from the mine and-or mill to the dump.

 Off-loading of the ore at the dump in accordance with the planned dump development and operating plans, including lift height and location

 Access road construction and maintenance

 Clearing of new areas for dumping, foundation preparation and drain construction as required in new areas

 Maintenance, upgrade, and expansion of surface water management facilities

 Environmental monitoring of conditions at the dump including seepage water, surface water, groundwater quantities and quality.

 Dump performance monitoring and documentation including stability, erosion, consolidation, and creep. Impact of Pollution from Mining

Ground water Contamination

Water ecosystem

Carbon particles in suspension decrease the sunlight permeability in River water.

Erosion of the exposed earth carries substantial amounts of sediments and silt into streams, rivers and lakes. Excessive sediments can clog riverbeds and choke watershed vegetation, wildlife habitat and aquatic organisms. Silt blankets at a stream’s bottom can cut off the food supply of fishes. River

90 siltation and deposition of silt on agricultural land can be very high if the mine is located on a hilly terrain and receives high rainfall.

Pyrite comes in contact with water and air and forms sulfuric acid. As water drains from the mine, the acid moves into the waterways; as long as rain falls on the mine tailings the sulfuric-acid production continues, whether the mine is still operating or not.

Minerals associated with deposited sediments may depress the pH of surface runoff thereby mobilising heavy metals that can infiltrate into the surrounding subsoil or can be carried away to nearby surface waters.

Agriculture

The sediments flowing in waste water was found deposited in agricultural fields using this water for irrigation. The acidic nature of the mine water with its high leaching effects caused the loss of soil nutrients.

When water from limestone and dolomite mine evaporated, it forms a layer of Calcium on soil and seeds never germinate in the soil.

Rapid transformation of agricultural land into waste land due to mining activities reduces agricultural land.

Local people shift their work concentration from Agriculture to mining.

Reduction of soil fertility through erosion makes land less fertile.

Effect on the health status of people in the mining communities which reduce the productivity of farmers

Health Impact

Residual explosives from mine may cause high nitrate and pollute surface water. High nitrate content caused metheamoglobinemia in babies up to 06 month age and gastro intestinal ulcer in adults.

It is noticed that many people in the area surrounding mine suffer from gastroenteritis problem, which may be due to higher concentration of Calcium and Magnesium found in the drinking water.

A health impact assessment revealed that 38% of the respondents reported the problem of suffocation, 73% reported eye irritation, 67% reported sore throat, 65% reported cough, 37% reported chest pain and 21% of the respondents complained of sneezing. As far as the problems by the noise are concerned, 74% of the respondents felt annoyed, 43% reported problem of headache, 73% reported irritation, 18% reported mental disturbance and 23% of the respondents reported sleeplessness (Ahmad et al., 2014)

Air quality

The average concentration of suspended particulate matter along with SO2,

NO2 is raised in surrounding area. The raised dust causes the problem of visibility on the haul road, which, in turn affects the average vehicle speed.

Soil

Mining operations routinely modify the surrounding landscape by exposing previously undisturbed earthen materials. Erosion of exposed soils, extracted mineral ores, tailings, and fine material in waste rock piles can result in substantial sediment loading to surface waters and drainage ways. In addition, spills and leaks of hazardous materials and the deposition of contaminated windblown dust can lead to soil contamination.

Biodiversity

Dust deposition on leaves and change in metabolism of the vegetation decrease their competitive balance on between species of ecosysytem and thus change the vegetative community of the area.

Wildlife species may be depending on soil conditions, local climate, altitude, and other features of the local habitat. The most direct effect on wildlife is destruction or displacement of species in areas of excavation and piling of mine wastes.. If streams, lakes, ponds, or marshes are filled or drained, fish, aquatic invertebrates, and amphibians are severely impacted.

Habitat fragmentation occurs when large areas of land are broken up into smaller and smaller patches, making dispersal by native species from one patch to another difficult or impossible, and cutting off migratory routes. Isolation may lead to local decline of species, or genetic effects such as inbreeding. Species that require large patches of forest simply disappear.

Other

As far as the problems created by the blasting in the mining area is concerned, 100% of respondents reported that the blasting causes shaking of the houses and other buildings and cause disturbance among the inhabitants.

Mining projects can affect sacred landscapes, historical infrastructures, and natural landmarks. Potential impacts include:

1. Complete destruction of the resource through surface disturbance or excavation;

2. Degradation or destruction, due to topographic or hydrological pattern changes, or from soil movement (removal, erosion, sedimentation); 3. Unauthorized removal of artifacts or vandalism as a result of increased access to previously inaccessible areas

Reclamation of mined out area

Importance It is necessary to reclaim the land affected by mining due to following reasons: - To put the land into productive use like agriculture, forestry or recreational purposes. - To check soil erosion from dump leading to destruction of watersheds and sil1ation of river. - Accumulation of huge quantity of water in worked out pits may pose threat to life and property. - To combat adverse visual impact. This requires two stage planning i.e. premining planning and post mining land use and monitoring. First stage considers all necessary measures to be taken for making second stage effective. This requires Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) to be prepared. This should clearly bring out the likely impact of mining on environment, both biotic and abiotic and the likely extent of degradation, which may occur to the environment in the absence of any abatement measures. And to prepare this statement baseline information are required which includes geology/ geomorphology, climate, hydrology / hydrogeology, hydrogeochemistry, and soil. Generation of

information may also be required on quality of water, air and noise level, topography, land use pattern, demography of the area etc.

Components For successful reclamation following points are to be considered  Listing inventory of pre mining condition  Monitoring flexibility of mining programme in the light of efficient land reclamation  Evaluation of the post mining requirements of the region and to decide on the needs and desire of the affected ground  To make reclamation planning suitable to techno-economical and socio-political environment.  To assess the physico-chemical characteristics of overburden.  Extra cost of preservation, re-handling, spreading and leveling of subsoil and topsoil.  Knowledge of hydrogeological / geomorphological conditions. Aesthetic and /or historic value of land. Remedial Measures Water Pollution To avoid surface water pollution in the mining area because of soil erosion and wash-off from the stacked material during monsoon season, runoff water is diverted through suitable drain and sedimentation tanks thus reducing the wash off of soil. The general drainage direction in the working area is towards the sump at the bottom bench, which is used for collection of water. The garland drains should be routed through collection pit calculated on the basis of silt loading, slope and detention

time required. Surface inflow of rainwater into mine pits is diverted through a network of garland drains located sufficiently ahead of the overburden face. Garland drainage system prevented surface water from entering into mines directly and reduce wash off issues. The drains will be made by cutting and digging along the contour line so that only the direct precipitation of rain water need to be tackled within the mine and backfilled areas. The runoff rainwater is treated in sedimentation tanks. Retention wall around the dumps are construct with weep holes, so that the storm water can be passed. Maximum percent of the accumulated rain water in the drains of the mine is allowed to percolate and the rest part will be diverted to the nearest natural drainage. Considering the composition of mine water in collection sumps should be treated accordingly.

Air Pollution Dust suppression in mining area is done by 1. Water spray/ detergent spray 2. Enclosed loading and unloading area, if possible 3. Selection of proper and paved road for transportation. 4. Covered transportation. 5. Vegetation on waste dump 6. Establishment of green barrier. Restoretion

Rehabilitation of Mine Sites  Environmental problems in mines are mainly associated with mille "waste" .and mine site abandonment. In India mining industry

96 produces waste in the form of soil and sulphide ores. Apart from this, some lands are affected by acid - generating mine waste and lay tailings, mostly at working mine site.Waste rock dumps and tailing ponds are the most visible end result of the mining process. For the most part, the visual “pollution" which depends on the eye of the beholder, can be effectively managed through re- contouring and rehabilitation during operation. Waste rock and tailing from the mining and processing of sulphide ores are more difficult problems. The effect of weathering can produce sulphuric acid which in turn can harden the release of heavy metals and other toxic elements into solution. Unless this weathering is prevented or the acidic water is treated, the resulting acidic mine drainage can pose a threat to human health and the environment as a whole. The more difficult task is that, while waste water treatment plants are efficient and effective during the operating life of the mine, they do not provide any walk away solution to the problem that can persist for centuries. In other cases where fill material is brought from other sites those are to be tested for their toxicity and trace of atomic minerals. If harmful constituents are found either these are not to be used as fill material or to be used after treatment to bring the toxicity with in safe limits. This problem points towards significant financial and scientific challenges. Both levels of Government and industry are required to work together especially when no such efforts has been made so far in the country. However, there are two indirect solutions known to us - one is maximization of waste utilization

and the other, recycling the products. But the former is again a matter of technology and money whereas later is feasible and beneficial not only from environmental view point, but also from the angle of resource utilization.  Till recently no attempt was made towards the post mining reclamation and rehabilitation of worked out pits or reclamation of working pits in stages concurrently with the mining operations with the aim of using reclaimed areas for better use by the community and worked out quarries were left out in such a poor and degraded condition that these quarries had no practical value and utility to the society and the expanse of damaged and degraded land remain as negative property to them for indefinite time, In case of very large mining projects, scientific reclamation planning is a multi- disciplinary task and requires mining and civil engineers, geologists, landscape architects, soil scientists, horticulturists, land use experts and hydrologists. Soil Preservation  The soil needs to, be preserved in such a way that nutrients present therein are preserved and not degraded. For this purpose soil should be protected against erosion by water and wind by the way of vegetation and leguminous plants which helps nutrition and improvement of nitrogen level in the soil.  The reclaimed land should be first tried with crops and then followed by other vegetation. Soil amendment measures should be taken so that water holding capacity remains at the satisfactory level.  Biologically active soil layers should be at least 80 - 120 cms thick

for farming and 120 - 200 cms thick for plantation. But top soil thickness should be at least 25 - 40 cms on well established ground for forestry purpose.  On investigations related to available quality and quantity of the overburden and top soil if any, reclamation technique is identified to suit the site specific conditions and calendar plans for reclamation are drawn including realistic court of reclamation.  The objective of reclamation is to return the aimed out alienable lands to the society for better utilization. If there is no problem related with conservation of animates, backfilling should be done concurrently with mining operations. Thus reclamation plans are based on the proposed use of the degraded land and may be for forestry, agriculture or for recreational purpose or even for town planning and construction.  It is necessary to store the top soil separately which is the fertile portion of the ea r t h crust. Depending on the soil conditions the top soil of thickness varying between 10 cms to 500 cms need to be scraped and dumped in nearby site where mining operation is not expected to come in near future This material is proposed to be used for surfacing the under fertile and/or rocky and waste material like overburden which is either in the form of dumps or the backfill. This top soil should be conserved promptly, against the transportation by water or wind erosion keeping vegetal cover of grasses and bushes, For this purpose max 20° slope can be maintained. However, in the heavy rainfall area the slope angle should be further less. For proper drainage of this soil it should

be dumped on plain ground, but trenches are to be dug around the dumps and plantation of grasses and short duration trees can be adopted, To retain or improve the nitrogen content of the soil leguminous plants can be planted as nitrogen fixer especially when the top soil so removed is expected to be used up in the next 5 - 10 years. Methods of Rehabilitation for different Excavations Shallow pits In India, where operations are carried out manually in scattered fashion, As a result a large area of the lease remains blocked as degraded land, Such shallow and small pits cannot be converted into small water ponds either for fish breeding or for cultivation. The situation is further aggregated by sporadic heaps of waste/overburden dumps around such pits. If such pits are not proposed for large scale mining in near future, they should be backfilled with available waste/overburden and these can be reclaimed by grading the filled up overburden and by a blanket of 25. 40 cms thick cover of soil mixed with fertilizer/manure for growing crops, vegetables, etc.; but plantation should be avoided as future felling of plants/trees, which is restricted under forest act, may be required for possible mining of the minerals/ores lying beneath.  If shallow pits have large areas in pre - mining agriculture fields, these can. Be reclaimed by backfilling and leveling with suitable s o i l layers.  Such reclaimed areas can_ be renewed for agricultural purpose.

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For example, many areas have been refilled with overburden, levelled and reclaimed by spreading the top soil stored earlier, These reclaimed fields are being tilted now for agriculture purpose.  In cases shallow pits are abandoned, but overburden/waste materials is not available for backfilling, such pits can be proposed for forestry by selecting local varieties/species and planting the same on such shallow pits after grading the slopes to a suitable gentle slope. For this purpose small circular pits on grid pattern of 2m x 2m x 1mare dug and filled with suitable mix of soil and fertilizers. The selected saplings are then planted in these pits at the time of onset of monsoon. As after care of such plantation is necessary, proper fencing of the pits/quarries is equally important to guard against cattle and arrangement is also necessary for watering and manuring at intervals as per the advice of horticulturist/botanist engaged for the purpose. Large deep quarries and pits Where scale of production and overburden removal is very high and as a result deep quarries/ pits are formed. In such cases where not much mineral wealth is left out below the pit bottoms, these are the ideal cases where concurrent or subsequent backfilling can be considered as a vital means of reclamation, subsequent backfilling is a costly proposition compared to concurrent backfilling as the former case needs rehandling of overburden. If concurrent backfilling is not technically feasible, subsequent backfilling is beyond the economic justification, such deep pits can be considered for water reservoirs provided they are not in arid

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zone where neither storm water nor ground water is available. These water reservoirs can be used for pisciculture, domestic purpose or for agriculture.  Alternately they can be transformed into large lakes, can be planned and developed as recreation spots with proper land seaping and planned plantation around their peripheries and along approach roads, parks, etc., with flower garden including other facilities on the bank of such lakes for attracting urban tourists. And this type of reclamation/rehabitation will also generate residual business giving opportunity of self employment of local people. However, the banks and the slopes of such proposed lakes should be stone pitched with cement mortar to avoid collapsing .of wall rocks especially those areas of slopes/banks where traffic is anticipated to be more for e.g. a leading mining company in Goa has converted one of their large worked out pits in one of their mines into a fresh water reservoir where pesciculture is being experimented. Besides, the water from this pit is being used for watering the extensive plantation done on the b a n k s of this pit. Similarly in a limestone belt in Madhya Pradesh, one mining company has developed recreational environment around one of their worked out pits providing facilities like swimming pool, a park with fountain and by planting different species of trees on the bank of a huge fresh water lake created out of a old pit worked out earlier. overburden waste is enough for the purpose of backfilling, the worked out pits can be reclaimed in this manner  If backfilling of worked out pits is considered feasible by dumping

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overburden/waste generated from the neighbouring,_. ".: . mines, ... the same can be done, but care should be taken that the topography of the reclaimed pits matches with the surroundings. As the overburden/waste normally contains less nutrients, after backfilling with these material and preparing the filled area with the dozer, a layer of 25 to 40 cm thickness of fertile soil mixed with suitable manure should be put over the area. These reclaimed pits can be taken up later for plantation of suitable saplings of local varieties, but preference should be given to those which do not attract cattle.  Where suitable top soil is not easily available, the reclaimed area can be converted into grassland or pasture.  Thus, such a reclaimed pit will not pose any environmental problems of any nature. During backfilling of pits care should be taken for compaction layer by layer. A layer of 2.5m to 3.5m thick can be compacted by plying dumpers and/or other heavy earth moving machine and finer compaction can be achieved by rollers. Compaction is very important as it prevents undue subsidence and failure of slopes. Better compaction can be achieved when different sizes of materials including fines are used as backfill. Natural compaction by rain water is very effective.  So, the large abandoned pits can be reclaimed and rehabilitated without any environmental malady and at the same time overburden/waste which is detrimental to the environment can be effectively managed and utilized.  When large deposits occur on the hill top region they are worked

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by contour strip mining adopting mechanized methods. By removal of overburden as well as mineral by forming systematic benches around the hill side, artificial shelves are created on one side of the hill. As a result excavated area of the hill is damaged and the existing flora thereon is cut and removed. Unless these are reclaimed by plantation choosing local varieties of saplings, the area does not blend with adjacent landscape and interfere with natural aesthetic of the area.  By implementing preplanned afforestation programme in those parts of the quarry where operations are discontinued due to depletion of minerals/ores, grown up trees in benches on grid pattern adds green beauty.  Alternatively, if the worked out quarries at the hill tops are to be abandoned a couple of years back, but before abandonment, good number of trees grown up in big pots/drums at the nursery can be replanted on benches in such hill top quarries at the beginning of the rainy season as per the preplanned replantation programme. This method can convert the damaged landscape of the hill into a grown up green belt within a short span of time without any sign of deforestation blights. Backfilling of existing quarries with overburden and topsoil

Soil disturbed by the surface mining are highly susceptible to erosion and difficult to stabilize by vegetation. Further, they contain toxic elements, therefore it is necessary that top soil be stored and preserved wherever feasible, from the ground considered for mining. Depending on the quality, scrapped on first instance,

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should be top soil of thickness of 10 to 150 cm depending on availability. This soil is to be dumped in the nearby site which is not going to be disturbed due to mining or any other related activities. This material is meant for recovering the ground after backfilling the mined out pit with rocky and coarse material. The top soil dumps should be conserved properly against the transportation by water or wind erosion by having vegetal cover of grass, bushes and preferably of leguminous plants. Disaster and Risk Assessment

Mining activity because of the very nature of the operation, complexity of the systems, procedures and methods always involves some amount of hazards. Hazard identification and risk analysis is carried for identification of undesirable events that can leads to a hazard, the analysis of hazard mechanism by which this undesirable event could occur and usually the estimation of extent, magnitude and likelihood of harmful effects. The activities which can cause high risk related to face stability and the person blasting the shots. It was observed that on a working face of the mine, there were large cracks and unsupported rocks were present, which can lead to a serious hazard and injure workers engaged in loading operation and machineries because of rock falls or slides. This type of condition turn out because improper dressing of the bench and improper supervision. To avoid the hazards due to fall of rocks the face must be examined, made suitable for working and the remedial measures must be taken to make it safe if there is any doubt that a collapse could take place. Working of the face should be in the direction taking into account the geology of the area such that face and quarry side remain stable. Another major risk identified in mines is due to the

105 firing of explosive by an unqualified person. In the mines there is problem of fly rocks and the village is located close to the mine and so it is rated high as it can affect may people. Explosives by nature have the potential for the most serious and catastrophic accident. Planning of round of shots, holes correctly drilled, direction logged, weight of explosive suitable for good fragmentation are the few of the steps necessary to ensure its safe use and if the shots are not properly designed can result in misfires, early ignition and flying rocks. No person is allowed to use explosives without being properly trained in its handling. In the mine a large numbers of heavy vehicles were in operation and the roads were not proper for haulage purpose. The haulage roads were not even and were not wide enough for the crossing purpose and hence the chances of hazards are very high. The main hazards arising from the use large earth moving vehicles are incompetent drivers, brake failure, lack of all- around visibility from the driver position, vehicle movements particularly reversing, roll over, and maintenance. Those most at risk are the driver and pedestrians likely to be struck by the vehicle, and drivers of smaller vehicles, which cannot be seen from the cabs of large vehicles. Edge protection is always necessary to prevent inadvertent movement over the edge of roadway or a bench. Seatbelt will protect driver in case of roll. Good maintenance and regular testing are necessary to reduce the possibility of brake failure. Assess to the vehicles should always be restricted to those people necessary for the work in hand. The use of personal protective equipment and proper arrangements to check if the person is wearing a personal protective equipment or not is essential. The personal protective equipment includes helmet, non-skid safety boots, safety glasses, earmuffs etc. The required personal protective equipment should be provided and used in a manner that

106 protects the individual from injury. Few minor injuries which can be prevented are slip, trip, or fall hazards; hazards due to rock falls and collapse of unstable rocks, atmosphere containing toxic or combustible gases; protects from chemical or hazardous material etc. A disaster management plan should be prepared for taking care of for any disaster. Other risk which are included in this category are noise, as it occurs and it can lead to permanent disability. There are problems related to road traffic in and out issuers; inappropriate exposure of moving machines; mechanical failure and because of large number of moving trucks and dumpers there is large quantity of dust present in roadways which affects the operators and can lead to accidents causing injury. They are in acceptable range because of precautions measures taken but no step is taken it can cause hazard hence steps should be taken to reduce the hazards such as for dust suppression system should be installed. Other problems like occurance of lots of mosquitoes in the area due ti umhygenic conditions which affect the human health causing malaria, dengue etc. and causing a person to be hospitalized.

Disaster in the mines like fires, explosions, entrapments, and inundations can occur any time, so emergency preparedness is a must. The Disaster management plan and risk assessment in the mines will include all sorts of above mentioned emergency and the extent that this plan will be implemented will depend on the nature and scope of the emergency. The basic purpose of Disaster management plan and risk assessment to ensure that mine rescue and recovery activities are conducted safely for rescuer and survivors. According to MMR 1961 a standard operating procedure should be drawn for involvement different category of staff and officers. The SOP should be updated periodically to reduce the chaos and response to the emergency

107 should be quick and smooth. The responsible person should be familiar with his responsibility during the mock drills. One or two standby should be there to replace the person in Emergency situation. Rescue operations should not include the survivors for any assistance. First Information of Disaster / Emergency should go to the attendance clerk on duty. Duties of attendance Clerk (Emergency Siren) the attendance clerk or other designated person should on getting information of major accident, sound a hooter or a siren immediately declaring a state of emergency at the mine and then to contact the manager and on his advice to call key personnel using the information listed in the Emergency Organization Chart. It is important that all telephone calls are recorded in a telephone log book. Duties of Other Officials should be displayed and handed over to all concerned. Copy the same should be kept at Manager’s Office for ready reference. Establishment of Control Room at Unit Level, Area Level and Company Level is essential. Control Room should keep the contact information about –  Company Manager  Company owner/ Administrative officer.  District Administration  Govt. Hospitals in Nearby Localities,  Private Nursing Homes of Localities Attendance roaster and duty charge register should be properly maintained so the record of missing people can obtained. Disposal of Mining Machinery

The operating machinery, and mobile equipment were sold, and any structures which were not sold were dismantled. Small crews or contractors decommission or take apart the mining processing facilities and equipment.

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Pipelines are drained, equipment and parts are cleaned and sold, buildings are repurposed or demolished, warehouse materials are recovered, and waste is disposed of. After disposal, machinery of the mine either will be used by other mines or scraped. Water pump may be used by villagers but other machines which are specific for mining activity will have to be used for other mines. Most of the machines are on rent and returned to the owner. The machines which nelong to mines owner either will be sold off or will be used in his other mines.

Occupational Health Hazard and Remedial Measures

The persons employed in the mines are exposed to a number of hazards at work which adversely affect their health. Some of the important ones are dust, noise, heat, humidity, vibration etc. In recent times, there has been increasing awareness among mining industry and the workers about occupational diseases such as Coal Worker’s Pneumoconiosis, Silicosis, Manganese Poisoning, Hearing Impairment etc. caused by exposure to health hazards at work. Almost all occupational diseases are known to cause permanent disablement and there is no effective treatment. However, most of the occupational diseases can be prevented by adopting proper occupational health measures and engineering control on airborne dust at workplace.

Following diseases have been notified as the diseases connected with mining operations for the purpose of sub-section (1) of Section 25 of the Mines Act, 1952: S.R.O. 1306 dated the 21st July, 1952

1. Silicosis

2. Pneumoconiosis

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S.R. O. 2521 dated the 26th June, 1986

Cancer of lung or the stomach or the pleura and peritoneum (i.e. mesothelioma)

25 S.O. 399(E) dated 21st February, 2011

1. Noise Induced Hearing Loss

2. Contact Dermatitis caused by direct contact with chemical.

3. Pathological manifestations due to radium or radioactive substances

System of Detection of Occupational Diseases in Mines In order to detect occupational diseases the industry is required to conduct medical examinations and health surveillance of workers as per the provisions of Mines Act. The present efforts of mines management are concentrated on detection of silicosis, Pneumoconiosis and other notified diseases. Very little attention is paid to other occupational diseases. The essential features of health surveillance programme required to be carried out in mines are:

(a) Initial Medical Examination of persons to be employed in mines.

(b) Periodic Medical Examination once every five years. General physical examination, chest radiographs, lung function tests and audiometry.

(d) Medical examination within one year of superannuation.

(e) Evaluation of all cases of suspected pneumoconiosis by Pneumoconiosis Medical Board.

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(f) Maintenance of medical records till the person is in service and 10 years thereafter. The cases of silicosis detected during health surveillance programme are referred to Pneumoconiosis Medical Board of the mining companies for evaluation and certification. If certified, the case is notified to the enforcement authority and evaluated for disability and payment of compensation. Many cases of silicosis and other pneumoconiosis go undetected and a large number of cases of silicosis are misdiagnosed due to lack of training of medical professionals.

Mine Safety

General provisions

A. It should be the duty of the operator of an opencast mine to ensure that persons are not exposed to airborne contaminants, harmful physical and chemical agents or other hazards present in the working environment. B. The manager should establish a suitable system of determining the quality of the air, and identifying any physical or chemical agent likely to be hazardous in the atmosphere in the vicinity of the mining operation, and of all locations in or about the mine where workers may be called upon to work or travel. C. National laws or regulations should specify and regularly review exposure limits for all airborne contaminants, harmful physical and chemical agents, and other hazards which may be encountered in the working environment. D. The mine operator should make the necessary provisions to ensure that:  the safe working methods and, as far as is reasonably practicable, the safest physical and chemical agents are chosen and used;

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 special procedures, approved by the competent authority, are enforced wherever workers may be exposed to ionising radiation hazards from any source; and the exposure limits specified by national laws and regulations are not exceeded. E. Where it is necessary in order to minimise the risk to workers, the manager should prepare written instructions specifying the correct procedure to be observed in these circumstances. The manager should also take the necessary steps to inform all workers of the possible hazards and the precautions to be taken when hazardous substances are likely to be encountered at the mine. F. National legislation should specify the standards necessary to protect workers in opencast mines situated at high altitudes. Specific regard should be paid to the particular characteristics of these mines and the hazards to which the miners are exposed because of the location of such mines. Precautions against airborne dust  Where dust is being produced during the course of operations in or about a mine the manager should: 1. make provision for such dust to be controlled or suppressed; or 2. where the above recommendation is not practicable, supply and cause to be constantly used such appliances as will prevent the dust from being breathed by those persons.  Suitable arrangements should be made to control airborne dust at all working places, loading and tipping points, material transfer points, crushing stations and haulage roadways where hazards to persons may be created as a result of impaired visibility.

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1. In implementing precautions against airborne dust, special attention should be paid to the following circumstances, operations or locations: 2. in the immediate period following blasting operations; 3. the operation of drilling rigs or other rock drills which are not fitted with effective dust collection or suppression devices; 4. loading or unloading points, particularly under dry conditions; 5. all mine haulage roadways; 6. all crushing, screening and treatment plants, particularly at conveyor belt transfer points; 7. stone-cutting and polishing operations; and 8. worked-out areas, dumps and similar sites where windblown dust may become excessive.  The manager of a mine should make provision for mechanical ventilation to be supplied and used in all stagnant zones, dead-end tunnels and other poorly ventilated places.  The competent authority should specify standards of dust concentrations and sampling methods for opencast mines. Precautions against harmful gases  Toxic fumes from instruments/machines 1. In every case where toxic gases or fumes are liable to be present or to escape from any furnace or other plant used in connection with any process or operation, approved devices should be installed to ensure that such fumes or toxic gases are neutralised, suppressed or otherwise rendered harmless. 2. Such devices should be operated at all times in an approved manner.

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 If there is a danger of an explosion of gas, dust or vapour in any part of an opencast mine, the manager should take adequate precautions to prevent such an explosion, and inform the competent authority of the precautions that have been taken.  In cases where waste gases are discharged into the atmosphere, the emissions should conform with the requirements of national laws or regulations.  Persons should not be permitted to enter the vicinity of a working face after shotfiring until the gaseous products of the blast have dissipated.  Discharge from machines 1. In cases where harmful gases may be given off by fluid or slurry drained or pumped from any source, all sumps, manholes, tanks or other collection points should be closed off effectively. 2. The supervisory official, before allowing persons to enter such a locality, should ensure that it has been thoroughly ventilated and freed from water if practicable, and the atmosphere within tested to ensure its purity. 3. Where such tests have not been performed, or where there may be an oxygen deficiency, workers entering the pit should be equipped with approved respiratory devices. 4. Any person required to enter such a locality should be trained in the use of the respiratory device provided and be assisted by a second person stationed in fresh air. Noise A. The competent authority should set standards for the maximum noise dose considered acceptable in the working environment on a daily basis and for the maximum peak noise level.

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B. No worker in any part of a mine should be exposed to a daily noise dose or peak noise level in excess of the standard laid down by the competent authority unless wearing an approved hearing protection device. 1. It should be the duty of the manager to cause to be conducted periodically a survey of the noise levels to which each worker in every surface installation and worksite is exposed during his normal workshift. 2. A record should be maintained of the noise level survey results and kept available at the office of the mine. Vibration The manager of every surface mine should take such measures as are practicable to minimise the adverse effects of vibration on miners' health. Toxic substances  All toxic substances used in or about an opencast mine should be stored, handled and used in a manner approved by the competent authority. 1. Access to any toxic substance at an opencast mine should be restricted to competent persons authorised by the manager. 2. Emergency showers and eye wash stations shall be provided where necessary at appropriate points.  Where operations on or about an opencast mine are discontinued or abandoned, any toxic substance should be removed from the mine and disposed of in an approved manner. National laws or regulations should specify the minimum first-aid equipment to be kept, having regard for the different types of opencast mines and the size of the operation, as well as the qualifications and numbers of first-aid attendants. The following facilities for first aid and emergency treatment in case of accident should be provided at any opencast mine:

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1. a suitable, regularly replenished and properly maintained first-aid outfit should be kept at the mine for use in case of accident, and a suitably trained first-aid attendant should be on duty at all times when the mine is in operation; 2. dressings and disinfectant shall be made available at all points where mining operations are performed; and 3. a conveniently sited and suitably accessible room which permits the transfer of patients by stretcher should be set aside for the sole use of first aid, medical examination and ambulance work. This room to be maintained to a suitable level of hygiene and condition, as may be specified in national laws.

 At every mine where the total number of persons employed on one shift exceeds a figure to be specified by national laws or regulations, it should be the duty of the mine operator or manager of an opencast mine to provide a convenient location furnished with a sufficient number of beds, together with the necessary equipment and supplies, for the preliminary treatment of injuries or illness and suitable for the temporary use of persons injured at the mine, unless: 1. there is a hospital or other suitable medical facility nearby and conveniently accessible to the mine; and 2. there is a suitable ambulance properly maintained and available at all times during working hours.  The manager of an opencast mine should make arrangements as necessary for the transportation of injured persons to a hospital or similar treatment centre.

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1. A first-aid register should be kept in each first-aid room for recording the names of persons to whom first aid has been rendered and the particulars of injuries and treatment. 2. The register should be accessible only to authorised persons. First-aid training 1. As far as is reasonably practicable, selected supervisory employees should undergo a training programme to enable them to qualify for a recognised first- Safety and health in opencast mines 70 aid certificate. Such training programmes should be made available to such other employees as may wish to take part. 2. In the case of small mines which do not have the facilities required to arrange such programmes, every effort should be made to ensure that at least one employee per shift is the holder of a valid first-aid certificate. Medical examinations 1. medical surveillance and examination of mineworkers, at suitable interview 2. A person should undergo an approved medical examination prior to the commencement of employment in an opencast mine. 3. Workers who so request should have personal health examinations following exposure to potentially hazardous conditions by an appropriately qualified medical practitioner of their choice. 4. Individual medical records shall be kept confidential, only open to the relevant medical staff, unless the worker has explicitly

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consented in writing to the release of all or part of such information. 5. All medical examinations required under this section should be provided free of charge by the mine operator. Importance of Mine Manager

In mines, since the conditions at workplaces keep frequently and unpredictably changing, the mine manager on the spot has to exercise constant vigil and take instantaneous decisions. Practical and on the spot decision by the front-line supervisor and managerial executive may be of paramount importance in saving lives. It is accordingly mandated that key positions in mines are held only by persons whose competency has been duly evaluated workers who are highly educated, technically savvy and involved in work that leads to the creation of knowledge and innovation. Also that they can apply theory and factual knowledge quickly and creatively to solve complex problems by shifting parameters The face of mining has changed over the years with a decrease in the reliance of labour and an increase in the reliance of technology. This has impacted on the amount of semi-skilled or low skilled positions available within the mining industry. For this reason mining jobs today require a lot more skill and training then they did in years gone by, which makes mine manager very sought after in the industry. As managers focus on people management, management systems and processes, recognising and understanding of the value in the underlying technical knowledge and getting back to the fundamentals/ basics can be overlooked. In reaction to the fluctuating commodity cycle, managers implement changes through optimisation, fast tracking or parallel streaming, expansion projects and changes in the application of technology. These responses occur against

118 the background of changes in the appetite for risk, acceptance of project uncertainty and changes in personnel which result in a loss of knowledge and experience – often at critical times. The situation often is dynamic and the decisions that need to be made have the potential for catastrophic consequences, not only in terms of injury and loss of life but also legal ramifications for the individual with statutory responsibility for the mine

The main factors taken care by mining manager in the minerals industry

 Varying national laws, regulations, and guidelines  Different equipment developers, manufacturers and suppliers  Worldwide mining companies  Different procedures, rules, practices and cultures at individual mine sites  Varying jobs, tasks and roles  A diverse group of people/operators employed  Differences in the built environment and precise mining method used  Uncertainties in the natural environment (geology, weather and vegetation)

Facilities To Labours

Drinking Water Supply of drinking water to the workers in their work place has an important bearing on the efficiency of workers. During the course of work the miners get thirsty because of the arduous nature of workt, so in order to allay the thirst of the workers there shall be sufficient water supply.. The Mines Act enjoins managements to provide for adequate supply of safe drinking water for the persons employed in the mines. Under the Mines Rules, at least two litres . of drinking water are required to be provided to every person I working in mine~ If the water is not from a public water Supply System, the management

119 may be required to obtain a certificate of its fitness for human consumption from a competent health authority Sanitation Sanitary arrangement is important in improving health conditions of the miners. So latrines and urinals should be kept free from unhygienic, dirty and stinking conditions and arrangements should be made to clear urinals and latrines wit~ disinfectants regularly. As per Mines act there shall be separate washrooms for males and females in every mine, a sufficient number of latrines and urinals which shall be adequately lighted and ventilated and sanitary conditions should be constantly maintained. Working Hours and Over-time Payments The length of time for which workers have to work each day has a preponderant effect on productivity. Moreover, the irregular daily attendance is associated with long working periods and a greater regularity of attendance can be secured if the hours of work is shortened. Working hours in mines in are regulated by the Mines Act. The Act provides that no person shall be allowed to work . in a mine on more than six days. in any one week. The persons employed above ground in a mine shall not be required or allowed to work for more than nine hours in any day and for more than forty eight hours in any week. The spread over of work has been fixed to twelve hours a day including half an hour interval after every continuous five hours of work but the Chief Inspector may for reasons to be recorded, increase the period of spread over to fourteen hours in any day. Hence statutory welfare services in mines are controlled by the following Acts for preserving minimum standard of health and safety of workers. . The Mines Maternity Benefit Act, 1941

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. The Mines Act,1952 Some of the statutory welfare facilities provided to the miners are as follows : (i) Provision for good working conditions such as fixation of working hours, rest pause, overtime benefit, employment holidays and holidays with pay, health, safety, first-aid appliances, creches, rest shelters, pithead baths, central rescue ~tation, canteens, ambulances, stretchers, cold and wholesome drinking water, latrine and urinals, ventilation., temperature, lighting and ,humidification etc. (ii) Provision for incentives (iii) Provision for provident fund facilities (iv) Payment for maternity benefit to women miners. Non-statutory welfare services are provided by employers, Governments (Central or State), Trade unions Social organizations as well as philanthropists for the well being of the miners such as recreation, education, housing, grainshop facilities: habit of thrifts etc.

Medical Facilities

Condition of health is one of the most important factors that affects the efficiency of the miners and ultimately the production of the mines concerned. Bad health leads to labour turnover, absenteeism which breeds industrial unrest. The health ·of the industrial workers is of cardinal importance not only to himself but also in relation to general industrial development and progress. Medical facilities include provision of a network of specialized Central and Regional Hospitals, Maternity and Child welfare/welfare centers, T. B. treatment in the T. B. Hospitals, ,. Domiciliary and Outdoor Domiciliary, Dispensary services, Static and Mobile Ayurvedic Dispensaries, X-ray facilities,

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Family Counseling services, Leprosy Treatment, Facilities for treatment of Infectious cases, Treatment of Cancer and free supply of Spectacles and Dentures. Besides, Anti-malaria operation and filaria Control operation constitute other major medical service.

Educational Facilities

Education is highly essential to the workers for the interest not exclusively for themselves but for the interest of industry as a whole. "Modern machine industry depends in particular degree on education and the attempts to build it up with an illiterate body of workers must be difficult and perilous". Because of the prevalence of illiteracy the workers remain dark as to their rights and responsibilities. So they become quite unable to form their own organisations and consider and take actions on their own problema concerning the industry. It is also important to mention that the success of the works committee gets hurdled because of the illiteracy of the workers. So industrial peace gets hampered and rather enhances the industrial conflict.

Recreational facilities

Recreational facility has an important role to play in maintaining a desirable standard of living as it increases the mental faculty of the workers, which facilities what they get either at a cheap price or at a free of cost. So, in the industry, factory or mine where such facility is extended greatly and sufficiently to the workers there remains every sort of possibility to mitigate the industrial conflict and the coworkers since they realize the employers' attitude towards their betterment do not help to accumulate the conflict within the industry. Thus it becomes possible to build up a contented stable and efficient labour force with the improvement of standard of life. Lack of

122 recreational facilities binds the workers to become easy victim of various vices. No measures to raise the standard of life of workers can succeed until they are weaned away from vice and diversions are provided which can occupy their spare time in a healthy atmosphere. The provision of entertainments such as cinema shows, radio sets, games etc. may be effective to fulfil this object and go a long way in reducing the evils.

Creches

The place of creches in improving efficiency of the mother is vital. The women workers can produce more amount of output only when they are assured that their children are safe and in good custody. In mines the creches service occupies the important place. Firstly, the number of women workers in mines is not negligible. Secondly the peculiarity of work makes the children exposed to the vagaries of weather causing the involvement in accident. So the owner of every mine unless otherwise provided shall construct there at a creche in accordance with plans prepared in conformity with the rules and previously approved by the competent authority. Lack of creches facility in mines may leave a room to the minds of the women workers to breed industrial unrest.

Canteens

Canteen facilities are also important to improve the health and efficiency of the workers and thereby to reduce the absenteeism and labour turnover rate as well. Workers get contented and remain free from causing unrest in the industry in which they are employed only when they find before their eyes that a good canteen arrangement has been introduced to provide cheap and clean food to them. Hence Canteen movement must be accepted by the State

123 as a definite change and the running of canteens must be accepted by the employers as a national investment.

Positive Aspects of Mining

Employment generation Any mine in the area creat opportunities for employment. Besides of direct employment in mine, satellite occupation in surrounding areas florish at the time of mining operations. As a part of the social responsibilities mine owners provide vocational training in various streams, training for rural enterprises, self help group , alternative livlyhood opportunity project and income generation programme for women. Afforestation During and/or post mining operations is the major and most common after-use sanctioned through reclamation. Where specific usefulness of land could be decided, afforestation is normally planned through the site could have been considered for better possibilities of land use. Agriculture Some form of agricultural use may be possible in sites that are adjacent to farmland provided the soil and topography are favorable. Agricultural and horticultural crops can be grown in a variety of materials. The range of possibilities include arable cropping, grazing in either productive low land or over upland pasture. The only constraint apart from the site is that there must be some integration into the local rural agricultural pattern. But it would be inappropriate to establish pasture in an area of arable cropping, even though the grazed pasture would recreate the soil structure more rapidly. Housing and Industry Many quarries specially of building materials are the basis of development for residential accommodation, infrastructure and industrial activities.

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Sports and Intensive Recreation All types of quarries either in urban or residential areas can provide extensive facilities for formal or informal recreation. Sometimes these abandoned quarries can be made for ideal recreation. But in a more formal way disused workings can provide excellent sites for sporting activities such as sports pitches, golf courses, race tracks, riffle and archery ranges and locating canoeing, swimming, angling and water skiing. Further some pits form natural amphitheatre so that pit edges can be shaped as seating areas. But quarries in rural areas have a similar potential for less intensive creation. Land fill and Waste Disposal Large quantities of waste and refuse are generated by urban and industrial centres where waste disposal assumes significant importance and poses great difficulty. The potential of worked out pits and quarries as great receptacle is of paramount help. Filled sites can be developed for other uses afterwards. However final contours after such filling should be compatible with surroundings and after - use requirements. Amenity, non-intrusive recreation and education Most of Indian quarries are happened to be in rural area where recreation and amenity are restricted. These worked out quarries/mines can serve this purpose of sports and recreation as already have been discussed. They can be developed as parks, open water, wildness including picnic spot. Nature conservation and wild life refuges Colonization of natural and volunteer species of many direct quarries has led to the development of many attractive species· rich animal, plant and insect communities. Hence cost of reclamation is very little. Water storage and supply There are many quarries that contain water

125 can provide a useful water storage facility and also facilitate ground recharge tor agriculture and cultivation. IBM guidelines for mining

Mineral Conservation and Development Rules, 2017 has given the pointers for sustainable mining.

About mining actinity

1. In open cast workings, the benches formed shall be so arranged that the benches in ore or mineral and overburden are separate so as to avoid mixing of waste with the ore or minerals. 2. The benches in overburden shall be kept sufficiently in advance so that their workings do not interfere with the working of ore or minerals. 3. Orientation of the workings and sequence of mining operations shall be such that different grades of ore or minerals can be obtained simultaneously for blending with a view to achieve optimum recovery of ore or minerals from the deposit. 4. All the non-saleable or un-usable minerals or ores above the threshold value of the mineral, as may be notified by Indian Bureau of Mines from time to time, or otherwise shall be stacked separately on the ground earmarked for the purpose: Provided that in case of beach sand mineral deposits comprising of Ilmenite, Rutile, Zircon, Monazite, Sillimanite, Garnet, Leucoxene, etc., sufficient precautions shall be taken to separate and stack the waste sand or tailings from the associated minerals in order to avoid mixing of waste sand with the associated minerals. 5. The mineral or ore stock above the limit specified in the threshold values of minerals or otherwise, shall be properly maintained indicating the quantity and quality of all such material stacked, and the month-

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wise inventory of such materials shall be updated. 6. The overburden and waste material obtained during mining operations shall not be allowed to be mixed with the materials as specified in sub- rule (1). 7. The ground selected for dumping of overburden, waste material, the sub-grade or non-saleable ores or minerals shall be proved for absence or presence of underlying mineral deposits before it is brought into use for dumping. Where heavy earth moving machinery is used in mines, the holder of a mining lease shall maintain log books duly authenticated by the manager or mining engineer of such mines in respect of each machine showing date-wise account of hours worked, hours not worked, reasons for non-working, consumption of fuel or energy and lubricants and output of the machine during the corresponding working hours. 8. The summary of operation of each machine shall be recorded in the log book at the end of each month bringing out the percentage availability and percentage utilisation of the machine, average hourly performance and average fuel or energy consumption per hour. 9. The log books may be maintained in electronic form or in hard copy and shall be made available to the authorised officer on demand. The holder of a mining lease shall not abandon a mine during the subsistence of the lease except with the prior permission in writing of the authorised officer, as the case may be. 10. The holder of a mining lease shall send to the authorised officer, as the case may be, a notice in Form D of the Schedule of his intention to abandon a mine so as to reach them at least ninety days before the

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intended date of such abandonment, which shall be accompanied by plans and sections on a scale as specified in rule 31 setting forth accurately the work done in the mine up to the time of submission of the notice including the measures envisaged for the protection of the abandoned mine or part thereof, the approaches thereto and the environment: suitable scale. 11. The holder of a mining lease shall not abandon a mine unless a final mine closure plan duly approved by the competent authority, is implemented, and for this purpose, the lessee shall be required to obtain a certificate from the authorised officer, as the case may be, to the effect that protective, reclamation and rehabilitation work in accordance with the final mine closure plan or with such modifications as approved by the competent authority have been carried out before abandonment of mine. 12. The holder of a mining lease shall continue to be liable to provide the financial assurance and pay for any expenditure over and above the performance security incurred by the State Government towards protective reclamation and rehabilitation measures in the leased area of the mining lease. Mine Closure Plan 1. Every mine shall have mine closure plans, which shall be of two types; namely:– (i) a progressive mine closure plan; and (ii) a final mine closure plan. 2. Every holder of a mining lease shall take steps to prepare mine closure plans as per the guidelines and format given by the Indian Bureau of Mines from time to time: Provided that where the State Government has

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set up a system for preparation, certification and monitoring of mining plan pursuant to the proviso to clause (b) of sub-section (2) of section 5, such guidelines and formats shall be prescribed by the State Government 3. The holder of a mining lease shall submit to the competent authority a progressive mine closure plan as a component of the mining plan, at the time of submission, modification and review of the mining plan. 4. The holder of a mining lease shall submit a final mine closure plan to the competent authority for approval two years prior to the proposed closure of the mine. 5. The competent authority shall convey his approval or refusal of the final mine closure plan within ninety days of the date of its receipt to the holder of the mining lease. 6. The holder of a mining lease desirous of seeking modifications in the approved mine closure plan, shall submit to the competent authority for approval setting forth the intended modifications and explaining the reasons for such modifications. 7. The competent authority may approve the modifications as submitted under clause (1), or approve with such alterations as he may consider expedient. Responsibility of holder of a mining lease.- 1. The holder of a mining lease shall have the responsibility to ensure that the protective measures including reclamation and rehabilitation works have been carried out in accordance with the approved mine closure plan or with such modifications as approved by the competent authority.

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2. The holder of mining lease shall submit to the competent authority a yearly report as per the format specified by the Indian Bureau of Mines, before 1st day of July every year setting forth the extent of protective and rehabilitative works carried out as envisaged in the approved mine closure plan, and if there is any deviation, reasons thereof: Provided that where the State Government has set up a system for preparation, certification and monitoring of mining plan pursuant to the proviso to clause (b) of sub-section (2) of section 5, such format shall be prescribed by the State Government 3. A financial assurance shall be furnished by the holder of the mining lease, for due and proper implementation of the progressive mine closure plan contained in the mining plan or the final mine closure plan, as the case may be, which shall be an amount of three lakh rupees for Category ‘A’ mines and two lakh rupees for Category ‘B’ mines, per hectare of the mining lease area put to use for mining and allied activities 4. Comply with the reasonable prohibitive measures to restrict access for unauthorised entry; 5. Provide protective measures to potentially danger sources of electrical and mechanical installations, and the mine openings or workings and all other structures; 6. Ensure that all contaminated effluents are controlled and all physical, chemical, biological monitoring programmes are continued; 7. Ensure that all rock piles, over burden piles and stock piles and tailings, and other water impoundment structure are maintained in stable and safe conditions.

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Sustainable mining 1. Every holder of a mining lease shall take all possible precautions for undertaking sustainable mining while conducting prospecting, mining, beneficiation or metallurgical operations in the area. 2. Every holder of a mining lease shall monitor his mining and allied activities as per the notified template of star rating in the format prescribed in this behalf by the Indian Bureau of Mines from time to time, and shall submit online its selfassessment report before the 1st day of July every year for the previous financial year, alongwith the soft copy (in the standard format), of high resolution satellite images obtained from CARTOSAT-2 satellite LISS-IV sensor on the scale of cadastral map, as on the 31st day of March for that financial year, covering the mining lease and an area of two kilometres. from the lease boundary, to the Regional Controller or the authorised officer of the Indian Bureau of Mines. 3. The confirmation of the star rating may be done by the authorised officer of the Indian Bureau of Mines through inspection. 4. The Regional Controller or the authorised officer of the Indian Bureau of Mines may suspend the mining operations in those mines where at least four star rating has not been achieved within a period of two years from the date of notification of these rules or two years from the date of commencement of mining operations, as the case may be, after giving a show cause notice of forty-five days, to qualify for star rating. 5. The suspension shall be revoked only after verification through inspection of compliance of the star rating requirement specified in sub- rule (4) that the mine qualifies for four star rating

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Removal and utilisation of top soil 1. Every holder of a prospecting licence, prospecting license-cum-mining lease or a mining lease shall, wherever top soil exists and is to be excavated for prospecting or mining operations, remove it separately. 2. The top soil so removed shall be utilised for restoration or rehabilitation of the land which is no longer required for prospecting or mining operations or for stabilising or landscaping the external dumps. 3. Whenever the top soil is unable to be utilised concurrently, it shall be stored separately for future use. Storage of overburden, waste rock, etc 1. Every holder of a prospecting licence, prospecting license cum mining lease or a mining lease shall take steps so that the overburden, waste rock, rejects and fines generated during prospecting and mining operations or tailings, slimes and fines produced during sizing, sorting and beneficiation or metallurgical operations shall be stored in separate dumps. 2. The dumps shall be properly secured to prevent escape of material therefrom in harmful quantities which may cause degradation of environment and to prevent causation of floods. 3. The site for dumps, tailings or slimes shall be selected as far as possible on impervious ground to ensure minimum leaching effects due to precipitations. 4. Wherever possible, materials such as waste rock and overburden shall be back-filled into the mine excavations with a view to restoring the land to its original use as far as possible. 5. Wherever back-filling of waste rock in the area excavated during mining

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operations is not feasible, the waste dumps shall be suitably terraced and stabilized through vegetation or otherwise. The fines, rejects or tailings from mine, beneficiation or metallurgical plants shall be deposited and disposed in a specially prepared tailings disposal area such that they are not allowed to flow away and cause land degradation or damage to agricultural field, pollution of surface water bodies and ground water or cause floods. Precaution against ground vibrations Whenever any damage to public buildings or monuments is apprehended due to their proximity to the mining lease area, the holder of the mining lease shall carry out scientific investigations so as to keep the ground vibrations caused by blasting operations within safe limit. Control of surface subsidence Stoping in underground mines shall be so carried out as to keep surface subsidence under control. Precaution against air pollution Every holder of prospecting licence or a mining lease shall take all possible measure to keep air pollution due to fines, dust, smoke or gaseous emissions during prospecting, mining, beneficiation or metallurgical operations and related activities within permissible limits. Discharge of toxic liquid 1. Every holder of prospecting licence, prospecting licence cum mining lease or a mining lease shall take all possible precautions to prevent or reduce the discharge of toxic and objectionable liquid effluents from mine, workshop, beneficiation or metallurgical plants, tailing ponds, into surface water bodies, ground water aquifer and useable lands, to a

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minimum. 2. The effluents referred to in sub-rule (1) shall be suitably treated, if required, to conform to the standards laid down in this regard. Precaution against noise The holder of prospecting licence, prospecting license cum mining lease or a mining lease shall take all possible measure to control or abate noise arising out of prospecting, mining, beneficiation or metallurgical operations at the source so as to keep it within the permissible limits. Permissible limits and standards The standards and permissible limits of all pollutants, toxins and noise referred to in rules 40, 41 and 42 shall be such as may be notified by the concerned authorities under the provisions of the relevant laws for the time being in force. Restoration of flora Every holder of prospecting licence, prospecting license cum mining lease or a mining lease shall carry out prospecting or mining operations, as the case may be, in accordance with applicable laws and in such a manner so as to cause least damage to the flora of the area held under prospecting licence, prospecting license cum mining lease or mining lease and the nearby areas. Summary

The in situ mining activity in any area is on one hand bring revenue and employment (Primary and secondary) and on other hand if not done properly potential pollution and ecological imbalance increases. Mined pits when exposed to oxygen and water, acid can form if iron sulfide minerals abundant. The acid will, in turn, leach or dissolve metals and other contaminants from

134 mined materials and form a solution that is acidic, high in sulfate, and metal- rich (including elevated concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead, zinc, arsenic, etc.) Leaching of toxic constituents, such as arsenic, selenium, and metals, can occur even if acidic conditions are not present. Elevated levels of cyanide and nitrogen compounds (ammonia, nitrate, nitrite) can also be found in waters at mine sites, from heap leaching and blasting. Minerals associated with deposited sediments may depress the pH of surface runoff thereby mobilising heavy metals that can infiltrate into the surrounding subsoil.Contaminated sediments may also lower the pH of soils to the extent that vegetation and suitable habitat are lost. Acidification of soils can mobilize Aluminum and the resulting cascade of chemical changes can lead to Calcium deficiencies that affect tree and animal growth, especially on shallow soils with poor nutrient supply. The ability of the ecosystem to fix nitrogen can also be reduced. Particulate matter transported by the wind as a result of excavations, blasting, transportation of materials, wind erosion (more frequent in open-pit mining), fugitive dust from tailings facilities, stockpiles, waste dumps, and haul roads. Exhaust emissions from mobile sources (cars, trucks, heavy equipment) raise these particulate levels; and Gas emissions from the combustion of fuels in stationary and mobile sources, explosions, and mineral processing. All these activittes indirectly affected the biodiversity of area. The area is directly impacted by the mine, processing/rock crushing facilities, tailings areas, buildings, roads, parking lots, and energy transmission network built to accommodate the mine and workers. The indirect impacts comprises adjacent areas affected through mining activities and changes in the landscape that can propagate ecological changes for various distances; this includes such items as fragmentation, changes in forest type within the direct

135 effect, changes in wildlife migration and habitat use patterns, noise, light, windblown dust, dispersal of invasive species established on the mine site, and watershed areas affected by water withdrawals and mine drainage. Mining will directly displace forests and potentially change the composition of any forest. Certain species require large tracts of unfragmented forest, Wildlife species living within the primary mining footprint would be directly displaced, due to loss of forest and other vegetation. For example, loss of trees will directly lead to less nesting habitat for birds. Soil dwelling species, including insects, worms, bacteria and fungi that have not yet been discovered probably exist in the mining area. For example, Schlaghamersky et al. (2014), found possibly as many as nine new species of native worms (Enchytraieds) in two days of field work in northern Therefore, there is a significant chance of losing native biodiversity within the core zone, and invasive species are likely to invade in the buffer zone because many invasive species have long distance dispersal abilities and can take advantage of changes in the environment (amount of light, temperature, soil disturbance).In 2014, Feilrich has given a list of impacts because of mining which is given below

S.No. Impact

1. Baseline vegetation impacts

a. Loss of forest acreage by type

b. Forest composition change by forest type

c. Loss of non-forest vegetation by type

d. Non-forest vegetation change by veg type

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e. Loss of old-growth forest remnants

f. Loss of old forest (80-120 years)

g. Loss of primary forest remnants

2. Fragmentation

a. Edge to area ratio due to roads, transmission lines, parking, tailings, buildings, residential and commercial development

b. Environment effects in remaining forest within core zone

c. Changes in native edge versus interior plant and tree species

d. Road salt effects on trees and water

e. Water flow effects on vegetation

3. Wildlife

a. Area sensitive mammals, marten, fisher

b. Effects on wolves and trophic cascade

c. ffects on deer and deer-moose relationships

d. Road kill effects

e. Road salt effects

f. Corridor disruption for mobile but non-flying species

g. Loss of critical stopovers for migrating species

h. Effects on species sensitive to aquatic and aerial chemistry (amphibians)

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i. Loss of habitat acres by wildlife species and vegetation/forest type

j. Loss of nesting habitat by forest type and bird species

k. Area sensitive birds, warblers, etc.

l. Disruption of landscape pattern of vegetation/habitat

m. Noise, light and vibration effects

4. Rare species

a. Direct habitat loss per species

b. Impacts on local populations and regional stability per species

5. Invasive species

a. Transport by equipment and soil movement per species

b. Response to fragmentation per species

6. Soils and productivity

a. Acidification by water and air movement

b. Movement and effects of heavy metals in the soil

c. Loss of complexity

7. Terrestrial-aquatic linkages

a. Accelerated ecosystem ageing

b. Water chemistry effects on landscape arrangement of marshes, sedge meadows, peatlands, bogs, shrub cars and wetland forests

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c. Changes in water flow effects on landscape arrangement of wetland vegetation types

d. Heavy metal movement across aquatic-terrestrial boundaries

8. Cumulative impacts

a. Spatial cascade of fragmentation effects including deer, moose, forest type, invasive species interactions

b. Sensitivity of future trajectory of forest and wildlife impacts to number of exploration sites and total size of primary footprint

c. Synergy among climate change, invasive species and mining impacts

Although mining may creat lots of problem if done unscientifically, but Govt.of India, in 2017 has updated Mineral Conservation and Development Rules and in the new version the emphasis is given on sustainable mining, along with other environmental protection measures.

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REFERENCE

1. Schlaghamerský, J., Eisenhauer, N. & Frelich, L. E. (2014): Earthworm invasion alters enchytraeid community composition and individual biomass in Northern Hardwood Forests of North America. – Applied Soil Ecology 83: 159–169. 2. “Guidebook for Evaluating Mining Project EIAs” published by Environmental Law Alliance Worldwide, U.S.A., 2010, Chapter-01, pg 1-7. 3. Census of India, 2011;District census handbook, Khunti 4. Department Of Mines And Geology , Directorate Of Geology,proposed geological exploration programme in Jharkhand by Directorate of Geology, Jharkhand & Other Exploration Agencies , Field Season-2009-10, Ranchi, 2009 5. Indian Minerals Yearbook 2014, 53rd (Part- I) Edition, State Reviews (Jharkhand) 6. Mineral Conservation and Development Rules 2017, Govt.of India. 7. B.B.Sharma, Stages of exploration & Reserve/ resource estimation In Geological survey of India, Director 8. New Insights on Mineral Exploration ,Concepts and Guidelines, GOI Ministry of Mines , Geological Survey of India, Natural Resources Assessment ,Nagpur 9. District Survey Report, District-Khunti, Jharkhand 10. Frelich , L.E., (2014).Forest and terrestrial ecosystem impacts of mining from https://www.researchgate.net/file.PostFileLoader.html on 19th Nov,2017. 11. Report on “Environmental aspects of mining” by Luleå University of Technology, Sweden, 2014 12. “Mining and Biodiversity Guideline; Mainstreaming biodiversity into the mining sector” by Department of Environmental Affairs, Department of Mineral Resources, Chamber of Mines, South African Mining and Biodiversity Forum, and South African National Biodiversity Institute. 2013 13. Mines Act, 1952, Govt.of India. 14. Mines Rescue Rules, 1985, Govt.of India. 15. Indian Minerals Yearbook 2015, 54th Edition, State Reviews,(Uttar Pradesh), Government Of India, Ministry Of Mines, Indian Bureau Of Mines. 16. Agriculture Contingency Plan for District: Khunti District

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17. Brief Industrial Profile Of District Khunti, MSME 18. Comprehensive – District Agriculture Plan (C-DAP), District Planning Committee Khunti (Jharkhand) 19. http://Khunti.nic.in 20. District Ground Water Brochure Of Khunti, District, Jharkhand., Central Ground Water Board, Government of India, New Delhi 21. Indian Council of Agricultural research http:// Khunti.kvk4.in/district- profile.html, 22. Indian School of Mining, Dhanbad, http://ismenvis.nic.in, 23. Rao, K. L. (1975) India’s Water Wealth. Orient Longman Ltd., New Delhi, pg. 255. 24. http://jharkhandminerals.gov.in/ 25. Survey of India Toposheet 26. Sustainable Sand Mining Management Guidelines 2016,MoEF & CC, Government of India, New Delhi. 27. http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/mines-geology 28. The Environmental (Protection )Act, 1986 and Amendments 29. S.O. 3611(E), issued by MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE, GOI on 25th July 2018. 30. S.O.682, issued by MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE, GOI on 22nd Feb, 2012.

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PLATES

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Block wise mineral details

S.No. Mineral Name of Block Latitude Longitude Erki Block 1. Granite Gneiss Erki 22° 59' 45.075" N 85° 30' 24.155" E 2. Porphyritic granite Erki 23° 6' 45.089" N 85° 29' 33.931" E 3. Tuff, Tuffaceous, Psammopellite Erki 23° 1' 52.040" N 85° 35' 21.747" E 4. Tuff, Tuffaceous, Psammopellite Erki 22° 55' 43.734" N 85° 30' 14.959" E 5. Tuff, Tuffaceous, Psammopellite Erki 22° 51' 30.322" N 85° 24' 10.883" E 6. Mica schist with Hornblende schist, epidiorite Erki 22° 48' 8.919" N 85° 28' 51.666" E 7. Mica schist with Hornblende schist, epidiorite Erki 22° 54' 1.533" N 85° 33' 50.264" E 8. Mica Schist with hornblende schist and phyllite Erki 22° 58' 32.994" N 85° 28' 34.218" E 9. Mica Schist with hornblende schist and phyllite Erki 22° 57' 41.275" N 85° 23' 33.700" E 10. Phyllite, carbon phyllite Erki 22° 49' 26.693" N 85° 29' 13.294" E 11. Phyllite, carbon phyllite Erki 22° 52' 54.244" N 85° 34' 19.686" E 12. Hornblende schist, epidiorite metabasalt Erki 22° 50' 46.878" N 85° 31' 41.283" E 13. Hornblende schist, epidiorite Erki 22° 52' 45.432" N 85° 35' 32.639" E 14. Hornblende schist, epidiorite Erki 22° 48' 41.864" N 85° 29' 48.805" E 15. Metabasic Rock Erki 22° 56' 53.799" N 85° 25' 32.541" E 16. Metabasic Rock Erki 22° 55' 33.352" N 85° 24' 31.004" E 17. Metabasic Rock Erki 22° 53' 36.593" N 85° 23' 37.287" E 18. Metabasic Rock Erki 22° 53' 22.830" N 85° 28' 44.339" E Karra Block 19. Granite Gneiss Karra 23° 7' 56.694" N 85° 7' 35.632" E 20. Quartzite Karra 23° 16' 29.263" N 85° 10' 33.093" E Khunti Block 21. Porphyritic granite Khunti 23° 6' 46.806" N 85° 26' 51.704" E 22. Porphyritic granite Khunti 23° 4' 27.764" N 85° 28' 14.316" E 23. Porphyritic granite Khunti 23° 4' 18.950" N 85° 24' 18.021" E 24. Porphyritic granite Khunti 23° 4' 19.997" N 85° 23' 16.835" E 25. Porphyritic granite Khunti 23° 4' 5.458" N 85° 21' 5.251" E 26. Granite Gneiss Khunti 23° 7' 42.241" N 85° 17' 38.153" E 27. Granite Gneiss Khunti 23° 4' 1.107" N 85° 24' 7.148" E Murhu Block 28. Metabasic Rock Murhu 22° 56' 6.571" N 85° 22' 24.233" E 29. Metabasic Rock Murhu 22° 55' 30.737" N 85° 23' 17.393" E

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30. Metabasic Rock Murhu 22° 53' 4.327" N 85° 15' 3.360" E 31. Metabasic Rock Murhu 22° 54' 1.372" N 85° 17' 46.622" E 32. Tuff, Tuffaceous, Psammopellite Murhu 22° 54' 10.780" N 85° 21' 0.833" E 33. Mica Schist with hornblende schist and phyllite Murhu 22° 57' 51.786" N 85° 21' 40.834" E 34. Granite Gneiss Murhu 23° 4' 58.633" N 85° 23' 49.664" E 35. Granite Gneiss Murhu 22° 59' 39.621" N 85° 15' 7.926" E 36. Granite Gneiss Murhu 23° 4' 45.279" N 85° 25' 31.792" E 37. Granite Gneiss Murhu 23° 4' 20.566" N 85° 22' 6.645" E 38. Granite Gneiss Murhu 22° 57' 56.206" N 85° 24' 57.669" E 39. Granite Gneiss Murhu 22° 51' 47.195" N 85° 13' 2.777" E 40. Porphyritic granite Murhu 23° 4' 18.231" N 85° 25' 12.781" E 41. Porphyritic granite Murhu 23° 4' 6.633" N 85° 22' 44.881" E Rania Block 42. Tuff, Tuffaceous, Psammopellite Rania 22° 46' 40.274" N 85° 2' 0.745" E 43. Tuff, Tuffaceous, Psammopellite Rania 22° 48' 14.880" N 85° 5' 32.856" E 44. Tuff, Tuffaceous, Psammopellite Rania 22° 41' 43.550" N 85° 5' 8.089" E 45. Tuff, Tuffaceous, Psammopellite Rania 22° 40' 46.821" N 85° 6' 28.830" E 46. Tuff, Tuffaceous, Psammopellite Rania 22° 42' 55.963" N 85° 4' 40.273" E 47. Tuff, Tuffaceous, Psammopellite Rania 22° 41' 38.626" N 85° 3' 21.078" E 48. Metabasic Rock Rania 22° 39' 43.350" N 85° 3' 58.472" E 49. Metabasic Rock Rania 22° 41' 10.807" N 85° 6' 8.224" E 50. Granite Gneiss Rania 22° 37' 23.466" N 85° 4' 22.409" E 51. Granite Gneiss Rania 22° 52' 44.978" N 85° 5' 13.798" E 52. Granite Gneiss Rania 22° 49' 3.816" N 85° 8' 13.652" E 53. Granite Gneiss Rania 22° 45' 23.130" N 85° 5' 59.828" E Totpa Block 54. Tuff, Tuffaceous, Psammopellite Totpa 22° 54' 3.621" N 85° 10' 5.204" E 55. Tuff, Tuffaceous, Psammopellite Totpa 22° 54' 34.866" N 85° 11' 26.924" E 56. Tuff, Tuffaceous, Psammopellite Totpa 22° 54' 39.779" N 85° 12' 55.924" E 57. Tuff, Tuffaceous, Psammopellite Totpa 22° 49' 52.092" N 85° 12' 15.096" E 58. Metabasic Rock Totpa 22° 50' 28.293" N 85° 12' 18.759" E 59. Granite Gneiss Totpa 22° 54' 2.357" N 85° 1' 3.757" E 60. Granite Gneiss Totpa 22° 56' 38.528" N 85° 8' 6.081" E

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ANNEXURES

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Annexure-1

List of the minerals occurred in Khunti District (Area in ha)

S.No. Mineral Area (ha) 1. Hornblende schist, epidiorite 1931 2. Hornblende schist, epidiorite metabasalt 3067 3. Metabasic Rock 7043 4. Mica Schist with hornblende schist and phyllite 1985 5. Mica schist with Hornblende schist, epidiorite 590 6. Phyllite, carbon phyllite 1927 7. Porphyritic granite 4555 8. Quartzite 390 9. Granite Gneiss 197151 10. Tuff, Tuffaceous, Psammopellite 40152

Total 260059 The areas mentioned here tentive figures only and are subjected to detailed survey, exploration and prospecting.

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S.No. Block Mineral Area (ha) 1. Erki Hornblende schist, epidiorite 1930.68 2. Erki Hornblende schist, epidiorite metabasalt 3067.12 3. Erki Metabasic Rock 2749.44 4. Mica Schist with hornblende schist and Erki phyllite 406.45 5. Mica schist with Hornblende schist, Erki epidiorite 589.66 6. Erki Phyllite, carbon phyllite 1926.89 7. Erki Porphyritic granite 307.78 8. Erki Granite Gneiss 14227.22 9. Erki Tuff, Tuffaceous, Psammopellite 28860.46 10. Karra Quartzite 389.80 11. Karra Granite Gneiss 48290.42 12. Khunti Porphyritic granite 3631.14 13. Khunti Granite Gneiss 43581.12 14. Murhu Metabasic Rock 2866.10 15. Mica Schist with hornblende schist and Murhu phyllite 1578.61 16. Murhu Porphyritic granite 616.53 17. Murhu Granite Gneiss 27515.82 18. Murhu Tuff, Tuffaceous, Psammopellite 7675.53 19. Rania Karo River 493.39 20. Rania Metabasic Rock 1332.70 21. Rania Granite Gneiss 21223.83 22. Rania Tuff, Tuffaceous, Psammopellite 1978.88 23. Torpa Karo River 775.27 24. Torpa Metabasic Rock 95.18 25. Torpa Granite Gneiss 42312.22 26. Torpa Tuff, Tuffaceous, Psammopellite 1636.67

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Annexure-2

List of coordinates of probable areas of mineral occurrence

S.No. Mineral Block Lat. Long. 1. Granite Gneiss Erki 22° 59' 45.075" N 85° 30' 24.155" E 2. Porphyritic granite Erki 23° 6' 45.089" N 85° 29' 33.931" E 3. Tuff, Tuffaceous, Psammopellite Erki 23° 1' 52.040" N 85° 35' 21.747" E 4. Mica schist with Hornblende schist, epidiorite Erki 22° 48' 8.919" N 85° 28' 51.666" E 5. Hornblende schist, epidiorite Erki 22° 48' 41.864" N 85° 29' 48.805" E 6. Phyllite, carbon phyllite Erki 22° 49' 26.693" N 85° 29' 13.294" E 7. Hornblende schist, epidiorite metabasalt Erki 22° 50' 46.878" N 85° 31' 41.283" E 8. Hornblende schist, epidiorite Erki 22° 52' 45.432" N 85° 35' 32.639" E 9. Mica schist with Hornblende schist, epidiorite Erki 22° 54' 1.533" N 85° 33' 50.264" E 10. Metabasic Rock Erki 22° 56' 53.799" N 85° 25' 32.541" E 11. Metabasic Rock Erki 22° 55' 33.352" N 85° 24' 31.004" E 12. Metabasic Rock Erki 22° 53' 36.593" N 85° 23' 37.287" E 13. Metabasic Rock Erki 22° 53' 22.830" N 85° 28' 44.339" E 14. Tuff, Tuffaceous, Psammopellite Erki 22° 51' 30.322" N 85° 24' 10.883" E 15. Phyllite, carbon phyllite Erki 22° 52' 54.244" N 85° 34' 19.686" E 16. Mica Schist with hornblende schist and phyllite Erki 22° 58' 32.994" N 85° 28' 34.218" E 17. Mica Schist with hornblende schist and phyllite Erki 22° 57' 41.275" N 85° 23' 33.700" E 18. Tuff, Tuffaceous, Psammopellite Erki 22° 55' 43.734" N 85° 30' 14.959" E 19. Granite Gneiss Karra 23° 7' 56.694" N 85° 7' 35.632" E 20. Quartzite Karra 23° 16' 29.263" N 85° 10' 33.093" E 21. Porphyritic granite Khunti 23° 6' 46.806" N 85° 26' 51.704" E 22. Granite Gneiss Khunti 23° 7' 42.241" N 85° 17' 38.153" E 23. Granite Gneiss Khunti 23° 4' 1.107" N 85° 24' 7.148" E 24. Porphyritic granite Khunti 23° 4' 27.764" N 85° 28' 14.316" E 25. Porphyritic granite Khunti 23° 4' 18.950" N 85° 24' 18.021" E 26. Porphyritic granite Khunti 23° 4' 19.997" N 85° 23' 16.835" E 27. Porphyritic granite Khunti 23° 4' 5.458" N 85° 21' 5.251" E 28. Metabasic Rock Murhu 22° 56' 6.571" N 85° 22' 24.233" E 29. Metabasic Rock Murhu 22° 55' 30.737" N 85° 23' 17.393" E 30. Metabasic Rock Murhu 22° 53' 4.327" N 85° 15' 3.360" E 31. Metabasic Rock Murhu 22° 54' 1.372" N 85° 17' 46.622" E 32. Tuff, Tuffaceous, Psammopellite Murhu 22° 54' 10.780" N 85° 21' 0.833" E 33. Mica Schist with hornblende schist and phyllite Murhu 22° 57' 51.786" N 85° 21' 40.834" E 34. Granite Gneiss Murhu 23° 4' 58.633" N 85° 23' 49.664" E

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35. Granite Gneiss Murhu 22° 59' 39.621" N 85° 15' 7.926" E 36. Granite Gneiss Murhu 23° 4' 45.279" N 85° 25' 31.792" E 37. Granite Gneiss Murhu 23° 4' 20.566" N 85° 22' 6.645" E 38. Granite Gneiss Murhu 22° 57' 56.206" N 85° 24' 57.669" E 39. Granite Gneiss Murhu 22° 51' 47.195" N 85° 13' 2.777" E 40. Porphyritic granite Murhu 23° 4' 18.231" N 85° 25' 12.781" E 41. Tuff, Tuffaceous, Psammopellite Rania 22° 41' 43.550" N 85° 5' 8.089" E 42. Metabasic Rock Rania 22° 39' 43.350" N 85° 3' 58.472" E 43. Granite Gneiss Rania 22° 37' 23.466" N 85° 4' 22.409" E 44. Metabasic Rock Rania 22° 41' 10.807" N 85° 6' 8.224" E 45. Tuff, Tuffaceous, Psammopellite Rania 22° 40' 46.821" N 85° 6' 28.830" E 46. Tuff, Tuffaceous, Psammopellite Rania 22° 42' 55.963" N 85° 4' 40.273" E 47. Tuff, Tuffaceous, Psammopellite Rania 22° 41' 38.626" N 85° 3' 21.078" E 48. Granite Gneiss Rania 22° 52' 44.978" N 85° 5' 13.798" E 49. Granite Gneiss Rania 22° 49' 3.816" N 85° 8' 13.652" E 50. Granite Gneiss Rania 22° 45' 23.130" N 85° 5' 59.828" E 51. Karo River Totpa 22° 55' 56.193" N 85° 2' 57.552" E 52. Tuff, Tuffaceous, Psammopellite Totpa 22° 54' 3.621" N 85° 10' 5.204" E 53. Tuff, Tuffaceous, Psammopellite Totpa 22° 54' 34.866" N 85° 11' 26.924" E 54. Metabasic Rock Totpa 22° 50' 28.293" N 85° 12' 18.759" E 55. Granite Gneiss Totpa 22° 54' 2.357" N 85° 1' 3.757" E 56. Granite Gneiss Totpa 22° 56' 38.528" N 85° 8' 6.081" E 57. Tuff, Tuffaceous, Psammopellite Totpa 22° 54' 39.779" N 85° 12' 55.924" E 58. Tuff, Tuffaceous, Psammopellite Totpa 22° 49' 52.092" N 85° 12' 15.096" E 59. Tuff, Tuffaceous, Psammopellite Rania 22° 41' 43.550" N 85° 5' 8.089" E 60. Metabasic Rock Rania 22° 39' 43.350" N 85° 3' 58.472" E

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Annexure-3

List of Acts, Rules and policies applicable in Sustainable Mining

Acts 1 Environment Protection Act 1986 2 MMDR Act 1957 3 23 Air (Prevention and control of Pollution) Act 1981 4 Water Act 1974 Rules 1 JMMC Rule (Amendment 2013) (ENGLISH) 2 Jharkhand Minor Mineral Concession Rule (Amendment 2014). 3 MCR,1960 ( Amendment 18.07.2014) 4 MCR,1960(Amendment 27.07.2012) 5 Jharkhand Mineral Dealer's Rule 2007 (ENGLISH) 6 Jharkhand Mineral Transit Chalan Regulations 2005. 7 Minerals (Evidence of Mineral Contents) Rules 2015 8 Mineral Auction Rule 9 Draftsman Service Rule 10 Geologist Service Rule 11 Granite conservation and development Rules 1999 12 G.S.R 23(E) Forest (conservation) Rule 2003 13 DMF Trust Rule , 2016 Policies 1 Jharkhand Industry Policy,2012 English & Hindi 2 Jharkhand Procurement Policy,2013 3 R.R.Policy,2008 4 National Environmental Policy,2006 5 National Steel Policy 2005 6 Coal Distribution Policy,2007 7 National Mineral Policy 8 Dissemination Policy S.O. S.O. 3611(E), issued by MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST 1 AND CLIMATE CHANGE, GOI on 25th July 2018. S.O.682, issued by MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND 2 CLIMATE CHANGE, GOI on 22nd Feb, 2012.

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Annexure-4

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