I. THE SCOTTISH , ANCIENTLY STYLED THE HONOURS OF , BY JOHN J. RKID, B.A., F.S.A. SOOT., CUKATOK OF THE MUSEUM. (PLATES I-II.)

Fro vere mth y earliest age o whicst e recordth h f thso e human race extend there have come down to us proofs of the use of royal emblems, and often also of ceremonials more or less elaborate on the assumption of regal dignity, whether by succession, by conquest, or by popular election. Such emblem d ceremonie san e foun b o t d e inscrip e th aliksar n i e - tions on the tombs of early Egyptian dynasties, on the tablets found in the libraries beneath the mounds which alone mark the palaces and temple f Nineveo s d Babylonan h , amon e rocgth k carvings ascribed e Hittitesth o t generalld an , y throughou e long-forgotteruine th th t f o s n civilisation of the East. As might be expected, each country had its own particular forms to mar importance kth coronationsn e attacheow s it o dt . Sometimes, like the mummy at the banquets of the , they told of the uncertainty of life, and reminded the new how brief at best his tenure must be ; at others, like the shield on which Roman were raised, they recalle e victorioudth s generals whoy b e purplm th firss ewa t attained. solemnite Th dignitd yan f thesyo e great functions were enhancey b d religious rites, and the narrative of the Bible itself shows how, in what had been a pure theocracy, the transition to a monarchical form of governmen markes introductioe wa tth y db e sacreth f no d rit f unctioneo , already rendered familia e examplth y b rf otheo e r nations. Saud an l David, however, wer t madeno e when Samuel anointed themt bu , THE SCOTTISH REGALIA. 19

his selection marked them as fit objects for the popular election which was to follow, and which in point of fact did follow. With the spread of civilisation from Kome through Western Europe witd adoptioe an hth f Christianitno religioe empiree th th s ya f e no th , coronatio f eacmonarco nw ne h h becam n elaborata e e ceremony into which both the religious and the lay element entered. When the wild " Barbarians " fro norte mth h burst upo provincee n th Wester e th f so n Empire d dividean , s crumblinit d g fragments among themselvese th , conquerors wer t slo eno emulatwo t regae eth l pome Csesarth f po s even maintenance th o t f theieo r traditio f courno t ceremonial. Thouge hth spread over Southern and Western Europe, bringing with them their heathenish worship, yet the influence of new surroundings speedily made itself felt, and ere long wide provinces had accepted the religion of Christ, whils te remoteveth desolatd n ni ean e north Tho Odid an r n were being displaced by the ceaseless toil of devoted messengers of the . Churce th s A h recovere r holgained dhe d an d converts e parth , t taken e bclergyth n coronatioi y n ceremonies became more conspicuoud an s important curioua s i t I s . thine verth yf g o earliesthae on t t instances of by the hands of an ecclesiastic in Western Europe is found Scotlandn i , where Saint Columba e apostlth , f nationaeo l , officiated at the accession of Aidan at lona, in 574 A.D. The words of the Saint's biographer Adamnan, in recording the fact, are " Aidanum .. regen i . ordinavi . m. . imponensqu . . t e manum super caput ejus, ordinans benedixit." Thero specian s i e l referenca o t e crowanointingo t e narrativr th o n d an , e simply describe e formath s l setting apart of Aidan by the Saint, who with one hand resting on the king's head, probably wit othee hth r upraised, invoke ddivina e blessing. Columba himsel s relatee Eoyath wa f o t dl House Dalriath f eo d Scots, and he had been the means of securing the election of Aidan as king, s peoplhi d d alse f an an obtaininoimmunit o m hi r fo gy from tributo et their mother country in Ireland. All this might, and probably did, lead to his taking so prominent a part on the occasion. But though history does not tell us that Aidan wore a , there is no doubt that these emblem f royaltso y were well know used t an nda 20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 9, 1889.

the time, for, to say nothing of the iron, crown of , somewhat doubtfully ascribe e timth f Queeeo o d t n Theodolinda A.D.8 62 , , there t exisye t such object f undoubteo s d antiquit e crowth f Svintilas o nya , who reigned over the Visigoths 621-631 A.D., now preserved at Madrid, e crowth f Keccesvinthusd no an , another Spanis he Visigoth kinth f go s in the same century. A crown, said to be that of , is to be seen at Vienna, but it is an open question what part of it can be truly referre thao dt t early date. The Eegalia in Western Europe seem to have invariably embraced not only the crown, but also the and the of state. Other articles appear which vary in different countries, such as the gold spoon still preserved at the Tower, the sole of the ancient Eegalia of , saved from the destroying hands of the Puritans; but crowne th sceptree swore ,th th d d forme,an d elsewhere, Scotlandjusn i s ta , "The Honours "of the kingdom. The crown serves as the distinctive personal symbol of the king; the sceptre is the emblem of his royal power, with even a sense of its sacred character., as illustrated in the superstition of touching for the king's evil; and lastly, the sword signifies at once justice, and the right of peace and war. In Scotland the story of the Eegalia is one full of varied incidents, some pathetic, some bordering on the ludicrous, but all deeply interesting to thos r whoe fo e histormth d antiquitieyan f theio s r country hava e charm. The first Scottish king, of whom it is distinctly told that he was crowned at Scone, is Malcolm IV., who reigned 1153—65, but the casual manne n whici r h thi s mentionei s d appear o indicatt s e that already the practice of a coronation at Scone was well if not long established. There can be little doubt that Malcolm sat on the famous stone of destiny, but no mention is made of proclaiming the royal descent by a public recitation of the genealogy, which certainly was done at the accessio s successohi f o n r Willia e coronatio th e Lion mt th A .f o n Alexander II. in 1215, the historian Fordun records the presence of the "seven Earl f Scotland'o s n i thei' r order—Fife, Stratherne, Athol, Angus, Menteith, Buchan, and Lothian. The manner in which they are referre conclusioe o leaddt th o st n that their presenc s officialwa ed an , THE SCOTTISH REGALIA. 21

forme n importanda te ceremoniaiteth mn i e day th f ; o lindeed , after event historn si y confir e statemenmth f Boeceo t , tha e ancienth t t Earls of Fife enjoyed the special privilege of placing the crown npon the king's head. " The first quhilk was ane priuiledge conding, The Erll of Fyffe quhen crownit wes the King, Onto his chyre suld him convoy and leid, The croun of gold syne set vpouu his heid, With his awiii hand all seruice for to mak, As president most principall of that act." —OronyJcil. probabls i t I e also that definite duties woul assignee b d o eact d f ho the other Earls. The territorial area which their titles embrace repre- sents practically all the districts of Scotland which, at that time really formed part of the kingdom proper, for elsewhere the royal authority, if acknowledged at all, was little more than a name, and semi-independent chiefs, like the Princes of Galloway in the south, the Lord of the Isles in the west, and the Mormaers of Moray or the Norse Jarls in the north, ruled with nearly absolute power over their own retainers and clansmen. facte Th s mentioned mak t quitei e clear that beginnine earls ,a th s ya g of the thirteenth century at any rate, certain distinct and national cere- monies were recognise e procedur th pars a e coronatiodf o th t t a e a f no Scottish frod kinan m g; wha knowe w t t i become, s possibl t leasa e t to show what did take place, whilst the simplicity which ever marked those early events render t i probabls e thae recordeth t d ceremonials a , drawn from various sources, included everything or nearly everything of importance. pictury ma ourselve o t e W kinge th e sgrea th , t noble d ecclesisan - astics, wit minoe hth e rpeopl baronth d e an sassemble t Sconeda , once the capital of the Pictish , and already abounding with all the early association f Scottiso s h nationality e appointeth t A . d time eth monarch, who may probably have already gone through some form of election suitabls i , y attire Eare th f Fifroya n do i ly o et b ld robesle d an , take his seat upon the fateful stone. There the royal crown is placed upon his head by the hands of the chief man of that very province in 2 2 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , DECEMBE , 9 1889R .

which ther e groundar e r thinkinfo s e supremacth g e Easterth f o yn Soot beed sha n longest established o otherT . s amon e greath g t Earls the sceptre and the sword would be assigned, while in 'the presence of the whole seven, as representing the nation, a wild mountaineer pours fort n barbarii h c Highland strain e nameth s f thao s t long ascending line of ancestors ascribed to the race of Celtic kings. With the accession of Alexander III. we enter upon a period in which recorde th s become more numerous doubo n e b thertd thatn an , d eca ha , they been preserved shoule w , d have possessed many interesting details e accounth s coronation, ohi fis t t r i Jamegive s Si A y nb .s Balfour's MSS. has been justly deemed in many respects aprocryphal, and our knowledge doe t advancesno . It must, however, be concluded that " The Honours " of Scotland in the proper sense—that is to say, the crown, sceptre, and sword—certainly existed, for Wyntoun tells how Alexander's luckless successor, , was ostentatiously deprived of these royal emblems by Edward I. at Montrose in 1296 :— " This Jhot Ballioe th i l dyspoylye dh Of all lays robys of ryalte, The pelure thai tuk ofl' hya tabart, (Twme callis Tabarwa t e efftyrwarth t ) And all othire insyngnys That fel kyngio t l onn so y wys. Bathe scepter, swerd, crowne, and ryng, thia Fr s Jhon tha made h t e kyng Halyl tharek hya tu yfr e m ,h mad d ofkynrye m fAn th ehy k bare." —Cronykil . viiiBk ,. . xii. Whe e Englisnth h obtain possessioe th f crownno n i t s no the e yar habit of returning them, and these Eegalia, once across the Border, certainly never found bactheiy e Ancienkwa r th a lisagain f o n tI t. Kegali f Englandao , give pamphlea n ni t publishe 176n di Ashmoly 1b e and Sandford, Heralds, a curiouther s i e s referenc o n ancien"t ea t crown " weighing 2 Ibs. 1 oz.,.and adorned with 96 jewels. It seems barely possible that this was the ancient , but it vanished Eegalie wit th rese f hth o t a unde e Commonwealthth r l al d an , THE SCOTTISH REGALIA. 23

\ve have is the list, which, however may be regarded as authentic, having been compiled from papers laid befor commissioa e n specially appointed at the Kestoration to inquire after the various which had disappeared.1 S t ocami paso et s that, when Rober e Bructh t e raise standare th d d of independence, there was no crown existing wherewith to mark his assumption of regal dignity, and a golden was hastily made, and, true to ancient traditions, was placed upon his head at Scone by a brave e Macdufth lad f o y f family whomn i e hav, w es a , already shown, that hereditary righ vesteds wa t . Even this second crown within a few months was carried off. to England, as part of the plunder after Bruce's disaster at Methven. This establishes i d fro e termpardoa mth f o s n grante Edwary b d e dth I.t a , instanc s Queehi f eo n Margaret a certai o t , n Geoffre e Coignersd y o wh , had concealed it—" pardonavimus Galfrido de Coigners transgressionem quam fecit, postquam quasdam coronella aurea, de qua Robertas de Brus, inimicu t rebellise s noster terrn i , a nostra Scotise, nupe coronare s r i fecit manud a s ejusdem Galfridi devenit."2 The pardon is dated from Carlisle, 20th March 1307, and the reference disposes of the legend that Bruce's golden circlet formed a part of the existing crown t I canno. t wel e crediteb l d evedha r t thati bee f i , n restored, no record of such an important event should be preserved, as it may with safet e affirmeb y d that Scotlan l s Regaliberefal wa df o t a until her freedom had been secured on the field of Bannockburn. cannoe W t suppose that King Kober importance th t e failese o f dt eo these insignia, and once firmly established on the , he would certainly take care to have " The Honours of the Kingdom" renewed. This, however, can only be inferred from the surrounding circumstances, as none of the records supply any evidence until we come to the accession of David II, for whose infant hands apparently it was found necessary mako t especiaa l sceptr f smaleo l size. In 1331 the Exchequer Rolls (vol. i. 382) record a payment, " Copyno aurifabr facturo opr a parue sceptre x s.x ", Copyn golde th , - 1 Liber Eegalis,. App.57 . p ,

Rymer, Feed., i. 1012, Lend., 1816. 2 24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBEB 9, 1889.

smith, is again incidentally mentioned in the next printed volume of the Kolls, and the learned editor thinks he was-a foreigner. The coronatio marke s rite f Davinf o unctionth wa e o t tooi y . d b dII d k an , plac t Sconea ee Englis Th . h king, with vain hope f crushino s e th g Scottish nationality under his iron heel, had been at the pains to remove the famed coronation stone from its ancient resting place; and though t wantinno ther e ar eg proofs that even Englishmen themselves sub- sequently felt the meanness of the act, and were ready to restore it, yet t remaini Westminstet sa thio rt s day.1 Beref f thio t s peculiarly national feature, the guardian of the kingdom may have felt the necessity for giving due solemnity to the occasion, and may have sought from the Pop e authorisatioeth f thino s ceremonia e firsl th use tr a timfo d t a e Scottish coronation.2 From the time of David II. until that of James IV. there is nothing whatever to record concerning the " Honours," as the three principal articles which composed the Regalia are invariably styled in Scottish y indeema history de W mentio. n Fordun's allusioe "royath o t nl f David'"o s second queen, thoug f coursho t ei throw o lighsn t on the main subject. There must have been regalia in existence, and used at each successive coronation, but that is all we can safely affirm. l thesAl e took plac t Sconeea , excepting thos Jamef eo . II s at Holyrood, and James III. at Kelso, when the pressure of circumstances rendered expedien departura t e fro time-honouree mth d custom. When we come to the time of James IV. he is described by no less an authorit f Parliameno t y Ac tha n a ns sitting a t 1503n i , , "regalibus trabeatu t vestituse s coronam capite sceptrum regium manu gestans; " 3 whilst the year before [15th Jan. 1502] the Lord Treasurer's accounts show payments "to Robert Selkyrk, cutlar, in the first, for the gret sword of honour," and " for ane scheith to the same." thio t sp pointU , beyond tracin existence gth f Regalieo Scotlann ai d and observing the ceremonies which prevailed on the great occasions of

thei possiblt no r s usei conneco et t i , tHonour e "th s " directly with those Ayloffe'1 s Calendars of Ancient Charters, Introduction, p. Iviii. 2 The Bull authorising the Bishop of St Andrews or the Bishop of Glasgow to per- for anointine mth coronatiod gan ns printei d in Theiner's Vetera Monumenta, . 244p . 3 Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland, ii. 273, a.

THE SCOTTISH EEGALIA. 25

now in the Crown Eoom at Castle. With the end of the fifteenth and the commencement of the sixteenth century, however, we arrive at a period when certainly both the sceptre and the sword were made. As regards the crown, a question has been raised whether it may not, at least in part, possess a greater antiquity, and that question we shall presently consider narrativr Ou . e from this point must deal with the fortunes of the existing Eegalia, so it may be convenient to give at this stage some account of the manner in which historically they make their appearanc e Honour Th e Scottis s th ea f so h kingdom. The crown (Plate I.)e centrath , l objec f interesto t s formeha , e th d subjec f moro t e discussion than eithe e sceptre swordth r th r o e , owing viewe th o st propounde r WalteSi y db r Scott, whose conclusions, stated shortly, amount to this, that it was merely altered from an open to an arched crow y Jameb n saddeo V.e wh arche, th d d cross-patt4ean s , which indeed bears his initials. This assumption is based on these grounds—(1 )e origina tha t th pare arche no f th t o te lar s diademt bu , are attachetacky b f goldt i so ) tha o de t qualit (2 gol;e th t th df yalso o differs ) Othe(3 . r argument e derivear s d froallegee mth d continued existence of alternate fleurs-de-lis and crosses on the crown, when com- pared wit e representationth h s preserve e coinage th e earl th n yo df o s Stewart kings, and from the rude style and setting of the gems. t proposno o o d combaet e W t these view enteriny b s g into detailed description e crow t th actuall i , becaus f s is so n a w ydone no e h thin e sca far more efficiently and appropriately in the paper which Mr Brook is about to read to the Society. Suffice it then to say—firstly, that it appears certai e crow nth closes nwa d before 1540 thad an ,t consequently e archeth s must have bee n after-attachmena n e oldeth o rt tcrown ; secondly , e archetha gole th th f t do s differs slightl qualitn yi y from that of the fillet, and is an additional proof of this ; thirdly, a critical examina- Scottise tioth f no h coinage, made kindlr Cochran-PatricM y yb thin ko s very point, renders it certain that, prior to the time of Eobert Brace, and for long after, the crown as depicted on the coins and medals has only fleurs-de-lis crosses—indeedo n t bu , t foun, thesno e d ear befor e th e e crowarchee reigth Th n f Jameno o s . firssVI t appea coinaga n o r e whic assignes i hreige th f Jamenf o do sometimed s en III. d e th an , o st 6 2 PROCEEDING THE'SOCIETYF O S , DECEMBE , 18899 R .

sometimes to that of James IV.; lastly, the cutting and setting of the stones, which were certainly purchased in 1540, are quite what might be expected from the goldsmiths of James V., with the exception of the few diamonds forming the upper row. These are cut in a fashion which was practise fourteente earls dth a s ya h century. Lord Fountainhall, in his MSS. in the Advocates' Library, says " the crow e ancienf y Scotlanth o b n t w s no castet ne s wa onei df t o n ,bu King James V. ;" and the Lord Treasurer's accounts, under date 15th January 1540, record a payment "for making and fassoun of the Kingis crowne," with further entries relating to the purchase of jewels. Finally, e referenceth s close with these words—" This crowne deliverie th o t t Kingis [grace] in the palice of Halyrudehous the viij day of Februar following. anythinn Ca " more gb e distinct than thes recordo etw s when placed together 1 We cannot, in the face of them, conclude otherwise than that the crown now in was almost wholly remade by orde f Jameo r . V sThis , however meany an y s, b doeexclud t sno e th e possibility evey probabilitye na ;n th embodiede ar , t thai t n mereli t no , y e diamondsth t e croweve th e bu gol, f th no d n Bruc d madha r e fo e himself after Bannockburn o scruple.n d Jameha s. V abous t melting down and remodelling the sceptre, adding to its weight and value; and there is no reason to think he would do otherwise with the crown, indeed all through his reign he was for ever altering, adding to, or tinkerin royae th t lga insignia. y stilma l mindedo thene s W f i , , cherish those romantic thoughts which filled the soul of Sir , remembering only that if the ancient crow s reallnha y coms substanceit n ei s outdows it u n -o i ,nt war Kiny b d"s gw casteform wa Jamene t f i ,n" o sV. sceptre Th es presente (figwa ) .1 d by Alexande o Jamet . sVI r IV. in 1494. It was however altered and almost entirely remade in 1536 by orde f Jamero . (whossV e initial t bears)si e shows i th s a ,y b n payment Lore th dn s i Treasurer' s Account Adao st m Leys Edinburgn a , h goldsmith. Februarh Whe4t e Crown chesk no th oa n yi td n1818 ol Eoo e th ,m was reopened, and the crown, sceptre, and sword were, so to speak, awakened from their long slumber, a second sceptre, or rod of silver

E SCOTTISTH H REGALIA. 27

(fig ) surmounte2 . a glob y f b drock-crystaleo s wa , found along with, them, though it is not mentioned e instrumenth n i f depositationo t s alwayha t I s . been stated that this was the official rod of the Lord Treasurer, thoug hav e t founhw no authority e an d y for the assertion, and it is certainly strange that the Lord Treasurer should have thus disposed of f officeo t whed no e ro Eegali, th ns hi a were being y himgiveb t p wheu n,bu n they were being sur- rendere Eare th l y Marischalldb , under protest, into s custodyhi n matterI . s relatin e Eegalith o t g a conjectures have proved very hazardous thingst bu , there is, after all, nothing that we know to con- tradict a surmise that possibly a " Quenis Scepter " may stil e preserveb l so-callee th n di d Lord Trea- surer's e rodQueen'Th . s crown mentioney b d Tennan n 1542di "ses a , t haill wit e perlhd th ean precious stanis," is gone, but the sceptre may yet wite . b hus d tha s righad i t o t thert I t evidencs i e e thaa t Treasurer's mace th en o existe s wa n 1616dt i i r fo , 17th Decembe than i r t year produce r GideoSi y db n Murray, treasurer-depute, befor e Lordth e f Privso y Council, and by them delivered to the newly- appointed treasurer, the .1 swore Th statf do e (Plate Crowth n ei n II.w )no Eoom was presented along with a consecrated hat to James IV. in 1507, by an Ambassador from Pope Julius II. Lesly2 describes it as "ane sword having e hilti th d skaberan s f golo t d sett with precious stones, quhilki r deliveri e samswa th e b tambassa - doud Abboan rf Domfermelino t e Abbeth n i gy Kir f Halyrudhouo k e Lorth dsd ;Treasurer'an " s

1 Reg. Priv. Cone., x. 674. 2 Hist, f Scotland,o ed.. 183075 . p , 28 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , DECEMBE , 18899 R .

account r 150fo s 7 record payments e madth o t e " Papis enibassat quhilk broch swore hat,d th t dan " and also to a singer he brought with him ap- parently from attendant n wels a a ,s a le Th . sword bears, among various devices e personath , l one of the donor, and as it possesses high artistic beauty beins it o g,t hav y preservedthid le ma es , when other , which undoubtedly existed at one time, have disappeared. There were still two sword n 1539si - r the in e includefo , ye ar th n i d ventor thaf yo t yeard agai an ,n Tennand' i n s list of 1542e seconTh f .thes o y havd ma e been either that made in 1502, as already mentioned, or perhaps more probably the sword sent with a letter, dated 19th January 1537, Popy b 1 e Paul III. to James V., when he added a ferocious hint that the weapon might be used with advantage against the heretic Henry of England. Unfortu- natel l thesyal e swords, save tha f Popo t e Julius, have vanished. Resuming agai e historicath n l narrativs it n i e stricter sense, ther s nothini e e o recort gth f o d Regalia e coronationth t a durinr o , e earlgth y days of Queen Mary • indeed, Sadler observes that the ceremonies at this period used in Scotland on such occasions " wer t vereno y great" presumably, when compared with the magnificent displays in West- minster Hall. The infant queen had been con- veyed to Stirling, and she was accordingly crowned there whe t ninbu ne month e closth sf t eo old A . r unfortunathe e reign, however, oncee morar e ew brought into touch wite Honoursth h . When Mary, in 1568, crossed the Border never to return, e lefsh t behin dboda f friendyo adherentd an s n si 1 Slat. JEccl. Scot. (Bann. Club), p. cxxxviii. TH9 E2 SCOTTISH REGALIA.

Scotland, who, though dispirited, were still numerous and powerful, and retained possession of some of the strongholds of the kingdom, notably of Edinburgh Castlee quee th hel w Kirkaldr y nb dno fo , f Grangeyo o wh , had changed strugglee sideth n si thin I .s fortres Honoure sth s were kept for greater security, so that these insignia were beyond the control of the king's party. Accordingly when 1571n i , , they wishe holo dt Parliada - ment at Stirling for the forfeiture of Chatelherault, Huntly, and other adherents of the queen, some substitute had to be found. The " Diurnal of Occurents 28tn o difficult e "h w Jth Augustell ho w mets d sho ywa ,an t 1571, "James, be the grace of God, King of Scottis, being of the aige of fyve yeiris accumpanyit with Matho Eri f Lennoxo e " [and sundry other noblemen], " being cled maist magnificentlie with rob royall, raid Castele frath Stirlinf tolbuyto e l th o gt h thairo fpassins ...hi n gI . tolbuyte toth returnind han g thairfra Alexander Eri f Glencarneo e bure the sword, the Erie of Crawf ord the sceptour, and the Erie of Angus the noti e hers crounb i o t tet I tha .croune th t , sceptourl sworal d r an , dwe new maid, becaus the auld croun, sceptour, and sword wes in the Castell of Edinburgh, quhairwith the Queen's Lieutennentis in Edinburgh held the Parliament," for the like purpose of pronouncing forfeiture against the leaders of the king's party. This dummy croun, " doubill ourgilt with gold, clearls "i y that referred to in the Lord Treasurer's accounts for 1571 :—"Item the said day (xvij August) be rny Lord Eegentis grace speciall command to Mungo Bradie, goldsmyth pune unce an , d an hal e f silveweche an o fb d o t ran t ane croun of honour and ane crampett to the sword of honour, and sceptour .... ite foirsaimgilo e t th t d werk. l thi s Al confirmei s" d othey b r entrie f paymentso se expense madth r efo f Mungo'so s visio t t Stirling, via Leith and Burntisland, with the " honouris," and his stay there o doubn , t whe e kingshay nTh bo mfittin. e e crowth th gr fo n crown had again to be called into requisition at a Parliament held in Edinburgh on 17th January 1572-3, when the Diurnal says—"The nobilitie with my Lord Kegent past throw Sanctgeillis Kirk at ane entres maid throw the tolbuyth wall to the laigh counsall hous of the

wese touth e tolbuyttn nth o syi f thaid o han r chei e Lordie th sth f o s Diurnal1 of Occurretits (Bann. Club), p. 242. 30 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 9, 1889.

Articles returnid an , e samth t e way Erie f th Angu;eo s bur e crouneth , e Eri th f Ergyleo e sceptour Erie th th f Mortoue o d an , e swornth f o d honour^ thir jewallis wer maid of brace and doubill ourgilt with gold, becau e principalth s e Castelth ! jewellif n Edinburghi o l r we s d an , mycht not be haid." It is manifest that the writer was in error when he describes the insignia as made of " brace," for the entries already quoted prove that the crown and sceptre at any rate were silver-gilt. On 25th April 1573 attempn a , s mad wa to induc et e Governoeth r of the Castle to give up the Eegalia. Sir William Drury, who com- mande e Englisth d h besieging forcer JameM , d s" an Halyburtof o n Pitcur, knycht, crownar to the haill Scottis cumpanys, past to the Castell of Edinburgh desyrikingie d th an , n si t nam e swordeth , sceptourd an , croune, to quhome the capitane ansuerit and said Thai jewellis he wald nocht delyver to ane certane of the nobilitie, be ressoun he ressavit the samyne with thair haill consentis, and unto the tyme the haill desyrit the sam wale eh t delyver. dno " J This bold answereplGovernothe the bad itsel in to y of rno f was r deman e besiegersth resistancs f dhi o t bu , e e prolongedcoulb t dno d an , in the following month starvation forced Kirkaldy to surrender, and the bees ha n mao justlnwh y calle e bravesdth t soldie f Scotlando r e th o t , shame of the Eegent Morton was publicly executed. Thus the Eegalia fell into the hands of the king's adherents, and the civil war was ended. By an Act of Parliament passed in 1585 (c. 37, iii. 403), the custody e Honouroth f includes wa se commissio th n di e Captaith f no f Edin no - burgh Castle. have W e spoken hithert Eegalie th f oo arestrictee onlth n yi d meaning of the word, but no small degree of interest must of necessity attach to those numerous other jewels and valuables which at one time formed e content th e jeweth f so l hous f Scotlando e e miserlTh . y leaningf o s Jame collectins hi s o t IIIt onld gno .le y great quantitie f golso d coin, but many other interesting and curious articles. After Sauchieburn no doubt treasure mucth f ho e disappeared everd an , y effort faile recoveo dt r more tha nsmala l portio . it Stilf no l some things there were, lik foue eth r

mazers of Eobert the Bruce and his sword, recovered from the battlefield Diurnal1 of Occumnts (Bann. Club) . 330p , . THE SCOTTISH REGALIA. 31

of Sauchie, mentione stils da existencn i l e unde foue r Th rJame . sIV mazers and sword are never heard of again. The fatal disaster which close furthe o reigt s dhi d nle r dispersio e Crow th losd n an si n Treasury. James V.y carefub , l management, lef a well-stocket d jewel house, s treasureit d an s were augmente variouy db s gifts from foreign princes. Bat after his death, the pressing need of funds for the war with England led the Regent Arran to sell the greater part.1 Among the objects of historical interest which were los t thia t mentioy s timema e silvenw a , r gilt cup " quhilk was King Eobert Bruce's," the last of all the of the thino t herd ksa o tha s kingi t I thi. s still existe 1542n di . Again, there were the little golden cups, the basin of agate, the ewer of jasper, and the flago f rock-crystalo n ,e Quee madth r enfo Magdalen whegirla t .nye When the young widowed Queen Mary returned to Scotland, she brought with her many costly jewels, which she had acquired by gift, purchase, or inheritance, during her stay in France. With these were such valuables and plate, as by custom fell to queens of France as widows, d alsan o various articles sent ove n e i 155Regenr th y 6b t Arran, among which was included a richly jewelled dagger, the gift of Francis I. to his son-in-law James V. This valuable weapon is last heard of in 1566, in the hands of Lord Ruthven, who took it to England when flee h d there aftee murdeth r f Riccioo r n inventorA l .thes al f eo y treasures is extant, and they include the Great Harry, a large diamond set in gold, with a gold chain and large ruby attached, which was a gift to Mary from f HenrFranceo . r II father-in-lawy he , . This valuable gem became one of the chief among the crown jewels of Scotland. The next inventor e possesyw s madswa e probabl t n i 1562yi d an , includes variou itemw sne s redeeme r purchaseo d e queenth n y I b d. 1566, Mary made her will, and her bequests serve to show us of what her jewels consisted r althougfo , wile hth l itsel s losti f happa , y accident discovered, among som paper Registew e ela th n si r House thirty-five years ago, the testamentary inventory of the jewels once appended to it. The Great Harry again appears bequeathed for ever to the Crown of Scotland, with other choice diamonds, e pearls th d rubies t an ,Bu . dispersion was soon to begin. In 1566, the gold font, sent by Queen 1 Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland, vol. ii. p. 608. 2 3 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , DECEMBE , 18899 E .

Elizabet e baptisth r h fo f Mary' mo s infant son s melte,wa d dowd an n coined to raise troops against the revolt she well knew her marriage with Bothwell was sure to excite. Mary was, a few weeks later, a prisone Lochlevenn ri r jewelhe d shandConfedee e an wer, th th f n ei so - rate Lords, who at once coined more than 1300 ounces of the plate. The Eegent Murray, by the queen's urgent request, reluctantly took the jewel keepingn sow int s trus oa ,hi t faithfull no t d whicdi ye h fulfil . Ere many months had passed, the finest pearls had been sold to Elizabeth Murrad an ; y soon attempte e selo diamonds,e dt th th l y b t bu earnest entreat f Maryo y e Englisth , h quee s inducenwa interposeo dt , and they were saved. .Fine jewels also were disposed of by Kirkaldy of Grange in defence of the Castle, but a good many of these were re- covered afterwards. Meanwhile it had been discovered that the Great Harr beed yha n Eegene giveth y nb t Murra wifes hi o ,y t and, supported by the Earl of Argyle, her second husband, she could not be induced to . givAgaiup t eagaii d nan n Elizabeth vainly interposeds t laswa a t t i t bu , surrendered to the Eegent Morton. The Great Harry went to England with James VI., and its large diamond was taken to form part of a yet more splendid jewel Mirroe th , f Grearo t Britain, which share e fatdf th o e Englise th h Eegalia under Cromwell e crownsunioe th Th f no . factn i , , form e histor close minoe th s th f th e o f yo r article Scottise th f so h Eegalia. f Jameo Beyon. t anen sVI Ac coronatioe n th tda n oath, which should perhaps be mentioned, there is nothing of any moment to tell concerning Eegalie th a unticoronatioe come th w l o et f Charleno t Holyrooda . sI n ,o 18th June 1633. " There is," says Sir Walter Scott, " a constant tradi- tion, t ablfo no producro et e whicar e distinchea w writter o t n authority, that Charle desiresI. havd to crow ethe Scotlannof dLondo sento tup nto s coronatio usee hi b n di n there t thi,bu s having been decline Scote th y -db tish Privy Council, as contrary to the law of the kingdom., he was induced to undertake a journey to Scotland in order to be there crowned king." On this occasion there was most lavish expenditure by the nobility, and the ceremonial was elaborate and solemn. The selection of Holyrood wa face s probablth t o that e t ydu Scon e n ruinschurci s t leasa ,wa h t the old historic one, but it may also have been influenced by sinister recollections of the Gowrie Conspiracy. The Eegalia took their part in THE SCOTTISH BEGALIA. 33

proceedinge th f yoreo s a s. Muc ceremoniae th hn i ther s f thaeo wa l t day which seemed rather to recall the customs of France than those of England, though Laud, an Englishman, undoubtedly controlled and super- intended, if he did not actually regulate everything. It may be, however, as a writer in the Scottish Review has suggested, that this peculiarity arose from followin e examplth g f Queeo e n Mary's coronation, when many French ideas might be expected to prevail. detaileA d accoun whole th f eo t ceremon s beeyha n preservee th n di r JameSi MSS f o s . Balfour Lyoe th , e thun ar Kin se f Armsw o g d an , abl folloo et w precisel pare yth t Regaliae take th kine y nb Th g .staye d during the night preceding in Edinburgh Castle, whence the procession Holyrooo t starto t s .dwa In the morning Charles, clad in a Prince's robe, and, to judge by the coronation pieces, wearing the Order of the , entered the Presence Chamber, from accompanies whicwa e e Greah th y tb dChamberlai n (Duke of Lennox), the Lord High Constable (), and the Earl Marischall, into the Great Hall of Edinburgh Castle, where the Peers, Bishops, and Deputies of the Commons who were to take part in the procession were already assembled. At this time also there must have appeared the Peers bearing the various insignia of royalty. The procession was on horseback, an idea perhaps suggested by the usual riding Parliamentf so . First cam Baronse eth , Bishops, Viscounts, e ordeth rn i namedo d precedetw x an d ,si an d y Earls b dan o tw , trumpeter n i scarles d goldan t . Kext followe e Archbishopth d f o Glasgow (Lindsay) Eare ,th f Haddington o l , Lord Privy Eare th f , o l Morton, Lord Treasurer, the , Lord Chancellor, various heraldic dignitaries Bishoe th , f Moraypo , Lord High Almonerr Si d an , James Balfour, Lord Lyon . Then the Regalia in this order,—the spurs borne by the , the sword borne by the Ear f Buchano l e sceptrth , e e Ear bornf th Rothes o ly b e e crowth , n e Marquibornth y b e f Douglasso , supporte e Greas righth hi y n tb tdo Constable, and on his left by the Great Chamberlain and the Earl Marischall. Immediately after the crown came the king himself. Arrived at Holyrood d dismountinan , g unde a crimsor n velvet canopy, Charles c VOL. xxiv. 34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 9, 1889.

advanced to the west door of the Chapel Eoyal, and was there met "by the Archbishop of St Andrews and the other prelates who were to take part in the religious ritual. They were robed in violet silk cassocks, white rochets coped an ,f clot so f goldho . Afte shora r t sermoe th y nb preache chapele th f kine o r th , g proceeded int chapele oth ascended an , d the platform prepared for the occasion; but he took his seat on the throne, which, as has been pointed out in the article already referred to, was "direca clearese th t mosf d violatioo an te t fundamentaon f no l rules upon which the old coronation rituals are constructed, viz., that the sovereign mus t occupno t e thronyth e solemnls untii e h l y inducted into it maytha it.Be as t" , however kinnobleseatedthe ,the gwas -and , meboro e Regalinth wh e a handed chiee theth fmo t gentlema n usher, by whom they were deposite littla n do e table covered with green velvet lace fringed dan d with gold, whic beed hha n place readinesn di s closo et the south end of the communion table. In England and in the Roman for Regalie mth a were place instancdn a upo e altare b t ny th thie bu ,sma of an attempt to follow some earlier Scottish custom derived originally from France, wher separateea tabl always ewa s used. During a long sermon which followed, the king occupied a chair of state; descending from the platform, to which however he returned, stand- ing up, while he was formally presented to the people by Archbishop Spotswood. After thi l restedsal s wela , l they might, whil e choith e r sang an anthem, and then chanted the 89th Psalm. The singing being over, Charles mad n oblatio a ee communio th t a n n table, whics wa h received by the Archbishop in a golden cup. After a prayer, the king e chaie coronatiowen th th f state o o rd t t an , n oatadministereds hwa . The second part of the proceedings was entirely taken up with the anointing, first introduced into Scotlan bees n 1329di ha n s ,a alread y shown s soo A this s completena . swa e coronatiodth n proper begay nb the of the king with the " Rob Royall," once worn by James IV. This was done at the communion table by the Great Chamberlain. The Gentleman Usher now handed the sword to the Lyon King, and he deliveree Archbishopth o t t d i havin o e altad wh ,th gan rn o lai t di prayed, gave it to the king, on whom it was girded by the Great Constable. At this juncture also the spurs were put on by the Earl THE SCOTTISH KECtALIA. OO

Marischall. Takin s handse crowhi d e th holding th n an i n, , it g Archbishop pronounce dshora t prayer thed ,an n place t upodi n Charles's head. All the Peers down to and inclusive of Viscounts were then summone e a heralplatform th y b do t d , where they tooe oatth f k o h fealty. The was then ungirt by the Great Chamberlain, and placed upon the communion table by the Archbishop, who then place sceptr e e king'th dth n ei s right hand enthroned an , d him.e Th proclamatio e royath f lo n pardon having bee ne Lorth mad dy b e Chancellor, the Archbishops, the Bishops, and then the Barons who had not done homage before, now were called forward in order for that purpose. The king now left the throne, and went to the chair of state, when holy communio celebrateds wa n whole lone th Th gf e.o day' s proceed- ings terminated with a return procession on foot to , Charles wearin e royath g l robd crow d carryinan e an n e sceptreth g , whilst coronation pieces were scattered by the Lord High Almoner, and salvos of artillery rang out from the castle. e beginninth e Scottist th A f go h Civil War n 1637i s e Eegalith , a appear to have been removed from Edinburgh Castle, from some feeling of mistrust, and taken to Dalkeith. Shortly afterwards, according to Spalding, n Aprii 1 l 1639, "the Kingis hous f Dalkeito s s alsowe h Covenanterie th y takeb n i nwhiche th s; ou f o et thay tooe royalth k l ornamenti Croun e crouns th a f c so si ,, suord thamd scepterd ha an , d e an , e Casteltoth f Edinburgho l , quhilk castel alss owe l takee thameb n ni . Thir royall ornamenti s convoyiwe s t befoi d hiddian r n Dalkeith.i n " Baillie also refers to the same matter, but does not seem to have known abou removale th t . The Honours, thus in the hands of the Covenanters, were used at the assemblin f Parliamengo n Augusi t t following, when they were borne before the Earl of Traquair, the Commissioner. " The Parliament is l sittifensital d s douan , n order,ni " add narratoe th s f theso r e events;2 s evidentlwa e h t y bu shocked beyond measur t whaa e t followed when it reassembled after adjournmen Junn o t e 11, 164sayse h r 0, ;"fo whilk

1 Memorialls of the Trubles, Spalding Club, vol. i. p. 158, 2 Ibid., . 228p . 36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBEE 9, 1889.

da e parliameny th beinm cu gt doun sa t e wantin e Kin gan r Como g - missioner, quhairof the like wes never seen in the Christean worlde. .... Suppose no mentioun of that Parliament is amongis the imprinted actis, aluayes thair is about 39 actis maid up be this president (Robert Lord Burghlie thrid an )e estatis forsaidis without King, commissoner, croun, suord or scepter—uncouth to sie."1 t I look s thouga s e Eegalith h d oncha ae more changed handsr fo , after the defeat of Charles at Newburn, General Ruthven, despairing of succour, surrendered Edinburgh Castle, " quhairin the royall ornamentis e crounoth f , viz. croun, suor d scepteran d surelis we , e keepit."2 This wan 15to s h September 1640 d "than ,e Honours" remainee th n i d possessio Presbyteriae th f no n party during those eventful years, which embraced the brief but brilliant campaign of Montrose, the surrender of the king to the Scots, and his execution on 30th January 1649. During this tim e Loreth d Treasurer accordancn i , e wit e regulahth r practicecustode Honoure th th d f yo ha , s deposite Edinburgn di h Castle. here b ey explainema t I d that this hig hofficiae officeth s l wa rcustodia f no these royal insignia, except during the sittings of Parliament, when the Earls Marischall wer e responsibleth e guardians. After each sitting they were formally restored to the of the Lord Treasurer. Evidence of this custo Acts founi th f Parliament o sn d i . Thus referenceo t s it occur in the proceedings of the sittings at Edinburgh on May 15, and again on July 5, 1650, and at Perth, November 26 and December 30, 1650, and on 13th March 1651. We quote the last:—"The L[ord] M[arquis] of Argyll, for himselff and in name of the remanent Com- missioneri e Thesurarieth f o s exhibeitd di , n fac i tf Parliamen o e e th t Honouris, vize crounth . , scepter swordd an ,d thairupo an , n askit instru- mentis, whiche wer delyvered to the L. of Scottiscraig in name of the E. Marchell, to be keepit by him during this Sessione of Parliament." Agai n 31so n t March 1651 a Parliamen t n i Perth,a d an , t helt a d Stirling y 165123rMa d , when presents Charlewa . II ,s similar for- malities were observed. "When therefore Unioth e Regalit th na e a were returned froma Scottish Parliamen lase th e tCrow r th timfo te o t enth s Roomwa t i , 1 Memorialls Trubles, e oth f . 286 p vol . j . . 2 Ibid., . 340p . THE SCOTTISH REGALIA. 37

Treasurer-Depute who granted the receipt, and since then it has come to pass with quite correct historic sequence, as will be explained later on, that they have been entruste e officer e th Commis th y f state db o sw no , - sioner keepinr sfo e Regalia gth e custod e Queen'th th o t , f Lord yo san d Treasurer's Remembrancer, the only existing representative of the ancient Scottish " Commissioneri e Thesaurarie.th f o s " Similarl thio y t y da s n Englani Regalie dth befor y ae Towe da kepth placee e n i tth ar r n do a coronatio e custod Death e th n n i f "Westminsterf no yo representins ,a g Abbote th whon i , m that honourable privileg formerls ewa y vested. Hitherto crown, sceptre sword d regularlan , ha d y gonee bacth o t k Castle of Edinburgh on the termination of the sittings of Parliament; but events were travelling too fast against the of Charles II. for that " strength" to be regarded much longer as secure. The anxiety of those responsible was brought to a climax by the Battle of Dunbar d Septembe3r n o , r 1650 d seve,an n weeks later Edinburgh Castle was taken by the English, but not " the Honours," which must have been promptly removed. Where they were preserved in this t beeintervano ns recordedha l s thea t y bu ,appea e coronatioth t a r t na t SconJanuary1s n o ee variou th t 1651a sd sittingan , f Parliamenso t until June 6 in that year, they were no doubt in charge of the Earl Marischall during the whole of that time, at Perth and Stirling cer- tainlperhapsd an y; s Charlea , . visiteII s d Dunnottar Castl 24tn o e h February 1651, it is not an improbable surmise that this castle may have been the resting-place of the Honours between the Sessions of Parliament. This coronation of Charles II., even beyond the interest which centres around it otherwise, was the last at Scone, and the last in Scotland. The ancient Abbey Church, however, had been burned in 1559, and the first Lord Stormoiit, after removing the ruins, built a small new church ie Motn th 1624f eo Hill p n thi,I to upo .s e kirth ne ceremon th k y took place.1 A procession was formed from the Palace, when " the noblemen and commissioneris of barons and burrowis accompanyed his majestie to the kirk of Scone, in ordour and rank according to their spurree th ; o s beintw qualitied gan carrie Erie o Eglintounf th e o ,tw y db , 1 Describe Nicoll'n di s Diary (Bann. Club.) . 42-47pp , . 8 3 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , DECEMBE , 18899 R .

nixt the sword by the Erie of Rothes, the scliepter by the Erie of Crawfurd Lindsay e Marquee crouth th y d nb f Argylan ,so l immediatlie befoi e king. churchtolde e th beerd ar Th ha ," e n w ,dul y preparer fo d occasione th , thoug t limited spacbu e s hplatformth A ewa . , with another platform upo , whereone it throne th s beed nwa ha ,n placed, probabln yi e middlchurche th th tapestrd f eo an , y hung roun e wallsth d . There was also a table " quhairon the honores wer laid, and ane chyre set in a fitting place for heiring of a sermovind." Charles accordingly heard the sermon thed an n, signe e covenantth d , and tooe coronatioth k n oath. t thiA s junctur rite f unctioeth eo n would have falleadministerede b o nt , but it. had been resolved to dispense with that portion of the usual cere- mony, possibly from some recollectio s Popishit f no origi n Scotlandni . Accordingly, the Lord Chamberlain simply divested Charles of his princely robe, and replaced it by the royal one. " Thaireftir the king being e nortbrochchyre th th n he kirkeo o t tsydth e swor f s th , o e we d brocht be Sir William Cockburne of Langtoun, gentilman usher, from the table, and delyverit to the Lyoun King at Airmes, quho giveth it to the Lord Great Constable, quho putteth the same in the handis of the king saying, ' Sir, resave this kinglie swor r defence faith,dfo th f o e' . ." . &c . .Charle s handed bac Greaswore e kth th o tdt Constable o wh , girded it upon him, and the king then sitting down in the chair, the Earl Marischall put on the spurs. The Marquess of Argyll now took s handscrowe hi th remained n ni an , d holdin t i gwhil a suitable - ex e hortation was delivered by one of the ministers who officiated, after which e placeh t di upo e king'th n s head, whereo e Lyoth n n Kin f Armgo s " causit ane herald to call the haill noblemen, ane by ane, according to their rankis, quho cuming befoi e kingth r , kneelin twitchind an g e gth croun on the kingis heid, sweir these wordis—' By the eternall and mychtie God leaveto wh ,regnetd han everr hfo I ,sai y l m suppor o t e y t utermest.' " When all had done homage, the Earl Marischall and the Lyon Kin f Armgo s proclaimed froe fouth mr cornere stagth e ef th o s oath obligatory on the people, who took it holding up their hands. At this time the nobility and the Lyon King all put on their . The Lord Chancellor next ungir swore th t d fro king'e mth s side havind an , g drawn it, handed it back to Charles, who gave it to the Great Constable TH9 E3 SCOTTISH KEGALIA.

carriee tob d naked before himEare f CrawforTh o l. d then placee dth sceptre in the royal hand, and the king ascending the stage was enthroned by the Marquess of Argyll. Anothei clerical exhortation followed a proclamatio d an , f freno e pardonse kinth gd exhibitean , d himself to the people at the door of the church. One most curious feature day'th f so e ceremonie occurrew e sno th n di proclamatio e royath f l o ngenealog y bac Ferguo t k e Firstth s . This was done by the Lyon King of Arms, and recalls to memory the Celtic day Scottisf so h history, rather tha lase nth t coronatio kingdoe nth s mha witnessed. Further swearin e Lordf fealtgth o y syb followed, arid the nsermona , which e worde chroniclerjudgo t th th , f y seo b , must haveO beeH f o n ordinary length— exhortatioue "th sumthins nwe g lairge. singine Th " g 20te oth f h Psalblessina d man g terminate ceremonye dth kine th gd ,an returned agai solemn i n processio Palace th o Sconef nt eo . f Juno h e 6t Wit1651 e hth , there open a sromanti c episode th n ei history of the Scottish Regalia, highly honourable to the devotion and fortitude of two brave men, and two equally courageous women. On that Parliamente day th lase f ,th o t , were " instrumenti. E se takith e nb Marchell upon the productione of the Honouris with his desyre represented Parliamene th o t t thae samth t e mighpar m f securitie o putsu e t b t n i t . His Majestie and Parliament ordanes the said Erie of Marchell to caus transport the saidis Honouris to the hous of Dunnottor, thair to be tilm keepil hi farthe y b t r ordouris." The s Earlyin wa la prisone g e ordee Towers th th wa t rn i rbu , immediatel s representativesyhi carriey b t Eegalie dou th d aan , conveyed to Dunnottar. This ancient stronghold of the Keith family is perched upon a lofty rock projecting into the German Ocean, from the precipitous coast of e authorit saids th i n t o ,I f certai.o y n Keith papers, e thirteentth f o d thahen tcentur e prioth o e parist r yth h churcd an h graveyard occupied the space on the summit of the rock, and that Sir William Keith then built n tower, and rebuilt the church on a more suitable site, obtaining a Papal bull to sanction the change. The natural f greapositioo e t on strength s ni d befor an ,e day artiller. th e sof t ymusi t 0 4 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , DECEMBE , 18899 R .

have been nearly impregnable, because on three sides the rock descends sheer inte seath o , whils tremendoua t s lane chasth dn msido e permits access to the gate only by a narrow and steep path. To George Ogilvy of Barras, an officer who had seen service abroad, e commanth s entruste e Eardwa th ly b Marischalld , wit e titlhth f eo Lieutenant-Governor t onlbu , ymeagra e garriso men0 4 f lieutenant,a no , and two sergeants. To provision even such a small force for a siege strained Ogilvie's powere utmost th d fro o t Ai sm . withou e vainlh t y sought fro e Committemth f Estateseo practicall d falo t an , l d bacha ke yh upon wha coule h t d draw fro e Keitmth h estateneighbourhoode th n si . The English Parliamentary forces advanced so rapidly that the Com- mitte f Estates eo t Aberdeen a w no , , became apprehensiv e safetth r yfo e of the Honours in Dunnottar, and on 31st August 1651, wrote, suggesting their removal, and offering to send a representative to receive them, but governoe th r woul t givdno e the . mAgainup 10tn o , h Septembere th , Committee, dating their letter " Frome Westend Lochtay," desired Lord Balcarras to take steps for the preservation of the Regalia, but the letter t specificallno d di y authoris receivo t m ehi e the givd m fulan ea l discharge, so Ogilvie declined to recognise it as a sufficient warrant for delivery. He required a warrant from the Committee of Estates, with an exonera- Eare th tio lo nt Marischal same himselfo t th d t e A timlan .pointee eh d oue inadequacth t e resourceth f yo s availabl defence th r f Duneo fo e - nottar d urge an ,e necessit dth r furtheyfo r supplieincreasn a d f san o e the garriso0 men10 .o t n Lord Balcarras n llto , h October, senr Si t Arthur Eorbes with a letter authorising him to give a receipt for the Honours; but Governor Ogilvie still held to his ground, and wrote to Lord Chancellor Loudoun to the same effect as before. The in his reply practically summed up the position. " I conceive," he says, " thatruse th t t committe e saf th youo ed t d custod,e an th f yo things under your charge, did require that victual, a competent number of stout and honest soldiers, and all other necessaries, should have been castle hazardth y beeen d an i provided befort ha n nd i s u pu an ; ed yo an , goon i e db conditionu i yo ftimel n ca r thau o y, yo tsuppl y yourself with all necessaries, and the place be tenable against all attempts of the enemie, I doubt not but you will hold out. But if you want provisions, sogers, TH1 E4 SCOTTISH EEGALIA.

and ammunition, and cannot hold out at the assaults of the enemie, whic hardlye b feares hi u thoughd yo ed an f i cannopersewedu ; yo te do t , I kno hetteo wn r expedient than thae Honour th tCroune th f e so b e speedily d saifiian e e transporte o somt d e remot d stronan e g castlr o e hold in the Highlands, and I wish you had delivered them to the Lord Ballcarras desires Committee th wa y s db a , I kno o f Estated eo w r no s: any better way for preservatione of the thingis, and your exoneration; and it will be an inexpressible lose and shame if these thingis shall be taken by the enemie, and very dishonourable for yourself. So having granted you the best advice I can at present, I trust you will with all care and faithfulness be answerable, according to the trust committed to you." By Novembe e Englisth r h weragaie 8thd th t an n hand,ea o n O . e 22ndth , Ogilv summones ywa e Parliamentarth y b d y commandero t s surrender Dunnottar, which, they said', he held for the Earl Marischall, the proprietor, who had himself submitted. His refusal was emphatic, and accompanied by a declaration that he held the Castle for the king, bd yan commission fro s Majestymhi s positionHi . , however, became more and more critical, and the Governor wrote to Charles II. on 20th suggesd Decemberan , removae in th t s straite f pointh wa o o lt , t e sh ou t Honoure th seat y nothinb s bu , g really coul e donedb , and, beyone dth encouragement of a letter written by the king on a scrap of paper and smuggled into the castle, Ogilvie remained unaided. responsibilite Th y lai dcustodias a upo e Honourm th nhi f no s pressed heavily on the Governor, who could see no way out of the difficulty. At this crisis, a scheme for the removal of these royal emblems was devised by his wife, in concert with Christian Fletcher, wife of the Eev. James Granger, ministe f Kinneffo r a neighbourin, g parish e DowageTh . r Countess Marischall was either privy to the plot, or as seems perhaps more likely mads wa , e awar t veri f eo y shortly afterwards Granges Mr . r obtained leave from the English commander to visit the Governor's wife, and without Ogilvie's knowledge, the Kegalia were entrusted to her, and boldl e castleth y e crowf taketh o , t nnou e concealeth r lapd he an , n di swor sceptrd dan bundlen i e f flaso x carrie serving-womana y db s Mr . Grange walo t d k ha rfro e gatalond m th e an narroe gth w steep pato ht 2 4 PKOCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , DECEMBE , 18899 R .

her house, passing through the English camp without suspicion, though the politeness of the General, who himself assisted her to mount, increase e ris f dth discoveryko . She, however, 'rode quietly away with her treasure. The very boldness and simplicity of the plot had ensured its success, and the were saved ! They were lodged first, it is said, in the bottom of a bed at the manse unti r Grangen opportunitM a l d ha r r buryinfo y g them secureln i y Kinneff Church e accounTh .f theio t r concealmenn i m gives hi i t y b n an acknowledgment grante e Countesth o t d s Marischal 31sn o l t March 1652 :—"I, Mr James Granger, minister at Kinneff, grant me to have in my custod e Honour yth e Kingdomth f o s , viz. e crounth , , sceptred an , sword. For the croun and sceptre I raised the pavement-stone just before the pulpit, in the night tyme, and digged under it ane hole, and put the mholetheree n i laye d th filled an p , an ,du d dou stone nth e just befores removewa d at si an , moule dth d that remained, that none would have discerne stone dth havo et e been raise e swor t alla Th d .d again, e churchth f o e ,wes d amongsth en t t a t some common saits that stand there, I digged down in the ground betwixt the twa foremost of these saits, and laid it doun within the case of it, and covered it up, as that removin e superfluouth g s moiil discernee t di coulb t d no anybody y b d ; and if it shall please God to call me by death before they be called for, your ladyship will find the mthan i t place." Wit removae hth e Eegali th f o l loaa d must have been e taketh f nof Governoe minds th wife t hi likf o d bu sbrav,a e an r e soldie e stilh r l continue o holt d d out d tha,an t notwithstandin a gwarran t froe mth Earl Marischall, who had submitted to the Commonwealth. At length, however beinn ,o g granted highly honourabl advantageoud ean s termsn o , 4th June 1652, Ogilvie surrendered. One of the articles of capitulation provided—" That the Croun and Scepter of Scotland, together with all other ensigns of Eegallitie, be delivered to mee, or a good account thearof, for the use of the Parliament, &c." Bitter was the disappointment and great the wrath of the besiegers on findin Regalie gth acoule gonewhithery on dsa o ex-Governoe n , Th . r was mulcted in heavy fines, on the ground of his having violated the" TH3 E4 SCOTTISH REGALIA.

terms of the capitulation, and both he and his wife were rigorously imprisoned hope th f extortineo n i , g some information t thougbu , s hMr Ogilvie gradually sandied kan d fro r e effecttreatmentmth he f r o s he n i , last words she adjured her husband never to reveal the secret entrusted s GrangeMr d ran escapr M ed t odi withou himr No . t their sharf o e suspicion d evesais i an f ill-usage ,t dno i l availeal t bu ,d nothinge Th . Parliamentarians could obtain no clue, and after a time Cromwell gave up the search in despair, and allowed Ogilvie to be set at liberty. It seems probabl s ultimatele wa tha e h t y deceive rumoua y db r spreay b d the Countess Marischall, to the effect that her younger son Sir John Keith had carried the Eegalia safely with him to France ; and as he had gone abroatime th et d a the y disappearedf probo r ai - n a store d th , yha ability, which was strengthened by letters from Keith himself expressing his satisfaction at having preserved these royal emblems. He was imprisoned on his return, and then by a pretended confession of having delivere Honoure dth Charleo st t Paris a . sII , still further confirmee th d story. At the the Countess Marischall at once hastened to court to impart the secret to King Charles II., and to claim for herself and r youngewhole he th n e so rcredi f havino t g preserve e Honourdth s from destruction, whilst Ogilvie similarl claim n t forwarypu ow recom o st s dhi - pens rewardd e an s ofteA .n happen sucn si h cases e royath , l favous wa r shown to those whose rank and influence commanded most attention, rathe e rbrav th tha o et n Governor himself. e emptOgilvith d y ha e honour baronetcya f so n augmentea , d blazo f changa armsno d an n ,i e the feudal tenure of his estate of Barras from wardholding to blench; wherea e Honourablth s r JohSi e n Keit creates hwa d Ear f Kintoro l e and Knight Marischall, with a yearly salary of £400. The , by an Act passed on llth January 1661, awarded to Mrs Granger two thousand merks, " as a testimony of their sense of her service " in preserving the Honours of the kingdom. Between the Marischall family and Sir George Ogilvy a bitter quarrel ensued, each claiming the whole merit of the transaction. Upon this we need only remark, that Sir John Keith took no part himself in the actual rescue doubtfus thai d t an i ,t l whethe e Countessth r s motherhi , , 4 4 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , DECEMBE , 18899 R .

knew of it until it had been safely effected; while, on the other handj both Sir George and his wife were active agents in the matter, and suffered severely for what they had done, even to the sacrifice of the poor lady's life. The belt belonging to the sword of state, though not now in the Crown Eoom, has been preserved. It was found carefully concealed in e hous th e wal f Barrath f eo o l s long after these eventss adornei t I . d with emblems wrough n silver-gilti t similad an , thoso t r e appearing on e scabbar th e swordth A f reli o f d.thi o c s kind, undoubtedle th y propert Crowne th f yo , should surel claimee yb d fro presene mth t holders, and restored to the Crown Eoom, to take its place beside the Honours of which it forms a part. This history of the Honours after the Eestoration is resumed by an entr Nicoll'sn i y Diary r Decemberfo 1660 :—"These thrie auncient Honores of the , viz. the croun, the schepter, and the sword, being miracolouslie preserve e Eri f th Marschel o ey s b dhi d an l brethir brochr thame b e we , th n o i Edinburgtet t a f o maie b e dus o ht doun e sittinaprocheinth f o g g Parliament . 312)(p " . They hadt ,i appears from the records of Parliament, been given up to the Countess Marischal r producinhe n o l warrana g t fro e Kinmth g orderino t r ghe deliver them to the Earl, her son. Whe e Scottis th n1662y Ma Eegalie h , th h Parliamen8t an o t me t were broxigh o that t t high court t "d thaia an , r doun cuniine th a gfr Castell the cannonnes were lowsit and dischargit " (p. 366). So again, at the adjournment on 15th September of the same year, the Diary quaintly tells how they " wer convoyit up to the Castell of Edinburgh in the Commissioneris koach led with sex horses, .... trumpettis e Castele entrisoundingth th d resaif t eo a an l f thesd o t an , e Honores cannonee th s roring." Again 17tn ,o h June 1663 :—Honoree "Th r swe with all reverence brocht doun fra the Castell to the Parliament Hous with a gair horsebacn do atteno kt d them . 392) " (p afterward d an ; s they were taken back to the Castle in a " kotche " with like honourable convoy. Similar ceremon s observeywa d wheneve e Eegalith r a were brought fro e Castlmth r restoreeo t durini o dt ge succeedin eacth f ho g Scottish TH5 E4 SCOTTISH REGALIA.

Parliaments untio t yeae d th l ren 1707 n Uniof a o t t , npu wheAc e nth these time-honoured customs. Durin e e wholseventeentth gth f eo h century, indeed e dowth o nt Union e curiouth , s procession, styled Rydine Parliament,e "th th f o g " was regulate ordery e Privdb th f yso Council, showing tha e Kegalith t a took thei re exampleorder e placdu On n .ei e e ,orde th th tha n f i ro t year 1600, will suffice to illustrate what this "ryding" was. The Commissioner f "so Burrowi s " came first, next thos f "eo Barronis, " then untitled officers of state, followed by ecclesiastics, and peers in due order of precedence. The various heraldic officials were placed immediately in front of " the sword, the sceptour, and the croun immediatlie befoir his hienes persoun," and all are described as wearing " futmantillis," or long mantles reachin grounde th o gt . To the discussions which preceded the Union not a little acrimony was adderepora y b d t tha e Honourth t s takee werb o Englando nt et , and in order to guard against any such attempt, the following article was introduced inte Treatth o y :—" Tha e crounth t , sceptre d sworan , f o d state, record f Parliamento s , &c., continu kepe b thes o a withite t e yar n that part of the now called Scotland; and that they shal remai o l times l al n nsi coming, notwithstandin Union.e s gi th t I " but just to add that no opposition was raised to this amendment. t lasA n 16to t h January 1707 Treate th , f Unioo y solemnls wa n y ratifie d touchean d d wit e e Earsceptr th th hf Seafield o l y b e , Lord Chancellor, who, when handin e clerkt gi bacth o entirelo t s k, y forgot the gravity and significance of the occasion as to say, " There is an n aula en df d o sang." Basd slightinan e g words, uttered perhapt a s random t sinkinbu , g e heart deeth a prou n f d bravi pso an d e people. These Honours were indee outware dth visibld an d e sig f thano t inde- pendenc r whicefo h Scotlan courageouslo s lono d s gan y foughtn i d an , the somewhat one-sided bargain that was being made, no words should have been heard in a Scottish Parliament to derogate from the respect du suco et h memories. The Regalia were on the last adjournment of a Scottish Parliament under formal instruments handed over by William Wilson, an under- clerk of Session Depute, as procurator for the Earl Marischall, to the 46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 9, 1889.

Lord Treasurer-Depute. The Earl at the same time reserved his hereditary right to the care of the Eegalia at all times, whether Parlia- men sittins wa t notr go claia , m which history doe t appeasno justifyo t r . e protesteH d that they e removeshoulb t no d d froe Crowmth n Room s successorshi r Wilsonr withouo M e th d m e noticn an hi i ;,du t o t e course protestth f eo , gav lonea g descriptio Eegaliae th f no , wit hmosa t preposterous estimat f theieo r value. Thus the Honours of Scotland, on 26th March 1707, were locked up in the oak chest in the Crown Boom, secured under bolt and bar, and lef silenco t t seemind ean g oblivion for more that no ncenturya s i t I . surprising that after a while, when nothing was heard of them, and they had vanished from public sight, suspicions arose that the provisions of the Treaty of Union had been quietly ignored, and the Eegalia surreptitiously remove o Englandt d r WalteSi . r Scott mentionsa s a , circumstance likely to enhance this feeling, that a crown was shown in the jewel office of the Tower as that of Scotland. At present no such crown is shown, and no trace of it can be obtained; but, whatever it was, e crowth f t Scotlando n no certainl s t I woulwa . t i yd seem almost incredible that any Government could perpetrate such an act of senseless folly in the teeth of a solemn and friendly treaty, but after had been carried off to the Tower, for no earthly purpose but to show official power, Scotsmen believed them capabl f doineo g anything. As years rolle y thesb d e feelings cease t a leasd o fint t d audible expression e Crowth d nan , Eoom remaine o absolutels d y uncarer fo d wels s treasurethawa it l t i t s wer t liableno rusto et mothr o , decayr o , . A question, however, arose in 1794, regarding some missing records, e chancth anf n theio o ed r having been deposite e well-nigth n i d h forgotten chamber, the doors were opened under a royal warrant. The search was fruitless, but there stood the great oak chest known to have been the receptacle of the Eegalia in 1707. As the warrant gave the Commissioners no power to open this, it remained undisturbed, and with additional precautions once more the Crown Eoom was locked and secured. At length in 1817, by the urgent efforts of Sir Walter Scott and others who felt a deep interest in the inquiry, King George IV. was THE SCOTTISH EEGALIA. 47

induce issuo dt warran s Scottise M th o t t h Officer f Stateo s certaid an , n public officials, includin r WaltegSi r himself o opet , Crowe nth n Eoom and search for the Eegalia. We cannot do Letter than quote the words of the Wizard of the North himself, when fired by a generous and romantic enthusiasm he describes the scene :—" The chest seemed to return a hollow and empty sound to the strokes of the hammer, and even those whose expectations had been most sanguine felt at the moment the probability of disappointment, and could not but be sensible that, shoul searce resule th dth f ho t confirm these forebodings t i woul, d only serv shoo et w tha nationaa t l affron injurd beean d t yha n sustained, for which it might be difficult, or rather impossible, to obtain any redress. The joy was therefore extreme when, the ponderous lid of the chest being forced open, at the expense of some time and labour, the Eegalia were discovered bottoe lyinth t ga m covered with linen cloths, exactls ya thebeed yha n lef thn i te year 1707. ... rejoicine generao s Th . s gwa l and sincere as plainly to show that, however altered in other respects, the people of Scotland had lost nothing of that national enthusiasm which formerly had displayed itself in grief for the loss of these emblematic r theiexpresses fo wa y rHonours w jo recovery. n no di d an , " Following on the report of the Commissioners, another royal warrant was issued on 8th July 1818, appointin e Officergth f Stato s e Commissionere th r sfo keepin e Eegaliath f y virtugs o powersB it .f e o r Ada Si , m Ferguson was appointed keeperHonoure th d f an ,Scotlan o s d have been opeo nt public inspection since that date havd an , e been visite vasy db t numbers of persons. In 1838, the separate office of keeper was abolished, and e custode Crowth th f o yn Eoom entruste e Queen'th o d Lort d an sd Treasurer's Eemembrancer. Our historical narrative might seem incomplete were no reference othee madth o ret minor articles which have more recently been placed besid Honoursthe e . Thes threare e numberin e . First Greathe , t Georg e Collae Orderd Garterth th ean f f o o r ;t Andre S next e th f ,w o the , and, lastly, a Eing said to have been used at e coronatioth Charlef no . I s They were all kep Englandn i t whed an , n James VII. fled in 1688, he took them with him to France. Long years afterwards his grandson Henry, Cardinal of York, restored them 48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 9, 1889.

gracefully to George the Third, who had considerately granted him a pension when ruined by the . Scotlant beeno ns sloha d o takwt e full advantag e benefitth f o e s derived from the Act of Union, though the lion's share fell to her wealthy neighbour, but in so doing she has also preserved intact the greatnes f thaso t national spirit, which through long centuries serveo t d maintai r independencenhe presence th powerfue n th i , f eo l sister king- dom. That spiri wits i t nows hu . Her Scotlandn i e , among Scotsmen, we know full well no man will gainsay us when we affirm, that these venerable relics, curious as they may be to the antiquarian, interesting as e historianth o t the e yar , t highehavye a e r value t deepeye a , r power. It is not the Crown, or the Sceptre, or the Sword that we regard, it is rathe e emblemth r f thao s t spiri f nationao t l independence o markes , d e annalpaste th t breathinth n f i ,ye s o countrr institutions it ou d n gi yan s cherisy ma to-day a e htru W e . affectior " aulou r d fo nennemi ef "o England, and yet with pride recall the patriotism and love of freedom which has raised us from what we were then to what we are now.