DOCSLIB.ORG

STEP Intovolcanology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
STEP Intovolcanology SPONSORED EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS STEP INTO Volcanology LESSON PREP BEFORE YOU BEGIN Prepare for your virtual reality adventure with our tips and guidelines. SET-UP TIPS NAVIGATION TIPS 1. Google Expeditions is a 360-degree experience. The only way students EXPEDITION DETAILS will be able to view the entire scene is by standing and rotating in a When you open an Expedition, you will see a white box with a gray bar full circle while wearing their headsets. Make sure the classroom is on the right side. You can scroll within this box to read more and click prepped for this movement. NOTE: For safety, students should not on the details within the gray bar. Follow the arrows to find the pop-up walk around the room while using the consoles. detail boxes. 2. The first time that you use new technology in a lesson will always take longer than planned, but it will get easier as you and the students RETURN HOME become familiar. If you’re new to bringing VR technology into Return to the home screen by clicking the camera and then the house icon. your lessons, visit edut.to/2kbkBQS for some great tips to help you MAIN NAVIGATION get started. Point your viewer down and a navigation box will pop up. The tools in this 3. Review each Expedition carefully before class so that you are prepared section include: to answer any student questions. ® Arrows: Scroll between different sections (or “scenes”) of an Expedition. ® Camera: Navigate to a menu of all the sections of an Expedition. ® “I”: This opens and closes the text boxes. ® Sound: Turns the sound on/off. GOOGLE EXPEDITIONS Google Expedition The Ring of Fire Pu’u Loa Petroglyphs Google Expedition Volcanoes ® Asia-Pacific ® Holes and Circles Volcanoes Around the World What Is a Volcano? ® Hawaii ® Anthropomorphism Bromo Tengger Semeru ® Magma Chamber ® America Lava Tree State Park National Park ® Lava Volcanoes and the Solar System ® Lava Tree Molds ® Other Nearby Volcanoes ® Cooling ® Olympus Mons ® Lava Tree Inflation ® Mount Bromo ® Earth’s Crust ® Jupiter’s Moons Punalu’u Beach ® Mount Semeru ® Etymology ® Jupiter ® Black Sand Beach ® Hindi Temple Potin What Causes Volcanoes? ® Sun ® Volcanic Basalt Karymsky Volcano ® Rising Magma ® The Caldera ® Earth’s Crust Google Expedition Google Expedition Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Mutnovsky Volcano ® Volcanoes From Tolbachik Volcano ® Massif Melted Crust Kilauea Volcano Summit Tolbachik Volcano ® Ice Cave ® Underwater Volcanoes ® Halema’uma’u Crater ® Plosky Tolbachik ® On the Caldera Rim Erta Ale Volcano Different Stages of Volcanoes ® Ostry Tolbachik ® ® Jaggar Museum The Crater ® Active Volcanoes ® Udina Bolshaya ® The Desert ® Extinct Volcanoes ® Volcanic Plume Elements in an Eruption ® Dormant Volcanoes Sulphur Banks Dallol Volcano ® Gas and Steam ® Acid Pools Volcanic Eruptions ® Sulphur Crystals ® Magma and Lava ® Volcanic Islands ® Limited Vegetation ® Cinders and Ash Kilauea Volcano ® ® Effusive Volcanoes ® Steam Vents ® Cinder Cones Vents and Eruptions ® Danger ® Shield Volcano Kilauea Iki Lava Different Types of Volcanoes ® Frozen Lava Lake ® Fissures and Vents Grimsvoten Volcano ® ® Shield Volcanoes ® Pu’u Pua’i ® Lava Flows The Glacier ® ® Composite Volcanoes ® Rock Piles ® Mud Flows (Lahars) Crater and Chasms ® Strata Volcanoes ® Ohi’a Lehua Plant Reshaping the Land Yellowstone Caldera, ® Caldera Chain of Craters Road ® Lava Flows Yellowstone National Park ® Lava Flows on the Road ® The Caldera Pyroclastic Flow, Lahar, Pumice Why Tolbachik Erupts ® Pyroclastic Flow ® The Pali Mount Elbrus ® Pacific Plate ® Lahar ® Recovering Vegetation ® The Mountain ® Eurasian Plate ® Pumice ® Subduction ® “Ring of Fire” SCHOLASTIC and associated logos are trademarks and/or registered trademarks of Scholastic Inc. All rights reserved. PHOTO CREDITS: SMJoness/iStock (lava) SPONSORED EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS STEP INTO Volcanology VOLCANOES KEY QUESTIONS • What happens when a volcano erupts? • Are all volcanoes shaped like upside-down cones? • How have eruptions changed the surface of Earth? KEY STANDARDS NGSS MS-ESS1-4 Construct an explanation based on evidence for how geoscience processes have changed Earth’s surface at varying time and spatial scales Distribute copies of the Volcanologist’s days. Volcanic activity is the most dramatic TIME Journal activity sheet and review together. and rapid of all the geologic processes that Two 45-minute class periods 4. Separate students into groups of 10 and shape the surface of Earth. MATERIALS distribute one VR console to each group. VR console, Google Expeditions Volcanoes, The first group should spend 10 minutes ELABORATE AND EVALUATE (30 minutes) Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Tolbachik using the Google Expedition to complete 3. Separate students into 10 groups of two Volcano, and Volcanoes Around the World; Part A of the activity sheet while the other or three and redistribute the VR consoles. copies of the Volcanologist’s Journal activity students conduct the online research in Part Explain that each group will collect data sheet; plastic bottle of seltzer water or B. Rotate students until the entire class has from a Google Expedition to show how soda (any size); computer with access to the completed both parts. volcanoes can quickly reshape Earth’s usgs.gov website landscape and climate. Students will take PART B ANSWER KEY turns using the VR console, verbally sharing 1. ® Students should describe the line of what they see with their partners. The volcanoes that ring the Pacific Ocean. non-console partner should take careful, INSTRUCTIONS They should also describe the activity of the specific notes that include volcano names, volcanoes based on the key. ® Unmonitored, locations, and key geographic features that DAY ONE Normal, Advisory, Watch, Warning. ® The the volcano has influenced (e.g., lakes, sand ENGAGE (10 minutes) answer will depend on the current volcano dunes, beaches, craters, mountains, new 1. Start with the following demonstration: activity. ® Students should realize that this is landforms, hot springs, etc.). Hold up a bottle of seltzer or soda. Uncap the eastern side of the “Ring of Fire” and shows 4. Write the following Google Expeditions on it and ask students to predict what will where subduction is taking place along the the board or chart paper and ask each group happen when you put your thumb over the continental and oceanic plate boundaries. to choose one Expedition to take: opening of the bottle and shake it. Ask them 2. ® IRIS shows the global earthquake ® Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (USA) to explain their predictions. Then carry out activity, the USGS map shows volcanoes in ® Tolbachik Volcano (Russia) the demonstration. (Be careful to point the United States. ® Earthquakes are ® Volcanoes Around the World (various locations) the bottle away from the students and be caused by the movement of plates, so 5. Provide 20 minutes for the investigation. prepared to clean up the mess!) earthquakes are often a warning sign of Help students manage their time by 2. Explain that a carbonated drink contains imminent volcanic activity. calling out when they should be rotating carbon dioxide gas (CO2) molecules dissolved 5. Regroup to discuss the experience and (every seven minutes for groups of three). under pressure in the water. The agitation create a class-generated diagram of a caused by shaking the bottle separates volcano on the board or chart paper. FINAL PROJECT some of the gas molecules in the liquid, Explain that many processes, in addition causing them to escape violently along with DAY TWO to volcanoes, can reshape the surface of Earth. molecules of water. Tell students that this EXPLAIN (15 minutes) Brainstorm a list of other forces (e.g., water, illustrates what happens when certain types 1. Discuss these key questions to remind ice, wind, earthquakes, and meteor impacts). of volcanoes erupt. A volcanic eruption students of their investigation Separate students into groups and ask each happens as magma within Earth begins to from the day before: What happens when a to research a region of the United States. rise through the heavier rock above it. This volcano erupts? Are all volcanoes shaped like Each group should create a presentation process creates gas bubbles that exert huge upside-down cones? of captioned images and charts that illustrate amounts of upward pressure, eventually 2. Provide some background regarding the how geologic forces have shaped the forcing molten rock, pieces of hot solid rock, power of volcanoes to reshape the surface of landscape over time. and hot gas up through Earth’s crust. Earth. Explain that it takes millions of years for natural forces to build mountain ranges EXPLORE (35 minutes) and erode canyons. But an erupting volcano 3. Tell students they are going to use a Google can build or destroy large, sometimes Expedition to find out how volcanoes work. massive, structures in a matter of minutes or ADDITIONAL RESOURCES Article: How Do Volcanoes Affect Landforms? bit.ly/2CeojWo PhET Simulation: Plate Tectonics bit.ly/2oonUY9 SCHOLASTIC and associated logos are trademarks and/or registered trademarks of Scholastic Inc. All rights reserved. SPONSORED EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS STEP INTO Volcanology VOLCANOLOGIST’S JOURNAL Volcanoes are some of the most visible landforms on Earth’s surface. However, what we see is the final stage of a long, slow process happening deep within the planet. Take the Google Expedition Volcanoes to find out how these giant structures form and erupt! PART A As you explore, sketch and label the parts of a composite volcano, including a magma chamber, vents, gas, lava, and Earth’s crust. Also sketch a stratovolcano and shield volcano, then note the differences among the three types. COMPOSITE VOLCANO STRATOVOLCANO SHIELD VOLCANO DIFFERENCES AMONG THE THREE TYPES OF VOLCANOES PART B Scientists around the world carefully monitor Earth’s rumblings. Their research helps us predict and prepare for future events. 1. Go to volcanoes.usgs.gov. You are looking at a map of currently active U.S. volcanoes. ® Describe what you see, using details from the legend and key.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Geologic Resources Inventory Report
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Program Center Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park Geologic Resources Inventory Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR—2009/163 THIS PAGE: Geologists have lloongng been monimonittoorriing the volcanoes of Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. Here lalava cascades durduriingng the 1969-1971 Mauna Ulu eruption of Kīlauea VolVolcano. NotNotee the Mauna Ulu fountountaiain in the background. U.S. Geologiogicalcal SurSurvveyey PhotPhotoo by J. B. Judd (12/30/1969). ON THE COVER: ContContiinuouslnuouslyy eruptuptiingng since 1983, Kīllaueaauea Volcano contcontiinues to shapshapee Hawai‘Hawai‘i VoVollccanoes NatiNationalonal ParkPark.. Photo courtesy Lisa Venture/UniversiUniversitty of Cincinnati. Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park Geologic Resources Inventory Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR—2009/163 Geologic Resources Division Natural Resource Program Center P.O. Box 25287 Denver, Colorado 80225 December 2009 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Program Center Denver, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Program Center publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate high-priority, current natural resource management information with managerial application. The series targets a general, diverse audience, and may contain NPS policy considerations or address sensitive issues of management applicability. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner.
    [Show full text]
  • A Dangling Slab, Amplified Arc Volcanism, Mantle Flow and Seismic Anisotropy in the Kamchatka Plate Corner
    AGU Geodynamics Series Volume 30, PLATE BOUNDARY ZONES Edited by Seth Stein and Jeffrey T. Freymueller, p. 295-324 1 A Dangling Slab, Amplified Arc Volcanism, Mantle Flow and Seismic Anisotropy in the Kamchatka Plate Corner Jeffrey Park,1 Yadim Levin,1 Mark Brandon,1 Jonathan Lees,2 Valerie Peyton,3 Evgenii Gordeev ) 4 Alexei Ozerov ,4 Book chapter in press with "Plate Boundary Zones," edited by Seth Stein and Jeffrey Freymuller Abstract The Kamchatka peninsula in Russian East Asia lies at the junction of a transcurrent plate boundary, aligned with the western Aleutian Islands, and a steeply-dipping subduction zone with near-normal convergence. Seismicity patterns and P-wave tomography argue that subducting Pacific lithosphere terminates at the Aleutian junction, and that the downdip extension (>150km depth) of the slab edge is missing. Seismic observables of elastic anisotropy (SKS splitting and Love-Rayleigh scattering) are consistent \Vith asthenospheric strain that rotates from trench-parallel beneath the descending slab to trench-normal beyond its edge. Present-day arc volcanism is concentrated near the slab edge, in the Klyuchevskoy and Sheveluch eruptive centers. Loss of the downdip slab edge, whether from thermo-convective or ductile instability, and subsequent "slab-window" mantle return flow is indicated by widespread Quaternary volcanism in the Sredinny Range inland of Klyuchevskoy and Sheveluch, as well as the inferred Quaternary uplift of the central Kamchatka depression. The slab beneath Klyuchevskoy has shallower dip (35°) than the subduction zone farther south (55°) suggesting a transient lofting of the slab edge, either from asthenospheric flow or the loss of downdip load.
    [Show full text]
  • Poroelastic Responses of Confined Aquifers to Subsurface Strain And
    Solid Earth, 6, 1207–1229, 2015 www.solid-earth.net/6/1207/2015/ doi:10.5194/se-6-1207-2015 © Author(s) 2015. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Poroelastic responses of confined aquifers to subsurface strain and their use for volcano monitoring K. Strehlow, J. H. Gottsmann, and A. C. Rust School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK Correspondence to: K. Strehlow ([email protected]) Received: 11 May 2015 – Published in Solid Earth Discuss.: 9 June 2015 Revised: 18 September 2015 – Accepted: 21 October 2015 – Published: 10 November 2015 Abstract. Well water level changes associated with mag- aquifer and are commonly neglected in analytical models. matic unrest can be interpreted as a result of pore pressure These findings highlight the need for numerical models for changes in the aquifer due to crustal deformation, and so the interpretation of observed well level signals. However, could provide constraints on the subsurface processes caus- simulated water table changes do indeed mirror volumetric ing this strain. We use finite element analysis to demonstrate strain, and wells are therefore a valuable addition to monitor- the response of aquifers to volumetric strain induced by pres- ing systems that could provide important insights into pre- surized magma reservoirs. Two different aquifers are invoked eruptive dynamics. – an unconsolidated pyroclastic deposit and a vesicular lava flow – and embedded in an impermeable crust, overlying a magma chamber. The time-dependent, fully coupled models simulate crustal deformation accompanying chamber pres- 1 Introduction surization and the resulting hydraulic head changes as well as flow through the porous aquifer, i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Depth of Magma Chamber Determined by Experimental Petrologic Methods
    DEPTH OF MAGMA CHAMBER DETERMINED BY EXPERIMENTAL PETROLOGIC METHODS Akihiko Tomiya Geological Survey of Japan, 1-1-3, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Keywords: magma chamber, experimental petrology, Usu magma and, therefore, the composition of the residual melt, volcano, deep-seated geothermal resource that is, the evolved magma. ABSTRACT Thermodynamic conditions of a magma chamber can be estimated using petrographic information (e.g., compositions Depth of magma chamber (or young intrusive body) is one of and modal fractions of phenocrysts and groundmass) from a the most important parameters that determine the thermal representative rock erupted from the chamber. In order to structure and the circulation pattern of fluid around a estimate the pressure of magma chamber, the following geothermal area. The depth is also important when we methods are generally used; (1) geobarometer, (2) water recognize the magma chamber as a deep-seated geothermal content, and (3) melting experiment. One of the examples of resource itself. Here, we introduce an experimental petrologic the first method is an amphibole geobarometer (e.g., method for determining the depth of magma chamber. There Hammarstrom and Zen, 1986) where pressure is estimated are several methods in order to determine the depth (pressure) from the aluminum content of the amphibole crystallized from of a magma chamber. Among them, a melting experiment for the magma. This method, however, is difficult to apply to the rock erupted from the magma chamber is the most reliable natural magma because the geobarometer should be applied method. The method consists of the following procedure: (1) only when the mineral assemblage of the magma is the same as Select a sample (volcanic rock) which is representative of that of experimental products for which the geobarometer was magma in the chamber; (2) Give a petrographic description of calibrated.
    [Show full text]
  • 150 Geologic Facts About California
    California Geological Survey - 150th Anniversary 150 Geologic Facts about California California’s geology is varied and complex. The high mountains and broad valleys we see today were created over long periods of time by geologic processes such as fault movement, volcanism, sea level change, erosion and sedimentation. Below are 150 facts about the geology of California and the California Geological Survey (CGS). General Geology and Landforms 1 California has more than 800 different geologic units that provide a variety of rock types, mineral resources, geologic structures and spectacular scenery. 2 Both the highest and lowest elevations in the 48 contiguous states are in California, only 80 miles apart. The tallest mountain peak is Mt. Whitney at 14,496 feet; the lowest elevation in California and North America is in Death Valley at 282 feet below sea level. 3 California’s state mineral is gold. The Gold Rush of 1849 caused an influx of settlers and led to California becoming the 31st state in 1850. 4 California’s state rock is serpentine. It is apple-green to black in color and is often mottled with light and dark colors, similar to a snake. It is a metamorphic rock typically derived from iron- and magnesium-rich igneous rocks from the Earth’s mantle (the layer below the Earth’s crust). It is sometimes associated with fault zones and often has a greasy or silky luster and a soapy feel. 5 California’s state fossil is the saber-toothed cat. In California, the most abundant fossils of the saber-toothed cat are found at the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles.
    [Show full text]
  • Discovery of a Hydrothermal Fissure in the Danakil Depression
    EPSC Abstracts Vol. 12, EPSC2018-381-1, 2018 European Planetary Science Congress 2018 EEuropeaPn PlanetarSy Science CCongress c Author(s) 2018 Discovery of a hydrothermal fissure in the Danakil depression Daniel Mège (1), Ernst Hauber (2), Mieke De Craen (3), Hugo Moors (3) and Christian Minet (2) (1) Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland ([email protected]), (2) DLR, Germany ([email protected], [email protected], (3) Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Belgium ([email protected], [email protected]) Abstract Oily Lake and Gaet’Ale). It is manifested by (1) salt polygon geometry directly influenced by the underlying Volcanic rift zones are among the most emblematic fracture; (2) bubbling pools; (3) dead pools; (4) shallow analogue features on Earth and Mars [1-2], with expected sinkholes; (4) a variety of other micromorphologies differences mainly resulting from the different value of a related to free or pressurised upflow of gas and fluids; single parameter, gravity [3]. Beyond the understanding and (5) rare evidence of fumarolic activity. In this context, of the geology, rift zones provide appropriate the Yellow Lake appears as a possible salt karst feature hydrothermal environments for the development of [10] the location and growth of which is controlled by micro-organisms in extreme conditions which depend at relay zone deformation between the fissure segments. first order on endogenic processes, and weakly on the planetary climate conditions. The Europlanet 2018 3. Hydrothermal fluids Danakil field campaign enabled identifying a previously The physico-chemistry of fluids and minerals from two unreported 4.5 km long hydrothermal fissure on the Lake small pools located along the Yellow Lake Fissure, as Asale salt flats, the Erta Ale - Dallol segment of the well as the Yellow Lake, have been analysed (Table 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Overview of the Precursors and Dynamics of the 2012-13 Basaltic
    Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 299 (2015) 19–34 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jvolgeores Overview of the precursors and dynamics of the 2012–13 basaltic fissure eruption of Tolbachik Volcano, Kamchatka, Russia Alexander Belousov a,⁎,MarinaBelousovaa,BenjaminEdwardsb, Anna Volynets a, Dmitry Melnikov a a Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia b Dickinson College, PA, USA article info abstract Article history: We present a broad overview of the 2012–13 flank fissure eruption of Plosky Tolbachik Volcano in the central Received 14 January 2015 Kamchatka Peninsula. The eruption lasted more than nine months and produced approximately 0.55 km3 DRE Accepted 22 April 2015 (volume recalculated to a density of 2.8 g/cm3) of basaltic trachyandesite magma. The 2012–13 eruption of Available online 1 May 2015 Tolbachik is one of the most voluminous historical eruptions of mafic magma at subduction related volcanoes glob- ally, and it is the second largest at Kamchatka. The eruption was preceded by five months of elevated seismicity and Keywords: fl Kamchatka ground in ation, both of which peaked a day before the eruption commenced on 27 November 2012. The batch of – – 2012–13 Tolbachik eruption high-Al magma ascended from depths of 5 10 km; its apical part contained 54 55 wt.% SiO2,andthemainbody – fi Basaltic volcanism 52 53 wt.% SiO2. The eruption started by the opening of a 6 km-long radial ssure on the southwestern slope of Eruption dynamics the volcano that fed multi-vent phreatomagmatic and magmatic explosive activity, as well as intensive effusion Eruption monitoring of lava with an initial discharge of N440 m3/s.
    [Show full text]
  • Fs20193026.Pdf
    Prepared in collaboration with U.S. Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Colorado Division of Reclamation Mining and Safety, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, and Animas River Stakeholders Group Geological and Geophysical Data for a Three-Dimensional View— Inside the San Juan and Silverton Calderas, Southern Rocky Mountains Volcanic Field, Silverton, Colorado This study integrates geological and geophysical data important for developing a three-dimensional (3D) model of the San Juan-Silverton caldera complex. The project aims to • apply state-of-the-art geophysical data processing techniques to legacy data; • map subsurface lithologies, faults, vein structures, and surficial deposits that may be groundwater flow paths; • better understand geophysical response of mineral systems at depth; and • provide geological and geophysical frameworks that will inform mining reclamation decisions and mineral resource assessments. Introduction shallow properties important for understanding surface water and groundwater quality issues and will also improve knowl- The San Juan-Silverton caldera complex located near edge of deep geological structures that may have been conduits Silverton, Colorado, in the Southern Rocky Mountains volcanic for hydrothermal fluids that formed mineral deposits (fig. 1). field is an ideal natural laboratory for furthering the under- The study has general applications to mineral resource assess- standing of shallow-to-deep volcanic-related mineral systems. ments
    [Show full text]
  • Weathering of Volcanic Ash in the Cryogenic Zone of Kamchatka, Eastern Russia
    Clay Minerals, (2014) 49, 195–212 OPEN ACCESS Weathering of volcanic ash in the cryogenic zone of Kamchatka, eastern Russia 1, 2 E. KUZNETSOVA * AND R. MOTENKO 1 SINTEF Building and Infrastructure, Trondheim, NO-7465, Norway, and 2 Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia (Received 8 August 2012; revised 28 August 2013; Editor: Harry Shaw) ABSTRACT: The nature of the alteration of basaltic, andesitic and rhyolitic glass of Holocene and Pleistocene age and their physical and chemical environments have been investigated in the ash layers within the cryogenic soils associated with the volcanoes in the central depression of Kamchatka. One of the main factors controlling the alteration of the volcanic glass is their initial chemistry with those of andesitic (SiO2 =53À65 wt.%) and basaltic (SiO2 < 53 wt.%) compositions being characterized by the presence of allophane, whereas volcanic glass of rhyolitic composition (SiO2>65 wt.%) are characterized by opal. Variations in the age of eruption of individual ashes, the amount and nature of the soil water, the depth of the active annual freeze-thawing layer, the thermal conductivity of the weathering soils, do not play a controlling role in the type of weathering products of the ashes but may affect their rates of alteration. KEYWORDS: volcanic ash, allophane, opal, unfrozen water, thermal conductivity, permafrost, Kamchatka. The highly active volcanic area of Kamchatka in local and remote eruptions and from the secondary eastern Russia is part of the circum-Pacific belt of re-deposition of ash (Bazanova et al., 2005). andesitic volcanism. It is situated north of the 49th Considerable research has been carried out on the parallel of latitude and is characterized by a weathering of volcanic glass.
    [Show full text]
  • 2006 Volcanic Activity in Alaska, Kamchatka, and the Kurile Islands: Summary of Events and Response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory
    The Alaska Volcano Observatory is a cooperative program of the U.S. Geological Survey, University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute, and the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys. The Alaska Volcano Observatory is funded by the U.S. Geological Survey Volcano Hazards Program and the State of Alaska 2006 Volcanic Activity in Alaska, Kamchatka, and the Kurile Islands: Summary of Events and Response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory Scientific Investigations Report 2008–5214 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover: Water vapor and volcanic gas billows from a line of explosion and/or collapse pits in the glacial ice cover north of the summit of Fourpeaked volcano. In the middleground, glacial ice shows disruption from an outburst flood on September 17, 2006, the day of a phreatic eruption seen from Homer, Alaska. Photograph by K. Lawson, UAFGI, October 20, 2006. AVO database image url: http://www.avo.alaska.edu/image.php?id=12404. 2006 Volcanic Activity in Alaska, Kamchatka, and the Kurile Islands: Summary of Events and Response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory By Christina A. Neal, Robert G. McGimsey, James P. Dixon, U.S. Geological Survey, and Alexander Manevich, Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, and Alexander Rybin, Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics The Alaska Volcano Observatory is a cooperative program of the U.S. Geological Survey, University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute, and the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys. The Alaska Volcano Observatory is funded by the U.S. Geological Survey Volcano Hazards Program and the State of Alaska. Scientific Investigations Report 2008–5214 U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • State of Stress During Onset and Evolution of Caldera Collapse
    Originally published as: Holohan, E., Schöpfer, M. P. J., Walsh, J. J. (2015): Stress evolution during caldera collapse. - Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 421, p. 139-151. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.03.003 1 Stress evolution during caldera collapse 2 E.P. Holohan(1,2), M.P.J. Schöpfer(1,3), & J.J. Walsh(1) 3 (1) GFZ Potsdam, Section 2.1 – Physics of Earthquakes and Volcanoes, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam 14473, Germany. 4 (2) Fault Analysis Group, UCD School of Geological Sciences, Dublin 4, Ireland. 5 (3) Department for Geodynamics and Sedimentology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna, Austria. 6 Email: [email protected] 7 8 Abstract 9 The dynamics of caldera collapse are subject of long-running debate. Particular uncertainties 10 concern how stresses around a magma reservoir relate to fracturing as the reservoir roof collapses, 11 and how roof collapse in turn impacts upon the reservoir. We used two-dimensional Distinct 12 Element Method models to characterise the evolution of stress around a depleting sub-surface 13 magma body during gravity-driven collapse of its roof. These models illustrate how principal stress 14 directions rotate during progressive deformation so that roof fracturing transitions from initial 15 reverse faulting to later normal faulting. They also reveal four end-member stress paths to fracture, 16 each corresponding to a particular location within the roof. Analysis of these paths indicates that 17 fractures associated with ultimate roof failure initiate in compression (i.e. as shear fractures). We 18 also report on how mechanical and geometric conditions in the roof affect pre-failure unloading and 19 post-failure reloading of the reservoir.
    [Show full text]
  • Thermal Remote Sensing Reveals Communication Between
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Thermal remote sensing reveals communication between volcanoes of the Klyuchevskoy Volcanic Group Diego Coppola1,2*, Marco Laiolo1,2, Francesco Massimetti1,3, Sebastian Hainzl3, Alina V. Shevchenko3,4, René Mania3, Nikolai M. Shapiro5,6 & Thomas R. Walter3 Volcanoes are traditionally considered isolated with an activity that is mostly independent of the surrounding, with few eruptions only (< 2%) associated with a tectonic earthquake trigger. Evidence is now increasing that volcanoes forming clusters of eruptive centers may simultaneously erupt, show unrest, or even shut-down activity. Using infrared satellite data, we detail 20 years of eruptive activity (2000–2020) at Klyuchevskoy, Bezymianny, and Tolbachik, the three active volcanoes of the Klyuchevskoy Volcanic Group (KVG), Kamchatka. We show that the neighboring volcanoes exhibit multiple and reciprocal interactions on diferent timescales that unravel the magmatic system’s complexity below the KVG. Klyuchevskoy and Bezymianny volcanoes show correlated activity with time-predictable and quasiperiodic behaviors, respectively. This is consistent with magma accumulation and discharge dynamics at both volcanoes, typical of steady-state volcanism. However, Tolbachik volcano can interrupt this steady-state regime and modify the magma output rate of its neighbors for several years. We suggest that below the KVG the transfer of magma at crustal level is modulated by the presence of three distinct but hydraulically connected plumbing systems. Similar complex interactions may occur at other volcanic groups and must be considered to evaluate the hazard of grouped volcanoes. Closely located or clustered volcanoes may become conjointly active and are hence considered especially haz- ardous, yet robust evidence for their connectivity remains sparse.
    [Show full text]