STEP Intovolcanology

SPONSORED EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS

STEP INTO Volcanology

LESSON PREP BEFORE YOU BEGIN Prepare for your virtual reality adventure with our tips and guidelines.

SET-UP TIPS NAVIGATION TIPS 1. Google Expeditions is a 360-degree experience. The only way students EXPEDITION DETAILS will be able to view the entire scene is by standing and rotating in a When you open an Expedition, you will see a white box with a gray bar full circle while wearing their headsets. Make sure the classroom is on the right side. You can scroll within this box to read more and click prepped for this movement. NOTE: For safety, students should not on the details within the gray bar. Follow the arrows to find the pop-up walk around the room while using the consoles. detail boxes. 2. The first time that you use new technology in a lesson will always take longer than planned, but it will get easier as you and the students RETURN HOME become familiar. If you’re new to bringing VR technology into Return to the home screen by clicking the camera and then the house icon. your lessons, visit edut.to/2kbkBQS for some great tips to help you MAIN NAVIGATION get started. Point your viewer down and a navigation box will pop up. The tools in this 3. Review each Expedition carefully before class so that you are prepared section include: to answer any student questions. ® Arrows: Scroll between different sections (or “scenes”) of an Expedition. ® Camera: Navigate to a menu of all the sections of an Expedition. ® “I”: This opens and closes the text boxes. ® Sound: Turns the sound on/off.

GOOGLE EXPEDITIONS Google Expedition The Ring of Fire Pu’u Loa Petroglyphs Google Expedition Volcanoes ® Asia-Pacific ® Holes and Circles Volcanoes Around the World What Is a Volcano? ® Hawaii ® Anthropomorphism Bromo Tengger Semeru ® Magma Chamber ® America Lava Tree State Park National Park ® Lava Volcanoes and the Solar System ® Lava Tree Molds ® Other Nearby Volcanoes ® Cooling ® Olympus Mons ® Lava Tree Inflation ® Mount Bromo ® Earth’s Crust ® Jupiter’s Moons Punalu’u Beach ® Mount Semeru ® Etymology ® Jupiter ® Black Sand Beach ® Hindi Temple Potin What Causes Volcanoes? ® Sun ® Volcanic Basalt Karymsky Volcano ® Rising Magma ® The Caldera ® Earth’s Crust Google Expedition Google Expedition Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Mutnovsky Volcano ® Volcanoes From Tolbachik Volcano ® Massif Melted Crust Kilauea Volcano Summit Tolbachik Volcano ® Ice Cave ® Underwater Volcanoes ® Halema’uma’u Crater ® Plosky Tolbachik ® On the Caldera Rim Erta Ale Volcano Different Stages of Volcanoes ® Ostry Tolbachik ® ® Jaggar Museum The Crater ® Active Volcanoes ® Udina Bolshaya ® The Desert ® Extinct Volcanoes ® Volcanic Plume Elements in an Eruption ® Dormant Volcanoes Sulphur Banks Dallol Volcano ® Gas and Steam ® Acid Pools Volcanic Eruptions ® Sulphur Crystals ® Magma and Lava ® Volcanic Islands ® Limited Vegetation ® Cinders and Ash Kilauea Volcano ® ® Effusive Volcanoes ® Steam Vents ® Cinder Cones Vents and Eruptions ® Danger ® Shield Volcano Kilauea Iki Lava Different Types of Volcanoes ® Frozen Lava Lake ® Fissures and Vents Grimsvoten Volcano ® ® Shield Volcanoes ® Pu’u Pua’i ® Lava Flows The Glacier ® ® Composite Volcanoes ® Rock Piles ® Mud Flows (Lahars) Crater and Chasms ® Strata Volcanoes ® Ohi’a Lehua Plant Reshaping the Land Yellowstone Caldera, ® Caldera Chain of Craters Road ® Lava Flows Yellowstone National Park ® Lava Flows on the Road ® The Caldera Pyroclastic Flow, Lahar, Pumice Why Tolbachik Erupts ® ® The Pali Pyroclastic Flow ® Pacific Plate Mount Elbrus ® ® Recovering Vegetation ® Lahar ® Eurasian Plate The Mountain ® Pumice ® Subduction ® “Ring of Fire”

STEP INTO Volcanology

VOLCANOES KEY QUESTIONS • What happens when a volcano erupts? • Are all volcanoes shaped like upside-down cones? • How have eruptions changed the surface of Earth? KEY STANDARDS NGSS MS-ESS1-4 Construct an explanation based on evidence for how geoscience processes have changed Earth’s surface at varying time and spatial scales

Distribute copies of the Volcanologist’s days. Volcanic activity is the most dramatic TIME Journal activity sheet and review together. and rapid of all the geologic processes that Two 45-minute class periods 4. Separate students into groups of 10 and shape the surface of Earth. MATERIALS distribute one VR console to each group. VR console, Google Expeditions Volcanoes, The first group should spend 10 minutes ELABORATE AND EVALUATE (30 minutes) Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Tolbachik using the Google Expedition to complete 3. Separate students into 10 groups of two Volcano, and Volcanoes Around the World; Part A of the activity sheet while the other or three and redistribute the VR consoles. copies of the Volcanologist’s Journal activity students conduct the online research in Part Explain that each group will collect data sheet; plastic bottle of seltzer water or B. Rotate students until the entire class has from a Google Expedition to show how soda (any size); computer with access to the completed both parts. volcanoes can quickly reshape Earth’s usgs.gov website landscape and climate. Students will take PART B ANSWER KEY turns using the VR console, verbally sharing 1. ® Students should describe the line of what they see with their partners. The volcanoes that ring the Pacific Ocean. non-console partner should take careful, INSTRUCTIONS They should also describe the activity of the specific notes that include volcano names, volcanoes based on the key. ® Unmonitored, locations, and key geographic features that DAY ONE Normal, Advisory, Watch, Warning. ® The the volcano has influenced (e.g., lakes, sand ENGAGE (10 minutes) answer will depend on the current volcano dunes, beaches, craters, mountains, new 1. Start with the following demonstration: activity. ® Students should realize that this is landforms, hot springs, etc.). Hold up a bottle of seltzer or soda. Uncap the eastern side of the “Ring of Fire” and shows 4. Write the following Google Expeditions on it and ask students to predict what will where subduction is taking place along the the board or chart paper and ask each group happen when you put your thumb over the continental and oceanic plate boundaries. to choose one Expedition to take: opening of the bottle and shake it. Ask them 2. ® IRIS shows the global earthquake ® Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (USA) to explain their predictions. Then carry out activity, the USGS map shows volcanoes in ® Tolbachik Volcano (Russia) the demonstration. (Be careful to point the United States. ® Earthquakes are ® Volcanoes Around the World (various locations) the bottle away from the students and be caused by the movement of plates, so 5. Provide 20 minutes for the investigation. prepared to clean up the mess!) earthquakes are often a warning sign of Help students manage their time by 2. Explain that a carbonated drink contains imminent volcanic activity. calling out when they should be rotating

carbon dioxide gas (CO2) molecules dissolved 5. Regroup to discuss the experience and (every seven minutes for groups of three). under pressure in the water. The agitation create a class-generated diagram of a caused by shaking the bottle separates volcano on the board or chart paper. FINAL PROJECT some of the gas molecules in the liquid, Explain that many processes, in addition causing them to escape violently along with DAY TWO to volcanoes, can reshape the surface of Earth. molecules of water. Tell students that this EXPLAIN (15 minutes) Brainstorm a list of other forces (e.g., water, illustrates what happens when certain types 1. Discuss these key questions to remind ice, wind, earthquakes, and meteor impacts). of volcanoes erupt. A volcanic eruption students of their investigation Separate students into groups and ask each happens as magma within Earth begins to from the day before: What happens when a to research a region of the United States. rise through the heavier rock above it. This volcano erupts? Are all volcanoes shaped like Each group should create a presentation process creates gas bubbles that exert huge upside-down cones? of captioned images and charts that illustrate amounts of upward pressure, eventually 2. Provide some background regarding the how geologic forces have shaped the forcing molten rock, pieces of hot solid rock, power of volcanoes to reshape the surface of landscape over time. and hot gas up through Earth’s crust. Earth. Explain that it takes millions of years for natural forces to build mountain ranges EXPLORE (35 minutes) and erode canyons. But an erupting volcano 3. Tell students they are going to use a Google can build or destroy large, sometimes Expedition to find out how volcanoes work. massive, structures in a matter of minutes or

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES Article: How Do Volcanoes Affect Landforms? bit.ly/2CeojWo PhET Simulation: Plate Tectonics bit.ly/2oonUY9

VOLCANOLOGIST’S JOURNAL Volcanoes are some of the most visible landforms on Earth’s surface. However, what we see is the final stage of a long, slow process happening deep within the planet.

Take the Google Expedition Volcanoes to find out how these giant structures form and erupt!

PART A As you explore, sketch and label the parts of a composite volcano, including a magma chamber, vents, gas, lava, and Earth’s crust. Also sketch a stratovolcano and shield volcano, then note the differences among the three types.

COMPOSITE VOLCANO STRATOVOLCANO SHIELD VOLCANO

DIFFERENCES AMONG THE THREE TYPES OF VOLCANOES

PART B Scientists around the world carefully monitor Earth’s rumblings. Their research helps us predict and prepare for future events.

1. Go to volcanoes.usgs.gov. You are looking at a map of currently active U.S. volcanoes. ® Describe what you see, using details from the legend and key. ® What are the five ground-based Volcano Alert Levels? ® Do you see any red or orange alerts? Click on the triangle and explain what you see. ® Do you see a pattern? Do you know why U.S. volcanoes appear in this pattern?

2. Go to ds.iris.edu/ieb. You are looking at a map of global earthquake activity. ® What are the similarities between this map and the volcanic activity map? ® What do you think is the connection between volcanic activity and earthquakes?

PHOTO CREDITS: SMJoness/iStock (lava)