Final Consonants and Glottalization: New Perspectives from Hanoi Vietnamese Alexis Michaud
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Part 1: Introduction to The
PREVIEW OF THE IPA HANDBOOK Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet PARTI Introduction to the IPA 1. What is the International Phonetic Alphabet? The aim of the International Phonetic Association is to promote the scientific study of phonetics and the various practical applications of that science. For both these it is necessary to have a consistent way of representing the sounds of language in written form. From its foundation in 1886 the Association has been concerned to develop a system of notation which would be convenient to use, but comprehensive enough to cope with the wide variety of sounds found in the languages of the world; and to encourage the use of thjs notation as widely as possible among those concerned with language. The system is generally known as the International Phonetic Alphabet. Both the Association and its Alphabet are widely referred to by the abbreviation IPA, but here 'IPA' will be used only for the Alphabet. The IPA is based on the Roman alphabet, which has the advantage of being widely familiar, but also includes letters and additional symbols from a variety of other sources. These additions are necessary because the variety of sounds in languages is much greater than the number of letters in the Roman alphabet. The use of sequences of phonetic symbols to represent speech is known as transcription. The IPA can be used for many different purposes. For instance, it can be used as a way to show pronunciation in a dictionary, to record a language in linguistic fieldwork, to form the basis of a writing system for a language, or to annotate acoustic and other displays in the analysis of speech. -
UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Phonlab Annual Report
UC Berkeley UC Berkeley PhonLab Annual Report Title The Phonetic Structures of Oaxaca Chontal Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4bn7h6v0 Journal UC Berkeley PhonLab Annual Report, 1(1) ISSN 2768-5047 Authors Maddieson, Ian Avelino, Heriberto O'Connor, Loretta Publication Date 2005 DOI 10.5070/P74bn7h6v0 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Report (2005) THE PHONETIC STRUCTURES OF OAXACA CHONTAL Ian Maddieson*, Heriberto Avelino* and Loretta O'Connor** *University of California, Berkeley **University of Hamburg, Center for Mesoamerican Studies Abstract The first description in any detail of aspects of the phonetic structures of the highly endangered Lowland variety of Oaxaca Chontal is presented. The paper includes measurements of the characteristics of the vowels, and a survey of the principal features of the consonant system. Particular attention is paid to the series of glottalized obstruents and sonorants, which vary a great deal in their manner of articulation and the nature and timing of the accompanying glottalization. The relative frequency of different realizations of the glottalized obstruents mirrors the cross- language frequency of glottalized consonant types. Glottalized sonorant realizations cannot be predicted from their position in the syllable. Individual speakers frequently vary when producing consecutive repetitions of the same word. Such a large range of variation may be partly due to an ongoing process of language attrition. Keywords -
An Acoustic Account of the Allophonic Realization of /T/ Amber King St
Linguistic Portfolios Volume 1 Article 12 2012 An Acoustic Account of the Allophonic Realization of /T/ Amber King St. Cloud State University Ettien Koffi St. Cloud State University Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.stcloudstate.edu/stcloud_ling Part of the Applied Linguistics Commons Recommended Citation King, Amber and Koffi, Ettien (2012) "An Acoustic Account of the Allophonic Realization of /T/," Linguistic Portfolios: Vol. 1 , Article 12. Available at: https://repository.stcloudstate.edu/stcloud_ling/vol1/iss1/12 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by theRepository at St. Cloud State. It has been accepted for inclusion in Linguistic Portfolios by an authorized editor of theRepository at St. Cloud State. For more information, please contact [email protected]. King and Koffi: An Acoustic Account of the Allophonic Realization of /T/ AN ACOUSTIC ACCOUNT OF THE ALLOPHONIC REALIZATIONS OF /T/ AMBER KING AND ETTIEN KOFFI 1.0 Introduction This paper is a laboratory phonology account of the different pronunciations of the phoneme /t/. Laboratory phonology is a relatively new analytical tool that is being used to validate and verify claims made by phonologists about the pronunciation of sounds. It is customary for phonologists to predict on the basis of auditory impressions and intuition alone that allophones exist for such and such phonemes. An allophone is defined as different realizations of the same phoneme based on the environments in which it occurs. For instance, it has been proposed that the phoneme /t/ has anywhere from four to eight allophones in General American English (GAE). To verify this claim Amber, one of the co-author of this paper recorded herself saying the words <still>, <Tim>, <kit>, <bitter>, <kitten>, <winter>, <fruition>, <furniture>, and <listen>. -
Chinese Subjects' Perception of the Word-Final English /T/-/D
Chinese subjects'perception of the word-final English/t/-/d/ contrast: Performance before and after training James Emil Flege Departmentof Biocommunication, Unioersity of A!abamaat Birmingham,Uniuersity Station. Birmingham, .4 labarea 35294 (Received8 August 1988;accepted for publication20 July 1989) Chinesewords may beginwith/t/and/d/, but a/t/-/d/contrast doesnot existin word-final position.The questionaddressed by experiment1 waswhether Chinese speakers of English couldidentify the final stopin wordslike beatand bead.The Chinesesubjects examined approachedthe near-perfect identification rates of nativeEnglish adults and children for words that wereunedited, but performedpoorly for wordsfrom whichfinal release bursts had been removed.Removing closure voicing had a smalleffect on the Chinesebut not the English listeners'sensitivity. A regressionanalysis indicated that the Chinesesubjects' native language (Mandarin, Taiwanese,Shanghainese) and their scoreson an Englishcomprehension test accountedfor a significantamount of variancein sensitivityto the (burstless)/t/-/d/ contrast.In experiment2, a small amountof feedbacktraining administeredto Chinese subjectsled to a small, nonsignificantincrease in sensitivityto the English/t/-/d/contrast. In experiment3, more training trials were presentedfor a smallernumber of words.A slightly larger and significanteffect of training wasobtained. The Chinesesubjects who were native speakersof a languagethat permitsobstruents in word-finalposition seemed to benefitmore from the trainingthan those'whosenative -
Multilingual Speech Recognition for Selected West-European Languages
master’s thesis Multilingual Speech Recognition for Selected West-European Languages Bc. Gloria María Montoya Gómez May 25, 2018 advisor: Doc. Ing. Petr Pollák, CSc. Czech Technical University in Prague Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Department of Circuit Theory Acknowledgement I would like to thank my advisor, Doc. Ing. Petr Pollák, CSc. I was very privileged to have him as my mentor. Pollák was always friendly and patient to give me his knowl- edgeable advise and encouragement during my study at Czech Technical University in Prague. His high standards on quality taught me how to do good scientific work, write, and present ideas. Declaration I declare that I worked out the presented thesis independently and I quoted all used sources of information in accord with Methodical instructions about ethical principles for writing academic thesis. iii Abstract Hlavním cílem předložené práce bylo vytvoření první verze multilingválního rozpozná- vače řeči pro vybrané 4 západoevropské jazyky. Klíčovým úkolem této práce bylo de- finovat vztahy mezi subslovními akustickými elementy napříč jednotlivými jazyky při tvorbě automatického rozpoznávače řeči pro více jazyků. Vytvořený multilingvální sys- tém pokrývá aktuálně následující jazyky: angličtinu, němčinu, portugalštinu a španěl- štinu. Jelikož dostupná fonetická reprezentace hlásek pro jednotlivé jazyky byla různá podle použitých zdrojových dat, prvním krokem této práce bylo její sjednocení a vy- tvoření sdílené fonetické reprezentace na bázi abecedy X-SAMPA. Pokud jsou dále acoustické subslovní elementy reprezentovány sdílenými skrytými Markovovy modely, případný nedostatek zdrojových dat pro trénováni může být pokryt z jiných jazyků. Dalším krokem byla vlastní realizace multilingválního systému pomocí nástrojové sady KALDI. Použité jazykové modely byly na bázi zredukovaných trigramových modelů zís- kaných z veřejně dostupých zdrojů. -
Proposal for Superscript Diacritics for Prenasalization, Preglottalization, and Preaspiration
1 Proposal for superscript diacritics for prenasalization, preglottalization, and preaspiration Patricia Keating Department of Linguistics, UCLA [email protected] Daniel Wymark Department of Linguistics, UCLA [email protected] Ryan Sharif Department of Linguistics, UCLA [email protected] ABSTRACT The IPA currently does not specify how to represent prenasalization, preglottalization, or preaspiration. We first review some current transcription practices, and phonetic and phonological literature bearing on the unitary status of prenasalized, preglottalized and preaspirated segments. We then propose that the IPA adopt superscript diacritics placed before a base symbol for these three phenomena. We also suggest how the current IPA Diacritics chart can be modified to allow these diacritics to be fit within the chart. 2 1 Introduction The IPA provides a variety of diacritics which can be added to base symbols in various positions: above ([a͂ ]), below ([n̥ ]), through ([ɫ]), superscript after ([tʰ]), or centered after ([a˞]). Currently, IPA diacritics which modify base symbols are never shown preceding them; the only diacritics which precede are the stress marks, i.e. primary ([ˈ]) and secondary ([ˌ]) stress. Yet, in practice, superscript diacritics are often used preceding base symbols; specifically, they are often used to notate prenasalization, preglottalization and preaspiration. These terms are very common in phonetics and phonology, each having thousands of Google hits. However, none of these phonetic phenomena is included on the IPA chart or mentioned in Part I of the Handbook of the International Phonetic Association (IPA 1999), and thus there is currently no guidance given to users about transcribing them. In this note we review these phenomena, and propose that the Association’s alphabet include superscript diacritics preceding the base symbol for prenasalization, preglottalization and preaspiration, in accord with one common way of transcribing them. -
A Preliminary Investigation of English and Thai Consonants
A Preliminary Investigation of English and Thai Consonants Monthon Kanokpermpoon Language Institute, Thammasat University Abstract This paper examines similarities and differences between Thai and English consonants. It determines areas of difficulty when Thai students try to pronounce English consonantal sounds. It is found that some English sounds that do not occur in Thai phonology tend to pose great difficulty; these sounds include /γ/, /ϖ/, /Τ/, /Δ/, /ζ/, /Σ/, /Ζ/, /τΣ/ and /δΖ/. Sounds that exist in Thai but can occur in different syllable positions in English also tend to be difficult to pronounce; examples include /φ/ and /σ/. In attempting to tackle the problem of sounds nonexistent in Thai, Thai students are likely to substitute Thai sounds for English sounds. An additional problem is the interchangeability of /λ/ and /Ρ/ in Thai, erroneously transferred to English. To alleviate the problem sounds for Thai learners of English, this paper recommends that teachers follow listening and speaking pedagogy for pronunciation in terms of recognition, discrimination and production. Consonant sounds Regarding the analyses of Jotikasthira (1999), Bowman (2000), Ronakiat (2002), Arya (2003) and Tuaycharoen (2003) on a comparison between Thai and English phonology, this paper presents a rough idea of aspects Thai students may encounter when learning to utter English consonants. While there are 21 Thai consonant phonemes, English has 24 such sounds (Tuaycharoen, 1990), as shown, respectively, in Tables 1 & 2 below (the highlighted symbols -
Self-Organization of Human Speech Sound Inventories
SELF-ORGANIZATION OF SPEECH SOUND INVENTORIES IN THE FRAMEWORK OF COMPLEX NETWORKS Animesh Mukherjee SELF-ORGANIZATION OF SPEECH SOUND INVENTORIES IN THE FRAMEWORK OF COMPLEX NETWORKS A dissertation submitted to the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Animesh Mukherjee Under the supervision of Dr. Niloy Ganguly and Prof. Anupam Basu Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur December 2009 c 2009 Animesh Mukherjee. All Rights Reserved. APPROVAL OF THE VIVA-VOCE BOARD Certified that the thesis entitled “Self-Organization of Speech Sound Inventories in the Framework of Complex Networks” submitted by Animesh Mukherjee to the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy has been accepted by the exter- nal examiners and that the student has successfully defended the thesis in the viva-voce examination held today. Members of the DSC Supervisor Supervisor External Examiner Chairman Date: CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Self-Organization of Speech Sound Inventories in the Framework of Complex Networks”, sub- mitted by Animesh Mukherjee to the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharag- pur, for the partial fulfillment of the award of the degree of Doctor of Phi- losophy, is a record of bona fide research work carried out by him under our supervision and guidance. The thesis in our opinion, is worthy of consideration for the award of the de- gree of Doctor of Philosophy in accordance with the regulations of the Institute. To the best of our knowledge, the results embodied in this thesis have not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any other De- gree or Diploma. -
Why Do Glottal Stops and Low Vowels Like Each Other?
ICPhS XVII Regular Session Hong Kong, 17-21 August 2011 WHY DO GLOTTAL STOPS AND LOW VOWELS LIKE EACH OTHER? Jana Brunner & Marzena Żygis Centre for General Linguistics, Berlin, Germany [email protected]; [email protected] ABSTRACT 1.1. Phonological processes The aim of the present study is two-fold. First, we In Klallam (a Salish language), the non-low will show that glottal stops/glottalization and low vowels /i u ə/ are lowered to /ε o a/, respectively, w vowels are likely to co-occur in typologically when followed by [ʔ]. For example, /pʔíх ŋ/ is w different languages. Second, we will investigate pronounced as [pʔεʔх ŋ] ‘overflow’/‘overflowing’ the question whether this widely attested co- and /šúpt/ as [šóʔpt] ‘whistle’/‘whistling’ [17]. occurrence of glottalization and low vowels could In the reduplication processes in Nisgha (a be due to a perceptual phenomenon; i.e. Tsimshianic language) the quality of the vowel in differences in the perception of vowel quality of the prefix depends on the surrounding segments. If glottalized as compared to non-glottalized vowels. the stem starts with a coronal stop, the vowel in the We hypothesized that vowels are perceived lower prefix is also coronal: /tamʔ/ is reduplicated to in their height if they are glottalized. In order to [tim-tamʔ] ‘to press’ but if the initial-stem test our hypothesis we conducted a perceptual consonant is a glottal stop the vowel in the prefix experiment with two German continua of b[i]ten- is the low vowel [a]: /ʔux/ is pronounced as [ʔax- b[e]ten (‘to offer’, ‘to pray’), a non-glottalized and ʔux] ‘to throw’ ([14], [15]). -
Segment Insertion in Mandarin Loanwords
TO EPENTHESIZE OR NOT? SEGMENT INSERTION IN MANDARIN LOANWORDS By Ho-Hsin Huang A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Linguistics—Doctor of Philosophy 2020 ABSTRACT TO EPENTHESIZE OR NOT? SEGMENT INSERTION IN MANDARIN LOANWORDS By Ho-Hsin Huang This dissertation investigates segment insertion through two contextualized loanword adaptation processes: intervocalic nasal and coda [m] adaptations, with corpus and experimental data. My research focuses are: 1) to identify the phonological environments of segment insertion in the target adaptation processes in my corpus data, and propose explanations for the insertion patterns in Standard Mandarin loanwords; 2) to verify my arguments with experimental data; 3) to examine whether bilingualism affects target segment adaptations; and 4) to discuss what linguistic mechanism controls the adaptation processes. Nasal insertion in Mandarin loanwords is considered an “unnecessary repair” since both English and Mandarin allow a syllable containing consonant-vowel-nasal. However, the existing loanwords show that nasal insertion has strong correlation to the prenasal vowel quality, and the primary word stress location in the source language. To trigger nasal insertion, the English prenasal vowel has to be lax (vowel type condition) and must bear the primary word stress (stress location condition), e.g. ˈDenis à [tan.niː.sɹ̩ ]. Nasal insertion rarely occurs when the prenasal vowel is tense or a diphthong, e.g. ˈLina à [liː.naː]. Variable adaptation occurs when the prenasal vowel is [ə], e.g. ˈTiffany à [tiː.fan.nei] ~ [tiː.fuː.niː]. Low back [ɑ] never triggers nasal insertion, e.g. Caˈbana à [khaː.paː.naː]. -
Word-Final Consonant Epenthesis in Northeastern Nigerian English Dmitry Idiatov
Word-final consonant epenthesis in Northeastern Nigerian English Dmitry Idiatov To cite this version: Dmitry Idiatov. Word-final consonant epenthesis in Northeastern Nigerian English. En- glish Language and Linguistics, Cambridge University Press (CUP), 2017, 23 (2), pp.303-340. 10.1017/S1360674317000429. halshs-01676384 HAL Id: halshs-01676384 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01676384 Submitted on 5 Jan 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 Word-final consonant epenthesis in North-eastern Nigerian English1 DMITRY IDIATOV LLACAN (CNRS – USPC/INALCO) 1 The present paper results from a joint project with Mark Van de Velde on the description of Bena. Our main Bena consultants come from the village of Dumne, Adamawa State (N 9°47′ E 12°23′). This work is situated within the projects AdaGram (program “Émergence(s)” of the City of Paris) and LC2 “Areal phenomena in Northern sub-Saharan Africa” of the Labex EFL (program “Investissements d’Avenir” overseen by the French National Research Agency, reference: ANR-10-LABX-0083). Special thanks with respect to the present paper are due to Mark Van de Velde and Yuni Kim. I am also very grateful for feedback and comments from the editor Patrick Honeybone and the anonymous reviewers. -
Word-Final Consonant Epenthesis in North-Eastern Nigerian English1
1 Word-final consonant epenthesis in North-eastern Nigerian English1 DMITRY IDIATOV LLACAN (CNRS – USPC/INALCO) 1 The present paper results from a joint project with Mark Van de Velde on the description of Bena. Our main Bena consultants come from the village of Dumne, Adamawa State (N 9°47′ E 12°23′). This work is situated within the projects AdaGram (program “Émergence(s)” of the City of Paris) and LC2 “Areal phenomena in Northern sub-Saharan Africa” of the Labex EFL (program “Investissements d’Avenir” overseen by the French National Research Agency, reference: ANR-10-LABX-0083). Special thanks with respect to the present paper are due to Mark Van de Velde and Yuni Kim. I am also very grateful for feedback and comments from the editor Patrick Honeybone and the anonymous reviewers. 2 Abstract L2 speakers of Nigerian English in parts of north-eastern Nigeria occasionally insert an alveolar coronal stop [t] or fricative [s] following another alveolar coronal pre-pausally and phrase- internally. The paper discusses this typologically unusual phenomenon for the Nigerian English of speakers whose L1 is the Adamawa language Bena (ISO 639-3: yun). I also consider comparable cases of word-final consonant epenthesis in several other varieties of English, both the so-called New Englishes and Inner Circle varieties, and provide an account of the details of epenthesis with respect to which they differ. At first sight, hypercorrection of the tendency for word-final consonant cluster simplification in Bena English may seem an obvious explanation. However, I argue that hypercorrection alone falls short of explaining the observed pattern.