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Dissertação Inteira UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE ANTROPOLOGIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ANTROPOLOGIA SOCIAL MARIANA BOUJIKIAN FELIPPE Entre guerreiras e mulheres de família: memórias de um genocídio e identidade armênia na diáspora Versão corrigida São Paulo 2021 UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE ANTROPOLOGIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ANTROPOLOGIA SOCIAL Entre guerreiras e mulheres de família: memórias de um genocídio e identidade armênia na diáspora Mariana Boujikian Felippe Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Antropologia Social do Departamento de Antropologia da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, para obtenção do título de Mestre em Antropologia. Orientadora: Prof.a Dr.a Laura Moutinho Versão corrigida São Paulo 2021 FELIPPE, Mariana Boujikian. Entre guerreiras e mulheres de família: memórias de um genocídio e identidade armênia na diáspora. Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, para obtenção do título de Mestre em Antropologia. Aprovada em: 13 de maio de 2021 Banca Examinadora Prof. Dr.______________________________ Instituição: ______________________________ Julgamento:___________________________ Assinatura: ______________________________ Prof. Dr.______________________________ Instituição: ______________________________ Julgamento:___________________________ Assinatura: ______________________________ Prof. Dr.______________________________ Instituição: ______________________________ Julgamento:___________________________ Assinatura: ______________________________ Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. ENTREGA DO EXEMPLAR CORRIGIDO DA DISSERTAÇÃO/TESE Termo de Ciência e Concordância do (a) orientador (a) Nome do (a) aluno (a): Mariana Boujikian Felippe Data da defesa: 13/05/2021 Nome do Prof. (a) orientador (a): Laura Moutinho Nos termos da legislação vigente, declaro ESTAR CIENTE do conteúdo deste EXEMPLAR CORRIGIDO elaborado em atenção às sugestões dos membros da comissão Julgadora na sessão de defesa do trabalho, manifestando-me plenamente favorável ao seu encaminhamento e publicação no Portal Digital de Teses da USP. São Paulo, 12/07/2021 ___________________________________________________ (Assinatura do (a) orientador (a) Para meus avós Marie Kalakoussian Boujikian (in memoriam) e Hagop Boujikian (in memoriam). AGRADECIMENTOS Escrevi esta dissertação graças ao apoio de muitas pessoas, dentro e fora do meio acadêmico. Sou obrigada a usar uma frase clichê, mas totalmente verdadeira: se vi mais longe, foi porque estava apoiada sobre os ombros de gigantes. Agradeço a todas e a todos que me auxiliaram nesse processo de formação e amadurecimento. Agradeço primeiramente à minha orientadora, Laura Moutinho, que enxergou essa pesquisa quando ela nem existia. Laura me abraçou quando eu era uma aluna da graduação que não se enxergava como pesquisadora e me incentivou de todas as maneiras a seguir por essa área apaixonante que é a Antropologia. Nas provocações durante a pesquisa, e nas indicações de leituras e textos, ela foi uma mestra atenciosa e sensível. Tive o privilégio de ser orientada por uma professora que perguntava sobre o processo de escrita, mas também sobre como eu estava lidando com um tema delicado e conectado à minha própria história. Sou imensamente grata por seus ensinamentos, generosidade transbordante, e cuidado. Agradeço também aos professores e às professoras do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia Social da USP, Juciele Borges, Luciana e a todos os funcionários do Departamento de Antropologia Social da universidade. Aos colegas que ingressaram comigo em 2018, agradeço pelas partilhas ao longo desses anos, especialmente na reta final de pandemia. A todos os “filhos e filhas de Moutinho”, que me auxiliaram desde que o projeto era embrionário: Phillip Williams, Elisa Hipólito, Pedro Lopes, Milena Mateuzi, Valéria Alves, Denise Pimenta, Bruna Galicho, Thais Tiriba, Alessandra Tavares, Laís Miwa, Márcio Zamboni, Maria Isabel Zanzotti, Helena Ciampolini, Viny Rodrigues, Caroline Ricca Lee, muito obrigada pelas trocas, essenciais para minha trajetória acadêmica. À minha banca de qualificação, agradeço pela leitura atenta que, seguramente, contribuiu muito para que esta dissertação tivesse mais profundidade nas análises. Aos professores e às professoras da minha banca de arguição, Heitor Loureiro, Cynthia Sarti, e Léa Tosold, agradeço pela generosidade com que se dispuseram a ler este texto e pela oportunidade de ouvir pesquisadores por quem tenho enorme admiração. Agradeço ao Instituto Zoryan e a todos os docentes e organizadores do Genocide & Human Rights University Program (Zoryan Institute/University of Toronto); as duas semanas de estudo oferecidas foram imprescindíveis para meu entendimento do tema, e levo comigo cada momento de aprendizado que tive no programa. Aos colegas da turma de 2018 do GHRUP: conhecê-los foi uma honra e uma alegria que carrego para toda a vida. Em especial, meu muito obrigada vai para Jazmin Lavintman, que me ensinou tanto sobre amizades à primeira vista, capazes de ultrapassar fronteiras, e a luta pela memória verdade e justiça. À Fundación Luisa Hairabedian, que possibilitou minha ida ao programa: obrigada pela oportunidade. Agradeço também o acolhimento de minha tia avó Ierris, e minhas primas Madeleine e Armig Atikian no período em que estive em Toronto. Agradeço aos meus pais, Márcio e Kenarik, que, com amor e encorajamento infindáveis, deram todas as ferramentas para que eu seguisse o caminho de cientista social e também de antropóloga. Vocês são meu porto seguro e também o maior exemplo de como ser um agente de transformação no mundo. Agradeço aos meus irmãos, Marcelo Augusto e Isabel, as melhores companhias que eu poderia ter para a vida em família. Obrigada à minha tia Houri, pelas confidências, rezas bravas, e pelo carinho cotidiano, e aos meus tios queridos Marcia, Beth, Rafi e Stepan. A família mais armênia e acolhedora que eu poderia ter, vocês me deram. Obrigada Francine Polidoro pela revisão atenta e delicada do texto. Obrigada Filipe Santos, por ter feito as revisões iniciais, pelo cuidado e pelo incentivo em todas as empreitadas da vida. Você foi a primeira pessoa para quem contei o tema desta pesquisa e com seu entusiasmo impulsionou toda minha trajetória. Agradeço Renan Almeida, um dos meus primeiros leitores, pelos puxões de orelha e colos que me mostram todos os dias que “quem tem um amigo tem tudo”. Obrigada Iuri Gabriel Bonfim pelas conversas diárias e por me acompanhar há anos com uma torcida tão carinhosa. Obrigada Marcela D’elia pelo apoio em cada passo da jornada, pelas trocas cotidianas que me engrandecem, e por compartilhar, cheia de sororidade, as aflições e alegrias de ser uma pesquisadora. Laura Fanucchi, Marina De Marchi, Ian Okamoto, minhas primeiras amizades para a vida toda: obrigada por correrem comigo. Tê-los perto há tanto tempo é um orgulho e um presente. Natalia Dama, obrigada por estar sempre junto, brindando esse mestrado desde que ele começou, e pela doçura com que deseja o meu melhor. Obrigada ao querido Alexandre Pupo por ser um companheiro infalível de lutas e de caminhada. Também sou imensamente agradecida pela presença de figuras essenciais, que me rodeiam de amor: Felipe Ziccardi, João Felipe Galin e Jorge Luiz Moreira, vocês são meus meninos amados que deixam tudo mais bonito. Sem vocês, o meu caminhar não seria tão leve e o riso não viria tão fácil. Sou fruto da Universidade Pública, onde estudei desde a graduação, e sei que pesquisar um tema como esse só seria possível em uma instituição que preza pela construção do conhecimento. Por isso, agradeço todos aqueles que lutam pela manutenção destes espaços de produção do saber e pela sua democratização. Por fim, quero registrar minha gratidão aos membros da comunidade armênia com quem tive contato ao longo dos últimos anos, e que me acolheram em seus espaços. Em especial, agradeço às mulheres que calorosamente aceitaram participar dessa pesquisa e compartilharam suas histórias de vida. Ouvi-las foi uma honra e inspiração. “Devemos contar nossas histórias, por mais dolorosas que elas sejam, passadas de uma geração para a outra, sempre novas como a vida — vida doce e inefável — que nos leva adiante; precisamos contar nossas histórias, se não para recordar os que estão mortos há muito tempo, para lembrarmos de nós mesmos.” Carol Edgarian, em Rise the Euphrates RESUMO O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar os sentidos que o genocídio armênio (1915-1923) tem para as descendentes de sobreviventes que pertencem à diáspora presente na cidade de São Paulo. Mais especificamente, trata-se de pensar como a memória desse evento é transmitida e articulada e como a violência do período afetou a vivência familiar, as histórias de vida e a identidade das mulheres armênias que não experienciaram diretamente os massacres. Pretendo analisar, ainda, como esses processos se relacionam com uma narrativa da comunidade sobre o papel da mulher na manutenção da família e na reconstrução da vida após a imigração forçada. Palavras-chave: Genocídio; Memória; Diáspora; Negacionismo; Gênero. ABSTRACT This research aims to analyze the meanings that the Armenian Genocide (1915-1923) has for survivors' descendants, who belong to the diaspora
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