Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42475-2 — Caribbean Revolutions Rachel A

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42475-2 — Caribbean Revolutions Rachel A. May , Alejandro Schneider , Roberto González Arana Index More Information

Index

¡A Luchar!, 115 Armando Arias, Jesús, 111 19th of April Movement (M-19), Colombia, Armed Commandos for Liberation (CAL), 18, 90, 93, 100, 108–114, 115, 147, 153, Puerto Rico, 19, 123, 130–131, 132, 156 135–137, 141–142, 147, 152, 153 26th of July Movement, 1, 6, 7, 22, 51, 131, Armed Forces for Liberation (FAL), El 147, 148 Salvador, 52 Armed Forces of National Liberation Acción Nacional Conservadora. See (FALN), Puerto Rico, 124, 133 National Conservative Action (ANC), Armed Forces of National Resistance Nicaragua (FARN), El Salvador, 47, 51 AD-M-19 (Colombia), 115 Armed Forces of Popular Resistance African slavery, 3, 5, 22 (FARP), Puerto Rico, 132, 133 Agrarian Reform Act (Decree 900), Army for the Defense of Nicaraguan Guatemala, 25 National Sovereignty (EDSNN), 64, 67 Albizu Campos, Pedro, 123, 133, 141, 143, Asociación de Estudiantes de Secundaria. 144 See Association of Secondary Students Alejandro de León Rebel Movement (Nicaragua) of November 13 (MR-13), Guatemala, Asociación de Trabajadores del Campo. See 25–31, 34, 41, 152 Association of Rural Workers (ATC), Alianza Nacional Popular. See ANAPO Nicaragua (Colombia) Association of Rural Workers (ATC), Allende, Salvador, 108, 132 Nicaragua, 74 Almarales, Andrés, 108, 109, 111 Association of Secondary Students Amnesty International, 113 (Nicaragua), 74 ANAPO (Colombia), 18, 108, 109, 112 Atlacatl Battalion, 57, 58 Arbenz, Jacobo, 16, 24–25, 26, 41 Atlantic slave trade. See African slavery Arce, Bayardo, 72 Area of the Peoples’ Property (APP), 79, 80, Barco, Virgilio, 97 83 Barrios de Chamorro, Violeta, 79, 85, 87, Arenas, Jacobo, 95 153 Arenas, Jaime, 95, 96, 97, 104 Basanta, Joaquín “Che,” 67 Arévalo, Juan José, 41 Bateman Cayón, Jaime, 108, 109, 110, 112, Arias, Gustavo, 110, 111 113

158

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42475-2 — Caribbean Revolutions Rachel A. May , Alejandro Schneider , Roberto González Arana Index More Information

Index 159

Batista, Fulgencio, 6, 7, 9, 51, 66, 142 Chávez, Hugo, 154–155 Bay of Pigs invasion, 10, 16, 26 Chibas, Eddie, 6 Beal, Alfonso, 136, 137, 142 Chinese Revolution, 12, 51, 52, 74, 76, 148 Berlin Wall, fall of (1989), 20 Christian Base Communities (CEBs), 45, 77, Betances, Ramón Emeterio, 141, 143, 144 82, 106 Betancur, Belisario, 96, 111, 113 Claridad, 127, 128, 130, 131 Blair House, 123 Cold War, 4, 6, 8, 13, 19, 24–25, 44, 60, 63, Bloque Popular Patriótico. See Peoples’ 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 100, 107, 115, 118, Patriotic Block (BPP), Nicaragua 124, 142, 147, 148, 151, 152, 153, 155, Bogotazo, the, 92 156 Bolívar, Simón, 142 Colombian Workers’ Confederation (CTC), Bolivarian Revolution, 154–155 109 Bolivarianism, 100, 154 Comandos Armados de Liberación. See Borge, Tomás, 67, 68, 72, 76, 77, 78, 82 Armed Commandos for Liberation Boricua Popular Army (EPB), 132, 133 (CAL), Puerto Rico Broad Opposition Front (FAO), Nicaragua, Committee against Repression Unit 72, 75 (CUCRE), Puerto Rico, 140 Buitrago, Julio, 68, 76 Committees for Civil Defense (CDC), 75 Bush, George H.W., 85 Communist Party of Colombia (PCC), 91, 93, 94, 96, 99, 100 Cabral, Amilcar, 132 Communist Party of El Salvador (PCS), 17, Campo Reencuentro, 111 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51–52, 53, 56, 59, Cano, Alfonso, 96 60, 149, 152 Cardenal, Ernesto, 72, 82 Communist Party of Guatemala (PGT), 16, Cardenal, Fernando, 72, 82 26, 32–33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 51 Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act. Communist Party of Nicaragua (PC de N), See Caribbean Basin Initiative 80 Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI), 4 Communist Party of Puerto Rico, 126 Carlos Pelegrín García Liberation Comuneros, 108, 109, 112 Movement, 131 Comunidades Eclesiales de Base. See Carpio, Salvador Cayetano, 47, 48, 52 Christian Base Communities (CEBs) Carrión, Luís, 82 Confederación de Trabajadores Carter, Jimmy, 55, 70 Colombianos. See Colombian Workers’ Castillo Armas, Carlos, 25 Federation (CTC) Castro, Fidel, 1, 6–7, 9–10, 14, 66, 72, 76, Confederación de Trabajadores 131, 132, 143 Nicaragüenses. See Confederation of Castro, Raul, 9 Nicaraguan Workers (CTN) Catholic Action, 106 Confederación General de Trabajadores Catholic Church, 32, 34, 46, 53, 71–72, Independientes. See Independent General 82–83, 84, 101, 104, 106 Confederation of Workers (CGT-I), Central American Unionist Party (PUCA), Nicaragua 84 Confederation of Nicaraguan Workers Centro Universitario de la Universidad (CTN), 70 Nacional. See University Center Conservative Party (Colombia), 94 of the National University (CUUN), Conservative Party (Nicaragua), 72, Nicaragua 74, 76 Cerezo, Vinicio, 37, 39, 40 Contadora Group, 37 Chamorro, Pedro Joaquín, 72, 75, 87 contra war, 86 Chamorro, Violeta. See Barrios de Corretjer, John A., 126, 143 Chamorro, Violeta Cry of Lares, 130, 141 Chapultepec Agreement, 59 Cuban Communist Party (PCC), 7, 9

160 Index

Cuban Revolution, 1, 3, 4–8, 11, 15, 44, 51, Farabundo Martí, Agustín, 43 52, 63, 66, 68, 73, 76, 88, 95, 100, 101, Farinacci, Jorge, 133 104, 116, 124, 126, 128, 131, 134, 142, Fayad, Alvaro, 108, 110, 111 143, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152 Federación Universitaria Nacional. See Cuban War for Independence. See Spanish- National University Federation (FUN), American War Colombia Fifth Republic Movement, 154 D’Escoto, Miguel, 71, 82 Figueroa, Fabio Castillo, 49 Dalton, Roque, 47, 51, 52 foco theory, 7–8, 29, 52, 68, 71, 73, 76, Debray, Regis, 12 101, 102, 104, 107, 126, 142, 144, del Castillo, José María, 70 149, 150 Democratic Alliance (AD-M-19), Fonseca Amador, Carlos, 67, 68, 71, 76 Colombia, 112 Foraker law, 122 Democratic Conservative Party of Francis (Pope), 46 Nicaragua (PCDN), 84 Franco Puneda, Irma, 111 Democratic Liberation Union (UDEL), Freedom House, 85 Nicaragua, 70 Frente Amplio Opositor. See Broad Democratic Nationalist Union (UDN), El Opposition Front (FAO), Nicaragua Salvador, 47 Frente de Estudiantes Revolucionarios. See Díaz, Adolfo, 64 Revolutionary Student Front (FER), drug trafﬁcking, 91, 93, 97, 98, 103, 107, Nicaragua 117, 118, 119 Frente de Liberación Nacional. See National Liberation Front (FLN), Nicaragua Edgar Ibarra Guerrilla Front (FGEI), Frente Democrático Revolucionario. See Guatemala, 27–31, 33 Revolutionary Democratic Front (FDR), Ejército de Liberación Nacional. See El Salvador National Liberation Army (ELN), Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Colombia Nacional. See Farabundo Martí National Ejército Defensor de la Soberanía Nacional Liberation Front (FMLN) de Nicaragua. See Army for the Defense Frente Guerrillero Edgar Ibarra. See of Nicaraguan National Sovereignty Edgar Ibarra Guerrilla Front (FGEI), (EDSNN) Guatemala Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres. See Frente Patriótico Nacional. See National Guerrilla Army of the Poor (EGP), Patriotic Front (FPN), Nicaragua Guatemala Frente Patriótico Revolucionario. See Ejército Popular de Liberación. See Popular Revolutionary Patriotic Front Liberation Army (EPL), Colombia (Nicaragua) Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo. See Frente Revolucionario Sandino. See Sandino Peoples’ Revolutionary Army (ERP), El Revolutionary Front (FRS) Salvador Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional. El Grupo (El Salvador), 47 See Sandinista National Liberation Front El Martillo, 132 (FSLN) El Mundo, 135, 136 Frente Unido de Acción Revolcionaria. See Ellacuria, Ignacio, 58 United Front of Military Action (FUAR), Escobar, José, 76 El Salvador EZLN. See Zapatistas (Mexico) Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional. See Armed Forces of National Liberation, Fanon, Frantz, 143 Puerto Rico Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front Fuerzas Armadas de Resistencia Nacional. (FMLN), 17, 46, 48, 52, 54–60, 61, 115, See Armed Forces of National Resistance 147, 150, 151, 153, 155, 156 (FARN), El Salvador

Index 161

Fuerzas Armadas de Resistencia Popular. Independent Liberal Party (PLI), Nicaragua, See Armed Forces of Popular Resistance 70 (FARP), Puerto Rico Indigenous peoples of Guatemala. See Maya Fuerzas Armadas para la Liberación. See peoples Armed Forces for Liberation (FAL), El Insurrectional Tendency (TI), 71, 72, 73, 75, Salvador 77 Fuerzas Armadas Rebeldes. See Rebel Inter-American Development Bank, 83 Armed Forces (FAR), Guatemala Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Jaramillo, Bernardo, 97 Colombia. See Revolutionary Armed Jesuits, 45, 58 Forces of Colombia (FARC) Joint National Directive, Nicaragua, 72 Fuerzas Populares de Liberación. See Jones Act, 122 Popular Liberation Force (FPL), El Junta of the Government of National Salvador Reconstruction (Nicaragua), 78, 79, 81, Funes, Mauricio, 155 82 Juventud Patriótica Nicaragüense. See Gaitán, Jorge Eliécer, 92, 106 Nicaraguan Patriotic Youth (JPN) García Laviana, Gaspar, 71 Juventud Revolucionaria Nicaragüense. See genocide, 23, 31–32, 38 Nicaraguan Revolutionary Youth (JRN) Gómez, Laureano, 94 Grave, Vera, 108 Kennedy, John F., 10 Group of Twelve, 71, 72 Korean War, 92 Guaraca, Jaime, 95 Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity La Gaitana, 114 (URNG), 16, 17, 33–34, 36, 37–40, 41, La Matanza, 43 56, 115, 150, 153, 156 La Violencia, 18, 92, 94, 152 Guatemalan Revolution (1944–1954), Latin American Bishop’s Conference 15–16, 24, 152 (CELAM), 45 Guerra Popular Prolongada. See prolonged League of Patriots of Eugenio Hostos peoples’ war (GPP) (Puerto Rico), 126 Guerrilla Army of the Poor (EGP), Lenin, Vladimir, 12 Guatemala, 33, 34, 35–36, 40 Leninism, 7, 12, 52, 56, 83, 99, 100, 115, Guerrilla Coordinating Body (CNG), 127, 128, 129, 130, 141, 143, 149 Colombia, 109, 114 Liberal Party (Colombia), 101 Guerrilla Warfare, 7–8, 10, 94, 99, 148, 149, Liberal Revolutionary Movement (MRL), See also foco theory Colombia, 106 Guevara, Ernesto “Che,” 1, 6, 7–8, 9, 12, Liberal Revolutionary Youth Movement 13, 14, 22, 52, 68, 73, 74, 76, 101, 132, (JMRL), Colombia, 104 141, 143, 148, 149 liberation theology, 34, 45, 74, 77, 101, Guzmán, Efraín, 95 104, 106 Lleras Camargo, Alberto, 94 Haitian Revolution, 5 López y López, Joaquín, 58 Harnecker, Marta, 12 López, Amando, 58 Haslam, Carlos “Chale,” 67 Lucas García, Fernando Romeo, 37 Ho Chi Minh, 76 Hostos, Eugenio María de, 141, 143 Macheteros (Puerto Rico), 19, 124, 133, human rights, 19–20, 113, 119, 157 138–140, 142–145, 147, 152, 153 Hurricane Maria, 156 Mao Zedong, 12, 76 Maoism, 7, 12–13, 56, 71, 73, 76 Independent General Confederation of Mari Brás, Juan, 126, 127 Workers (CGT-I), Nicaragua, 70 Mariátegui, José Carlos, 12

162 Index

Martí, José, 5, 143 Movimiento Pueblo Unido. See Movement Martín Baró, Ignacio, 58 of the People United (MPU), Nicaragua Martínez Lagares, Antonia, 137 Movimiento Revolucionario Liberal Martínez, Gerson, 59 (MRL). See Revolutionary Liberal Marulanda Vélez, Manuel, 95 Movement (MRL), Colombia Marx, Karl, 148 Marxism, 7, 10, 36, 41, 49, 52, 56, 60, 71, NAFTA, 155 76, 77, 83, 99, 100, 105, 115, 127, 128, National Autonomous University of 143, 148, 151 Nicaragua (UNAN), 76 Mateo, Santiago, 67 National Center for Historical Memory, Maya peoples, 30, 31–32, 34, 36, 40–41 Colombia, 93 Mayorga, Silvio, 67, 68 National Committee for Freedom of Meléndez, Hector, 130 Political Prisoners and War (CNPLPPG), Mercado, José Raquel, 109 Puerto Rico, 140 Mexican Revolution, 2, 64 National Conservative Action (ANC), Moleón, Juan, 67 Nicaragua, 70 Moncada military barracks, 6 National Endowment for Democracy Montes, Segundo, 58 (NED), 85 Montoneros (Argentina), 107 National Front, 92–93, 94, 96, 108 Morales, Ricardo, 68 National Liberation Army (ELN), Colombia, Moreno, Juan Ramón, 58 18, 90, 91, 93, 98, 101–107, 114, 115, Movement of Liberal Constitutionalists 118, 120, 147, 152, 153 (MLC), Nicaragua, 70 National Liberation Front (FLN), Movement of Revolutionary Unity (MUR), Nicaragua, 67 Nicaragua, 84 National Opposition Union (UNO), Movement of the People United (MPU), Nicaragua, 84–85, 87, 153 Nicaragua, 72, 75, 80 National Patriotic Front (FPN), Nicaragua, Movimiento 13 de Noviembre. See 75 Alejandro de León Rebel Movement National Reconciliation Commission of November 13 (MR-13), Guatemala (CNR), Guatemala, 38 Movimiento 19 de Abril. See 19th of April National Resistance (RN), El Salvador, 47, Movement (M-19), Colombia 49, 51, 52, 53 Movimiento Armado del Pueblo. See National Unity Liberal Party (Nicaragua), 84 Peoples’ Armed Movement (MAP), National University Federation (FUN), Puerto Rico Colombia, 104 Movimiento Cristiano Revolucionario. See Nationalist Party (Puerto Rico), 123, 126, Revolutionary Christian Movement 135 (MCR), Nicaragua Navarro Wolff, Antonio, 108, 110, 111, Movimiento Estudiantil de Secundaria. See 112 Secondary Students’ Movement (MES), neoliberalism, 153–154, 155 Nicaragua New Social Movements, 2, 40, 154, 155, Movimiento Liberal Consticionalista. See 156, 157 Movement of Liberal Constitutionalists Nicaraguan Patriotic Youth (JPN), 76 (MLC), Nicaragua Nicaraguan Revolutionary Youth (JRN), 67 Movimiento Obrero-Estudiantil- Nicaraguan Socialist Party (PSN), 76, 80 Campesino. See Worker, Student, Nordin, Jack, 67 and Peasant Movement (MOEC), Núñez, Carlos, 72 Colombia Movimiento Pro-Independencia. See Pro- Obando y Bravo, Miguel (Archbishop), 71 Independence Movement (MPI), Puerto Ojeda Ríos, Filiberto, 131–132, 133, 139, Rico 143

Index 163

Operation Success, 24 Partido Socialista Puertorriqueño. See Organización Revolucionaria del Pueblo en Puerto Rican Socialist Party (PSP) Armas. See Revolutionary Organization Passarelli, Miguel Ortiz, 25 of the People in Arms (ORPA), Pastrana, Andrés, 99, 119 Guatemala Patricio Martínez, María de Jesús, 155 Organization for the Puerto Rican Patriotic Union (UP), Colombia, 96–97, Revolution (OVRP), 132, 133 100, 115, 156 Organization of American States (OAS), 78, Payeras, Mario, 38 92 Peoples’ Social Christian Party (PPSC), Organization of the People in Arms Nicaragua, 80 (ORPA), Guatemala, 36, 48 Peoples’ Armed Movement (MAP), Puerto Ortega, Daniel, 70, 71, 72, 75, 84, 85, 88, Rico, 124, 125, 144 153, 155 Peoples’ Patriotic Block (BPP), Nicaragua, Ortega, Humberto, 68, 71, 72, 75, 82 80 Ortodoxo party, Cuba, 6 Peoples’ Revolutionary Army (ERP), El Ospina, Iván Marino, 108, 110, 111 Salvador, 47, 48, 51, 52, 53, 56 Otero, Luís, 111 Peoples’ Social Christian Party (PPSC), Nicaragua, 80 Palace of Justice (Colombia), 111 Pérez, Carlos Andrés, 154 Pardo Leal, Jaime, 97 Pérez, Manuel, 101, 102, 106 Parra, Afranio, 114 Peronism, 108 Partido Comunista Colombiano. See pink tide, 100, 154 See also Bolivarianism Communist Party of Colombia (PCC) Pitirre II, 138 Partido Comunista Cubano. See Cuban Pizarro Eduardo, 90 Communist Party (PCC) Pizarro, Carlos, 108, 110, 111, 112 Partido Comunista de El Salvador. See Plan Colombia, 91, 118 Communist Party of El Salvador (PCS) Platt Amendment, 5 Partido Comunista de Nicaragua. See Plaza Libertad, massacre in (El Salvador), 53 Communist Party of Nicaragua (PC de N) Ponce massacre, 123 Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo. See Popular Liberation Army (EPL), Colombia, Communist Party of Guatemala (PGT) 114, 115 Partido Liberal Independiente. See Popular Liberation Force (FPL), El Independent Liberal Party (PLI), Salvador, 47, 48, 50–51, 52, 53, 55, 56 Nicaragua Popular Neighborhood Committees, El Partido Popular Social Cristiano. See Salvador, 54 Peoples’ Social Christian Party (PPSC), Popular Revolutionary Bloc (BPR), El Nicaragua Salvador, 50 Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores Pro Independence Congress (Puerto Rico), Puertorriqueños-Ejército Popular. See 126 Macheteros (Puerto Rico) Pro-Independence Movement (MPI), Puerto Partido Revolucionario de Trabajadores. Rico, 19, 123, 126–128, 134 See Revolutionary Workers’ Party (PRT), Pro-Independence Movement–Puerto Rican Colombia Socialist Party (MPI-PSP), 126–130, Partido Revolucionario de Trabajadores 140–141, 144, 147, 152, 153 de Centroamérica. See Revolutionary Proletarian Tendency (TP), 71, 72 Party of Central American Workers prolonged peoples’ war (GPP), 13, 30, 52, (PRTC) 71, 72, 73, 74, 76 Partido Social Cristiano. See Social PRT-ERP (Argentina), 107 Christian Party (PSC), Nicaragua Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP), 126 Partido Socialista Nicaragüense. See Puerto Rican Socialist Party (PSP), 19, 123, Nicaraguan Socialist Party (PSN) 132, 134–135, 145

164 Index

Quintin Lame Armed Movement Revolutionary Workers’ Party-Puerto Rican (Colombia), 114 Boricua Popular Army (PRTP-EPB). See Macheteros (Puerto Rico) racism, 23, 156 Riggs, Elisha, 123 Ramírez, Sergio, 81, 84 Rigsbee, John, 67 Ramos, Celia, 58 Río Piedras massacre, 123 Ramos, Elba, 58 Ríos Montt, Efraín, 16, 36, 37, 38, 156 Reagan, Ronald, 55, 61, 151 Robelo, Alfonso, 79 Rebel Armed Forces (FAR), Guatemala, Rodríguez Bautista, Nicolás, 102 27–31, 32–33, 34, 35, 73 Rodríguez Christopher, Ángel, 138 red tide, 154 See also Bolivarianism Rojas Pinilla, Gustavo, 94, 108 Resistencia Nacional. See National Romero, Oscar (Archbishop), 46, 53, 58 Resistance (RN), El Salvador Ruíz, Henry, 68, 72, 82 Reu, Antonio, 67 Russian Revolution, 12, 51, 148 Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), 18, 90, 91, 93–101, 103, 105, Sacasa, Juan Bautista, 64 107, 108, 112, 114, 115, 118, 119, 120, Sánchez Cerén, Salvador, 153 147, 152, 153, 156 Sánchez, Camilo, 28 Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia – Sandinista National Liberation Front People’sArmy(FARC-EP),96 (FSLN), 17, 54, 66–87, 109, 115, 147, Revolutionary Christian Movement 150, 151, 153, 155 (MCR), Nicaragua, 77 Sandino Revolutionary Front (FRS), Revolutionary Coordination of the Masses Nicaragua, 66, 67 (CRM), El Salvador, 53, 56 Sandino, Augusto, 30, 64, 67, 73, 76 Revolutionary Democratic Front (FDR), El Santamaría, Israel, 111 Salvador, 53 Santos, Juan Manuel, 119 Revolutionary Independence Movement in Second Vatican Council. See Vatican II Arms (MIRA), Puerto Rico, 132 Secondary Students’ Movement (MES), Revolutionary Liberal Movement (MRL), Nicaragua, 74 Colombia, 101 Segundo, Juan Luís, 14 Revolutionary Organization of the People in Serna, Julian, 114 Arms (ORPA), Guatemala, 33, 34–35, 39, Serna, Lupe, 114 40 Sierra Maestra (Cuba), 14, 142 Revolutionary Party of Central American Simón Bolívar Guerrilla Coordinating Workers (PRTC), 49, 51, 52 Committee (CGSB), Colombia, 114–115, Revolutionary Patriotic Front (FPR), 150 Nicaragua, 80 Sobrino, Jon, 58 Revolutionary Popular Army (EPR), El Social Christian Party (PSC), Nicaragua, 70, Salvador, 54, 55 84 Revolutionary Student Front (FER), Social Conservative Party Nicaragua, 74 (Nicaragua), 84 Revolutionary Uniﬁed Directorate (DRU), Socialist Party of Nicaragua (PSdeN), 70 El Salvador, 56 Somarriba, Rafael, 67 Revolutionary Workers’ Organization Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, 66, 77, 78 (ORT), 49 Somoza Debayle, Luís, 66 Revolutionary Workers’ Party (PRT), Somoza dictatorship, 63, 64–66, 69–70, 73, Colombia, 114 83 Revolutionary Workers’ Party (PRT), Somoza García, Anastasio, 64, 66 Puerto Rico, 132, 133 Soviet Union, 7, 10, 13, 51, 99, 149

Index 165

Spanish-American War, 4, 122 Unión Patriótica. See Patriotic Union (UP), Superior Council of Private Enterprise Colombia (COSEP), Nicaragua, 80, 84 United Front of Military Action (FUAR), El Salvador, 47 theory of dos demonios, 20 United Fruit Company, 16, 26 Tirado, Victor, 71, 72 United Nations, 19, 59, 78, 79 Tlatelolco massacre, 3n.2 United Resistance Front (FUR), Guatemala, Toledo Plata, Carlos, 108 27, 30 Torres, Camilo, 12, 101, 104, 106 University Center of the National University Treaty of Paris, 5, 122 (CUUN), Nicaragua, 74 Trejo Esquivel, Luís, 27, 30 University of Central America Trinchera, 68 (UCA), 58 Trotskyism, 29, 30, 49, 52 Uribe Accords, 96, 97 Truman, Harry, 123 Uribe, Álvaro, 99, 100, 119 Tupamaros (Uruguay), 107, 132 Turbay Ayala, Julio César, 113 Valero of Bernabé, Antonio, 142 Turcios Lima, Luís, 26, 27, 28, 29, 73 Vásquez Castaño, Antonio, 106 Turcios, Oscar, 68 Vásquez Castaño, Fabio, 101, 102, 103, 105, 106, 107 Ubíco, Jorge, 30 Vásquez Castaño, Manuel, 106 UFCO. See United Fruit Company Vatican II, 45, 106 Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional de Vega, Pablo Antonio, 83 Guatemala. See Guatemalan National Vietnam War, 52, 74, 76, 122, 124, 125, Revolutionary Unity (URNG) 127, 134, 140, 141, 142 Uniﬁed Revolutionary Directorate (DRU), Villalobos, Joaquín, 47, 60 El Salvador, 53 Volunteers’ Organization for the Puerto Unión de Juventudes Comunistas de Rican Revolution (OVRP), 124 Colombia. See Union of Communist Youth of Colombia (UJCC) Walker, William, 63 Unión Democrática de Liberación. See Wells Fargo robbery (Macheteros), 139 Democratic Liberation Union (UDEL), Wheelock, Jaime, 72, 77, 82, 84 Nicaragua Worker, Student, and Peasant Movement Unión Democrática Nacionalista. See (MOEC), Colombia, 104 Democratic Nationalist Union (UDN), El World Bank, 83 Salvador Unión Nacional de Oposición. See National Yarumales, 110 Opposition Union (UNO), Nicaragua Ydígoras Fuentes, Miguel, 25, 26, 30 Union of Communist Youth of Colombia Yon Sosa, Marco Antonio, 26, 27, 28 (UJCC), 104 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Zapatistas (Mexico), 154 See Soviet Union Zelaya, Héctor, 67