Geographic Information System Capacity building For The Mayaro Rio Claro Regional Corporation
Implementation Toolkit
October 2013
Cherece Wallace
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Acknowledgements
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Table of Contents
Acknowledgements 2
Table of Contents 3
Preface 6
About the Toolkit 7
List of Toolkit Items 8
Training Manual 9
Introduction 10
1 - Understanding GIS 15 What is GIS? 16 GIS Foundation 16 What makes data spatial? 19 Data Types 20 Data Models 21 Metadata 23 GIS Functions 24
2 – GPS 30
3 - Map Design 36 Basic Elements of Map Design 37 6 Commandments of Map Design 38
4 - GIS Applications 40 Free Open Source Software 41 Commercial GIS Packages 44
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5 - GIS in Disaster Risk Reduction and Management 45 GIS for Disaster Management 46 Usefulness of GIS in Disaster Management 47 Leveraging GIS Locally 49
6 - GIS in the Workplace (RRMC GIS Operations – MRCRC) 52 GIS Integration 53 To Start… 54
7 - GIS Tutorial 58
8 – Scenarios 59
9 – Glossary 61
10 – Figures Figure 1 – The Risk Reduction Management Centre Model 9 Figure 2 – GIS Components 16 Figure 3 – Spatial Data 18 Figure 4 – Numerical and Geographic Data Types 19 Figure 5 – Real World, Raster and Vector Representation 20 Figure 6 – GIS Analysis Functions 26 Figure 7 – GIS in the Decision Making Process 28 Figure 8 – Constellation of GPS satellites and their orbit 30 Figure 9 – GPS Control Segment Stations 30 Figure 10 – GPS Component 31 Figure 11 – Satellite Position 31 Figure 12 – GPS Errors 32 Figure 13 – Waypoint Form 34 Figure 14 – Basic Map Elements 37 Figure 15 – 6 Commandments for Map Design 38 Figure 16 – GIS for Disaster Management 45 Figure 17 – Core Capabilities of GIS in Disaster Management 47 Figure 18 – Basic Map Layout 56
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11 – Appendix 68 MRC Hazards 69 RRMC Organizational Chart 71 Ashok Roof Event Form 73 MRCRC All Events Database 74 Google Earth User Guide 75 Sharing and Saving Places data 92 Importing CSV data 100 ArcExplorer Online Quick Guide 103 Workshop Report 106 Workshop Day 1 and Day 2 Agendas 112 Scenario Video Reports 113 Workshop Survey Results 114 Workshop Comment Tree 132 Workshop Participant Feedback 150 Poster 151
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Preface
The Government of Trinidad and Tobago through the Office of Disaster Preparedness and Management (ODPM) is currently engaged in a pilot initiative along with four other countries in the Caribbean region to learn from, adapt and replicate the Cuban Risk Reduction Management Centre (RRMC) model, to our local country context. This model constitutes an instrument of local governments designed to manage (collect, document, compile, analyze, share) information about hazards, risks and vulnerabilities in a given territory and support informed decision-making by local authorities.
With financial and technical support being made available through project sponsors – UNDP and the Caribbean Risk Management Initiative (CRMI) and Cuban technical assistance, this country adapted RRMC pilot initiative which is aimed at improving the performance of local governance institutions - primarily the Disaster Management Unit (DMU) system in their disaster risk reduction responsibilities, while fostering increased level of community interface and participation. This initiative is also expected to supplement the capabilities of the National Disaster Office, thereby maximizing the effectiveness of disaster risk reduction and management (DRR/DRM) interventions all round.
Given the current DRR capacity gaps and constraints at the local level, the RRMC's main objectives will seek to improve and/or create better documentation, access to and transmission of critical disaster and emergency information within the disaster management system in Trinidad and Tobago. In view of this, the pilot RRMC implementation will focus on strengthening capacity within in the selected pilot site - Mayaro Rio Claro Regional Corporation (MRCRC), specifically in the areas of:
a) Community-based Early Warning (EW) capacity and b) GIS technical capacity
These items represent critical gaps which have been lagging particularly at the local level as no consolidated programme for EW exists and community-based early warning systems are few or inefficient. In addition, risk management tools such as GIS are grossly under-utilized.
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About The Tool Kit
The objective is to: Strengthen technical capability for using GIS technology at pilot site disaster management unit (DMU) – GIS to facilitate collection, management, analysis and transformation of hazard, vulnerability and risk information into vital output for decision making and support
The “GIS Training Manual” which is part of the toolkit, is a technical information package based on the findings of a pilot study in the Mayaro Rio Claro Regional Corporation, in south east Trinidad and Tobago to implement the Cuban model of risk reduction management centres.
The toolkit is intended to assist town planners, emergency managers, community leaders, and risk transfer providers in enhancing their disaster risk management capabilities as related to their respective areas of responsibility, specifically in the area of GIS. It is expected that this Toolkit will make a significant contribution to the understanding and practice of disaster risk management in the Region.
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List of Toolkit Items
Toolkit content will be inclusive of, but not limited to the following: Training Manual inclusive of standard tools and aids to support training content Any documented outputs/results of training workshop (results of facilitated discussions, practical exercises etc) Visual aids Baseline datasets Copies or links to reference material - online resources, open source software, data, documents, websites etc Multimedia library – Demo videos, pictures etc Evaluation forms Relevant contact information
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GIS TRAINING MANUAL
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Introduction
RRMC OVERVIEW
This introductory chapter seeks to define the Risk Reduction Management Centre (RRMC) and set out the clear Goals and Objectives for using GIS in support of RRMC operations. The information provided sets out guidelines for how the RRMC will typically operate.
WHAT IS THE RRMC?
Initiated in the 2005, the Cuban model of Risk Reduction Management Centres (RRMC) has been identified as a best practice in the area of risk reduction. The RRMCs constitute an instrument of local governments designed to manage information about hazards, risks and vulnerabilities in a given territory
What is the Risk Reduction Management Centre (RRMC) Model?
RRMC Components:
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Main Functions of the Risk Reduction Management Centre Model
The Risk Reduction Management Centre plays the role of collecting, analyzing, compiling, and coordinating risk and disaster information for the purpose of informed decision-making by local authorities. Its primary functions are to:
. Facilitate analysis and periodic assessment of local risks and factors that produce vulnerabilities, with the participation of territorial institutions and organizations
. Control the reduction of vulnerabilities and risk when hazards occur
. Compile process and prepare information derived from surveillance and monitoring activities
. Participate in the preparation of territorial disaster reduction plans
. Document and preserve historic memory of disaster events and reduction actions
. Contribute to the promotion of a disaster reduction culture in the population, as well as influence their preparedness
. Participate in the response to and recovery from disaster situations
Broad Objectives
Trinidad and Tobago, having qualified to benefit from the pilot replication of the RRMCs, will work to achieve the following broad objectives:
. Build local capacity for risk assessment, analysis and management for the purpose of informed decision making at a local level and improved coordination with national level
. Strengthen use of risk management tools such as hazard and risk studies, vulnerability assessments, GIS mapping, and database management
. Strengthen community-based early warning systems and ensure they are connected with risk reduction mechanisms in the various regional corporations and country as a whole
. Notably the above places deliberate focus on capacity building improvements at the local level. In its capacity as national coordinator of such disaster risk reduction and management activities, the ODPM will be responsible for coordinating the local level
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actors as well as streamlining the aforementioned with national level Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRR/DRM) priorities.
Introduction to RRMC GIS Component
Expected Output: Capacity for use of GIS as a tool for collecting, managing and utilizing hazard, vulnerability and risk information is strengthened.
Strengthen capacity and technical capability for using GIS technology at pilot site disaster management unit (DMU) – GIS to facilitate collection, management, analysis and transformation of hazard, vulnerability and risk information into vital output for decision making and support
GIS Component: Select personnel from the Mayaro Rio Claro Regional Corporation and staff of its Disaster Management Unit (DMU) will be the main beneficiaries of the GIS training. Provisions will be made to include at least 1 representative of neighboring DMUs and select persons who will be involved with the EWPS in training component
Practical session will be incorporated in GIS training whereby, key datasets contributing to development of hazard/risk/vulnerability map of the MRCRC will be identified and preliminary collection of some of these data will be conducted. This will be supplemented by at least (2) further field mapping exercises during the implementation period. Intention that maps will be reflective of and/or seek to synergize with ongoing activities, projects and initiatives in the area - PVA results, IDB Country risk evaluation, developmental plans for the area e.g. Mayaro Rio Claro spatial development plan
GIS implementation will take place at the MRCRC DMU office i.e. hardware, software, data, GIS trained staff will be housed at this location
MAIN OBJECTIVES OF GIS FOR THE RRMC
GIS is a tool for planning and coordination, that facilitates decision-making in complex development processes. In terms of disaster risk reduction, the use of GIS in the RRMC has resulted in increased awareness among local authorities and the population in general about the dimension of risk to which they are exposed and what to do about the original causes.
The main objectives of the GIS are:
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Facilitate collection and analysis of DRM related datasets Establish appropriate databases Control different risk zones, for each type of disaster hazard identified Geographically reference the economic installations that might cause technological and public health disasters, as well as those that are at risk of being affected by them Geographically reference the different declared phases for protecting the population and economy, and evacuation plans for human and material resources Position and automatically plot hurricanes, in anticipation of their possible movements and locations of impact Surveillance and early alert of forest fires Establish bases for inserting these systems into the National Spatial Data Infrastructure of the Republic of Cuba (IDERC)
Common information needs of the Risk Reduction Management Centre (RRMC) include the following categories of data:
Administrative boundaries – Regional Corporation, Communities, Electoral Districts Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability Data – Location of different hazard incidents, Main vulnerable areas – streets or communities, areas at risk to different types of hazards Critical Infrastructure (important for continuity of operations) – transport networks – roads, airports, ports, bridges, important government buildings, utilities Emergency resources – locations of firestations, police, medical, shelters, radio operators etc
Setting Expectations: Specific responsibilities of the MRCRC DMU/Local Government in terms of GIS
Collection of hazard, vulnerability and risk related datasets for the MRCRC area (specific datasets may be identified e.g. collection of hazard incidents, streets highly vulnerable to flood etc, areas the pose industrial risk etc) Provide basic analysis of data collected for reporting purposes and to inform any necessary planning and mitigation works – to MRCRC Corporation, ODPM (e.g. many incidents tagged in an area over time, can be shown on a map to support decision to clean drains in area) Provide monthly report of geo-tagged incidents to ODPM and Local Government PS office. (These shall be forwarded to other relevant agencies – e.g. WRA, TCPD for their planning purposes) Ensure all GIS equipment is maintained and in good working order at all times. Responsibility for maintenance lies with the DMU
The approach is proposed to take staff of the DMU through a number of key stages and approaches to becoming familiar with and using GIS to support their everyday work
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CHAPTER 1 Understanding GIS
This GIS overview is intended to be a general introductory section to familiarize users with the basic GIS knowledge, concepts and examples. The information in this chapter will be made more specific to the Risk Reduction Management Centre (RRMC) /Disaster Management unit (DMU) operations in later sections i.e. Users should be able build on and apply the information learnt here, to the RRMC GIS Operations section, which details the typical and even daily RRMC GIS operations and standard operating procedures
AT THE END OF THIS CHAPTER YOU BE ABLE TO ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
What is GIS? What are the main components of a GIS? What are typical GIS functions? I.e. what can GIS do? Data types and what makes data spatial? What is the word used for defining “data about data”? What are some real world applications of GIS? What is your GIS project goal?
What is GIS?
These are some formal definitions of a GIS-
“A geographic information system (GIS) is an organized integration of hardware, software and geographic data designed to capture, store, edit, analyze, share and display geographically referenced information. It is used to resolve complex problems of planning and management. In a more general sense, the GIS is a tool that allows its users to perform interactive requests, analyze spatial information, revise data and maps, and present results of these operations” Cuba Risk Reduction Management Centres, Best Practices in Risk Reduction, 2010
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“A system for capturing, storing, checking, integrating, manipulating, analyzing and displaying data which are spatially referenced to the Earth. This is normally considered to involve a spatially referenced computer database and appropriate applications software”. Chorley Report, 1987
Why is GIS unique? Geography is information about the earth’s surface and the objects found on it, e.g. people, trees, buildings, roads, shoreline etc. GIS then provides a system for organizing this knowledge. GIS helps manage, analyze, and distribute geographic knowledge.
What distinguishes GIS from other information systems? • GIS integrates spatial and other kinds of information within one system: it offers a consistent framework for analyzing space • GIS makes connections between activities based on spatial proximity • GIS provides the mechanisms for undertaking the manipulation and display of geographic knowledge
GIS Foundation This section is intended to introduce users to the foundation aspects or main components of a GIS. Each of the components will now be examined in further detail.
GIS Components A working GIS integrates these five key components: hardware, software, data, people, and methods/applications (Figure2).
FIGURE 2 – GIS COMPONENTS
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Hardware The hardware in the form of the computer is central in this area; it runs the software, this is where data collected is stored and where the personnel interact with the data. However, hardware isn’t static. It obviously depends on what your goal is. If the project requires a report of all landslides in a Mayaro for a specific time period, scuba gear isn’t going to be useful; in coral monitoring exercise it is. In this respect some of the hardware needed is variable but essential to the process.
Devices can be categorized in four general ways: Data collection: GPS, Cameras, Probes Data Input: Scanners, digitizers Data Output: Printers, Computer monitors, plotters Data analysis and storage: Computers, hard drives
Software GIS software provides the functions and tools needed to store, analyze, and display geographic information. Key software components are A database (management system) Tools for the input and manipulation of geographic information Tools that support geographic query, analysis, and visualization A graphical user interface (GUI) for easy access to tools
A well rounded GIS package has tools to support both vector and raster analysis. Over time you may develop preferences depending on the type of analysis being done. The main GIS software is often referred to as a desktop GIS package since GIS software is a large collection of tools which is key to the entire system.
Capture > Input > Analysis > Output
There are free (open Source) GIS packages as well as proprietary ones, several of which can be run not only on Windows but on Linux and Mac OS X. While free GIS packages are useful, it is important to remember that as GIS integration in your organization grows, investing in software will also be necessary. Well known commercial applications are known to be more robust in their software functionality but also tend to be very stable. Also because of the market-share that they command, the vendors often provide technical support for their products and occasional training programs.
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People People design, sell and use GIS applications. Without people, there is no GIS. GIS technology is of limited value without the people who manage the system and to develop plans for applying it. GIS users range from technicians to specialists, who design and maintain the system to those who use it to help them do their everyday work.
Methods Methods are well designed plans and/or business rules describing how the technology is or should be applied. This includes: - Guidelines - Specifications - Standards and - Procedures
Data Data fuels a GIS and is the most important component of a GIS. Geographic data and related tabular or attribute data can be collected in-house or bought from a commercial data provider. Most GISs create and maintain a database to help organize and manage data.
What makes data spatial? Spatial data simply has to do with geographical representation of an entity or feature on earth’s surface i.e. it refers to information that is associated with a location or place (Figure 3). Spatial data has particular characteristics that can be described in terms of: shape, place and relationship to other spatial data. It may be recorded on a map, held as records in a database or even be represented as a photograph. Remember that Geography is, in fact, the study of spatial information and we are surrounded by geography. You will also discover that most information is either spatial or has a spatial component.
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FIGURE 3 – SPATIAL DATA
Tabular and attribute data are non-spatial but can be linked to location data – in fact an important aspect of spatial data is that it often contains attribute information. That implies that a description of the feature (e.g. road) is held in some form. The description might be the name or the type of road (A, Secondary, Highway, 3rd class). This information might be held in a database record or simply written or depicted on a map. The following is another example:
Shelters dataset – shelters are a spatial feature and the associated information about the shelter - name, Address, capacity etc are non-spatial attributes linked to the shelter by its location.
Spatial / Geographic data: Shelter location – x coordinate, y coordinate
Non-Spatial Tabular or Attribute data: Shelter name, Address, Capacity etc
At this juncture it is important to remember what you put into the GIS – i.e. the specific geographic and tabular/attribute data is what you get out, so make efforts to plan any data collection, with your outputs or end products in mind.
Data Types Data Values 1. Nominal – just gives a name, an identifier. No computational information but useful in distinguishing different values.
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2. Ordinal – this assigns rank to events or objects. It is a natural order for example first, second, third or ranking household income as “high”, “average” or “low”. 3. Interval – incremental; no multiplying or division but you can express ratios or differences, for example, age. 4. Ratio – length or area
Geographic Data Types 1. Spatial Map Data – this is the location and shape of an event or feature. 2. Attribute Data – This is Descriptive data. It identifies what the map data is. These are all considered non-spatial because by themselves they do not pinpoint a location. It can be qualitative (nominal data) or quantitative (ordinal, interval or ratio data) 3. Image Data – satellite image, aerial photographs and scanned maps fall into this category
FIGURE 4
Data Models
Vector Data – (geo-objects) features are represented as Points, Lines, Polygons - Figure 5 (3) Raster Data – Store features on a grid or as pixels – Figure 5 (2)
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FIGURE 5 – (1) REAL WORLD, (2) RASTER REPRESENTATION, (3) VECTOR REPRESENTATION
Models are ways of storing geographic information in the GIS. By using data models we can represent the real world in a way that the computer can understand and do analysis that hold true to the real world. The two most common data models are Vector and Raster.
Vector Data (Database oriented) Represents the world using points, lines and polygons, these are useful for storing data and representations of features such as buildings, trails and roads. The data is discrete. Examples of vector data models are Shapefiles (Esri), Triangulated Irregular Networks (TINs) and AutoCAD (.dxf files). Points are non dimensional defined by x , y coordinates. Polygons are the enclosure of one or more lines Points and elevation = Line e.g. pole Lines and elevation = A vertical polygon e.g. a wall Polygon and elevation = A 3 dimensional feature e.g. volume
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Vectors are more database oriented and are very good at representing features such as rivers, boundaries and roads.
Advantages Compact data structure Suitable for cases where data must closely represent hand drawn maps Have an accurate advantage Good for storing data that need topological information – they can store information of how a feature connects to others e.g. road networks Good system for plotting data
Disadvantages Complex data structure Overlaying data is not simple It doesn’t represent data over surfaces well e.g. topography
Sources – GPS Surveys, manual digitizing
Raster Data (Analysis oriented) This model uses grids to store map data. It creates a continuous surface defined by series of discrete grid cells. Each cell has a value that represents attribute data at that location.
Cell size determines resolution. The smaller the cell size the better the resolution. For example a 50 meter Landsat image means that each cell is 50 meters on the ground. A smaller cell size means more details. Raster grids can analyze and retrieve data quickly. This is because the raster structure closely resembles that of a computer’s.
The data is a continuous representation of a study area and is therefore suited to data that is continuous such as terrain, vegetation and natural resources. With raster data you can create atmosphere models, density models and remotely sensed data.
This system is data intensive as it must record data at every cell whether it is needed or not.
Advantages Overlaying easily done Variability is well represented
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Easy to understand
Disadvantages Not a compact data structure Connective relationships are difficult to represent Blocky appearance
Sources – User interpolation of vector data, commercially available
Metadata
‘..the who, what, when, where, how and why of the dataset’
Often referred to as “data about data”, metadata is a summary description of the data set it is included with. This includes notes on the content, quality, type, creation, condition, origin/ source organizations, data format, accuracy and spatial information about the dataset. It can be stored in any format such as database files or text format. Esri has further described it as information about existing data that becomes readily available to anyone seeking it. Metadata makes data discovery easier, reduces data duplication and assists users with more informed use of a specific dataset.
Importance Metadata makes data more useful to users by making it easier to document and locate data sets and also allows users to interpret and use data properly, as well as the reliability and currency of data. The growing availability of data, different sources has helped GIS technology become more useful and widely available. As such it is important to know whether the data you just have bought or downloaded is useful to you. Metadata Answers This is a checklist as to what to include when creating metadata for a dataset
Who collected the data? Who owns the data? What is the subject or theme of the dataset? E.g. Rivers dataset Projection of the data? When was the data collected? (How old is the dataset? currency of dataset) Where was the data collected? Why was the data collected? (What was the purpose/ rationale for collecting? E.g. specific project)
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How was the data collected? How should it be used? What are the use restrictions? How much does it cost?
Metadata Management Both data and time are costly. A GIS development plan that takes metadata into account from the beginning will save time and money later. Data expense continues to be the largest part of most GIS budgets, usually more than staff costs. If metadata is part of standard operating procedures, creating metadata costs virtually nothing. Time and effort related to metadata should be entered into the budget or project plan of every GIS operation.
Database Management: Any system needs guidelines and procedure.
Resources: GIS takes needs to purchase equipment and data. Although the starting up cost for a GIS is often very expensive, it is much easier for small organisms to adapt to the changes and minimize costs.
GIS Functions (What can GIS Do?)
The 5Ms of GIS Mapping Measurement Monitoring Modelling Management
Mapping & measurement Where are we? How far is the nearest hospital from the site of the accident? What is the size of Arima Borough Corporation?
Monitoring What would happen if . . . A chemical leaked into a Caroni river? Where does . . . Flooding occur most in Trinidad? Has . . . Population changed over the last ten years?
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Is there a spatial pattern related to . . . Volume rainfall and location of landslide
Modelling Simplified representation of a phenomenon or system Utilizes a set a of transformation tools that derive new geographic datasets from existing datasets Geo-processing functions take information from existing datasets, apply analytic functions, and write results into new derived datasets.
General purpose GISs essentially performs six processes or tasks.
Input Manipulation Management Query Analysis Visualization
To be of any value, a GIS must perform a wide range of data manipulation and analysis functions. Thus all good GIS systems should be able to answer the types of questions listed above. The only limitations would be the availability of data and the functions of the specific software package
GIS function in an organization is defined by the goals and needs in that organization. There may be projects where little to no analysis is needed but data capture and presentation is important. For example, the mapping the location of hazards and their impacts to share with government officials for future preparedness and mitigation planning.
In any project situation having a clear outline of each project’s goal, particularly when it comes to expected GIS output, is important.
Data Capture Data is derived prom primary and secondary sources Primary data sources include: field data collection, data collected with GPS etc Secondary data sources include: Other agencies, data from reports etc
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Information gathering also involves collection of field data, GPS data and satellite imagery. When starting a GIS, most often the data inputted relies mainly on the field and GPS data captured by the organization. What kind of work do you do? What are your main work functions? What are the data relevant to your organization? What do you want to do? applications e.g. hazard mapping What kind of data do you need? – hazard locations, what is being impacted, what could be impacted, at risk? etc
Data Management and Storage After the data is entered into the system it needs to be verified and integrated in a suitable way for storage and retrieval. It also includes ensuring that the data I updated.
Analysis GIS provides a way to use data from many sources. It also supplies the tools necessary to compare and analyze different formats of information. The interdisciplinary nature of GIS has made it possible to input data from various fields of study such as engineering, water resources, oil and gas, economics, business enterprise, agriculture and hazards in our own field (disaster risk management) analysis. This is a distinctive feature of GIS. This process essentially tries to derive data from existing data. Here we try to find relationships between the features and patterns in the spatial data. Some of the functions involved in this included interpolation (trying to predict missing values from a set of given values), buffering (calculating distance functions from geographic features) and overlay operations. These functions can be essentially defined into several categories (Figure 6).
These are Retrieval classification and Measurement Overlay Neighborhood functions Connectivity functions
Retrieval Classification and Measurement Selective search and manipulation of data Classification based on attribute data values
Overlay Combines data sets to create new ones. Can be done with both vector and raster data. Combining two data layers and performing operations such as intersection, union or difference
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Neighborhood functions Search functions within a given area Proximity functions – measuring distance from points, lines and polygons Contour generations
Connectivity functions Network analysis Best path analysis - useful in situations where moving or delivering resources is important Shortest distance paths Least cost path Viewshed analysis
FIGURE 6 – GIS ANALYSIS FUNCTIONS
Questions you can ask using these functions
Where? Location Queries Where are the communities that have been impacted by floods? Where is the nearest shelter with a population of over 4000?
What is? Conditions Queries Which villages are traversed by rivers? What town has the largest population of special needs persons?
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How has it changed? Trend analysis For the last 5 years, which months of the year have highest frequency of hazard incidents occurring? What type of hazard is most frequent in the dry season/ in the rainy season?
Is there is pattern? Pattern analysis Where has consistently been impacted by floods (or other types of hazard)?
What if? Modeling What coastal areas would be inundated if a 15 ft tidal wave hit the eastern side of the island? Where are the best areas to site a shelter or early warning point?
Presentation and Output GIS is a move away from the traditional ways of just tabular and graph data. It maps spatial data, lists and reports, the attribute data. Map making particularly relies heavily on some knowledge.
GIS in the Decision Making Process The key to establishing this type of technology within an information framework for the purposes of decision making is INTEGRATION: the linking together of technology, data and a decision making strategy (Figure 7).
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FIGURE 7 – GIS IN THE DECISION MAKING PROCESS
Key Points:
GIS Functions: Determine how GIS will be used in your organization; how will you apply GIS – to solve what problem? This will set the tone for what you need to get or put in place – what kind of data, software, hardware etc
Hardware: Hardware is an essential component of a GIS. Choose hardware that is appropriate to the identified needs of the organization
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Chapter 2 GPS
Knowing where things are an important component of any GIS; in fact, without it, a GIS would be no different from any other database. Because GIS is slowly growing in popularity in the Caribbean, any system started would rely heavily, and in some cases entirely on field data. Understanding this, a GPS receiver now becomes a critical part of the system.
At the End of this Chapter you should be able to answer What is a GPS? How does it work? How many Satellites orbit the earth at any given time? When was the First GPS invented? What disciplines utilize GPSs? How can it help you at the DMU?
The Global Positioning System is a radio navigation system developed by the US Department of Defense. The entire system is commonly divided into three parts, the space segment, the control segment and the user segment. A constellation of 24 – 32 satellites are in geosynchronous orbit around the earth, at least 24 are operational at any time (Figure 8). All transmit a one way signal enabling users to locate their position on earth. This is the space segment.
FIGURE 8
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The US Department of Defense uses 5 ground control stations to send corrections to the satellites where necessary (Figure 9). They are located in Hawaii, Colorado Springs (master station), Diego Garcia, Kwajalein and Ascension Island. Satellites pass over these stations once every 12 hours where they receive corrections. The ground control stations time is always correct. This is critical because all calculations originate from the satellites and time is a critical part of the process. This is the control segment.
FIGURE 9
The satellites constantly give a three dimensional positioning that anyone with the appropriate equipment has access to. This is the user segment (Figure 10).
FIGURE 10 – GPS COMPONENT
Your position on earth is determined by measuring your distance from the group of satellites. The GPS receiver measures the time it takes for a radio signal to reach to it from the satellites, this depends on an accurate clock.
The time is then converted to a distance and through triangulation, your position is calculated. Once there is time and velocity, distance can be calculated. The GPS receiver needs at least 3 – 4 signals from satellites to derive a position.
There are always 4 satellites overhead at any one time (Figure 11). The satellites require a line of sight with the receivers to pinpoint location; this is why you generally don’t get good signal indoors or under thick canopies.
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All satellites have the same time and they always know exact position.
FIGURE 11 – SATELLITE POSITION GPS Errors can arise from 1. Number of satellites in the sky and the arrangement of them 2. Multi-path Errors: this occurs when radio signals bounce off terrestrial objects such as buildings or natural phenomenon, for example mountains, before reaching the receiver. 3. Atmospheric interference 4. Satellite drift: Occasionally the satellites drift slightly off course. The satellites have 4 very precise atomic clocks and a microprocessor for limited data analysis of self monitoring. The ground control stations play an important part here by sending corrections to the satellites where necessary as they pass over the ground control stations. 5. Receiver clock errors: A receiver’s built-in clock is not as accurate as the atomic clocks onboard the GPS satellites. Therefore, it may have very slight timing errors
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FIGURE 12 – GPS ERRORS
Key Facts Satellites are 12600 miles above the earth Moving at 8653 miles per hour They circulate the earth once every 12 hours
As the GPS has to be incorporated into the workflow at your DMU to gather data; such as collecting points of hazards such as landslides, a flooded house or fallen tree location, having a checklist is important and marking an “x” or a “” next to an item. Ensure these are done before going out in the field to collect data.
ITEM STATUS Check that you have extra batteries Check receiver settings and coordinates are in the right datum and projection When collecting the data, it is important to be centered as much as possible and within a relatively open space in order to pick up clear satellite signals Check that the unit has locked into at least three satellites before recording your position To mark a point, wait at least one minute before recording your position or mark your position three times to ensure accuracy Always have a backup plan, and have a spot to include the point number and coordinates written on the field survey form (Chapter 6)
This check list can be amended as the need arises. A data form can also accompany the field assessment form or inclusive of it (Figure 13)
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FIGURE 13 – WAYPOINT FORM Chapter 3 MAP DESIGN
A map is a representation of the environment that is presented graphically. As a representation, it stands for the environment, portrays it, and is both a likeness and a simplified model of it. Maps are so intuitive and serve so many purposes that it's easy to forget they're one of our most sophisticated conceptual creations. They tell us as much about how people think and communicate as they do about the environment mapped. But, ultimately, a map is meant to reveal something meaningful, interesting, or useful by manipulating and displaying the results of data processed to expose essential characteristics about the geographic features, attributes, and phenomena they represent.
At the End of this Chapter you should be able to answer What are the Key elements in a map? What are the 6 Commandments of Map design?
The Map Scale determines the spatial resolution of the graphic feature representation. The smaller the scale, the less detail a map can show.
Once you’re creating a map, one must ensure the map Map meets the intended purpose Satisfy your needs Is easy to understand Is accurate, and Presentation is the key
Likewise all Maps should have these basic elements (e.g Figure 14) Title Scale Legend Author Date Overview Map
Title What is the map showing? Where? Schools in Mayaro
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Scale Map scale is an expression of the relationship between the size of what is on a map and the actual size. So the larger the number the smaller the scale thus more details. By understanding this, you can quickly determine what scale you need for any map.
Legend This explains all the symbols used in the map. It should be clear and easily understandable. Where possible and or necessary the symbol size should be the same size as they are on the map.
Author This is the person or organization that created the map. If data was sourced elsewhere this should also be included here.
Date This should state when the data was created or when the map was created.
Overview Map This gives any viewer an idea as to where in an island or country they are looking at.
FIGURE 14 – BASIC MAP ELEMENTS
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6 Commandments for Map Design (Figure 15)
Commandment 1 Map Substantial Information The map should show interesting relevant data and it should be clear.
Commandment 2 Don’t lie with Maps Don’t use data out of context. Map should only represent what the data says.
Commandment 3 Effectively Label Maps Labels should be clear and detailed.
Commandment 4 Minimize Map Crap Oversized elements (North Arrow and scale), in appropriate fonts, extraneous borders and unnecessary 3D effects take away from the map more often than aiding in the aesthetics of it.
Commandment 5 Map Layout Matters Layout strongly affects the look and feel of the map, and can make a map easy of difficult to read and interpret.
Commandment 6 Evaluate your map This should be constant throughout the mapmaking process. At the end, evaluate whether the map achieves the initial goal.
FIGURE 15 COMMANDMENTS OF MAP DESIGN
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Things to note
Contrast: Lines, textures and colour help to create this.
Text Contrast: Important things should look important but not over power the map.
Map Lettering: Should be functional first and decoratively second. Where text is placed is key to giving a clean look to the map. Letters and words should be legible.
Colours: Balance colours used.
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CHAPTER 4 GIS Applications
GIS Application Software encompasses a broad range of applications which involve the use of a combination of digital maps and georeferenced data. And likewise, it includes the use of both free open source software and the commercial GIS packages. As an organization, one must take into consideration the availability of finances before selecting an application
At the end of this chapter you should know Know who offers open source GIS applications and their applications What types of commercial GIS packages are there
Free Open Source Software
Windows, Mac OS X, GNU / Linx
Grass – Geographic Resources Analysis Support System http://grass.osgeo.org/
Raster, topological vector, imagine processing, 2D / 3D vector engine with vector network analysis and graphics production functionality that operate on various platforms through shell and a graphical user interface.
QGIS – Quantum GIS http://qgis.org/
User friendly Geographic Information System. QGIS supports vector, raster and database formats. It support many common spatial data formats. QGIS support plugins to display tracks from GPS. uDIG http://udig.refractions.net/ uDig is a spatial data viewer and editor
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Earth3D http://www.earth3d.org/
Earth3D is a program to display the earth as a 3D globe (including height, fields) in real time.
Minerva http://www.minerva-gis.org
This software unifies standard GIS capabilities with high performance, 3D visualization. Minerva’s primary strength is the ability to display raster and vector data together from multiple sources at interactive speeds. It can easily display large terrain and image repositories because it automatically draws the appropriate level of detail.
ArcExplorer http://www.esri.com/software/arcexplorer/index.html
ArcExplorer is a freely available lightweight GIS data viewer that lets you perform a variety of basic GIS functions. With ArcExplorer, you can display, query, and retrieve data. It can be used as a standalone application with local datasets or as a client for Internet data.
Windows only
Map Maker Gratis http:// www.mapmaker.com/
It is used in a wide range of environmental work including forestry and fisheries. It supports raster and vector data and can import and export a wide range of formats including ArcView shape files and MapInfo files.
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DIVA-GIS http://research.cip.cgiar.org/confluence/display/divagis/Home
It is a free geographic information system software. DIVA-GIS was specifically developed for use with biological distribution data such as available from natural history museums and gene banks. With DIVA-GIS you can: i. Map the locations of sites where populations of plant or animal species were observed, and of different characters that may have been recorded for these populations ii. Make grid maps of the distribution of biological daiverity and identify “hotspos” and areas that have complementary levels of diversity, and iii. Extract climate data for localized points, and predict the presence of species based on climate.
gvSIG http://www.gvsig.gva.es/eng/inicio-gvsig/ works on Linux as well gvSIG is a tool oriented to managing geographic information. It is characterized by a user friendly interface, with a quick access to the usual raster and vector formats. It is aimed at users of geographic information, whether professionals or civil servants (city councils, regional cooperations, ministries) from any part of the world.
And don’t forget………
DNR Garmin http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/mis/gis/tools/arcview/extensions/DNRGarmin/DNRGarmin.html
This free software can be used to download data off your gps unit and also convert its data into different formats for use in other applications based on the file type required, e.g. ArcGIS shapefile (.shp) into Google Earth files (.kml or .kmz).
Google Earth http://www.google.com/earth/index.html Here not only mapping can be done but you can enjoy the world in 3D, fly to options and other planets.
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Commercial GIS Packages
ArcGIS http://www.esri.com/
MapInfo http://pbinsight.com
Intergraph http://www.intergraph.com/
Manifold System http://www.maifold.net
Global Mapper http://globalmapper.com
TNTmips http://www.micromages.com/ (Free limited version available)
Now, which best suits your organization?
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CHAPTER 5 GIS in Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
GIS is an essential technology for all phases of disaster management – preparation, mitigation, response and recovery. To prepare for and mitigate disasters, GIS can map and model potential disasters to help visualize vulnerabilities and damage consequences. As rebuilding begins, GIS aids local, state and other agencies with technology that supports collaboration between multiple agencies.
Field data captured with a mobile device provides the ability to add updates from remote locations for more efficient incident management. It also supplies rapid damage assessment and more accurate recovery operations.
Individuals and organizations responsible for emergency management use many tools to save lives, reduce human suffering and preserve economic assets before, during and after a catastrophic event. Correct and timely information is a critical part of any successful disaster management program and GIS can provide that sort of information.
GIS increasingly has being incorporated into disaster management and can be part of the solution to many emergency management problems.
At the end of this chapter you should know How GIS can provide support in Disaster Management The Core Capabilities of GIS in Disaster Management and Risk Reduction How GIS is used locally at local Disaster Management Agencies
GIS can provide a System for Disaster Management
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This system supports all facets for disaster management which includes preparedness, mitigation, response and recovery (Figure 16).
FIGURE 16 – GIS FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Desktop GIS spatial analysis and modeling power provide the tools necessary to perform a thorough risk and hazard assessment. Not only can GIS quickly map and display critical infrastructure, populations, and other community values exposed to natural and technological hazards, it can also model potential events to determine consequence and loss.
Web A web-based GIS enabled common operating picture (COP) provides an essential geographic context of the jurisdiction with base layers of information (imagery, streets, critical infrastructure, elevations, etc.) GIS can also consume and publish dynamic GIS data and services from other systems (weather, traffic cameras, video, GPS, 911 calls, etc.). Operational analytics (demographic analysis, plume modeling, road closures, etc) on the GIS platform can be performed by fusing base map data with dynamic data.
Mobile Mobile GIS technology now provides the capability to support a number of jobs within the disaster management workflow. These capabilities include providing access in the field, the ability to provide updates to this data from the field in tactical and administrative operations, and the ability to collect all
Page | 44 types of GIS and non GIS data that can be transmitted to the EOC or Management Unit for visualization within a geographic context.
Online Maps and Data Online Maps and Data provide access to all types of GIS data, imagery, and applications which is a key component for disaster management. A variety of worldwide base maps are available including imagery, streets, topography, community base maps and more. Disaster Management personnel can create private or public groups to exchange map data, projects, and presentations.
GIS Server A GIS Server is the core component of the GIS system for disaster management depending on the size of the unit using it. However, it can be deployed within the disaster management facility or can be hosted in the cloud and provided as a GIS service. The Server can provide a platform for the organization and management of GIS data available to the desktop for planning and analysis for enhanced decision support and analysis of unfolding events. It manages mobile connections to consume updates and edits which are stored in the database. It also enables access to dynamic data, services, and other online GIS data that is made available to all other GIS clients and viewers within the system.
Usefulness of GIS in Disaster Management
The following are the core capabilities that can be enhanced using GIS technology enabling staff to more effectively carry out all type of tasks for supporting every kind of disaster (Figure 16). These are
Planning and Analysis Data Management Field Operations, and Situational Awareness
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FIGURE 17 – CORE CAPABILITIES OF GIS IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Planning and Analysis GIS is the most complete information system for analyzing, modeling, and displaying community vulnerability. When hazard locations can be viewed along with critical infrastructure, critical values at highest risk become apparent. Models can be processed to determine potential impacts and appropriate mitigation requirements. When events occur, response preparedness is more comprehensive. The basic foundation of developing an emergency management program is the analysis of risks and hazards to determine values at risk and operations necessary to reduce exposure, respond effectively, and recover quickly.
Data Management To achieve comprehensive preparedness, a great deal of information must be gathered and maintained in advance of an event. Accurate cataloging of GIS data and services, combined with your organization's existing investments, gives you an edge for turning raw data into useful information.
Field Operations Getting accurate information from field operations back to the command center can be a difficult challenge. Field crews can easily capture data and have it sent back for incorporation in the common operating picture. Commanders get a more accurate and dynamic understanding of conditions on the ground. New data can be sent to field teams so they have the best information possible for staying safe and protecting lives.
Situational Awareness Situational awareness is the corner stone of emergency and disaster management. As an emergency unfolds, it is paramount to an effective response to understand the current circumstances and to monitor events as they dynamically unfold over time. You need to know what's happening and where,
Page | 46 and you have to be able to see it in real time. GIS aids in quickly establishing full situational awareness by linking people, processes, and information together using geography. It provides the map interface into getting a handle on an emergency and nimbly adjusting to change.
Leveraging GIS Locally
There are many success stories of utilizing the capabilities of GIS in disaster worldwide but we will focus on its successes locally at the Office of Disaster Preparedness and Management (ODPM) and the Tobago Emergency Management Agency (TEMA).
ODPM
The Office of Disaster Preparedness and Management was established by Cabinet in January 2005. ODPM is responsible for leading the National effort in protecting public health and safety; restoring essential government services; and providing emergency relief to those affected severely by hazards and it the coordinating entity which leads Trinidad and Tobago’s efforts in preparing for, responding to, and recovering from disasters.
Consequently, the ODPM is committed to formulating an all-hazard approach to emergency/risk management. This all-hazard approach encompasses a comprehensive framework that includes mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery and is reflected in the ODPM’s vision and mission
TEMA
The National Emergency Management Agency (Tobago) was established in accordance with The Tobago House of Assembly Executive Council Minute No. 64 of March 09, 1998. After careful consideration, the Executive Council of the Tobago House of Assembly, by Executive Council Minute No. 722 of October 2008 decided on a change of name which would more accurately define the jurisdiction of the agency. That new name is Tobago Emergency Management Agency (TEMA).
TEMA, therefore co-ordinates a network of agencies and individuals within the island of Tobago, to direct their efforts to the maximum preservation of life and the protection of property in times of disaster.
The Core Areas of Work Where GIS is applied at these agencies Core Area Activities
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Preparedness and Hazard, Vulnerability, Risk, Susceptibility mapping and Mitigation modelling, Evacuation and egress mapping, public awareness and education, data collection for decision support, Early Warning systems, Critical facilities mapping
Response Providing Situational awareness and COP in emergency, Incident mapping, asset management, location based services
Relief and Recovery Damage Assessments
At TEMA, these tools are used ESRI ArcGIS 9.3.1 software (Desktop) WebEOC DNR Garmin Map Source Interactive GIS – Google Earth Mobile Tools Garmin GPS (GPSmap 76CSx and Oregon 550) Blackberry and Androis Phones (GPS enabled) iPads Presicion Point and MNAV systems
What is done with data collected and products Data collection – Incident and Hazard Data Sharing with other agencies – Division of Health and Social Services, Division of Settlements and Labour, Division of Infrastructure and Public Utilities, WASA etc Mapping Hazard, Vulnerability and Risk mapping Incident and hotspot mapping Socio-economic and demographic mapping Emergency Resources mapping Critical Facilities mapping Evacuation mapping Vehicle Tracking and monitoring
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At ODPM, these tools are used ESRI ArcGIS 9.3.1 software (Desktop, Server) Interactive GIS – Google Earth, ArcExplorer Desktop/ Online application /ODPM GIS Web Interface Mobile Tools Garmin GPS (GPSmap 76CSx) Blackberry (GPS) i-Pad applications MNAV systems
ODPM’s data and products Data collection – Hazard data Data Sharing with other agencies – WRA (flood data) , MoT (landslide data) Mapping Hazard, Vulnerability and Risk mapping Incident and hotspot mapping Loss and Damage Assessment Socio-economic and demographic mapping Emergency Resources mapping Critical Facilities mapping Evacuation and Egress mapping
GIS Analysis Landslide and Flood susceptibility models Landslide and Flood risk models Routing (MNAV system, exploring development of a routable roads network dataset)
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CHAPTER 6 GIS in the Workplace
RRMC GIS Operations Mayaro Rio Claro Regional Cooperation
It is easier for most small organizations to integrate GIS into their workflow. Smaller organizations tend to have a more intimate personnel structure which helps to support changes in the organization. The decision to start using GIS may be one the organization decided together and in cases like these people are much more willing to learn and adapt to the necessary changes. Information and ideas are worked and reworked much faster and it is much easier to appreciate the individual view of personnel in the organization.
Initially the data that is used would mainly come from your own organization. Data collecting in the past now needs to formatted, where possible, for use in the GIS.
At the end of this chapter you should have thought of the way forward for your regional cooperation its goals and how GIS can be integrated
GIS Integration
Your Workflow – field officers now have to carry and use a GPS receiver, your present database will change to accommodate spatial information or you now have a database.
Your Outputs – Your ways of interacting with public may change, the way you offer information may change.
Your financial allocations – you may decide to cut less critical budget lines to fund a GIS.
Your functionality and efficiency – a well designed GIS will help improve the way you store, use, capture geographic information.
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Why start a GIS? Improvement in data management Improved data organization for decision making Better data analysis – both graphical and tabular No need for multiple databases Simplification in update process Business advantage
When should I start? Now!!! This is the way the world is moving. This is how geographic information is being stored, shared and analyzed. Until you start a GIS, you’re missing out on that.
Costs The size of project is directly related to the magnitude of costs. Small organizations will have relatively small costs. Cost at start up, however, is always the most expensive.
Requirements Personal Training Funding Technical Support
These requirements are true for any organization but it is especially true if you are a small one. Through personnel training, staff can be motivated to actively be a part of shaping the GIS and can be persuaded to take on the additional roles and responsibilities that it would entail.
Whether it I from organization’s funds of from outside sources, this is important. Starts up costs always are more expensive since you would need to buy equipment, software, and data, and in some cases pay for training. Data from an outside agency for your GIS would depend on what you expect to deliver.
Technical support is constant fact of a GIS, whether for hardware servicing of GPS receivers, computers, printers, scanners or the software side – GIS applications, database management. Usually vendors of the particular item, be it hardware or software, would handle the technical support however technical support would be necessary for setting up of the GIS and database management as well. GIS analysts, specialists and technicians are the ones who can help guide you through the process of bringing together your needs with a tailored GIS that works for you.
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To Start….
Goals What do you hope to achieve? How do you think GIS can help your organization? Develop a long term plan for integrating GIS into your organization
Planning: How to integrate Meet the organization’s needs – integrate it into your workflows Employees need to have say in how the system is managed – it needs to be accessible to them. This is practical since ideally they would be using it. Show how GIS can benefit everyone in the workplace – more flexible, some tasks are now simpler Train and educate staff
Needs Assessment What type of database is needed? Type of data for decision making? Types of maps? How can the GIS enhance your goals? How doe GIS play into your outputs and by extension enhance that? What type of analysis would you need to focus on?
Remember, any GIS needs these 5 critical components: Hardware, Software, People, Data, Policy and Procedure
Hardware and Software: the computing power behind the GIIS. Together analysis, storage and display are processed with these. It is therefore necessary to:
1. Use software that has all the tools needed to achieve your organizations’ or project’s goals. Free applications don’t always have what you would need. Evaluate each potential GIS application considering: a) Does it do what I need b) The long term (remember integrating GIS is a long term process) 2. Get hardware that is capable of handling the GIS processing needed. GIS applications typically require substantial memory, storage and graphical resources.
Data: One of the more important components as well as the most expensive. If possible set up a data sharing policy with other organizations. This helps to reduce long term cost and data duplication. The most common source of attribute data s your own. Keep updating your data; it is much more valuable current.
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People: GIS is an interdisciplinary field. For it to run successfully, it requires a combination of skills not just from a GIS technician or officer but also the technical knowledge and experience of the organization.
Policy and Procedure: Develop a policy for creating, saving, storing information. Have a backup system in place. Set up procedures for field work and how that data is processed. Know what you want from your database and make it work for you.
Also, you should keep in mind that quality of your GIS analysis will be affected by:
The type of data you have The amount of data you have available to you Your level of training
Constraints Your GIS constraints can be the cost of hardware and software and even the cost of data, but this shouldn’t deter your usage but determine your way forward.
Go through Appendices 1 – 4, observe the changes highlighted, which should allow GIS to be incorporated effectively into your corporation
With all the key points addressed over the course of this manual, GIS has to now be incorporated into this unit. These points can be checked by the MRCRC staff from start to finish in your day to day workflow when GIS data is being collected.
Incident is reported and a team is required to do an assessment
Have your Waypoint form and/or Survey form with Waypoint and Coordinate spaces included in the field survey forms ready to go
GPS units checked and ready for use
When in the field, ensure proper satellite reception to mark data onto GPS
Immediately record coordinate and waypoint data on forms when collected
If GPS is not used, use Google Earth/ Arc Explorer (Chapter 7) to find location, mark and record coordinates on form and don’t forget to SAVE the waypoints
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Ensure that there is a standard for all the waypoints / icons used. E.g. All landslides are represented with the same icon, all floods have the same icon and likewise all similar icons e.g. schools, shelters, early warning points etc.
Create / Update forms excel worksheet to include coordinate information
Forms created in Microsoft Excel can be saved in GIS format (.csv) and uploaded into the GIS mapping software for visualization (Appendix 6)
Maps can then be created for your specific purposes by taking screen shots and using the template (Figure 18)
Ensure the basics of map making are adhered to at all times
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FIGURE 18 – BASIC MAP LAYOUT
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CHAPTER 7 GIS Tutorials
In this chapter, the focus will be on the use and applications of two free open source software applications; Google Earth and ArcGIS Explorer Online; and getting the hands on in their use. This component is entirely practical.
Go to Appendices 5, 6 and 7 for user instructions for both applications.
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CHAPTER 8 Scenarios
This Chapter is to observe GIS at work and how well participants understand the use of GIS and their individual functions within the RRMC in GIS Operations and the MRCRC. Participants are to organize themselves in groups and do the following scenarios
Scenarios 1 - Fallen Tree
At 9:45am on Friday 20th Sep 2013 Mr. Seals called the (DMU) MRCRC to notify them that a tree had fallen and blocked a major road. We need a team (to visit the site to conduct an assessment and record and report the coordinates for later reference.
Persons will go out site for the clue (Tree at site). Take the coordinates; fill out their incident report form; tag the event on a software aka Google Earth and verbally report to us.
Scenarios 2 – Tsunami Threat
The Trinidad and Tobago MET Office has reported a possible Tsunami Threat off the peninsula Point Radix, Mayaro. We need a team to identify the Early Warning Points in close proximity to the threat location and inform us on which communities are at high risk of serious impact so we can inform them of the impending threat.
This involves using Google Earth and Participants will identify communities and do follow up reports to the correct authorities.
Scenarios 3 – Strong Winds
We just got a report that Several Areas are experiencing Extreme HIGH Winds description of situation “Mini -Tornado in Trinidad”. Currently we have roofs of 3 Homes being blown off on Tyndale Street , no injuries reported. However on Alexis Street Mrs. Mable a special needs 69 year old female is trapped in Redman’s Corner Shop and needs to be Evacuated to the nearest Hospital or Shelter.
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Groups will then report individually on their scenarios (Appendix 11). The lead person of the group will
1. Indentify the Scenario 2. Discuss the plan and approach taken 3. Say what problems were encountered, and 4. What were the results and recommendations
Cool Question….
The facilitator is at the EOC, and you are at the location of an incident in a CERT or TEMA Van, You GPS Device has no battery Power and you are unable to buy a replacement. The facilitator needs the coordinates of the location to report to add to the WebEOC Incident Report and the First Responders to give assistance.... What advice can you give her?
The Vans have GPS’ let’s see who can remember that!
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CHAPTER 9 Glossary
ArcGIS: Computer software for implementing a geographic information system (GIS)
ArcView: Desktop GIS software that includes ArcMap for displaying and interacting with maps and layouts, and Arc Catalogue for previewing data and metadata
Attribute: A piece of information that describes a geographic feature on a GIS map. The attributes of an earthquake might include the date it occurred, its latitude and longitude, depth and magnitude.
Attribute table: A table that contains all of the attributes for like features on a GIS map, arranged so that each row represents on feature attribute. In a GIS, attribute values in an attribute table can be used to find, query and symbolise features. The attribute table for the Top 10 cities, 1950 layer includes attributes for each of the ten cities listed.
Axis: The vertical (y-axis) for horizontal (x-axis) lines in a graph on which measurements can be illustrated and coordinated with each other. Each axis in a GIS graph can be made visible or invisible and labelled.
Bookmark: In ArcMap, a shortcut you can create to save a particular geographic extent on a map so you can return to it later. Also known as a spatial bookmark.
Colour selector: The Window that allows you to change the colour of geographic features and text on your GIS map.
Data: Any collection of related facts, from raw numbers and measurements to analysed and organised sets of information.
Data folder: A folder on the hard drive of your computer or your network’s computer that is available for storage of GIS data and map documents that you create.
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Data frame: A map element that defines a geographic extent, a page extent, a coordinate system, and other display properties for one or more layers in ArcMap. In data view, only one data frame is displayed at a time; in layout view, all a map’s data frames are displayed at the same time. In the layout view, the active data frame has a dashed line around it to show it is the active one.
Data source: The data referenced by a layer or a layer file in ArcMap or ArcCatalog. Examples of data sources are a geodatabase feature class, a shapefile, and an image.
Data View: A view in ArcMap for exploring, displaying, and querying geographic data. This view hides all map elements, such as titles, north arrows, and scale bars. Compare layout view.
Datum: A standard position or level that measurements are taken from, in this case location.
Decimal degrees: Degrees of latitude and longitude expressed in decimals instead of in degrees, minutes and seconds. Decimal Degrees converts the degrees, minutes, and seconds into a decimal number using the mathematical formula below. In a GIS, decimal degrees is more efficient than degrees, minutes, and seconds because they make digital storage of coordinates easier and computations faster.
Decimal degrees = degrees + (minutes / 60) + (seconds / 3,600)
Feature: A geographic object on a map that represents a geographic object too narrow to show as a polygon at a particular scale. A line feature might represent a river on a world map or a street on a city map. In ArcGIS, another time for a line feature is a polyline feature. A polygon feature is an area on a map that represents a geographic object too large to show as a point or a line. A polygon feature might represent a lake, or a city viewed from an airplane, or a whole continent viewed from a satellite.
Feature class: A collection of geographic features with the same geometry type (point, line, or polygon), the same attributes, and the same spatial reference (coordinate system and map projection).
Field: The column in a table that contains the values (information) for a single attribute of each geographic feature in a GIS layer.
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Field name: The column heading in an attribute table. Because field names are often abbreviated, ArcGIS allows you to create an alternative name, alias that can be more descriptive. Find button: An ArcMap button used for locating one or more map features that have a particular attribute value.
Folder connection: A shortcut that allows you to navigate to a folder without having to enter the entire path.
Geodatabase: A database used to organise and store geographic data in ArcGIS
Geographical Coordinate System: A geographical coordinate system is a system that uses latitude and longitude to describe points on the spherical surface of the globe.
Georeference: To assign coordinates from a reference system, such as latitude / longitude, to the page coordinates of an image or map. Graduated colour map: A map that uses a range of colours to show a sequence of numeric values. For example, on a population density map the more people per square kilometre the darker the colour.
Graph: A graphic representation of tabular data.
Identify tool: An ArcMap tool used to display the attribute of features in the map.
Image: A graphic representation of data such as a photograph, scanned picture, or satellite photograph.
Join: An operation that appends the fields of one table to those of another through an attribute field common to both tables. A join is usually used to attach more attributes to the attribute table of a map layer so that these attributes can be mapped. For example, you could join a country table with population data to a country attribute table.
Label: Text placed next to a geographic feature on a map to describe or identify it. Feature labels usually come from an attribute field in the attribute table.
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Latitude: The angular distance north or south from the equator to a particular location. The equator has a latitude of zero degrees. The North Pole has a latitude of 90 degrees North; the South Pole has a latitude of 90 degrees South.
Layer: A layer is a set of geographic features of the same type along with its associated attribute table, or an image. Example layers are “Major cities”, “Countries”, Satellite Image”. A layer references a specific data source such as geodatabase feature class or image. Layers have properties, such as layer name, symbology, and label placement. They can be stored in map documents (.mxd) or saved individually as a layer (.lyr). See also data source.
Layer, turn on: Turning on a layer allows the layer to display in the map. In ArcMap, a layer is turned on by placing a check mark in the box next to the layer name in the table of contents.
Layer file: In ArcGIS, a file with a .lyr extension that stores the path to a data source and other layer properties, including symbology.
Layout: In ArcMap, an on-screen presentation document that can include maps, graphs, tables, text, and images.
Layout view: A view in ArcMap in which geographic data and map elements, such as titles, legends, and scales bars are placed and arranged for printing.
Legend: A list of symbols on a map that contains a sample of each symbol as well as text that identifies what the symbol represents.
Line: See feature.
Longitude: The angular distance east or west from the north-south line that passes through Greenwich, England, to a particular location. Greenwich, England has a longitude of zero degrees. The farther east or west of Greenwich you are, the greater your longitude.
Magnifier window: A window in Arc Map data view that shows a zoomed-in view of a small area of the main map. Moving the magnifier window around does not change the extent of the map underneath.
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Map document: In ArcMap, the file that contains one or more frames and the associated layers, tables, graphs, and reports. Map document files have an .mxd extension.
Map projection: A method by which the curved surfaces of the earth are portrayed on a flat map. Every map projection distorts distance, area, shape, direction, or some combination thereof. Map projections are made using complex mathematical formulas that are part of ArcGIS software’s automatic functions.
Map Tip: In ArcMap, a pop-up label for a map feature that displays when the mouse is paused over that feature. The label comes from a field in the layer attribute table.
Measure tool: ArcMap tool used to measure distance on a map.
Metadata: Information about the content, quality, condition, and other characteristics of data. Metadata may include a brief description of the data and its purpose, the names of the authors or compilers of the data, the date it was collected or created, the meaning of attribute fields, its scale and its spatial reference (coordinate system and map projection).
Origin: A location in a coordinate system where eastings and northings are equal to zero.
Pan: To move your map up, down, or sideways without changing the viewing scale.
Point: See feature.
Polygon: See feature.
Polyline: See feature.
Projection: See map projection.
Record: A row in the attribute table that contains all of the attributes values for a single feature.
Relate: An operation that establishes a temporary connection between records in two tables using a field common to both. Unlike a join operation, a relate does not
Page | 63 append the fields of one table to the other. A relate is usually used to associate more records and their attributes to the attribute table of a map layer. For example, you can join a world cities table to a country layer attribute table.
Scale: The relationship between a distance or area on a map and the corresponding distance or area on the ground, commonly expressed as a fraction or radio. A mapscale of 1/100,000 or 1:100,000 mean that the unit of measure (e.g., one inch) equals 100,000 of the same unit on the earth.
Selected feature: A geographic feature that is chosen and put into a subset so that various functions can be performed on the feature. In ArcMap, a feature can be selected in a number of ways, such as by clicking it on the map with the select features tool or based on one or more of its attributes. When a geographic feature is selected it is outlined in blue on the map. Its corresponding record in the attribute table is highlighted in blue.
Shapefile (.shp): A data storage format for storing the location, shape and attribute information of geographic features. A shapefile is stored in a set of related files and contains one feature class.
Source data: See data source.
Sort ascending: To arrange an attribute table’s rows in order from the lowest values to the highest values in the field. For example, number values should be ordered from 1 to 100, and alphabetical values would be ordered from A to Z.
Sort descending: To arrange an attribute table’s rows in order from the highest to the lowest values in the field. For example, number values would be ordered from 100 to 1, and alphabetical values would be ordered from Z to A.
Spatial: relating to space.
Symbol selector: The dialog in ArcMap for selecting symbols and changing their colour, size, outline, or other properties.
Table of Contents (TOC): A list of data frames and layers on a map that may also show how the data is symbolised.
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Toolbar: A set of commands that allow you to carry out related tasks. The Main Menu toolbar in Arc Map has a set of menu commands; other toolbars typically have buttons. Toolbars can float on the desktop in their own window or may be docked at the top, bottom, or sides of the main window.
Vertex: One of the points that define a line or polygon feature.
Zoom: To display a larger or smaller extent of a GIS map or image.
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CHAPTER 10 Appendix
1. MRC Hazards 2. RRMC Organizational Chart 3. Ashok Roof Event Form 4. MRCRC All Events Database 5. Google Earth User Guide 6. Sharing and Saving Places data 7. Importing CSV data 8. ArcExplorer Online Quick Guide 9. Workshop Report 10. Workshop Day 1 and Day 2 Agendas 11. Scenario Video Reports 12. Workshop Survey Results 13. Workshop Comment Tree 14. Workshop Participant Feedback 15. Poster
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APPENDIX 1
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APPENDIX 2
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APPENDIX 3
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APPENDIX 4
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APPENDIX 5
Google Earth Tutorial
From Google Earth Interactive Tutorial Game - http://earth.google.com/support/go/learn
LEVEL 1: Explore
1. Flying home
When you have the whole planet to explore, it can be pretty tricky deciding where to go first. Do you want to fly over the skyscrapers of New York City, or check out the Pyramids at Giza? Check out the deepest ocean trenches, or see how Las Vegas has changed in the past fifty years? The possibilities are endless, but we can't get ahead of ourselves just yet. We want you to get comfortable, and we'll show you a few tricks that will serve you well when you start adventuring around the globe. In order to get the most out of Google Earth, it's best to start out with a place you know well: where you live.
Here's how to fly to your house:
1. Enter your address in the Search panel. Make sure to include your city and state.
2. Click the Search button. Search results appear in the Search panel, and the 3D viewer flies to your address. If Google Earth doesn't have enough information to know where to fly, click on the search result that best matches your address.
3. If you make a mistake, you can clear the search results and start over by clicking the Clear button below the search results.
Once you see your house, try navigating around it using your mouse. Experiment a little first: position the cursor in the middle of the 3D viewer, click one of the buttons (right or left), move the mouse, and see what happens. Depending upon which mouse button you press, the cursor changes shape.
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Try out each of these three techniques until you're really comfortable using your mouse to move around. Remember, you'll need top-notch navigation skills to get the most out of exploring Google Earth, so you'll want these tasks to feel like second nature.
1. Zoom in on your house. You can double-click anywhere in the 3D viewer to zoom in to that point. Single-click to stop, or double-click to zoom in more. Alternatively, use the zoom-in button on the zoom slider as pictured below:
2. You'll notice that Google Earth automatically presents you with a birds-eye-view of the Earth. To get a different perspective, try tilting your view. You can tilt to a maximum of 90 degrees, which is just about parallel with the earth's surface.
o If your mouse has a scroll wheel, you can tilt the view by pressing the Shift key and scrolling.
o You can also press Shift and the left mouse button and drag.
You'll see that, wherever you click to tilt, crosshairs appear and that your view tilts from this point. Tilt your view until you can see the horizon.
3. Now, let's look around a little. Try rotating your view. Press Shift and the left mouse button and drag. Crosshairs appear, and your view rotates around them.
2. Explore the ocean
Now that you've practiced navigating around your home, let's try somewhere a little more unusual. You can explore beneath the ocean's surface just as you would above it, and check out sea floor terrain.
To be able to explore underwater, you want to make sure of two things:
You can see the shimmering water surface by clicking View > Water surface (you'll only be able to navigate under the surface when this view is turned on).
The Terrain layer is turned on (check the box in the Layers panel as shown below).
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A great place to start is Monterey Canyon, a deep ocean trench. To get to it, type "Monterey Canyon" in the Search panel, and click search. The 3D viewer will fly there.
Diving underwater from the regular "top-down" view might seem a little disorienting. It's best to tilt your view first, so your view is almost parallel to the ocean's surface. This will give you the clearest view of the ocean floor terrain once you're underwater, and give you a better sense of how deep you're going. To tilt your view, follow the instructions you used to tilt when looking at your house.
Once your view is almost parallel to the ocean, keep zooming in until you are below the surface (you don't want to be completely parallel to the ocean's surface, otherwise you'll just fly over it without ever going underneath).
When you're under the surface, you can "swim" around the same way that you'd navigate if you weren't underwater. Be sure to tilt your view upward to check out the ocean's surface from below.
To come above water again, click anywhere on the ocean's surface, like in the video below. Tilting your view upward from that point will allow you to "come up for air."
3. Sightseeing
Searching for places, flying to them, and navigating around them are the three most important skills you'll need to get the most out of Google Earth. There's no better way to practice than by checking out cool places, all over the globe. For ideas, the first place to look is in the Sightseeing folder in the Places panel. Click the little triangle next to the folder to expand it, and view the list of places inside.
Double-click a place to fly to it, and practice navigating around it. To make this extra cool, check the box next to "3D buildings" in the Layers panel (you'll learn more about using layers in Level 2).
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LEVEL 2: Layers
1. Layers
The Layers panel in Google Earth allows you choose what kind of information you'd like to see displayed over the place you're viewing in your 3D viewer.
Think of layers as icing on a cake: With no layers turned on, you'll still be able to view all the cool satellite imagery in Google Earth. But it's selecting the layers that interest you that will really make your Google Earth experience extra delicious. When it comes to layers, there are basically just two things to remember:
Selecting and deselecting a checkbox next to particular layer turns it on or off. For example, turning on the Roads layer will display lines that show clearly the roads in the area you're viewing, and their names. Turn it off, and this information becomes invisible.
Layers with small plus signs next to them are hiding more layers inside. Click on the plus sign next to Places of Interest, and you'll see that there's tons of content inside that you can choose whether to display, or not.
2. Street View
Let's check out one of the newest layers, Street View. You might be familiar with Street View from using Google Maps. It allows you to navigate within street-level imagery of a place, so you actually feel like you're there. Since it only works where we have this imagery available, click here first to find out if Street View is available in your neighborhood. If it is, turn on the Street View layer and fly to your address. If not, then try exploring an area where is is available, like New York City.
To turn on the Street View layer, select the checkbox next to Street View in the layers panel.
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You'll notice that, when you turn on the Street View layer, photo icons appear. View some Street View imagery by doing the following:
1. Zoom in until you can see individual streets. Note that if you are close enough, the photo icons appear as spheres.
2. Click a photo icon. A balloon appears.
3. Click Show full screen. The 3D viewer displays imagery of this location.
4. To move around, double click photo icons that appear on the street. Look around and practice zooming before you exit by clicking Exit Photo in the top right corner of the 3D viewer.
3. 3D Buildings
In Level 1, we mentioned the 3D buildings layer. As you probably noticed, Google Earth can display both simple and detailed photo-realistic 3D buildings in a lot of places.
Fly to the statue of Christ the Redeemer in Rio de Janeiro by double-clicking it in the Sightseeing folder. Make sure you have the 3D buildings layer turned on, and you'll notice that you can do the following:
Mouse over the statue and it appears purple. Now click on it to view additional information from the 3D Warehouse.
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Hide the statue by right-clicking it and choose Hide building. This can be useful to get a clearer view of other buildings or features (just keep in mind that Google Earth won't display the statue again until you quit and then restart).
4. Terrain
If you haven't already, re-enable the statue by quitting Google Earth and then restarting the program.
Once again, locate the Christ the Redeemer statue in your earth viewer -- it's a great time to get a sense of what the Terrain layer does. Turn it on and off and you'll see what we mean: The Terrain layer shows, in 3D, the elevation of natural features like mountains and canyons. This means that, when you turn it on and off, you'll see the 2300 foot Corcovado mountain completely disappear, and appear again out of nowhere.
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Now, try adjusting the terrain to make it appear a bit more pronounced:
Tools > Options > 3D View. Change the 'Elevation Exaggeration value'.
The default value is set to 1, but you can set it to any value from 1 to 3, including decimal points.Try setting yours to 1.5 - terrain contours will be obvious, but will still have a natural appearance.
5. Panoramio
If you click around the Layers panel, you'll notice that Google partners with a huge number of organizations to provide all kinds of content for the different layers in Google Earth. In some cases, layers provide a way for users to showcase their own content.
Turn on the Panoramio layer, and fly to your hometown. See if any other users have uploaded photos of your neighborhood; they'll appear in Google Earth as small blue dots. Click on the dot to see a photo that a user has uploaded via the Panoramio website.
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One very famous house with great Panoramio photo content is at Versailles in France. Fly to it, and view some photos of the lavish gardens there.
We'll show you more about adding your own content to Google Earth in later levels. But if Panoramio takes your fancy, click here for answers to some frequently asked questions, or visit the Panoramio homepage to get started.
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LEVEL 3: History
Historical Imagery
By default, Google Earth displays the highest quality imagery available. You can view historical imagery so that you can see how places have changed over time. You can view imagery from different dates, click backward and forward between the different imagery, and play an animation of all the available imagery for a location.
Let's check out the historical imagery for the Beijing National Stadium. The largest steel structure in the world, it was built for the 2008 summer Olympics.
1. To get started, fly to the Beijing National Stadium. We're going to search for it in a different way than in Levels 1 and 2, because it's fastest if you just enter the stadium's latitude and longitude coordinates. Copy and paste them in the 'Fly To' field in the Search panel: 39 59'28.83"N 116 23'26.30"E
2. Press Enter. Google Earth flies to the National Stadium in Beijing.
3. Click the Clock button in the toolbar. A timeline appears in the top left of the 3D viewer, marked by small gray lines to indicate the different imagery available for this location. You can see that the slider is automatically positioned at the far right of the timeline, showing that you are viewing the best imagery available.
Note: You can also get to the timeline by clicking View > Historical Imagery.
4. To go back in time, click and drag the slider to the left along the timeline. Or, to move quickly between the different satellite images, click the Forward or Back buttons above the slider.
5. Release your mouse from the slider when the date above the timeline shows the following dates:
o February 8, 2007 - You can see the stadium under construction, with only its steel framework visible (see image below).
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o May 6, 2005 - You can see the stadium in its initial phase of construction.
o Oct 23, 2003 - You can see the site of the stadium, several months before construction began in December 2003.
o You can use the Zoom in and Zoom out buttons to get a closer look at the timeline, and see more easily the imagery that's available within a shorter time range.
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For more examples of historical imagery, here are some ideas for where to go next:
Las Vegas: Fly to "The Strip, Las Vegas, NV" and check out how Las Vegas has changed over time.
San Francisco: View historical imagery from as far back as 1946.
Your neighborhood: Fly to your address and see what historical imagery is available for your neighborhood.
LEVEL 4: Places
1. Make a placemark
When you first start Google Earth, the Places panel contains an empty My Places folder to hold the places you save. It's a great way to keep track of cool places you find in Google Earth, and be able to get to them quickly each time you use it (you'll see that there's also a Temporary places folder, for places that you want to save for now, but won't need next time you use Google Earth).
To save a place, you need to create a placemark for it. That way, to revisit the place quickly, you only need to double-click it in the My Places panel, shown below:
So, let's get started making a placemark, and see some different things you can do with it.
1. Click the Placemark button in the toolbar Placemark button. The 'New' dialog box appears, and a placemark icon appears smack in the middle of the 3D viewer.
2. Try moving the placemark around by dragging it. Assuming you don't want your placemark in the middle of the 3D viewer, click and drag it right where your house is.
3. In the 'New' dialog box, let's add a name and a description for your placemark (we'll ignore the other fields for now). Type in the following:
o Name: "Home"
o Description: "This is where I live."
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4. Click OK. Google Earth displays your placemark in the 3D viewer and at the bottom of the My Places folder in the Places panel.
5. To see your placemark at any time, double-click it in the Places panel. If you can't see it, don't fret - just make sure that the box next to your placemark in the Places panel is selected.
Having a name and description for your placemark is all very well, but why not jazz it up a little? Right-click it in the 3D viewer or in the Places panel and click Get Info if you have a Mac, or Properties if you're using Windows. The 'Edit Placemark' dialog box appears. Click the pushpin icon next to the name field in the top right corner of the dialog box and choose a new icon for your placemark.
Now, try editing some more properties of your placemark. Play around a little until it looks the way you want it to.
Style, Color - Choose a color, scale (size) and opacity for the placemark icon.
View - Choose a particular angle and altitude from which to view your placemark.
Altitude - Choose the height of the placemark as it appears over terrain with a numeric value or the slider. Choose 'Extend to ground' to show the placemark attached to a line anchored to the ground.
2. Measuring distances
Now, make another placemark at a location you visit frequently, like where you work, or where you go to school (add a name and description, just like we showed you before). Zoom out until you can see both placemarks in your 3D viewer. We're going to use the Ruler tool to measure the distance between them. To do this:
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1. Select the Ruler tool, either by clicking the icon in the toolbar, or by selecting Ruler in the Tools menu. The 'Ruler' dialog box appears. Make sure you move the dialog box to part of your screen where it isn't blocking your 3D viewer.
2. Choose the type of shape you want to measure with. All versions of Google Earth can measure with a line (a straight line between two points) or a path (a line drawn between multiple points). If you're using Google Earth Pro, you can also measure using a polygon or circle. Right now, let's stick with Line and keep 'miles' as the unit of measure.
3. Click your 'Home' placemark in the 3D viewer to set the beginning point for your line. A red dot appears to indicate this beginning point. Now, click your second placemark. This draws a yellow line between the two. As you extend the line, the number in the 'Length' field changes to show the distance between the two points.
When measuring how far one place is from another, you might be interested in more than the straight line distance between the two points. This is why measuring a path can sometimes be more useful. A path is essentially a series of connected lines, which makes it a great way to follow along roads. To measure a path, click Path in the Ruler dialog box.
Draw a line the same way you did with the Line measuring tool. Only this time, whenever you want to create a new point on your path, and continue to extend your line in a new direction, click the mouse. Try measuring the distance along the roads between your two placemarks. In the Ruler dialog box, you can see how the length of your path changes as you draw it.
3. Get driving directions
Instead of drawing and measuring your own path, you can also get and print driving directions to and from any placemark in the 3D viewer, or any place listed in the search results or available in the Places panel.
Let's get driving directions from your home placemark to your other placemark. To to this:
1. Right-click on the placemark icon for your home and in the pop-up menu, select Directions from here. When you do this, the location information for that placemark will appear in the 'From' field of the Directions tab.
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2. Now, right-click on your other placemark and select Directions to here from the pop-up menu. This location information will also be transferred to the Directions tab.
3. Click the Search button. The route and turn-by-turn directions appear in the Search panel. You'll also see the route mapped in the the 3D viewer with a purple line indicating the route.
Keep in mind for next time that you can also manually enter the start and ending points in the Directions tab, and then click Search.
We'll come back to these directions later, when we show you more about touring. For now, let's save them to your 'My Places' folder, so that they'll be there next time you start up Google Earth:
1. Scroll up on your list of directions until you see the top folder that contains them. It's labeled with the 'To' and 'From' search words you entered.
2. Right-click on the folder and select Save to My Places from the pop-up menu. The folder is moved from the search listing window to your My Places folder.
4. Draw a path
You had some practice drawing paths when you measured the distance from your home to your other placemark. But you can also draw free-form paths and polygons in the 3D viewer and save them in your My Places folder just as you would a placemark. Paths and polygons share all the same features of a placemark, including name, description, style view, and location. Once you create your path, we'll show you how to play a tour of it in Level 5.
Follow the steps below to draw your path:
Position the 3D viewer so that it contains both your Home placemark, and the other placemark you created. From the toolbar, click the Add Path button. The 'New Path' dialog box appears and the cursor changes to a square drawing tool. Enter a name and description for your path, just like you did for your placemarks. Change the color of your path to red, and make it a little wider using the 'Style, Color' tab, so that it's easier to see.
To draw your path, try using both of these techniques to combine free-form parts with straight parts:
Free-Form line - Click once, hold, and drag. The cursor changes to an up-arrow, and the path will follow the movement of your mouse.
Regular line - Click and release. Move the mouse to a new point and click to add additional points.
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LEVEL 5: Touring
Touring
Tours are a guided experience where you fly from one place to another, viewing terrain and looking around along the way. You can create tours that record your exact navigation in the 3D window and even add audio. You can even share these tours with other Google Earth users.
Let's start by playing a tour of the driving directions that you saved in Level 4. It's easy: just double-click them in the Places panel and click the Play Tour button .
The tour begins playing in the 3D viewer and the tour controls appear in the bottom left corner of the 3D viewer. Try pausing and resuming the tour by clicking the Pause/Play button. To fast forward or go back on the tour, click the arrow buttons (press these repeatedly to accelerate back or forward). To replay the tour again and again on loop, click the Repeat button. Use the tour slider to move to any part of the tour.
These controls disappear if the tour is inactive for a period of time, but you can make them reappear by moving the cursor over the bottom left corner of the 3D window.
1. Go back, Play/Pause and Fast Forward buttons
2. Tour slider
3. Current time in tour
4. Repeat button
5. Save tour button
6. Close tour button
As a tour plays, look around by dragging the view. Note that this is different from navigating, as you can only look around from the vantage points of the tour path. When you pause a tour however, you can navigate anywhere. When you click the play button again, the tour resumes where it left off.
But let's tinker with things a little more: go to the Tools menu, click Options, then click Touring. This will show you the customizable options for playing a tour. You'll see that you can change the following settings:
Time between features - Use this setting to control how fast the viewer flies to each stop a the tour you create from a folder. Keep in mind that setting the tour to a high speed requires that your cache contain
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all imagery, or else the earth, road, and placemark imagery won't load quickly enough to keep up with the tour.
Wait at features - Use this to set the desired pause time for each stop in the tour.
Now that you're comfortable playing and adjusting the settings for a tour, try recording your own. To get started, press the Record a Tour button in the toolbar. This brings up the tour recording controls in the 3D window.
1. Record/Stop button
2. Audio button
3. Current time in tour
4. Cancel tour recording button
Click the record button to start recording, and navigate around Earth like you would normally. Your actions in the 3D viewer will be recorded as part of your tour. When you're finished, hit the record button again to stop recording and preview your tour.
Bonus task: Advanced Features
If you're comfortable with recording a simple tour, check out some more advanced features of the recorder:
1. Narrate your tour by clicking on the microphone button
2. Record the opening of info balloons, and the toggling of visibility of features in your My Places panel.
3. If you have the sunlight or historical imagery features active, then you can also record your movement back through time by dragging the time controls at the top of the screen.
Remember, anything that is visible in the 3D viewer will become part of your tour if the record button has been clicked. But remember, the tour won't turn on these features when it is replayed, so be sure they are on when you play them back. Just play around with the recorder a bit and you'll get the hang of it in no time.
Try this: You can generate tours directly from folders of placemarks, or paths. When you highlight a folder or a path in the left-panel, a Create Tour button will appear. When clicked, a tour of your folder or path will start playing.
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APPENDIX 6
Sharing and Saving Places Data
Once you have created places data it is important to save and share it. You can do this by: email, posting it online or sharing it over a network.
Saving Places Data
You can save placemarks, shapes, and entire folders (and their con- tents) to your computer's hard drive. The placemark file or folder is saved as a single file in KMZ format, which you can be opened at any time in Google Earth. You might want to do this for the following reasons: You want to share the saved data with other Google Earth users. You can email any placemark, shape, or folder to another Google Earth user from within Google Earth, but you can also email any KMZ file located on your computer to a Google Earth user. You have so many places in your My Places folder that Google Earth startup is slow. Holding a large amount of data in the My Places folder can impact the performance of Google Earth, depending upon your computer. By saving folders to your hard drive, you can
Page | 89 improve Google Earth performance by then deleting the data from your My Places folder. You can always open the data you have saved at any time. Save individual placemarks, shapes, or entire folders by right-clicking (CTRL click on the Mac) the item and selecting Save As... from the popup menu. Use the File dialog box to save the placemark or folder to your computer. Enter the name for the new file, and click Save in the dialog box. The placemark or the folder is saved to that location with an extension of .kmz.
Saving an image
Use File > Save > Save Image to save the current view as an image file to your computer's hard drive. When you save an image, a Save dialogue box appears and you can desginate a folder on your computer to save the image to, like any document you might save. The image is saved with all visible placemarks, borders, or other Layer information visible in the 3D viewer. You can save images in the following resolutions: Screen capture only (lower resolution) 1000 pixels per inch (PPI) Google Earth PRO/EC users can save images in the following resolutions: 1400 PPI 2400 PPI 4800 PPI
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Emailing an Image
At this time, emailing a Google Earth image on the Mac is available only through Mail, Entourage and Eudora applications. You can email the current view of the earth shown in the Google Earth 3D viewer as: An image file for people who don't have Google Earth A KMZ file for other users of Google Earth When you email an image, a JPEG file is automatically attached to an outbound email message. When you email the view as a KMZ, a KMZ file is automatically attached to an outbound email message. To email an image: Do one of the following: Click File > Email > Email Image. Type Ctrl+Alt+E (Windows and Linux only) Click on the email icon on the toolbar and choose Email Image. In the Select Email Service window, choose your default email programme or your Gmail account. If you use your Gmail account, you will be prompted to sign in if you have not already. Before selecting your email service, select the Remember this setting... check box if you want to use the same email service every time you email a view. You can always change your email preferences later by selecting Tools > Options > General (Windows/Linux) or Google Earth > Preferences (Mac) and clicking on the General tab.
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Wait while the Google Earth software sends the data to your email application. A new email window appears with the image file. (This can take a few seconds.) The image is a JPG file of the current view in the 3D viewer. Fill in the recipient's email address and any other information in the body and send the email. When you email an image, the quality of that image is identical to the quality available for the Save Image feature in Google Earth.
Emailing Places Data
In addition to emailing a view as a KMZ file to other users of Google Earth, you also can email places data in two other ways: Attach a KMZ file or folder saved to your computer's hard drive to an email. Email a placemark that is centered in your 3D viewer directly from Google Earth (see below). To email places data: Do one of the following: Click File > Email > Email Place . Type Ctrl + E (a + E on the Mac) Click on the email icon on the toolbar and choose Email Place. Right click (CTRL click on the Mac) the appropriate placemark in the Places panel and choose Email. In the Select Email Service window, choose your default
Page | 92 email programme or your Gmail account. If you use your Gmail account, you will be prompted to sign in if you have not already. Before selecting your email service, select the Remember this setting... check box if you want to use the same email service every time you email a view. You can always change your email preferences later by selecting Tools > Options > General (Windows/Linux) or Google Earth > Preferences (Mac) and clicking on the General tab. Wait while the Google Earth software sends the data to your email application. A new email window appears with the KMZ file. (This can take a few seconds.) Fill in the recipient's email address and any other information in the body and send the email. Note: When you email KMZ files that reference custom icons or image overlays from your local file system those items are included with the placemark data. For this reason, KMZ files that include imagery overlays might be larger than those containing a simple placemark.
Sharing Data Over a Network
In addition to saving placemarks or folders to your local computer, you can also save place data to a web server or network server. Other Google Earth users who have access to the server can then use the data. As with other documents, you can create links or references to KMZ files for easy access. Storing a placemark file on the
Page | 93 network or on a web server offers the following advantages: Accessibility - If your place data is stored on a network or the Web, you can access it from any computer anywhere, provided the location is either publicly available or you have log in access. Ease in Distribution - You can develop an extensive presentation folder for Google Earth software and make that presentation available to everyone who has access to your network storage location or web server. This is more convenient than sending the data via email when you want to make it consistently available to a large number of people. Automatic Updates/Network Link Access - Any new information or changes you make to network-based KMZ information is automatically available to all users who access the KML data via a network link. Backup - If for some reason the data on your local computer is corrupt or lost, you can open any of the KMZ files that you have saved to a network location, and if so desired, save it as a local file again. This section covers the following topics: Saving Data to a Server Opening Data from a Network Server About Network Links Saving Data to a Server To make your placemarks or folders available to other people via a server, you need to first save the file to the appropriate location. Network Server - To save a folder or placemark to a
Page | 94 location on your network, simply follow the steps in Saving Places Data and save the file in a location on your company network rather than to your local file system.
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Web Server - To save a placemark or folder to a web server, first save the file to your local computer as described in Saving Places Data. Once the file is saved on your local computer as a separate KMZ file, you can use an FTP or similar utility to transfer the file to the web servers.
Opening Data from a Network Server If you are working in an organization where place data is saved to a net- work that you have access to, you can open that data in the same way you would open a saved KMZ file on your local computer.
From the File menu, select Open (Ctrl + O in Windows/Linux, a + O on the Mac) - Navigate to your network places and locate the KMZ or KML data you want to open in Google Earth. Select the file and click the Open button. The folder or placemark appears in the Places panel and the 3D viewer flies to the view set for the folder or place- mark (if any). Files opened in this way are NOT automatically saved for the next time you use Google Earth. If you want the placemark or folder to appear the next time you use Google Earth, drag the item to your My Places folder to save it for the next session.
Locate the file you want to open - Once you have located the file on your network places, you can simply drag and drop the KMZ file over the Places panel. The 3D viewer flies to the view set for the folder or placemark (if any).
About Network Links The network link feature in Google Earth provides a way for multiple clients to view the same network-based or web-based KMZ data and automatically see any changes to the content as those changes are made.
For more information on how to create network links see: earth.google.com/userguide/v4/ug_sharingplacedata.html
APPENDIX 7
You may have tabular geographic data that you want to add to a map, so you can combine it with other datasets and share it with other users. You can do this by importing data to ArcGIS Online. See an overview of adding content to ArcGIS Online ArcGIS Explorer Online allows you to import files of data where each row contains location information, in comma- separated values (CSV) format, or other text files separated by semicolon or tab characters. You can also import geographic data stored in Esri shapefile and GPS Exchange (GPX) formats. Learn more about importing shapefiles Learn more about importing GPX files
To import a local CSV file 1. Open the map that you want to import the data into. 2. On the Mapping toolbar, click the Add Content button , click Import, then click CSV. 3. Choose an option depending on where the data you want to import is located: To import data from a file on your machine or network, click Browse for a file. In the Open dialog box that appears, browse for the file you want to import, then click Open. To import data that you have copied to your clipboard, click Paste from a table. To import data directly from a URL (a location on the internet), click Enter URL. In the URL box, enter the location of the CSV file you want to import, then click Validate. You can also use a text file with fields separated by semicolon or tab characters.
Note: When importing from a URL, the data is reloaded from the URL each time the map is opened, ensuring that the data in the map is always current.
4. On the Import Data dialog box, click Next. ArcGIS Explorer Online uploads and analyzes the data you selected, creating a preview of your data with suggestions of which columns contain the location information and which contain attributes for the new features you are creating.
5. In the Layer name box, enter the name to use for the new layer in the map. 6. Review the fields shown in the grid along with the type of field that will be created for the imported features. Click the columns in the Import As row to change the way that your data is imported by changing column field types, the fields used to identify a feature's location, and field names. For fields that contain the location of each feature, ensure the upper Import As drop-down list shows the value Location, and the type of location information contained in the column is correctly shown in the lower drop-down list—either Address, City, Latitude, Longitude, State, or Zip or Postal Code. You must always have at least one location field defined, either a single place-name, two coordinate fields containing decimal degrees, or a number of fields defining the parts of an address.
If you are importing from a URL, the location must be stored in latitude and longitude coordinates, not in address fields. For fields that contain attributes of each feature, ensure the upper drop-down list shows the appropriate data type for the values in that field—either Text, Integer, Double, Float or Date. See tips on importing data
Note: If your ArcGIS Online account is part of an organization, and your organization administrator has granted you permissions for publishing, an option to store the features in the map or to create a feature service will be displayed. If you choose to create a feature service, options are also displayed to set a title, summary, and tags, and specify the folder in which to create the new service. Ask your organization administrator for more information about publishing to a feature service.
7. Click Import to close the dialog box and import the data. After the import is complete, the data is shown in the map using a default symbol.
Configuring imported data After you have imported your data, you can configure it to be displayed and behave the way that you would like: Decide how the features should be displayed Configure pop-up windows for the layer Share a map or service with other users Edit the features of the layer
Tips on importing CSV data Semicolon and tab characters are also supported as field delimiters. Instead of browsing for a file, you can drag a file from another program, such as a file browser, and drop it on to the map to start the import process. There is a 1000 feature limit on features imported to the map using latitude and longitude coordinates, and a 250 feature limit for features that are geocoded from address attributes. You can import files with more than 1000 features only if your account is part of an organization in ArcGIS Online, you have publishing permissions for the organization, and you are publishing to a hosted feature service. The first row in a text file can contain field names. Each row in the file must contain the same kind of information; if you have data where some rows contain coordinates and some have addresses, you should split these into two separate files before importing. You can import files that have different file extensions, as long as they contain comma- separated values. Use the drop-down list on the Open dialog box to browse for different types of files. If your data has addresses as location information, you should ensure that you have at least Address, City, and State fields identified correctly. You can import a file where the entire address is contained in a single field if you enclose it in double quotes and separate the individual parts with commas. If your data contains location information as latitude and longitude coordinates, these must be in decimal degrees. If your data contains numeric information, the decimal separator must be a period (full stop), for example longitude may be specified as '51.9898'. Other characters, such as commas, are not supported as decimal separators. If your data contains non-English characters, for example characters specific to the French, Russian, Greek, Japanese, or Arabic alphabets, the file you import must be encoded as Unicode or UTF-8, and not ASCII. If you import an ASCII encoded file containing non-English characters, it may display attribute values using unexpected characters. You can simply save a text file as UTF-8 or Unicode in Windows. Open the file in Notepad and choose File, then Save As, and choose UTF-8 or Unicode from the Encoding drop-down list shown at the bottom of the Save As dialog box. You can only import data using coordinate locations (not addresses) when you import from a URL. If you open a saved map and find that a layer imported from a URL is broken, check the URL to the data is still valid by opening the URL in a web browser or text editor.
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CSV is a common data interchange format; if your tabular data is stored in another format, such as a proprietary spreadsheet or database table, you may be able to export the data to CSV format for import.
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APPENDIX 8
ArcGIS Explorer Online—GIS for Everyone
Creating notes, photo links, and presentations
ArcGIS Explorer Online (AGXO) is a browser-based GIS viewer that gives you an easy way to explore, visualize, and share spatial information. Ready-to-use basemaps and map services can be added to a project along with the ability to add notes, photos, reports, videos, perform queries and create presentations. This quick guide is an extension of the Introduction to ArcGIS Explorer Online quick guide and builds on skills covered there. Please refer to that introductory guide for further instructions on the steps contained in the Get Started section below. Get Started Open ArcGIS Explorer Online at http://explorer.arcgis.com/.
Start a new map. If necessary, change the basemap to Topographic. Add California Fire History from ArcGIS Online.
If necessary, zoom to the California Fire History layer.
Open the legend to review the meaning of the fire history symbols and colors.
Further Exploration of ArcGIS Explorer Online Finding places
In the Find Places search box type Pasadena CA and press Enter on your keyboard. Add the marker by selecting and choosing Map
Zoom and pan to center the Station Fire in the map
Notes
The Station Fire perimeter is just north of the Pasadena, CA marker.
Adding Notes
Select the Add Features icon on the menu bar.
Select a stickpin and place it inside the Station Fire burn area by clicking with your mouse
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Click on the point marker and select Edit >> Edit Show Pop-up.
Change the title from “Point” to Station Fire Image”.
Type “Station Fire Plume” in the description box.
Use http://images.google.com/ to locate an appropriate image of the Station Fire and add the URL. Be sure to copy/paste the actual image link (.jpg, gif, tiff, etc) and not a link to the web page.
Click OK.
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Test your note by clicking on the Station Fire Image marker.
Presentations A presentation within ArcGIS Explorer Online allows you to communicate your ideas and information by combining your basemap, layers, notes and other map elements with a series of presentation slides. Creating a presentation Click the Presentation tab above the menu bar. This opens the Slides window and displays a set of presentation tools used to manage the various aspects of the map’s presentation.
Click on the map to add your first slide. Open the Map Contents and double-click on the California Fire History layer. This will cause the slide to zoom out to the full extent of the California Fire History layer.
Add a title to your map: California Fire History.
Click on the New Slide icon to add a second slide.
Open Map Notes in Map Contents Layer and zoom to the Station Fire Image note. Pan and zoom as needed to dis- play Station Fire boundary.
Add a slide title: Station Fire Area
Add a third slide and add a Text box from Create Features. Adding Text Select the Text tool from Add Features and create your own text boxes. Use the Change Symbol icon to customize your boxes. Running a Presentation A presentation can be started by selecting the Start Presentation icon on the Presentation menu bar. You can control the presentation using the presentation controller at the bottom of the slide.
Slides can also be advanced using the keyboard space bar.
As you move through the presentation, notice that each map view is interactive. For example, on the first slide, the display has been zoomed to the San Francisco Bay area. Advancing to the second slide, the pop-up associated with the Station Fire Image marker has been opened. Advancing to the third slide demonstrates the use of text boxes to add content.
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APPENDIX 9
GIS Training for Mayaro Rio Claro Regional Corporation 19th and 20th September, 2013 at the Office of Disaster Preparedness and Management 4A Orange Grove Road Tacarigua, Trinicity Trinidad
Background to Workshop
The Government of Trinidad and Tobago through the Office of Disaster Preparedness and Management (ODPM) is currently engaged in a pilot initiative along with four other countries in the Caribbean region to learn from, adapt and replicate the Cuban Risk Reduction Management Centre (RRMC) model, to our country’s local context. As is expected, this model will constitute an instrument of local governments designed to manage information about hazards, risks and vulnerabilities in a given territory and support informed decision-making by local authorities.
With financial and technical support being made available through project sponsors – UNDP and the Caribbean Risk Management Initiative (CRMI) and Cuban technical assistance, this country adapted RRMC pilot initiative which is aimed at improving the performance of local governance institutions , foster increased level of community interface and participation and supplement the capabilities of the National Disaster Office, thereby maximizing the effectiveness of disaster risk reduction and management (DRR/DRM) interventions all round.
Given the current DRR capacity gaps and constraints at the local level, the pilot RRMC implementation has focused on strengthening capacity within in the selected pilot site - Mayaro Rio Claro Regional Corporation (MRCRC), specifically in the areas of:
c) Community-based Early Warning (EW) capacity and d) GIS technical capacity
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These items represent critical gaps which have been lagging particularly at the local level as no consolidated programme for EW exists and community-based early warning systems are few or inefficient. In addition, risk management tools such as GIS are grossly under-utilized.
GIS Component
Selected personnel from the Mayaro Rio Claro Regional Corporation and staff of its Disaster Management Unit (DMU) will be the main beneficiaries of this GIS training. Provisions were made to include at least 1 representative of neighboring DMUs and selected persons who are involved with the EWPS in training component. The workshop included practical sessions where key datasets contributing to development of hazard/risk/vulnerability map of the MRCRC will be identified and preliminary how the collection of some of these data will be conducted.
Objectives
In terms of disaster risk reduction, the use of GIS in the RRMC will result in increased awareness among local authorities and the general population about the dimension of risk to which they are exposed and what to do about the original causes.
GIS will also
Facilitate collection and analysis of DRM related datasets Establish appropriate databases Identify different risk zones, for each type of disaster hazard identified Geographically reference the economic installations that might cause technological and public health disasters, as well as those that are at risk of being affected by them Geographically reference the different declared phases for protecting the population and economy, and evacuation plans for human and material resources Position and automatically plot hurricanes, in anticipation of their possible movements and locations of impact Surveillance and early alert of forest fires Establish bases for inserting these systems into the National Spatial Data Infrastructure of the Republic of Cuba (IDERC)
Risk Reduction Management Centre (RRMC) GIS needs will include the following categories of data:
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Administrative boundaries – Regional Corporation, Communities, Electoral Districts Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability Data – Location of different hazard incidents, Main vulnerable areas – streets or communities, areas at risk to different types of hazards Critical Infrastructure (important for continuity of operations) – transport networks – roads, airports, ports, bridges, important government buildings, utilities Emergency resources – locations of fire stations, police, medical, shelters, radio operators etc
Expectations
The DMU will be able to collect of hazard, vulnerability and risk related datasets for areas identified e.g. collection of hazard incidents, streets highly vulnerable to flood, areas the pose industrial risk etc. The regional corporation will also be able to
Provide basic analysis of data collected for reporting purposes and to inform any necessary planning and mitigation works to MRCRC Corporation and ODPM Provide monthly report of geo-tagged incidents to ODPM and Local Government PS office which can be forwarded to other relevant agencies such as WRA and TCPD for their planning purposes Ensure all GIS equipment is maintained and in good working order at all times.
The workshop will take staff of the DMU through a number of key stages and approaches to becoming familiar with and using GIS to support their everyday work.
Discussions and Training activities
A Two day GIS training workshop was then conducted with approximately 25 participants for both days. On day one participants took part in 5 Modules of presentations
Understanding GIS: identifying what is GIS, its foundations and functions, defining data types and data models, and what is Metadata GPS: how the GPS works in terms of constellation of GPS satellites, GPS components, GPS errors and look at how the GPS can now be included into the workflow at the DMU. The DMU sponsor of GPS Units was able to give a live demo of units and the practical session was done Map Design: the basic elements of a map and the 6 commandments of map design GIS Applications: Included the different types of software available to do GIS, whether it is the free open source software available online or the commercial software
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GIS in Disaster Risk Reduction and Management: this module looked at the use of GIS in Disaster management and the use of GIS locally. The use of GIS at TEMA was demonstrated
On day Two, there was 1 module of presentations, 1 session of hands on training and 1 practical scenarios session respectively
GIS in the MRCRC: looked at the implementation of GIS at the DMU and the changes that need to take place GIS Tutorials: These tutorials took the form of utilizing the free online software Google Earth and Arc Explorer. Participants used laptops available and had the hands-on experience of mapping incidents and operating the software.
Scenarios: 3 live scenarios were given (one to a group) in the form of a Fallen Tree, Tsunami Threat and Strong wings. The groups had to demonstrate the workflow of the DMU in responding to these incidents, where the collection and analysis of GIS data was tested and reported on. (Appendix 10 - Agenda for both days and Appendix 11 – Scenario Video Reports)
Participants were continually asked questions to keep up to par with information given in presentations and demos. Therefore, open discussions were encouraged and active participation were carried out on both days.
Certificates of participation were also given to the participants of the workshop.
Recommendations based on evaluation of Training
Determination of roles and responsibilities of staff at the MRCRC, especially where GIS is concerned when staff numbers are small There should be a dedicated person for overall GIS management purposes and everyone should have the basic skills to at least use Google Earth and tag a point More interactive exercises would have been welcomed at the workshop but the time did not permit More days for a GIS workshop Follow up activities were recommended to support the DMU through this implementation phase. ODPM and Facilitator is willing support this More GPS units at the DMU for data collection More training and resources given to the DMUs to get the job done
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(Appendix 12 -Survey Results)
Follow up Action Plan
Participants were generally happy with the workshop and its content They commented that it was educational and helpful The workshop was worth coming to There is a capacity constraint in terms of staffing and availability of resources The participants were eager to do practical after the basics were taught Participants were able to tag points, but did not get chance to save and share but outlined in the manual (appendix) Group scenario exercises was excellent to solidify what the participants learnt over the two days of activities Field Trip to Tobago to visit the TEOC was suggested (Appendix 13 - Comment Tree Results)
Conclusions
The workshop was over all well done and well received by the participants (Appendix 14 – Participant Video Feedback). I definitely felt appreciated from the responses received during and after the workshop. It was definitely my pleasure sharing my knowledge of GIS and its practical applications in the field of Disaster Management owing to the experience I have gained at the Tobago Emergency Management Agency (TEMA).
The major down fall was that the time allotted for workshop was too short for the amount of material needed to be covered especially for the practical and scenario sessions. The workshop could have been for three days, dedicating an entire day for tutorials and practical activities. However, follow up sessions should be facilitated on the practical aspects by ODPM, and me, the facilitator.
For future workshops such as this, it would be effective to have the manual ready and used along with the presentations. Personally, the preparation times and deadline dates were too short for the development of the manual and workshops. The project time line of 6 weeks was too short for this intense delivery, eight weeks would have been feasible.
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More workshops as these should be done across the country. This consultancy was not only about me sharing knowledge but a learning experience for me as well. I learnt a part of my country I never had chance to in more detail, Mayaro Rio Claro area, the functions of the Disaster Management Unit and purpose of the Early Warning Points. These Points is a new concept to this country but if implemented well can take disaster management to a next level in Trinidad and Tobago.
Thank You for allowing me to be a part of this RRMC Pilot initiative.
Acknowledgement of Collaborators
Thanks for the assistance and support from the Office of Disaster Preparedness and Management (ODPM), UNDP and the Caribbean Risk Management Initiative (CRMI), the Mayaro Rio Claro Disaster Management Unit, and the participants of the GIS workshop. Last but not least Ms Candice Ramkissoon, GIS Specialist and Project Coordinator and Ms Joanna Wilson, Project Operations Assistant at the ODPM, for their continued support and tremendous cooperation over this period.
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APPENDIX 10
Day One Agenda
9 - 9.15. Greetings from UNDP
9.15 - 9.30. Introduction from UNDP / ODPM
9.30 - 9.35. Icebreaker
9.35 - 10.45. Introduction to GIS
10.45 - 11. BREAK
11 - 11.15. Introduction to GPS
11.15 - 12 noon. GPS presentation and Demo
12 noon - 12.45. LUNCH
12.45 - 12.55. Icebreaker Part 2
12.55 - 13.25. Metadata
13.25 - 13.55. Map Design
13.55 - 14.10. BREAK
14.10 - 15.15. GIS in Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
15.15 - 16.00. Recap, questions, next day brief
Day Two Agenda
8.30 - 8.45. Introductions and overview for the day
8.45 - 10.15. GIS at MRCRC
10.15 - 10.30. BREAK
10.30 - 12 noon. Part 1 Tutorial - Google Earth
12noon - 12.45. LUNCH
12.45 - 14.15. Part 2 Tutorial - ArcExplorer, ArcMap and others
14.15 - 14.25. BREAK
14.25 - 15.35. Simulation Exercises
15.35 - 16.00. Recap, Questions, Round- up
APPENDIX 11
SCENARIO VIDEO REPORT https://www.dropbox.com/sh/tzzlupe9qs0rssq/nLzyfL2_ff
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APPENDIX 12 – RRMC GIS Workshop Survey Results
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Level of Engagement 9
8 7 6 5
4 3
2 1
0 The quality of the interaction between Participants had Participation and consultant and The facilitator was ample opportunity interaction were participating engaging. to express encouraged. stakeholders themselves. enabled me to fully engage. Strongly Agree 7 8 7 6 Somewhat True 8 7 6 8 Neutral 0 0 2 0 Somewhat False 0 0 0 0 Very False 0 0 0 0 NA 0 0 0 0
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Relevance
9
8
7
6
5
4
3 Strongly Agree 2 Somewhat True Neutral 1 Somewhat False 0 Very False The The Participan The I agree session facilitator ts were session that the NA was was appropriat was ODPM relevant sufficientl e for the beneficial. should to me / y session. have my job. knowledg hosted eable. this session. Strongly Agree 8 8 4 7 9 Somewhat True 5 7 6 8 3 Neutral 1 0 4 0 1 Somewhat False 0 0 0 0 0 Very False 0 0 0 0 0 NA 0 0 0 0 0
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Efifciency 10
9
8
7
6
5 Strongly Agree 4 Somewhat True 3 Neutral Somewhat False 2 Very False
1 NA 0 0 0 0 The length of time The content was The time was of the session was organised and easy properly manged. appropriate. to follow. Strongly Agree 5 3 7 Somewhat True 7 9 8 Neutral 3 2 0 Somewhat False 0 0 0 Very False 0 0 0 NA 0 0 0
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Clarity 9
8
7
6
5
4 Strongly Agree 3 Somewhat True 2 Neutral
1 Somewhat False Very False 0 The consultant's NA The purpose and The follow up of this methodology for objectives of the session is clear to completing the session were clear. me. project's objectives was well defined. Strongly Agree 7 5 7 Somewhat True 8 8 8 Neutral 0 1 0 Somewhat False 0 0 0 Very False 0 0 0 NA 0 0 0
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APPENDIX 13
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APPENDIX 14
PARTICIPANT VIDEO FEEDBACK https://www.dropbox.com/sh/e6cp5p4xhz8wgtk/B-iiaVNM_k
APPENDIX 15
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