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Earth Observation Open Science and Innovation ISSI Scientific Report Series ISSI Scientifi c Report 15 Pierre-Philippe Mathieu Christoph Aubrecht Editors Earth Observation Open Science and Innovation ISSI Scientific Report Series Volume 15 The ISSI Scientific Report Series present the results of Working Groups (or Teams) that set out to assemble an expert overview of the latest research methods and observation techniques in a variety of fields in space science and astronomy. The Working Groups are organized by the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, Switzerland. ISSI’s main task is to contribute to the achievement of a deeper understanding of the results from space-research missions, adding value to those results through multi-disciplinary research in an atmosphere of international cooperation. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10151 Pierre-Philippe Mathieu • Christoph Aubrecht Editors Earth Observation Open Science and Innovation Editors Pierre-Philippe Mathieu Christoph Aubrecht ESA/ESRIN ESA/ESRIN & World Bank Frascati, Italy Washington, DC, USA ISSI Scientific Report Series ISBN 978-3-319-65632-8 ISBN 978-3-319-65633-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65633-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017958445 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018. This book is an open access publication, corrected publication 2018 Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Inter- national License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Foreword The world of Earth Observation (EO) is rapidly changing as a result of exponential advances in sensor and digital technologies. The speed of change has no historical precedent. Recent decades have witnessed extraordinary developments in ICT, including the Internet, cloud computing and storage, which have all led to radically new ways to collect, distribute and analyse data about our planet. This digital revolution is also accompanied by a sensing revolution that provides an unprecedented amount of data on the state of our planet and its changes. Europe leads this sensing revolution in space through the Copernicus initiative and the corresponding development of a family of Sentinel missions. This has enabled the global monitoring of our planet across the whole electromagnetic spectrum on an operational and sustained basis. In addition, a new trend, referred to as “New Space” in the USA or “Space 4.0” in Europe, is now rapidly emerging through the increasing commoditization and commercialization of space. In particular, with the rapidly dropping costs of small sat building, launching and processing, new EO actors including startups and ICT giants are now entering the space business in masses, forming new constellations of standardized small sats that deliver a new class of data on our planet with higher spatial resolution and increased temporal frequency. These new global data sets from space lead to a far more comprehensive picture of our planet. This picture is now even more refined via data from billions of smart and inter-connected sensors referred to as the Internet of Things (IoT). Such streams of dynamic data on our planet offer new possibilities for scientists to advance our understanding of how the ocean, atmosphere, land and cryosphere operate and interact as part on an integrated Earth System. It also represents new opportunities for entrepreneurs to turn big data into new types of information services. However, these opportunities come with new challenges for scientists, businesses, data and software providers who must make sense of the vast and diverse amount of data by capitalizing on new technologies such as big data analytics. v vi Foreword This book invites you to explore various elements of the big data revolution, addressing the development of Space 4.0, the new generation of data-driven research infrastructure (including the emergence of data cubes), new applications integrating IoT and EO, new business models in the emerging geo-sharing economy, new ways to support e-learning and digital education, new application of technologies such as cloud computing, artificial intelligence (AI), and deep learning, and the increasing role of new actors such as innovative startups, ICT corporates, data scientists and citizen scientists. By doing so, it aims to stimulate new ideas about how to make the most of EO and derived information in a rapidly changing environment. Wishing you an inspiring journey in the exciting field of EO Open Science and Innovation. Josef Aschbacher Director of Earth Observation Programmes European Space Agency (ESA) Frascati, Italy Contents Part I Join the Geo Revolution The Changing Landscape of Geospatial Information Markets ............. 3 Conor O’Sullivan, Nicholas Wise, and Pierre-Philippe Mathieu The Digital Transformation of Education ..................................... 25 Ravi Kapur, Val Byfield, Fabio Del Frate, Mark Higgins, and Sheila Jagannathan The Open Science Commons for the European Research Area............. 43 Tiziana Ferrari, Diego Scardaci, and Sergio Andreozzi Citizen Science for Observing and Understanding the Earth ............... 69 Mordechai (Muki) Haklay, Suvodeep Mazumdar, and Jessica Wardlaw Part II Enabling Data Intensive Science Fostering Cross-Disciplinary Earth Science Through Datacube Analytics .......................................................................... 91 Peter Baumann, Angelo Pio Rossi, Brennan Bell, Oliver Clements, Ben Evans, Heike Hoenig, Patrick Hogan, George Kakaletris, Panagiota Koltsida, Simone Mantovani, Ramiro Marco Figuera, Vlad Merticariu, Dimitar Misev, Huu Bang Pham, Stephan Siemen, and Julia Wagemann Mind the Gap: Big Data vs. Interoperability and Reproducibility of Science .......................................................................... 121 Max Craglia and Stefano Nativi Cyber-Infrastructure for Data-Intensive Geospatial Computing........... 143 Rajasekar Karthik, Alexandre Sorokine, Dilip R. Patlolla, Cheng Liu, Shweta M. Gupte, and Budhendra L. Bhaduri vii viii Contents Machine Learning Applications for Earth Observation ..................... 165 David J. Lary, Gebreab K. Zewdie, Xun Liu, Daji Wu, Estelle Levetin, Rebecca J. Allee, Nabin Malakar, Annette Walker, Hamse Mussa, Antonio Mannino, and Dirk Aurin New Generation Platforms for Exploration of Crowdsourced Geo-Data .......................................................................... 219 Maria Antonia Brovelli, Marco Minghini, and Giorgio Zamboni Part III Use Cases Open Science and Innovation Mapping Land Use Dynamics Using the Collective Power of the Crowd ...................................................................... 247 Christoph Aubrecht, Joachim Ungar, Dilek Ozceylan Aubrecht, Sérgio Freire, and Klaus Steinnocher The Emergence of the GeoSharing Economy ................................. 255 Ursula Benz and Manfred Krischke Sustainable Agriculture and Smart Farming ................................. 261 Heike Bach and Wolfram Mauser Earth Observation Data for Enterprise Business Applications ............. 271 Hinnerk Gildhoff Development of an Earth Observation Cloud Platform in Support to Water Resources Monitoring ................................................ 275 Andreea Bucur, Wolfgang Wagner, Stefano Elefante, Vahid Naeimi, and Christian Briese Putting Big Data Innovation into Action for Development .................. 285 Trevor Monroe, Stephanie Debere, Kwawu Mensa Gaba, David Newhouse, and Talip Killic Mapping Floods and Assessing Flood Vulnerability for Disaster Decision-Making: A Case Study Remote Sensing Application in Senegal ......................................................................... 293 Bessie Schwarz, Gabriel Pestre, Beth Tellman, Jonathan Sullivan, Catherine Kuhn, Richa Mahtta, Bhartendu Pandey, and Laura Hammett Earth Observation and Geospatial Implementation: Fueling Innovation in a Changing World ..............................................
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