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Control Ofaphis Gossypii in Glasshouse Cucumber Crops

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Control Ofaphis Gossypii in Glasshouse Cucumber Crops Evaluation and application of parasitoids for biological ' control of Aphis gossypii in glasshouse cucumber crops Machiel van Steenis CENTRALE LANDBO UW CATALO GU S 0000 0670 0450 ÏANDBO(jV,_\;,.Li ,.;TbJT Promotor: dr. J.C. van Lenteren Hoogleraar in de Entomologie, in het bijzonder de Oecologie der Insekten >^o&?o i /'9?3 Evaluation and application of parasitoids for biological control of Aphis gossypii in glasshouse cucumber crops Machiel van Steenis Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor in de landbouw- en milieuwetenschappen op gezag van de rector magnificus, dr. C.M. Karssen, in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 13 september 1995 des namiddags te half twee in de Aula van de Landbouwuniversiteit te Wageningen \SV\ S^^ CIP-DATA KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG Steenis, Machiel van Evaluation and application of parasitoids for biological control of Aphis gossypii in glasshouse cucumber crops / Machiel van Steenis. - [S.I. : s.n.]. - III. Thesis Wageningen. - With ref. - With summary in Dutch. ISBN 90-5485-439-1 Subject headings: Hymenoptera / aphid parasitoids. : eu /9?3 Stellingen Met de huidige door de producenten van natuurlijke vijanden voorgeschreven preventieve sluipwespintroducties kan de snelle remming van de bladluispopula- tiegroei, die noodzakelijk is voor een goede biologische bestrijding, niet met zekerheid bereikt worden. Dit proefschrift De stelling van Minkenberg (1990) dat populatiegroeisnelheden van sluipwespen gebruikt kunnen worden als selectiecriterium, moet met de nodige argwaan tegemoet getreden worden. Dit proefschrift MINKENBERG, O.P.J.M. (1990). Onseasonal inoculative control. Thesis Department of Entomology, Agricultural University Wageningen. In het gebruikswaardeonderzoek van nieuwe komkommerrassen zou ook de mate van resistentie tegen katoenluis een duidelijke plaats moeten krijgen. De sluipwespdichtheid op een bepaalde plaats wordt niet alleen bepaald door het op afstand lokaliseren van bladluiskolonies, ook de snelheid waarmee de sluip­ wespen een bladluiskolonie van een bepaalde grootte verlaten is van groot belang. Dit proefschrift SHEEHAN, W. en SHELTON, A.M. (1989). Parasitoid response to concentration of herbivore food plants: finding and leaving plants. Ecology 70: 993-998. Het gezegde: "wie het kleine niet eert is het grote niet weerd" is bij Aphidius colemani totaal onbekend. Dit proefschrift Ten opzichte van de huidige introductiemethodes, geeft het introduceren van sluipwespen door middel van open kweken in de kas een duidelijke verbetering van de biologische bladluisbestrijding. Dit proefschrift Bennison, J.A. (1992). Biological control of aphids on cucumbers: use of open rearing systems or "bankerplants" to aid establishment of Aphidius matricariae and Aphidoletes aphidimyza. Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschap­ pen Universiteit Gent 57/2b: 457-466. Het gebruik van gemiddelde temperaturen bij klimaatmodellen geeft een foutieve voorspelling van de invloed van klimaatveranderingen op ecosysteemniveau. SCHERM H. en VAN BRUGGEN, A.H.C. (1994). Global warming and nonlinear growth: how important are changes in average temperature? Phytophatology 84: 1380-1384. Alleen leugenaars, gekken en oplichters kunnen aardbevingen voorspellen. Carl Richter 9 Met het oog op de overbevolking en woningnood zou de kinderbijslag omgezet moeten worden in een kindertoeslag. 10 Milieuconferenties zouden alleen georganiseerd mogen worden als de te ver­ wachten baten (in de vorm van harde afspraken) opwegen tegen de door de deelnemers veroorzaakte milieuvervuiling. 11 De duidelijke dosis-respons curves die bij onderzoek naar giftige stoffen gevon­ den worden, zijn een sterk argument tegen de grondbeginselen van de klassieke homeopathie. 12 E-mail beperkt de volledigheid en betrouwbaarheid van toekomstige biografieën. 13 Er is niets zo onzeker als het gemiddelde. Stellingen behorend bij het proefschrift: Evaluation and application of parasitoids for biological control of Aphis gossypiii nglasshous e cucumber crops Wageningen, 13 september 1995 Machiel van Steenis Contents CONTENTS Voorwoord i Samenvatting iii Summary ix 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Aphis gossypii Glover 6 1.2 Natural enemies 11 1.2.1 Pathogens 12 1.2.2 Predators 15 1.2.3 Parasitoids 32 1.3 Pre-introduction selection of a (set of) natural enemy(ies) 40 2 Life history of Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae) on cucumber: influence of temperature, host plant and parasitism 65 3 Evaluation of parasitoids 81 3.1 Evaluation of four aphidiine parasitoids for biological control of Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae) 83 3.2 Evaluation of Aphelinus varipes Förster (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), as a biological control agent for the cotton aphid. Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae) 93 4 Life histories of selected parasitoids 111 4.1 Intrinsic rate of increase of Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae), at several temperatures 113 4.2 Intrinsic rate of increase of Lysiphlebus testaceipes Cresson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae), at several temperatures 123 4.3 Life history of Aphelinus varipes Förster (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), a parasitoid of the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae), at three constant temperatures 131 Searching behaviour of Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) ... 141 5.1 In-flight host location by Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) searching for Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae) ... 143 5.2 Behaviour of Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) searching for Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae): functional response and reaction to previously searched aphid colonies 153 5.3 Time allocation of the parasitoid Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) foraging for Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae) on cucumber leaves 163 Contents 6 Application of Aphid/uscolemani Vierec k (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to control Aphisgossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae) in glasshouses 175 6.1 Different parasitoid introduction schemes determine the success of biological control of Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae) with the parasitoid Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) 177 6.2 Control of the cotton aphid,Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae), through introduction of parasitoids (Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)) on banker plants 189 6.3 Use of Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) for control of other aphid species frequently occurring in glasshouses 197 7 General discussion 203 List of publications 213 Curriculum vitae 217 Appendix - host range of Aphisgossypii Glove r (Homoptera: Aphididae) Voorwoord VOORWOORD En dan zit het er bijna op. Alles tig keer doorgelezen en steeds maar weer foutjes vinden. Wat nog rest is het schrijven van een voorwoord, misschien wel het lastigste stukje van het hele proefschrift. De lijst met mensen die ik wilde bedanken bleef maar groeien en zelfs nu ben ik er niet zeker van dat ik niemand overgeslagen heb. In 1990 ben ik begonnen met het onderzoek naar biologische bestrijding van katoenluis in komkommer. Het grootste deel van het werk is uitgevoerd op het Proefstation voor Tuinbouw onder Glas te Naaldwijk, hoewel ik officieel in dienst was bij de vakgroep Entomologie van de Landbouwuniversiteit. In de loop van de jaren is me duidelijk geworden dat bladluizen een heel aparte plaats innemen binnen de plagen die in kassen voorkomen. Door de grote voorplantings­ capaciteit hoef je bij wijze van spreken maar even met je ogen te knipperen en het gewas staat op instorten. Deze explosieve groei maakt het voor een onderzoeker alleen maar interessanter en ik heb dan ook met veel plezier mijn steentje bijgedragen aan de biologische bladluisbestrijding. Vanzelfsprekend heeft een groot aantal mensen, direct of indirect, bijgedragen aan de uiteindelijke voltooiing van het onderzoek. Allereerst wil ik alle medewerkers van de afdeling Gewasbescherming bedanken voor de zeer prettige werksfeer. Op kamernummer af zijn dat, Menno, Marieke, Ineke, Marry, Henk, Pim, Aleid, Annemarie, Anton, Steven, Pierre, Willemien, Yvonne, Tanja en Nico. Jullie hebben er voor gezorgd dat ik in ieder geval elke dag met plezier naar m'n werk ging. Voor Pierre is een speciaal bedankje nodig omdat hij de door mij geschreven publikaties altijd van het nodige commentaar wist te voorzien en een meester bleek in het stellen van moeilijke vragen. Ook vanuit de vakgroep Entomologie heb ik de nodige steun gehad, ook al was ik slechts sporadisch op de vakgroep te vinden. Ik wil speciaal mijn promotor. Joop van Lenteren, bedanken voor de begeleiding en het razendsnel doorlezen van de stukken voor tijdschriften. Een aantal studenten van de vakgroep hebben via een stage of afstudeervak een stuk van het onderzoek uitgevoerd. Jack Kolen, Lizette Vullings, Sandra van Tol, Jacco Duindam en Robert van de Mortel worden bedankt voor hun inzet en enthousiasme. De statistische verwerking van de gegevens is niet altijd even gemakkelijk. Gelukkig had ik hierbij de hulp van Bernard van der Kaay en Lia Hemerik (bij de analyse van het zoekgedrag van sluipwespen). Voor het verkrijgen van de sluipwespen voor de proeven is een beroep gedaan op een aantal personen. Allereerst wil ik Jeroen van Schelt bedanken voor zijn hulp bij het opzetten van kweken van Aphidius colemani, Aphidius matricariae en Lysiphlebus testaceipes. Also Shimon Steinberg is
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