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Original Article Novel Penicillium Species Causing Disseminated Medical Mycology, 2020, 0, 1–11 doi:10.1093/mmy/myaa016 Advance Access Publication Date: 0 2020 Original Article 10. Jiang, H., Chen, T.-J., Chi, Z., Hu, Z., Liu, G.-L., Sun, Y., Zhang, S.-H., and Chi, Z.- M. (2019). Macromolecular pullulan produced by Aureobasidium melanogenum 13- 2020 Library user on 07 April by Briscoe https://academic.oup.com/mmy/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/mmy/myaa016/5815442 Downloaded from 2 isolated from the Taklimakan desert and its crucial roles in resistance to the stress Original Article treatments. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 135: 429-436. Novel Penicillium species causing disseminated disease in a 11. Lu, Y., Wang, H., Wang, Z., Cong, Y., Zhang, P., Liu, G., Liu, C., Chi, Z.-M., and Labrador Retriever dog Chi, Z. (2019). Metabolic Rewiring Improves the Production of the Fungal Active Tatiana Rothacker 1, , Jared A Jaffey2, Erin R Rogers3, William H. Fales4, Targeting Molecule Fusarinine C. ACS Synth. Biol. 8: 1755-1765. ∗ Connie F. C. Gibas5, Nathan P.Wiederhold 5, Carmita Sanders5, James Mele5, Hongxin Fan5, Leah A. Cohn6 and Angela Royal6 12. Zhang, Z., Lu, Y., Chi, Z., Liu, G.-L., Jiang, H., Hu, Z., and Chi, Z.-M. (2019). Genome editing of different strains of Aureobasidium melanogenum using an efficient 1University of Missouri, A345 Clydesdale Hall, Columbia, Missouri, USA, 2Midwestern University, 19555 N 59th Ave, Cre/loxp site-specific recombination system. Fungal Biology 123: 723-731. Phoenix, Arizona, USA, 3University of Missouri, 2308 Houma Blvd 522, Metairie, Louisiana, USA, 4(Emeritus), Uni- versity of Missouri, 2328 Hamilton Drive, Ames, Iowa, USA, 5Fungus Testing Laboratory & Molecular Diagnostics 13. Chen, L., Chi, Z., Liu, G.-L., Xue, S.-J., Wang, Z.-P., Hu, Z., and Chi, Z.-M. (2019). Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Improved pullulan production by a mutant of Aureobasidium melanogenum TN3-1 Antonio, Texas, USA and 6University of Missouri, A344 Clydesdale Hall, Columbia, Missouri, USA from a natural honey and capsule shell preparation. International Journal of ∗To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tatiana Rothacker, DVM, MS, University of Missouri, A345 Clydesdale Hall, Biological Macromolecules 141: 268-277. Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Received 21 October 2019; Revised 7 February 2020; Accepted 2 March 2020; Editorial Decision 26 February 2020 14. Jia, S.-L., Ma, Y., Chi, Z., Liu, G.-L., Hu, Z., and Chi, Z.-M. (2019). Genome sequencing of a yeast-like fungal strain P6, a novel species of Aureobasidium spp.: Abstract Insights into its taxonomy, evolution and biotechnological potentials. Annals of This report describes the phenotypic characteristics of a novel Penicillium species, Penicillium labradorum, Microbiology 69:1475-1488. isolated from a 3-year-old male, castrated, Labrador retriever with disseminated fungal disease. The dog’s presenting clinical signs included lethargy, lymphadenopathy, tachypnea, moderate pitting edema, and non- weight bearing lameness associated with the right hind limb. Fine-needle aspirate biopsies from the sub- 15. Zhang, S., Jiang, H., Xue, S., Ge, N., Sun, Y., Chi, Z., Liu, G., and Chi, Z.-M. (2019). lumbar and prescapular lymph nodes were initially examined. The cytologic findings were consistent with Efficient Conversion of Cane Molasses into Fructooligosaccharides by a Glucose pyogranulomatous inflammation with abundant extracellular and phagocytized fungal fragments andhy- Derepression Mutant of Aureobasidium melanogenum with High β‑Fructo- phae. Based on the morphology of the organisms and lack of endogenous pigment, hyalohyphomycosis furanosidase Activity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 67: 13665-13672. was considered most likely, with Fusarium, Penicillium, and Paecilomyces species being considerations. Fungal isolates were obtained via culture of samples from the lymph nodes, and molecular identification testing originally identified an undescribed Penicillium species belonging to the Penicillium section Exili- caulis. BLAST searches and phylogenetic analyses performed approximately 1 year and 9 months after the isolation date revealed an isolate within the Penicillium parvum clade in the Penicillium section Exilicaulis but phylogenetically distant from the other species in the section, thus representing a new species, Peni- cillium labradorum. Antifungal susceptibility testing was also performed on the isolate and low minimum inhibitory concentrations were observed with terbinafine, voriconazole, and posaconazole, while in vitro resistance was observed with fluconazole. The dog had been previously treated with fluconazole, itracona- zole, amphotericin B lipid complex, voriconazole, and terbinafine. Approximately 587 days after the initial diagnosis, the dog was euthanized due to worsening of clinical signs and concerns for quality of life. Key words: fungi, Penicillium, dog, lymphadenopathy. Introduction azothiaprine, cyclosporine, etc.) have been suggested to be pre- 1-5 Penicillium is a ubiquitous fungus present in the general envi- disposing factors in dogs. German Shepherd dogs, particu- ronment with >300 known species.1 Most species of Penicillium larly young females, are susceptible to systemic fungal infec- are considered to be nonpathogenic (opportunistic) in humans tions, presumably due to a hereditary immunologic defect in this breed in which IgA immunoglobulins are decreased.1-5 and animals.2 Climatic conditions, genetically predisposed de- Other fects in immunity, and/or immunosuppressive therapies (steroids, genetically predisposed defects in immunity are generally not © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. 1 All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: [email protected] _______________________________ Reproduced from Medical Mycology (2020). Connie F. Cañete-Gibas: Participant of the 19th UM, 1991-1992. 350 351 2 Medical Mycology, 2020, Vol. 00, No. 00 recognized in most cases described in the veterinary literature.2,3 over 1 hour, three treatments per week for 4 weeks) and long- According to one review paper in which 157 cases of dis- term oral antifungal therapy with ketoconazole (1 g/day) and seminated mould infections in dogs were identified, 30 cases terbinafine (1 g/day).1 In the presented case, a previously unde- (19.1%) reported previous implementation of immunosuppres- scribed Penicillium species belonging to the Penicillium section sive therapy, 55 cases (35%) specifically stated that no pre- Exilicaulis was isolated. This report describes the phenotypic disposing factors were recorded, and 72 cases (45.9%) pro- characteristics of a new species, P. labradorum, as another agent 2020 Library user on 07 April by Briscoe https://academic.oup.com/mmy/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/mmy/myaa016/5815442 Downloaded from vided no data on the immune status. In human medicine, most of disseminated fungal disease in a dog. cases of disseminated fungal disease have been attributed to a lack of suitable macrophage and/or neutrophil reaction in im- munocompromised patients.5 More specific predisposing fac- Methods tors recognized in humans include acquired human immunod- Dog examined eficiency virus (HIV) infection, those on immunosuppressant therapy or cancer chemotherapy, neutropenic patients, or pa- A 3-year-old male castrated Labrador retriever was evaluated tients with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus. Some fungi re- by a primary care veterinarian for a 3-week history of lame- ported to cause disseminated disease in immunocompromised ness, lethargy, and lymphadenopathy. The dog recently moved humans include Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp., Mucor sp., Cryp- to Kansas but had previously resided in Florida and California, tococcus sp., Penicillium sp., and Candida sp.6 Additionally, lo- USA. Pertinent physical examination findings at the time of ini- calized infections in otherwise healthy humans (usually follow- tial evaluation included mild tachypnea and moderately enlarged ing penetrating trauma) and infections of the nasal passages and firm prescapular, inguinal, and popliteal lymph nodes. Ul- and lower airways of dogs have also been described.7,8 In cases trasound guided fine-needle aspirate biopsies of an abdominal of disseminated disease, discospondylitis, osteomyelitis, and dif- lymph node were obtained and examined by the primary care fuse lymphadenopathy in dogs have been observed.1,3,9 Overall, veterinarian with cytologic recognition of suspected fungal hy- opportunistic filamentous fungal infections in dogs are infre- phae and pyogranulomatous inflammation. Treatment with flu- quently reported, with Aspergillus species being the most com- conazole (10 mg/kg PO q12hr) and doxycycline (5 mg/kg PO monly identified in cases of disseminated fungal disease.1,3,5 q12hr) were initiated at that time. Within 2 days of treatment, the The infrequent nature of Penicillium infections (with the ex- dog developed a depressed mentation and became increasingly ception of Talaromyces marneffei, formerly known as Penicil- more tachypneic and dyspneic. The dog was evaluated again lium marneffei) has been attributed to the inability of most by the primary care veterinarian and in addition to increased Penicillium species to grow at 37°C.9 Many of the previously respiratory abnormalities, moderate pitting edema and mild reported Penicillium species have recently been identified as weight
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