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Family Limoniidae by E. N. Savchenko, P. Oosterbroek and J. Stary

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Family Limoniidae by E. N. Savchenko, P. Oosterbroek and J. Stary Limoniidae 183 Family Limoniidae By E. N. Savchenko, P. Oosterbroek and J. Stary Small to medium-sized crane flies, which share many characters with the families Tipulidae and Cylindrotomidae. Limoniidae are in general smaller than Tipulidae but notable exceptions are Pedicia and Eutonia. Males of certain species are often found in swarms. Last segment of maxillary palps mostly short, about as long as the two preceding segments together (Pedicia and Ula with a rather long last palpal segment). Antenna usually with 14 to 16 segments. Rostrum short (elongate in Elephantomyia, Helius and Geranomyia). Nasus always absent. Ocelli absent. Thorax with a transverse V-shaped mesonotal suture. Wings elongate with two anal veins reaching wing margin. Wings sometimes reduced. Sc 1 present. Legs usually very long and slender. Tibiae without or with one or two apical spurs. Abdomen usually long and slender. Male terminalia (hypopygium) with a variety of characteristic features. Two pairs of gonostyli usually present, sometimes one or three. Female terminalia (ovipositor) variously modified, but in general including two pairs of valves, cerci usually elongate, pointed. Larvae elongate, hemicephalic and metapneustic, rarely apneustic. Head capsule distinct, well sclerotized anteriorly, deeply incised ventrally and sometimes dorso- laterally, rigid parts reduced to six longitudinal bars in most Eriopterinae and Hexato- minae. Posterior two-thirds or more of head capsule enclosed by and retractable within prothoracic segment. Abdominal segments smooth or with transverse rows of fine hairs, in several instances with creeping welts or fleshy projections. Terminal segment bearing posterior spiracles, spiracular disk usually surrounded by five or fewer lobe-like projec• tions of variable length. Usually four anal lobes present. Pupae obtect, elongate. Eyes prominent. Mesothoracic horns usually simple, rang• ing from short sessile to very elongate. Antennal sheaths long. Tarsal sheaths arranged side by side, not superimposed. Abdomen parallel-sided or almost so, usually more or less smooth except for welts. Anal segment usually with spines, prominent marginal or other abdominal spines especially in Hexatominae. Larvae usually in various aquatic and semi-aquatic environments during most of their development, moving to margins or dryer places for pupation. Usually in more or less wet, organic soils or decaying vegetation in or along streams, lakes, swamps, marshes, and woodlands. Other habitats include drier soils (Dicranoptycha, some species of Cheilotrichia, Dicranomyia and Limonia), intertidal zones or brackish water (some Limoniini), wet cliffs, piles or bridge piers supporting algal growths (some species of Limonia, Orimarga, Elliptera, Dactylolabis), mosses or liverworts (various Limoni- inae), decaying wood, or sodden logs in streams, where larvae commonly feed on fungal mycelia (Gnophomyia, Teucholabis, Lipsothrix), sandy or gravelly borders of streams with moderate humus (several Eriopterinae), woody or fleshy fungi (Ula, Metalimno- 184 Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera bid). Most larvae feed on decaying plant material, many Limoniinae feed on algae and the like; Pediciini and most Hexatominae are carnivorous. Limoniidae are with world-wide some 11000 described species among the largest families of Diptera. Fossils are known from the Lower Jurassic. The phylogenetic arrangement of the genera, tribes and subfamilies is not yet worked out satisfactorily. The adopted classification largely follows Savchenko, 1989, but differs for the genera and subgenera centering around Ilisia, Idiocera and Dicranomyia. Furthermore, the genus Conosia is placed in the Hexatominae, the tribe Elephantomyiini is transferred to the Limoniinae and, after Hynes (1990), the genus Styringomyia is not placed in a separate tribe but with the Eriopterini. The Palaearctic subfamilies (4) and tribes (15) are arranged systematically, the genera (88), subgenera (98) and species (over 1700) are arranged alphabetically. Northern Oriental species, not mentioned by Alexander & Alexander (1973), are listed as well. Chinese provinces have been included as far south as Sichuan (Szechwan), Hubei (Hupeh, Hupei), Anhui (Anhwei) and northern Zhejiang (Chekiang). Taken into account are papers published before January 1, 1990, except for Hynes (1990). This catalogue of Palaearctic Limoniidae is based on a 1981 manuscript by Savchen• ko. The responsibility for the text, including the nomenclature, however, lies with the second and third authors. Additional comments were received from P. Ashe (Dublin, incl. faunal list of Ireland), G. W. Byers (Lawrence), E. Erhan-Dinca (Bucarest, incl. faunal list of Roumania), W. Geiger (Neuchatel), J. K. Gelhaus (Philadelphia), T. Hofs- vang (As), W. Krzemifiski (Krakow, incl. faunal list of Poland), H. Mendl (Kempten), H. Reusch (Uelzen), S. Pod6nas (Vilnius, incl. faunal list of Lithuania), A. E. Stubbs (Peterborough), Br. Theowald (Amsterdam) and T. Torii (Tokyo). This laborious help and co-operation greatly improved the catalogue text and is highly appreciated. References: ALEXANDER and BYERS, 1981 (introduction, keys); BITSCH, 1955 (Chionea); BRENDLE, 1962-1967 (preimaginal stages); BYERS, 1983 (Chionea); COE, 1950 (Great Britain); CRISP and LLOYD, 1954 (biology); DIENSKE, 1987 (introduction, keys to subgenera); EDWARDS, 1938 (Great Britain); ERHAN, 1986 (Roumania); FRANZ, 1989 (Austria); GEIGER, 1986 (bibliography of Limoniinae), 1986 (Limoniinae of Switzerland); ISHIDA, 1957-1961 (Japan); de JONG, 1987 (Canary Is); KRZEMINSKI, 1978 (Chionea), 1984 (Poland); LACKSCHEWITZ and PAGAST, 1940-1942 (taxonomy); LACKSCHEWITZ, 1940 (taxonomy); LINDNER, 1958 (eggs), 1959 (larvae); MANNHEIMS, 1965 (Finland); MENDL, 1987 (Ireland); MENDL and REUSCH, 1989 (West Germany); OOSTERBROEK and THEOWALD, 1980 (index to publications of Alexander); PRITCHARD, 1983 (biology); POKORNY, 1978 (Eloeophila); SAVCHENKO, 1982-1986 (Fauna Ukrainy), 1983 (Primorye), 1989 (USSR); SAVCHENKO and KRIVOLUTSKAYA, 1976 (Kuril Is, Sakhalin); STARY, 1972 (Dicranoptycha), 1987 (Empeda), 1987 (Czechoslovakia); THEOWALD, 1971 (Benelux), 1977, 1981 (Macaronesia); TJEDER, 1955, 1958, 1959 (Sweden); TOKU- NAGA, 1930 (morphology). Limoniidae 185 Subfamily Pediciinae Tribe Ulini Ula HALIDAY, 1833 HALIDAY, 1833: Ent. Mag., 1: 153. Type-species: Ula mollissima HALIDAY, 1833: I.e.: 153 (mon.). Macroptera LIOY, 1863: Atti R. 1st. veneto Sci., (3) 9: 224. Type-species: Limnobia quadrivittata LIOY, 1863: I.e.: 225 (orig. des.) [= sylvatica (MEIGEN, 1818)]. bolitophila LOEW, 1869: Beschr. europ. Dipt, 1: 4 (Ula). Type-localities: Karnten (Austria); Krain (Yugoslavia); Silesia (Poland).—Distr.: Europe: A, CS, D, F, N, PL, R, S, SF, YU; USSR: CET (northwest), SET (Carpathians), ES (south), FE (Khabarovskiy kray, Primorskiy kray, Sakhalin, Kuril Is); Asia: Japan (Hokkaido). perelegans ALEXANDER, 1924: Philipp. J. Sci., 24: 572 (Ula). Type-locality: Abashiri, Hokkaido (Japan), cincta ALEXANDER, 1924: Philipp. J. Sci., 24: 573 (Ula). Type-locality: Akan, Hokkaido (Japan).—Distr.: USSR: FE (Primorskiy kray, Sakhalin, Kuril Is); Asia: Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku). comes ALEXANDER, 1935: Philipp. J. Sci., 56: 552 (Ula). Type-locality: Wei Chow, 65 mi NW Chengdu, Sichuan (China).—Distr.: Asia: China (Sichuan), fungicola NOBUCHI in TOKUNAGA, ISHIDA and NOBUCHI, 1954: Sci. Rep. Saikyo Univ. Agric., 6: 5 (Ula). Type-locality: Takayama, Gifu pref., Honshu (Japan).—Distr.: USSR: FE (Primorskiy kray); Asia: Japan (Honshu), kiushiuensis ALEXANDER, 1933: Philipp. J. Sci., 51: 541 (Ula). Type-locality: Mt. Sobo, Bungo, Kyushu (Japan).—Distr.: USSR: FE (Khabarovskiy kray, Primorskiy kray, Sakhalin, Kuril Is); Asia: Japan (Kyushu), longicellata ISHIDA in TOKUNAGA, ISHIDA and NOBUCHI, 1954: Sci. Rep. Saikyo Univ. Agric, 6: 7 (Ula). Type-locality: north of Mimasaka-Kamo, Tomada-gun, Okayama pref., Honshu (Japan).—Distr.: Asia: Japan (Honshu), mixta STARY, 1983: Annotnes zool.-bot. Bratisl., 154: 3 (Ula). Type-locality: Mly- nick& valley, Vysok6 Tatry Mts, Slovakia (Czechoslovakia).—Distr.: Europe: D, CS, N. mollissima HALIDAY, 1833: Ent. Mag., 1: 153 (Ula). Type-locality: not given (Holywood in Downshire, Ireland).—Distr.: Europe: A, B, BG, CH, D, DDR, CS, F (incl. Corsica), GB, H, ERE, N, NL, PL, R, S, SF; USSR: SET, TC. inconclusa (WALKER, 1856): Ins. Brit., Dipt., 3: 299 (Limnophila). Type-locality: not given (Great Britain). crassicauda AGRELL, 1945: Opusc. ent., 10: 26 (Ula). Type-locality: Skaralid, Skane (Sweden). 186 Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera provecta ALEXANDER, 1936: Philipp. J. Sci., 59: 243 (Ula). Type-locality: Mt. Omei, Sichuan (China).—Distr.: Asia: China (Sichuan). shiitakea NOBUCHI in TOKUNAGA, ISHIDA and NOBUCHI, 1954: Sci. Rep. Sai- kyo Univ. Agric., 6: 6 (Ula). Type-locality: Kibune, Kyoto pref., Honshu (Japan).—Distr.: Asia: Japan (Honshu). succincta ALEXANDER, 1933: Philipp. J. Sci., 51: 400 (Ula). Type-locality: Mt. Mitake, Musashi, Honshu (Japan).—Distr.: USSR: ?FE (?Sakhalin, ?Kuril Is); Asia: Japan (Honshu). sylvatica (MEIGEN, 1818): Syst. Beschr., 1: 132 (Limnobio). Type-locality: not given (?near Stolberg [D]).—Distr.: Europe: A, B, BG, CH, CS, D, DDR, DK, F (incl. Pyrenees), GB, H, I, ERE, L, N, NL, PL, R, S, SF, YU; USSR: from NET, CET and SET (Uk, Crimea) in the west to Yakutsk and Buryat ASSR (ES) in the east, also FE (Sakhalin). macroptera (MACQUART, 1826): Mém. Soc. Sci. Agric. Lille, 1823-1824: 158 (Limnobio). Type-locality: not given (northern France). pilosa (SCHUMMEL, 1829):
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