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Who Are New England's Immigrants?

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Who Are New England's Immigrants? Who Are New England’s Immigrants by Mamie Marcuss with Ricardo Borgos Federal Reserve Bank of Boston When asked, “What areas of the country do you associate with immi- grants?” most Americans would respond with a litany of southern and western states—Texas, California, Florida. East coast cities like New York and Washington DC might get a mention, but few people’s first response would be “New England.” Given the relative size of the region’s immigrant population, it is an under- standable omission—less than 5 percent of the 31 million foreign- born persons in the United States live in the six New England states. But for New Englanders, these 1.4 million immigrants make up nearly 10 percent ?of the population, and they significantly shape the region’s economy, culture, and character. In fact, the region is becoming increasingly dependent on these individu- als. Between 1990 and 2000, growth in the foreign-born population was responsible for almost half of New England’s total population growth. In Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island, immigrants accounted for even larger shares of these states’ growth—as much as 76 percent ?in Connecticut. Overall, the region’s population grew only 5.4 percent over the decade, but without foreign immigration, it would have been virtually stagnant. Who are the region’s immigrants? To better understand the demographic, geographic, and socioeconomic characteristics of New England’s foreign-born population, the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston is undertaking an analysis of the region’s immigrants. Where do they emigrate from? Where in the region do they live? How do their income, homeownership, and employment opportuni- ties compare with those of the native population? The research, based on data from the U.S. Census, has revealed several attributes that set New England’s immigrants apart? from the rest of the nation. ?? A Collection of Diverse Dominican Republic, Italy, the United 1980. With the exception of some Nationalities Kingdom, Brazil, India, Haiti, and recent immigration from Eastern New England’s foreign-born popu- Poland each make up another 3 to 5 Europe, this timing is characteristic of lation embodies many nationalities, percent apiece, and together, these ten the bulk of the region’s European pop- and unlike the United States, no single nationalities represent about half of the ulation. Undoubtedly, the large pres- group constitutes an overwhelming region’s immigrants. ence of these older European immi- majority. In particular, there is a strik- grants contributes to the region’s ing lack of Mexican immigrants in the World Regions relatively high percentage of older, region. In 2000, 9.2 million Mexicans The significant absence of more established immigrants. Overall, were recorded in the U.S. Census, by Mexican immigration to the region has nearly a quarter of New England’s for- far the largest single group of immi- not lessened the presence of Latin eign-born population has been in the grants in the country. However, while American immigrants in New England. country for more than 30 years, com- they account for over 30 percent of all Thirty percent of the region’s foreign- pared with only 15 percent of immi- U.S. immigrants, only 26,000 Mexican born persons are from Latin America. grants nationwide. immigrants reside in New England, But, unlike the rest of the United making up less than 2 percent of the States, the bulk of New England’s Fastest Growing Groups region’s foreign-born population. Latino population traces its roots to Despite the region’s large fraction In general, the composition of the countries in the Caribbean and in of older immigrants, 39 percent of New region’s immigrant population differs South America. England’s foreign-born population greatly from that of the United States. Among the regions of the world, arrived after 1990. In this stream of The nation’s five largest foreign-born however, Europe accounts for the new arrivals, European immigrants countries of origin—Mexico, China, largest fraction of New England’s for- have largely been replaced by Latin the Philippines, India, and Vietnam— eign-born population. Thirty-four per- Americans and Asians. In terms of raw contribute only 15 percent of the cent of the region’s immigrants are numbers, Latin American immigrants region’s immigrants, and only two European, more than double the were the fastest growing foreign-born are among the major sources of national fraction of 16 percent. population, doubling their size over the New England immigration. Instead, Importantly, most of the region’s decade. This growth was led by immi- Portuguese immigrants are the region’s Europeans immigrated to the United grants from the Dominican Republic, largest immigrant group, while thanks States before the 1980s. For instance, whose population nearly quadrupled, to the region’s northern neighbor, three-quarters of the region’s and by the 33,000 Brazilians who Canadians are the second largest. Portuguese population arrived in this moved to the region. However, a large Immigrants from China (includ- country more than two decades ago, number of Mexicans, Guatemalans, ing Hong Kong and Taiwan), the and 89 percent of Italians arrived before Haitians, Colombians, Jamaicans, and Immigrant Population by Region of Origin, 2000 United States’ New England’s Foreign-Born Population Foreign-Born Population Oceania 1% North America 3% Africa 3% South Europe 34% America 12% Europe 34% South Europe 16% America 32% Caribbean 18% Latin America 52% Latin America 30% Caribbean 45% Central America 70% Asia 26% Africa 5% Central America 23% North Asia 23% America 7% Source: U.S. Census, 2000. Communities&Banking 11 Salvadorans also came to New England play out in New England’s communities? four percent of all immigrants, but only in the 1990s. Most of the region’s foreign born 22 percent of all New Englanders, live Large streams of immigrants from live in the cities of southern New in the region’s 25 largest cities and Asia also characterized the decade. Over England. In fact, while New towns. In total, 55 percent of New 33,000 Chinese immigrants settled in Hampshire, Vermont, and Maine house England’s foreign-born population lives New England in the 1990s, as well as one-quarter of the region’s total popula- in cities, defined as areas with a popula- large numbers of Indian and tion, less than 9 percent of the region’s tion of at least 50,000 people. The Vietnamese immigrants. All three immigrants live in these three northern region’s more recent immigrants are groups have doubled their populations states (a full third of these immigrants even more likely to live in urban cen- from a decade ago. Of note, the for- are from Canada). Farther south, on ters, and 63 percent of immigrants who eign-born population from Africa the other hand, Massachusetts is home arrived in this country after 1990 live in increased 198 percent between 1990 to 56.2 percent of New England’s the region’s 25 largest cities and towns. and 2000, the largest percentage immigrants. Another 26.9 percent live Boston and Providence, not sur- increase for any world region. In 2000, in Connecticut, and the remaining 8.7 prisingly, are the top two addresses for over 47,000 African immigrants lived percent are Rhode Islanders. New immigrants. Foreign-born residents in New England. England’s five largest cities are in these make up one-quarter of each city’s pop- states, causing much of this dispropor- ulation. The communities neighboring City Dwellers tional balance. Boston, Springfield, and these and other large cities also have While nationalities differ, New Worcester, Massachusetts, Providence, substantial immigrant populations. England’s immigrants are much like Rhode Island, and Bridgeport, Conn- Central Falls, Rhode Island, just out- their U.S. counterparts in their settle- ecticut, house one-fifth of the region’s side of Providence, has the highest ratio ment patterns. Across the nation, most foreign-born population within their of immigrants to natives in the state, immigrants live in urban areas, and city limits, with many more living in with the city’s foreign born making up many live in concentrated ethnic com- the surrounding metro areas. 35 percent of the population. In nearby munities, choosing to settle near those While many native New Englanders Pawtucket, Rhode Island, 23 percent of who share their language, culture, and live in cities, the region’s foreign born are residents are immigrants. Close to New history. How do these geographic choices more likely to be city dwellers. Forty- York City, Stamford, Connecticut’s Ten Largest Immigrant Groups in 2000 United States New England Percent of Total Percent of Total New England Country U.S. Foreign- Country Foreign-Born of Origin Population Born Population of Origin Population Population Total Foreign Born 31,107,889 Total Foreign Born 1,376,317 in United States in New England 1. Mexico 9,177,487 29.5 1. Portugal 101,980 7.4 2. China 1,518,652 4.9 2. Canada 98,853 7.2 3. Philippines 1,369,070 4.4 3. China 74,774 5.4 4. India 1,022,552 3.3 4. Dominican Republic72,920 5.3 5. Vietnam 988,174 3.2 5. Italy 60,391 4.4 6. Cuba 872,716 2.8 6. United Kingdom53,914 3.9 7. Korea 864,125 2.8 7. Brazil 49,246 3.6 8. Canada 820,771 2.6 8. India 48,322 3.5 9. El Salvador 817,336 2.6 9. Haiti 43,819 3.2 10. Germany 706,704 2.3 10. Poland 42,257 3.1 Source: U.S. Census, 2000. 12 Fall 2004 New England's Changing Immigrant Groups New England's Fastest Growing Immigrant Groups Ranked by Population Increase between 1990 and 2000
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