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THE TALIBAN Name THE TALIBAN Name: Taliban Type of Organization: Insurgent, non-state actor, political, terrorist, transnational, violent. Ideologies and Affiliations: Islamist, pan-Islamist, jihadist, Pashtun, Salafi, Sunni, Wahhabi. 1 Place of Origin: Kandahar, Afghanistan Year of Origin: 1994 Founder(s): Mullah Mohammed Omar Places of Operation: Afghanistan and Pakistan Also Known As: 2 • De Afghanistan Islami Emarat 3 • De Talebano Islami Ghurdzang 4 • Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan 5 • Islamic Movement of Taliban 6 • Students of Islamic Knowledge Movement 7 • Tahrike Islami’a Taliban 8 • Taleban 9 • Taliban Islamic Movement 10 • Talibano Islami Tahrik 11 • Tehrik 1 Lawrence Wright, The Looming Tower (New York: Vintage Books, 2006), 188. 2 “Currently Listed Entities,” Public Safety Canada, accessed April 16, 2015, http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl- scrt/cntr-trrrsm/lstd-ntts/crrnt-lstd-ntts-eng.aspx#2044. 3 “Currently Listed Entities,” Public Safety Canada, accessed April 16, 2015, http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl- scrt/cntr-trrrsm/lstd-ntts/crrnt-lstd-ntts-eng.aspx#2044. 4 “Currently Listed Entities,” Public Safety Canada, accessed April 16, 2015, http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl- scrt/cntr-trrrsm/lstd-ntts/crrnt-lstd-ntts-eng.aspx#2044. 5 Exec. Order No. 13,268, 67 Fed. Reg. 128 (July 3, 2002), http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2002-07-03/pdf/02- 16951.pdf. 6 Melissa McNamara, “The Taliban in Afghanistan,” CBS News, August 31, 2006, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-taliban-in-afghanistan/. 7 Exec. Order No. 13,268, 67 Fed. Reg. 128 (July 3, 2002), http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2002-07-03/pdf/02- 16951.pdf. 8 Adam Curtis, “From ‘Taleban’ to ‘Taliban’,” BBC News, June 2, 2009, http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/legacy/theeditors/2009/06/from_taleban_to_taliban.html. 9 Exec. Order No. 13,268, 67 Fed. Reg. 128 (July 3, 2002), http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2002-07-03/pdf/02- 16951.pdf. 10 Exec. Order No. 13,268, 67 Fed. Reg. 128 (July 3, 2002), http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2002-07-03/pdf/02- 16951.pdf. 1 THE TALIBAN The Taliban (Pashto for “students”) are the jihadist insurgent group operating in Afghanistan against the Western-backed government. The Taliban are the predominant umbrella group for the Afghan insurgency, including the semi-autonomous Haqqani network. (The Taliban’s offspring across the border, the Pakistani Taliban, share the ideology and objectives of its namesake but operate independently and focus on overthrowing the Pakistani government.) In 2014, the “core Taliban” were estimated to include over 60,000 fighters with varying degrees of loyalty.12 The Taliban were founded in 1994 by Mullah Mohammed Omar in Kandahar to impose a puritanical Islamic order on Afghanistan. The Taliban’s roots can be traced to the Pakistani- trained mujahideen who fought against the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan. The predominantly Pashtun tribesmen that comprised the Taliban quickly consolidated power by force throughout Afghanistan and, in 1996, seized control of the capital, Kabul. The “Emirate of Afghanistan,” as the Taliban refer to their domain, was born. With generous financial support from Saudi Arabia and Pakistan, especially the latter’s Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) agency, the Taliban enforced a strict code of sharia (Islamic law) and harbored al-Qaeda and other jihadist organizations. The Taliban-run government in Afghanistan was recognized by only three countries: Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). While the Taliban hosted al-Qaeda, Osama bin Laden’s group ran training camps and planned and executed numerous terrorist attacks, including the multiple airplane hijackings and strikes against the United States on September 11, 2001. In the aftermath of 9/11, the Taliban rejected a U.S. ultimatum to turn over bin Laden and kick out al-Qaeda. In response, the U.S. and allied countries invaded Afghanistan and swiftly deposed the Taliban government. Since being driven out of Kabul, the Taliban have operated as an insurgent force in both Afghanistan and Pakistan, attempting to expel NATO forces from Afghanistan and defeat the democratically-elected Afghan government. Attacks on Afghanistan’s security forces have increased as Western forces have begun to withdraw from the country in recent years. Meanwhile, the Taliban’s wing in Pakistan has repeatedly attacked the Pakistani government and the country’s civilians. Such attacks include the October 2012 shooting of 15-year-old education activist Malala Yousafzai as well as the December 2014 massacre at an army-run school in Peshawar, which killed 132 children. Doctrine The Taliban are an Islamist movement that seeks to establish a caliphate under sharia. Islamists of this mold embrace Salafism, an austere and radical interpretation of Islam, holding that Muslims should emulate the actions of the first generation of Muslim leaders, who are known as 11 “Currently Listed Entities,” Public Safety Canada, accessed April 16, 2015, http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl-scrt/cntr-trrrsm/lstd-ntts/crrnt-lstd-ntts-eng.aspx#2044. 12 “Despite Massive Taliban Death Toll, No Drop in Insurgency,” Voice of America, March 6, 2014, http://www.voanews.com/content/despite-massive-taliban-death-toll-no-drop-in-insurgency/1866009.html. 2 THE TALIBAN the righteous. The Taliban repudiate more than a thousand years of Islamic jurisprudence and instead postulate the imposition of strict Islamic law.13 Under Taliban rule, a religious police force was officially established under the guise of “the Ministry for the Suppression of Vice and the Promotion of Virtue.”14 This fundamentalist ideology was evident in the name they adopted. They called themselves Taliban (students) and embraced the strict Deobandi interpretation of the faith. 15 This school was a branch of Sunni Hanafi Islam that developed in the late nineteenth century in the madrassas (religious schools) of British India.16 The Deobandis emphasized Islamic learning, and aimed to raise a new generation of pious Muslims who would learn the Quran as well as the lived experience of Islam’s prophet Muhammad. The Deobandis’ vision consigned women and Shiite Muslims to the margins of society, and flattened all forms of hierarchy in the ummah (community of believers). 17 The Taliban’s fundamentalist ideology is overlaid with a strong Pashtun tribal affiliation. In addition to stoking rivalries between Afghanistan’s non-Pashtun ethnic groups, the Taliban’s tribal emphasis on being a good host dictated that it maintain good relations with al-Qaeda despite doctrinal disputes.18 One of the fiercest disputes between the Taliban and al-Qaeda regarded the Saudi royal family, which simultaneously opposed al-Qaeda’s brand of radicalism while financing the madrassas (Muslim schools) in Pakistan that helped foster and maintain the Taliban’s influence. 19 After seizing power in Kabul in 1996, the Taliban announced its aims to impose order, disarm the Afghan population (especially rival ethnic groups), enforce sharia, and defend the Islamic character of the “Emirate of Afghanistan.”20 The Taliban banned most sporting events and forms of entertainment, from poetry and music to kites. They closed all girls’ schools and prohibited women from appearing in public except under strict supervision by a male relative. Even when women were in their respective homes, the windows were painted black to prevent passersby 21 from glimpsing women in their private quarters. 13 Michael Semple, Rhetoric, Ideology and Organizational Structure of the Taliban Movement (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2014), http://www.usip.org/publications/rhetoric-ideology-and-organizational- structure-of-the-taliban-movement. 14 Ahmed Rashid, Taliban (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010), 90. 15 Ahmed Rashid, Taliban (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010), 88. 16 “Deobandis,” Oxford Islamic Studies Online, accessed May 1, 2015, http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e522?_hi=1&_pos=2. 17 Ahmed Rashid, Taliban (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010), 88. 18 Lawrence Wright, The Looming Tower (New York: Vintage Books, 2006), 325. 19 Emran Qureshi, “Taliban,” Oxford Islamic Studies Online, accessed May 8, 2015, http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0895. 20 Ahmed Rashid, Taliban (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010), 22. 21 Ahmed Rashid, Taliban, (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010), 90. 3 THE TALIBAN Since the rise of ISIS, the Taliban have emphasized preserving pan-Islamic unity. Following al- Qaeda’s example, the Taliban have advised ISIS to “avoid extremism” that risks splintering the violent Islamist movement across the broader Middle East.22 Mullah Omar in particular has reaffirmed the Taliban’s priority of establishing a unified Islamist movement to expel the “far enemy” (the Western powers). Omar has referred to ISIS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi as a “fake caliph,” asserting, “Baghdadi just wanted to dominate what has so far been achieved by the real jihadists of Islam after three decades of jihad. A pledge of allegiance to him is ‘haram.’” 23 Despite these warnings, hundreds of Taliban members have joined ISIS’s Pakistani branch.24 Organizational Structure The Taliban’s organizational structure is hierarchical, with the Emir ul-Momineen (commander of the faithful), Mullah Mohammed Omar, at the top. Omar issues biannual statements that shape the Taliban’s policies and responses to important events and issues. The emir oversees the courts and judges.25 He also oversees the eleven Taliban
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