Climate Action in Figures | Imprint

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Facts,Facts, Trends Trends and and Incentives Incentives for for German German Climate Climate Policy Policy 20172017 edition edition 2 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | IMPRINT

Imprint

Published by Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) Public Relations Division · 11055 Berlin · Germany Email: [email protected] · Website: www.bmub.bund.de/english

Edited by BMUB, Division KI I 1, Martin Weiß, Mareike Welke (PtJ)

Text Caterina Salb, Sarah Gül, Charlotte Cuntz, Yannick Monschauer, Linda Beyschlag (Ecofys)

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Date April 2017

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Notice This publication is part of the public relations work of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety. It is distributed free of charge and is not intended for sale. Printed on recycled paper. CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 3

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Facts,Facts, Trends Trends and and Incentives Incentives for for German German Climate Climate Policy Policy 20172017 edition edition 4 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | LIST OF CONTENTS

List of contents

1. Summary...... 6

2. Why is Germany committed to climate action?...... 8

2.1 Climate change – Impacts and adaptation...... 8

2.2 Germany’s global responsibility...... 10

3. What are the current climate action targets and instruments?...... 14

3.1 International climate action policy – Implementing the Paris Agreement...... 14

3.2 Implementation in the EU...... 16

3.3 Implementation in Germany...... 19

Spotlight 2017...... 21

Climate Action Plan 2050 – Pointing the way to a climate-neutral Germany...... 21

The participation process...... 22

4. How are emissions in Germany developing?...... 24

4.1 Emissions in Germany – past, present and future...... 24

4.2 Energy sector...... 27

4.3 Industry...... 33

4.4 Transport...... 37

4.5 Private households...... 41

4.6 Commerce, trade and services (CTS)...... 43 LIST OF CONTENTS | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 5

4.7 Waste management and circular economy...... 45

4.8 Agriculture...... 46

4.9 Land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF)...... 48

5. What does climate action mean

for the economy and society?...... 50

5.1 Jobs...... 50

5.2 Investments...... 52

5.3 Innovation...... 54

5.4 Energy security...... 55

5.5 Environment and health...... 57

5.6 Climate action in municipalities...... 58

5.7 Sustainable consumption...... 59

6. Glossary...... 60

7. List of abbreviations...... 63

8. Endnotes...... 64

9. Bibliography...... 65 6 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | SUMMARY

1. Summary

WhatWhat areare thethe currentcurrent cliclimate- mateaction action targets? targets?

The historic Paris Climate Agreement is the first to oblige all contracting parties – in addition to all WhyWhy is is Germany Germany committed committed to to industrialised countries, this also includes developing climate action? and emerging countries – to adhere to emission re- climate action? ductions binding under international law from 2020 on, to keep global warming significantly under 2 °C and to pursue efforts to restrict it to 1.5 °C. Climate change is tangible in Germany in the increasing number of extreme weather events, With the “national contribution”, which the EU among other things. The macroeconomic losses Member States submitted to the United Nations for due to the heat wave in 2003 have been estimated the Paris Agreement, the EU Member States commit at 13 billion euros. At the same time, this heat wave to a pan-European emission reduction by 2030 of led to approximately 7,000 additional heat-related at least 40 per cent compared with 1990. This goal is deaths in the south-west of Germany. embedded in the EU’s long-term climate action target of reducing EU-wide greenhouse gas emissions by If the greenhouse gas emissions that harm the 2050 by 80 to 95 per cent compared with 1990. environment are not restricted, global warming could increase to 4 °C or more by 2100. Germany set milestones in the Energy Concept 2010 and the Climate Action Plan 2050. By 2050, the Since the beginning of industrialisation, Germa- greenhouse gas emissions are to be reduced by at least ny has contributed almost five per cent to global 80 to 95 per cent compared with 1990, the percent- warming with its greenhouse gas emissions, age of renewables in final energy consumption is although the German population only makes up to increase to 60 per cent and the primary energy roughly one per cent of the world population. consumption is to reduce by 50 per cent compared with 2008.

To contribute to meeting the 2 °C or even the 1.5 °C cap, by 2030, German greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced in all sectors by at least 55 per cent compared with 1990. SUMMARY | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 7

HowHow areare emissionsemissions in Ger- inmany Germany developing? developing?

German greenhouse gas emissions of 902 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents in 2015 represent a reduction of 27.9 per cent compared with 1990. WhatWhat does does climate climate action action mean mean At 38.5 per cent, the energy sector accounted for the for the economy and society? largest share of the overall emissions in Germany once for the economy and society? again in 2015.

The emissions in the industry sector are responsible Investments in climate action also drive job for one fifth of the German greenhouse gas emis- growth. The Federal Government’s Climate Action sions, and have only decreased slightly since 2010. The Programme 2020 aims to create 430,000 additional European emission trading system (EU-ETS) currently jobs in the next few years. The renewable energy sec- covers half of all German emissions. tor already provides more than 330,000 jobs today.

The transport sector causes just under 18 per cent Significant investments are currently being made in of emissions in Germany. Road traffic causes roughly 96 the building sector. In 2015, roughly 36.4 billion eu- per cent of these emissions. ros were invested in refurbishing existing residential buildings alone; a further 16.8 billion euros were Private households (sector share: ten per cent) have spent on refurbishment of non-residential buildings. already reduced emissions by approximately 35 per cent between 1990 and 2015, but these increased Various support schemes back climate-friendly slightly compared to the previous year due to the innovations. As part of the high-tech strategy, the weather. Federal Government invested 14 billion euros in innovation promotion in 2014/2015. The greenhouse gas emissions in the commerce / trade / services (CTS) sector (sector share: four per cent) In 2015, the expenditures for fossil energy imports have decreased roughly 54 per cent since 1990. At over decreased significantly once again. Overall, the value 70 per cent, the highest reduction in emissions since of fossil fuel imports totalled roughly 57 billion 1990 was achieved in the waste management sector euros, compared with roughly 81 billion euros in (sector share: one per cent). With re-use and recycling, the previous year. Germany is already paving the way in implementing a climate- and resource-friendly circular economy. Three-quarters of all Germans live in cities. That is why there is a lot of information and many climate The percentage of German emissions from the agri- initiatives for cities and municipalities. cultural sector increased slightly again to over eight per cent in 2015. This is due in particular to methane Private stakeholders can contribute to climate and nitrous oxide emissions, which result from dairy action with their purchasing power. The “Blauer farming and use of fertiliser, among other things, and Engel” helps consumers make choices by identifying have a very strong effect on the climate. over 12,000 environmental- and climate-friendly products and services. The land use, land use change and forestry sector reduced emissions in Germany by 14.5 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents in 2015. However, compared with 1990, agricultural soils and forestry now only store roughly half as much greenhouse gas emissions. 8 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | WHY IS GERMANY COMMITTED TO CLIMATE ACTION?

2. Why is Germany committed to climateclimate action? action?

2.1 Climate change – governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) warns against exceeding the 2 °C threshold. If global warming Impacts and adaptation exceeds 2 °C, climate change damage will be irreversible and no longer manageable. Extreme weather events and other impacts of climate change are The impacts of climate change include droughts, floods and melting glaciers. Today, heat waves now occur four becoming increasingly frequent to five times more frequently than before the beginning of industrialisation; 2016 once again exceeded the Climate change is already tangible, even in Germany. global temperature record set in 2015. In addition, the In 2015, human activities, such as burning fossil fuels frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation in like coal, crude oil and natural gas, had raised the global Europe has increased.1 average temperature of the earth by more than 1 °C compared to the level prior to the industrial revolu- The number of extreme weather events in Germa- tion. If the greenhouse gas emissions that harm the ny has already more than tripled since the 1970s. environment are not restricted, global warming could Globally, Germany was one of the 20 countries most increase to 4 °C or more by 2100. However, the Inter- frequently affected by extreme weather events between CLIMATE CHANGE – IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 9

1994 and 2014. The Danube and Elbe floods in 2002 that the negative effects of climate change on nature, and 2013 caused damage to the national economy society and the economy will increase. By the end of totalling roughly 20 billion euros. After the flooding the century, the annual damage due to flooding in caused by torrential rain at the end of May 2013, many Germany will double, if not triple, compared with the main railway lines were closed for months, for exam- period between 1961 and 2000.5 ple. In 2016, the storm fronts “Elvira” and “Friederike” in Baden-Wuerttemberg and Bavaria caused insured damage totalling roughly 1.2 billion euros. The total Climate action and adaptation estimated damages were many times higher.2 Measures to protect against the impacts of climate Climate change can endanger biodiversity in Germa- change are becoming increasingly important. As ear- ny. Rising temperatures and changed seasonal weather ly as 2008, the Federal Government adopted the Ger- impact the regional proliferation and composition of man Adaptation Strategy on Climate Change (DAS) species communities in flora and fauna. Animal species and then substantiated it in 2011 with the Adaptation from warmer regions, which were previously rarely Action Program I. The aim is to maintain or increase or never found in Germany, adversely affect domestic the adaptability of natural, social and economic ecosystems and can cause high economic costs as well systems. In December 2015, the Federal Government as endangering human health. presented the first Progress Report to the DAS and agreed on 140 binding adaptation measures.6 Heat stress is a growing health risk. The number of “hot days” (peak temperature of at least 30 °C) has The higher the rise in global temperatures, the more risen from roughly three days per year in the 1950s to expensive the adaptation measures will be. This is a current annual average of eight days. Small children true for industrialised countries too. Adaptation alone and older and ill people suffer particularly from this. is not enough. Restricting global warming as stipulat- The heat wave in summer 2003 caused roughly 7,000 ed in the Paris Agreement (see Section 3.1) would limit additional heat-related deaths in the south-west of Ger- the risks and effects of climate change, according to many. As longer and more intensive heat events can be the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. This expected to occur more frequently here, the probability is extremely important, particularly for vulnerable of more heat-related mortalities is also rising in a sim- island nations and developing countries. There is also ilar order of magnitude as in 2003. Furthermore, heat a risk that warming by more than 2 °C will lead to stress also impairs the ability of employees to work and “tipping points”, resulting in irreversible changes like their productivity.3 Figure 01 shows the expected effects melting ice caps or thawing permafrost, which in turn of climate change on the various regions in Germany. would further increase warming.

Heat waves also have economic consequences. Over- all, the macroeconomic losses due to the heat wave in summer 2003 have been estimated at over 13 billion euros.4 This was due to lower agricultural yields, as well as the destruction of forest areas via widespread fires and bottlenecks in the power supply, among other things.

“In the future we have to expect even more frequent heat waves, heavy rain and floods.” Maria Krautzberger, President of UBA (Federal Environment Agency)

In future, scientists expect a further increase in the number of extreme weather events such as heat waves and torrential rain in Germany. As a result, it is likely 10 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | GERMANY’S GLOBAL RESPONSIBILITY

Figure 01: Map of Germany on the effects of climate change

Atlantic region - Increasing occurrence of heavy rainfall - Rivers increasingly carry more water - - Rising risk of destruction by winter storms - Decrease in demand for heating energy - Increase in many climate risks

Rural area - Increase in extreme heat - Decrease in precipitation in the summer - - - Decreasing economic value of forests - Increased energy demand for cooling

Mountain region - Temperature increase above European average - Decrease in the extent and volume of glaciers - Displacement of plant and animal species to higher altitudes Source: Own diagram based on EEA (2017) - High risk of extinction of species - Rising risk of infestation by forest pests - Rising risk of landslides and rock slides - Changing hydroelectric power potential - Decrease in ski tourism

“The costs of the devastating effects of climate change are becoming increasingly difficult 2.2 Germany’s global to bear, the more climate change advances.” Dr Angela Merkel, German Chancellor responsibility

Decarbonisation is an opportunity for humans, the In the past two centuries, Germany was dependent environment and economy. It refers to a shift away on fossil fuels. Since the beginning of industrialisa- from fossil energy sources to a low-carbon economy. tion, Germany has contributed almost five per cent Technologies for climate-friendly energy generation to global warming,7 although the German population like solar energy systems have achieved significant only makes up roughly one per cent of the world cost reductions in recent years. Current estimates by population. While the rapid increase in emissions in the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) recent decades can be traced back to emerging coun- assume that global economic growth could increase tries, if we attribute the emissions to their countries of by ten per cent or 12 trillion dollars by 2050 compared origin, industrialised countries like Germany are his- with current climate policy measures, if global warm- torically and currently major co-originators of climate ing is restricted to 1.5 °C. change, and have a great responsibility to restrict it GERMANY’S GLOBAL RESPONSIBILITY | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 11

Figure 02: Historic CO2 emissions and savings path

40 /year 2 35

Gigatonnes of CO 25 In order to meet the 2 °C limit,

global CO2 emissions have to 20 drop to net zero between 2060 and 2075.** 15

0 1900 1950 2000 2010 2050 2060 2075 2100

Middle East & Africa Germany * Excluding FOLU Latin America & Caribbean EU28* ** Based on UNEP (2015) Asia Possible emissions Source: Own diagram based on Edenhofer O. Emerging countries path (stylised) et al. (2014); UNEP (2015); WRI (2015) OECD-1990 countries

(Figure 02). To restrict global warming to significantly nations, at 7.6 tonnes of CO2. The German per capita under 2 °C, virtually all economic sectors in Germa- CO2 emissions, at roughly 9.6 tonnes, are still far higher ny are to become greenhouse-gas-neutral by 2050. than the international average of 4.9 tonnes per capita While the power supply can be switched to renewable (2015). If you also take into consideration that much energy sources completely, agriculture and the indus- of the CO2 emission in emerging countries is based try sector will always have some residual emissions. on production of exported products for consumption The German climate action target for 2050 involves in industrialised countries, the consumption-based a reduction of 80 to 95 per cent. The Paris Agreement emissions in Germany are even 11 per cent above the sets a target of global greenhouse gas neutrality in the mentioned per capita emissions.8 second half of the century.

Figure 03 shows the per capita CO2 emissions of countries and global regions relative to their percentage of global population. Although China tops the list of absolute emissions by far (Figure 04), the per capita emissions there are still far below those of many OECD 12 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | GERMANY’S GLOBAL RESPONSIBILITY

Figure 03: International per capita CO2 emissions by percentage of global population 2015

16 per capita 2

12 Tonnes of CO Tonnes

10 USA and Canada USA

8 Russia

6 global average: 4.9 t CO2 per capita Germany 4 China Sub- 2 Saharan Middle East Africa India Former Soviet Soviet Former Republics** Latin America* Asia North Africa Brazil Rest of Europe*** Rest 0 EU28 (without Germany)

4.9 % 0.4 %2.0 % 1.1 % 4.7 % 6.1 % 0.4 % 2.0 % 5.9 % 2.4 % 2.3 % 18.8 % 16.6 % 17.9 % 12.9 % percentage of population * Including the Caribbean ** Excluding Russia; Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are included in EU28 *** The rest of Europe includes Norway, Switzerland, Iceland and the Balkan States Due to rounding, the shares of the world population do not add up to 100 % Source: Own diagram based on EDGAR (2016); World Bank (2016)

Germany is aware of its responsibility to combat “Climate policy is active refugee policy.” climate change, vis-à-vis both vulnerable regions Dr Barbara Hendricks, Federal Environment of the world and future generations. The impacts of Minister climate change often most severely affect the regions and people with the least financial ability to adapt Germany has been actively committed to climate to climatic changes. The ten countries most affected action since the 1990s, and, by 2016, has already made by extreme weather are developing countries. There considerable advances compared with 1990: in particular, climate change endangers the founda- • Decrease of an estimated 27.6 per cent in greenhouse tions of life of many people who are dependent on gas emissions9 climate-sensitive agriculture. Accordingly, climate • Major expansion of renewable energy sources – the change heightens social inequality and poses a risk of percentage of primary energy consumption from re- violent conflict and increased migration. newable energy sources has increased almost tenfold to 12.6 per cent today10 • Per capita primary energy consumption reduced by more than 12 per cent11 GERMANY’S GLOBAL RESPONSIBILITY | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 13

Figure 04: Greenhouse gas emissions in the international comparison (excluding LULUCF)

14,000

12,455 Shares in global greenhouse gas emissions (2012) 12,000 equivalents 2 The 5 largest emitters are 23 % China responsible for more than 10,000 half of greenhouse gas emissions. 12 % USA

8,000 9 % EU28 Million tonnes of CO (incl. 1.75 % Germany) 6,344 6 % India 6,000 5 % Brazil 4,681 45 % Other 4,000 3,003 2,989 2,799

2,000 1,479 945 542 576 497 395 322 235 56 0

UK USA* India* Russia Spain China* EU28* Brazil* Japan* France Poland Sweden Germany Australia Tanzania*

*No data available for 2013; therefore data for 2012 is presented here Sources bar chart: 2013 data: UNFCCC (2015); UBA (2017a) 2012 data: EDGAR (2014) Source pie chart: EDGAR (2014)

These measures also have positive effects on the further 4.7 billion euros from capital market funds. economy and society, as presented in greater detail in The Federal Government strives to increase the Section 5. budget funds used for climate financing to four billion euros every year by 2020, and provide other significant In 2015, 2.7 billion euros were made available from amounts as public sector loans (via KfW and DEG) the federal budget for technical and financial support and by mobilising private funding. This is how Ger- of developing countries in climate action and adap- many is making its contribution to the goal of the tation measures. This support was supplemented by industrialised countries to provide at least 100 billion the German development bank KfW and the German dollars annually for climate funding in developing Investment and Development Society (DEG) with a countries from 2020. 14 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | WHAT ARE THE CURRENT CLIMATE ACTION TARGETS AND INSTRUMENTS?

3. What are the current climate action tar- getsaction and instruments? targets and instruments?

3.1 International climate force in 2005. In it, some of the industrialised countries, including all EU Member States, committed to binding action policy – Implement emission reduction targets by 2012 and in a second phase by 2020. That made the Kyoto Protocol the first ing the Paris Agreement legally enforceable international climate agreement with quantifiable emission reduction commitments. International climate policy is organised in the In the past decade, the focus has been on negotiating a United Nations Framework Convention on Climate follow-up agreement for the Kyoto Protocol from 2020 Change (UNFCCC). To date, the Framework Conven- on. This was finally achieved at the 21st Conference of tion has been ratified by 196 countries and the EU, the Parties in Paris in December 2015. which means that virtually every nation on earth is a member. Since 1995, the contracting parties have “We have today reassured our future gener- alternated in hosting annual conferences, known as ation that we all together will mitigate the “Conferences of the Parties”. challenge posed by climate change and we will give them a better future.” Prakash Java- The Kyoto Protocol was signed at the third Conference dekar, Indian Environment Minister, on the of the Parties in 1997 in Kyoto (Japan). It entered into Paris Agreement INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE ACTION POLICY | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 15

i KeyInfobox: targets Key of thetargets Paris of Agreement the Paris Agreement Greenhouseachieving a gas balance neutrality: between In anthropogenicorder to stay below emis the- 2 °Csions cap, by the sources agreement and removals defines bythe sinks target of greenhouseof achiev- 2• °C2 cap: °C cap: In the In theagreement, agreement, the the global global com community- ing –gases a balance in the betweensecond half anthropogenic of this century. emissions De facto, by this munityincluding – including developing developing and emerging and emerg countries- forsources themeans and phasing removals out fossil by sinks fuels. of greenhouse gases in ing countriesfirst time for in theaddition first totime all inindustrialised addition to countries• theRegular –second evaluation half of this of century. the climate De facto, action this targets: means all industrialisedmade the first countries binding –commitment made the first under internaphasing-As the outNationally fossil fuels. Determined Contributions (NDCs) bindingtional commitment law to endeavour under tointernational restrict global warming agreed by the states are not yet compatible with the law toto endeavour significantly to restrict less than global 2 °C warmingcompared to with theRegular 2 °C cap, evaluation the states of must the submitclimate new action Climate targets: Action significantlypre-industrial less than level. 2 °C More comparedover, the with contracting the AsPlans the Nationally every five Determined years from 2020Contributions on. (NDCs) pre-industrialparties shall level. pursue Moreover, efforts the to contractinglimit the temperature • agreedReporting: by the Forstates the are first not time, yet compatibleevery country with must the partiesincrease shall pursue to 1.5 efforts °C to limit the tempera- 2 °Creport cap, onthe its states greenhouse must submit gas emissions new Climate under Action a ture• increaseClimate to adaptation 1.5 °C. and sustainable development:Planscommon every transparencyfive years from system, 2020 toon. ensure that the One of the long-term targets in the Paris Agreementadvances are also implemented in practice. Climateis adaptation a decision by and the sustainable contracting develop parties -to increase• Reporting: Support for For developing the first time, countries: every country The Agreement must re- ment: Onethe abilityof the long-termto adapt to targets the adverse in the impacts Paris of climateportcontains on its greenhousea promise by gas industrialised emissions under countries a common to Agreementchange, is a decisionand to foster by the low contracting greenhouse parties gas emissions transparencyhelp developing system, countries to ensure take that climate the advances action and are to increasedevelopment the ability toin harmonyadapt to the with adverse combating im- povertyalso adapt implemented to climate change.in practice. However, it also invites pacts of climateand reliable change, food and production. to foster low green- other nations to voluntarily provide support to house• gasTransformative emissions development climate financing: in harmonyFlows with of financeSupportpoorer for countries. developing In addition countries: to Thethis, Agreement the community con- combatingare poverty to be consistent and reliable with food a pathway production. towards low tainsof nations a promise is toby helpindustrialised the poorest countries and most to help vulnerable devel- greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient opingcountries countries to overcome take climate climate-change-induced action and adapt to climate loss Transformativedevelopment. climate financing: Flows of finance change.and damages However, that it also can invites no longer other be nations avoided. to voluntar- are to be• consistentGreenhouse with gas a neutrality:pathway towards In order low to stay belowily provide support to poorer countries. In addition to this, greenhousethe gas 2 emissions°C cap, the and agreement climate-resilient defines the target of the community of nations is to help the poorest and most development. vulnerable countries to overcome climate-change-induced loss and damages that can no longer be avoided.

In Paris, the global community committed to re- The rapid ratification of the Paris Agreement shows stricting global warming to significantly under the community of nations’ resolve to work together 2 °C. The Paris Agreement therefore marks a historic and to foster global climate action without further breakthrough in international climate policy. One key delay. The Agreement entered into force less than a prerequisite for the success of Paris was the G7 Summit year after the Paris Climate Conference, on 4 No- held in Germany in 2015. There, the leading industrial- vember 2016. That makes it the fastest enactment of ised countries committed to decarbonising the global an international law agreement of all time. This was economy by the end of this century. Another key was made possible by the fact that the threshold defined that the USA, historically the greatest cause of climate in advance was reached ahead of schedule: by October change, and China, currently the largest emitter of 2016, 55 states, which account for over 55 per cent of greenhouse gases, submitted their reduction targets the current global emissions, had joined the agree- for 2025 and 2030 respectively in late 2014, and thus ment. To date, the agreement has been ratified by over signalled their support for a global agreement (see Info 140 states. Germany, France, Benin, Mexico, Canada box). and the USA have already submitted long-term decarbonisation strategies. 16 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | IMPLEMENTATION IN THE EU

The German G20 presidency in 2017 aims to advance adaptation in the medium term – most states have set global decarbonisation of the energy sector. The targets for 2030. objective is for the G20 members to discuss a common position on long-term decarbonisation and climate To date, only five states have set climate action targets resilience. A suitable environment for investment in compatible with the 2 °C cap in their national con- renewable energy sources, energy efficiency, reduc- tributions. Even though significant advances have tion of subsidies for fossil fuels and the redirection of already been made, industrialised countries with flows of finance into low-carbon infrastructure is to be unsatisfactory targets, as well as high-emission devel- created. The highlight of the presidency is the summit oping and emerging countries, still have much to do in of G20 heads of state and government on 7 and 8 July the years to come (Figure 05). 2017 in Hamburg. Germany supports the climate action of other coun- Now, the exact implementation of the Paris targets tries with its international climate financing. In 2015, must be defined. At the climate conference in Mar- Germany provided developing and emerging coun- rakesh at the end of 2016, the contracting parties tries with 2.7 billion euros from its budget and grant agreed initial concrete planning steps to achieve the elements in KfW development loans to help them ambitious targets. Implementation of the NDCs in implement the Paris Agreement. Together with the the Paris Agreement is particularly important. They market funds provided by the German Investment and represent definitions by the parties of the contribution Development Society (DEG) and the German National they are willing to make to global climate action and Development Bank (KfW), the German public sector contribution to climate financing in 2015 totalled 7.4 billion euros. Financed measures for development and implementation of ambitious climate action and adjustment measures range from funding for the Figure 05: Ambition gap largest and most modern solar complex in Ouarzazate, Morocco, through forest and species conservation in Colombia, right up to coastal protection measures in 4,000 The nationally Vietnam. 3,600 determined contributions submitted equivalents 2 3,200 by the countries are 3.2 Implementation in 2,800 below 2 °C or 1.5 °C. The remaining emis- the EU 2,400 sions would lead to global warming of 2,000 almost 3 °C. The European Union is a driving force in the international climate negotiations. As early as March 2015, it 1,600 22,7 submitted a “national contribution” for the Paris Agree- 1,200 ment to the United Nations (UN). In it the EU Member < 2 °C States commit to pan-European emission reduction by 800 2030 of at least 40 per cent compared with 1990. This < 1.5 °C 400 goal is embedded in the EU’s long-term climate action target of reducing EU-wide greenhouse gas emissions by 0

Global greenhouse gases from 2015 in Gt of CO 2015 in Gt gases from Global greenhouse 80 to 95 per cent compared with 1990 by 2050. Remaining Nationally emission budget determined contributions Emissions trading (EU-ETS) is an important tool for reaching the EU’s 2030 climate action target (Figure Source: Own diagram based on CAT (2015) 06). The greatest emitters from the energy and industry sector are jointly responsible for roughly 40 per cent of European greenhouse gas emissions. As part of EU-ETS, energy-intensive energy and industrial companies are obliged to purchase tradable rights (allowances) to the IMPLEMENTATION IN THE EU | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 17

Figure 06: Breakdown of EU climate target

EU climate EU ETS package 2008: -21 % compared with 2005 Non-ETS sectors -10 % Targets for Denmark: -20 % Belgium: -15 % Czech Rep.: 9 % Breakdown of EU compared with 2005 28 Member climate target Ireland: -20 % Germany: -14 % Hungary: 10 % States for for 2020 Overall reduction by non-ETS Luxembourg: -20 % France: -14 % Estonia: 11 % 2020 sectors Latvia: -17 % Italy: -13 % Croatia: 11 % -20 % -14 % compared with (from -20 % reduction 2005 (corresponds to to +20 %) Sweden: -17 % Spain: -10 % Slovakia: 13 % compared Finland: -16 % Cyprus: -5 % Poland: 14 % with 1990 1990) Netherlands: -16 % Greece: -4 % Lithuania: 15 % Austria: -16 % Portugal: 1 % Romania: 19 % United Slovenia: 4 % Bulgaria: 20 % Kingdom: -16 % Malta: 5 %

EU ETS Breakdown of EU climate target for 2030 Non-ETS sectors The targets for the 28 Member States for non-ETS sectors are currently being negotiated.

At least Overall reduction by 2030 reduction -36 % compared with compared 2005 (corresponds to with 1990 -40 % compared with Source: Own diagram 1990)

total of the emissions they cause. This is intended to greenhouse gas emissions. The EU Member States are reduce the emissions in these sectors by 21 per cent by obliged to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions in 2020, and by 43 per cent by 2030 compared with 2005. these sectors by a total of 30 per cent by 2030 and by ten However, due to the current certificate surplus, which per cent by 2020 compared with 2005. For the period was caused among other things by the economic and from 2013 to 2020, the EU already defined binding goals financial crisis, and the resulting lower production for the individual EU Member States in what is known output in the EU, the financial incentives for climate as the “Effort Sharing Decision”. Building on the guide- action investments are very low. Initial important steps lines of the European Council in October 2014, the EU have been taken in reforming the EU-ETS by introduc- Commission submitted a proposal in July 2016 (“Effort ing the market stability reserve (see Glossary). Sharing Regulation”) for the following period 2021– 2030. It not only includes national targets (between On the other hand, there is a separate climate action zero and -40 per cent, see Figure 06) by 2030, but also ex- target for the transport, agriculture, waste manage- panded flexibility options, which are to make it possible ment and private households (buildings) sectors, as to achieve these targets in a fair and cost-effective way. well as for industry and commerce (outside EU-ETS). The Commission also proposed a regulation for the land Together, they cause roughly 60 per cent of EU-wide use, land use changes and forestry sector, to integrate 18 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | IMPLEMENTATION IN THE EU

Figure 07: EU climate roadmap and emission reduction goals

6,000

Non-ETS emissions 5,000 ETS emissions (“ Target for climate roadmap 2050: 80-95 % EU greenhouse gas 4,000 savings compared with emissions 1990 equivalents (excl. LULUCF) equivalents (excl. 2 3,000 ETS cap

2,000

1,000

0 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Sources: EEA (2016a); EEA (2016b) Greenhouse gas emissions mill. tonnes of CO gas emissions mill. Greenhouse

emissions and CO2 absorption via these landmasses in defines how much the individual EU Member States the EU climate action framework by 2030. must increase the percentage of final energy consumption from renewables. The per capita economic Figure 07 shows the EU roadmap on the way to a performance is the benchmark. Similarly, the increase low-emission economy in 2050, including the emission in energy efficiency by 2020 is regulated via the Energy reduction targets within (industry and energy) and Efficiency Directive. It obliges the Member States to outside (transport, agriculture, waste management and increase efficiency at all levels of the energy sector private households) the EU-ETS. (generation, supply and consumption). In addition, the building energy efficiency directive requires the Mem- The EU climate action target for 2030 is accompanied ber States to ensure that all new buildings from 2021 by a renewable energy and an energy efficiency target. are nearly zero energy buildings. By 2030, renewable energy is to provide at least 27 per cent of the final energy consumption in the EU (20 per cent by 2020). The primary energy consumption is to be reduced by at least 27 per cent by 2030 compared with a development without efficiency measures (20 per cent by 2020). At the end of 2016, the EU commission also proposed legislation to raise the target to 30 per cent.

Until 2020, the Renewable Energy Directive is the EU’s key tool for achieving the renewable energy target. It IMPLEMENTATION IN GERMANY | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 19

In 2016 and 2017, the EU is revising central instruments Accordingly, for more impactful climate action. In November 2016, the EU Commission submitted initial detailed • by 2050, greenhouse gas emissions are to be reduced proposals for revision of the renewable energy, by at least 80 to 95 per cent compared with 1990 (by energy efficiency and building efficiency directives. 2020, emissions are to decrease at least 40 per cent, at To achieve the renewable energy target, new regu- least 55 per cent by 2030 and at least 70 per cent by lations are to be defined, including regulations for 2040), cost-efficient and market-oriented support schemes. • renewable energy is to increase to 60 per cent of final Another measure proposed is an obligation for Eu- energy consumption by 2050 (30 per cent by 2030, 45 ropean fuel providers to prove a rising proportion of per cent by 2040), renewable energy sources and low-CO2 fuels (6.8 per cent by 2030). In energy efficiency, the EU Commis- • and primary energy consumption is to be reduced by sion announced a new financing initiative (“Smart 50 per cent by 2050 compared with 2008 (20 per cent Finance for Smart Buildings”) to help reach the pro- by 2020). posed 30 per cent target by 2030, which is intended to mobilise increasing levels of private investments in Figure 08 shows an overview of the targets set. energy efficiency. Policy measures 3.3 Implementation in The trinity of “Requirements-Support-Information” is intended to achieve the above targets. The range of Germany instruments and measures is based on laws and ordi- nances, as well as support programmes, information Political targets and communication measures.

The Federal Government has set itself climate action Requirements – Examples of central legal regulations targets far above the EU average. As the EU Member related to climate action are the Renewable Energy State with the largest population and the strongest Heat Act and the Energy Savings Act as well as the reg- economy, Germany plays a key role in implementing ulations on the EU emissions trading and the Federal the EU climate action target. Immission Control Act.

Germany’s climate policy pursues long-term goals Support – The Renewable Energy Sources Act has and planning. The 2010 Energy Concept and the increased competitiveness of renewable technologies. Climate Action Plan 2050 passed in 2016 set targets Financial, market-based and fiscal incentives sup- and interim targets for reducing greenhouse gas plement the laws and regulations. This includes the emissions, expanding renewable energy and energy competitive tenders for electricity efficiency rooted in efficiency by 2050. the National Action Plan on Energy Efficiency (NAPE), the KfW support programmes for energy-efficient construction and refurbishment and the support programmes of the National Climate Initiative (NKI). In the 2014 to 2020 funding period, the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) is also contributing to the European Social Fund with the “Promoting vocational training for sustainable development. On key green competences for climate and resource-friendly action at work (BBNE)” programme designed for this purpose. 20 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | IMPLEMENTATION IN GERMANY

Figure 08: Overview of energy and climate action targets of the Federal Government by 2050 2015 2016* 2020 2030 2040 2050 Greenhouse gas emissions

Greenhouse gas emissions At least At least At least -80 to compared with 1990 Growth in percentage of energy consumption from renewable energies

energy consumption

Percentage of gross At least At least electricity consumption

Percentage of heat consumption

Percentage of transport sector

Primary energy consumption (compared with 2008)

Final energy productivity (2008–2050) (2008–2015)

Gross energy consumption (compared with 2008)

Primary energy requirement for buildings (compared with 2008)

Heating requirement for buildings (compared with 2008)

Final energy consumption for + -15 to -20 % transport (compared with 2005)

*Estimate for 2016 **Target according to EU Directive 2009/28/EG Sources: BMWi (2016a); AGEE Stat (2017, as of: February 2017); BMWi (2017a, as of: January 2017)

Information – Information campaigns and mandatory the last ten years. Almost three quarters of this went labels for climate-friendly products make purchase towards researching energy efficiency and renewable decisions easier, and can influence company behaviour energy sources. One example of this is the 6th Energy through demand for climate-friendly products. Research Programme, which promotes research and development of innovative technologies for future In 2015, the Federal Government also invested almost green power supply. In total, the Federal Government 863 million euros in promoting energy research. provided roughly 3.5 billion euros for energy research That amounted to roughly 40 million euros more between 2013 and 2016. than the previous year, and represents a doubling in SPOTLIGHT 2017 | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 21

• Energy sector: Further expansion of renewable en- Spotlight 2017 ergy and the gradual decrease in fossil power supply are to reduce the emissions in the sector by 61 to Climate Action Plan 2050 – Pointing 62 per cent compared with 1990 by 2030. the way to a climate-neutral Germany • Building sector: With strict standards for new buildings, long-term refurbishment strategies and The Climate Action Plan 2050, passed on 14 November the gradual reduction in fossil-fuel-based heat- 2016, sets the path to a largely greenhouse gas neutral ing systems, greenhouse gas emissions are to be Germany in 2050. For the first time, goals are specified reduced by 66 to 67 per cent in 2030 compared with for individual sectors (Figure 09). This provides an 1990. orientation for strategic decisions in the years to come, especially for the phase leading up to 2030. • Transport: Alternative drives, especially based on electricity, more local public transportation, rail- “By setting the course early, we make climate ways as well as cycling and walking, and increasing action a driver for the modernisation of our interconnection of means of transport are to reduce economy.” Dr Barbara Hendricks, Federal emissions in the transport sector by 40 to 42 per cent Environment Minister by 2030.

To reduce the greenhouse gas emissions in all sectors • Industry and commerce: Energy efficiency meas- by at least 55 per cent compared with 1990 by 2030, the ures such as using existing waste heat potential and Federal Government set target corridors for every sector a research and development programme to reduce in the Climate Action Plan, taking specific factors in the as yet inevitable industrial process emissions are to individual sectors into consideration. In addition, the contribute to reducing emissions by roughly 50 per Climate Action Plan formulates visions for 2050 and cent compared with 1990 by 2030. milestones and strategic measures for 2030. 22 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | SPOTLIGHT 2017

Figure 09: Sector targets in the Climate Action Plan in million tonnes of CO2 equivalents Figure 10: Creation of the Climate Action Plan 2050

1990: 466 1990: 283 1990: 209 1990: 163 1990: 88 June – Septem- October 2015 – March 2016: April – November 2016: December 2014: 358 2014: 181 2014: 119 2014: 160 2014: 72 ber 2015: Start, Consolidation; integration and Development of the 2016 – 2030: <183 2030: <143 2030: <72 2030: <98 2030: <61 targets, frame- evaluation of the suggestions Climate Action Plan February 2017: work, paths by the stakeholders Conclusion

Depart- Pooling and evaluation Depart- Incen- mental of the recommenda- mental Cabinet Federal tive infor- tions under the leader- coordi- resolution Government paper mation ship of the BMUB nation

Public Online Citizens dialogues public Target Target Target Target Target in 5 cities dialogue

Committee Con- Energy sector Industry Buildings Transport Agriculture Handover of delegates: cluding of measure Coordination of confer- catalogue These values are taken from the Climate Action Plan 2050 (Section 5). Values in Section 4 of this brochure are based on the measures ence

“private households” and “CTS”, which are presented individually in this brochure. Launch Dialogue Committee of Dialogue confer- Committee Source: Own diagram based on BMUB (2016) Länder, forums delegates forums ence of delegates municipali- with BMUB ties, associa- State Secre- Committee tions tary of delegates

Source: Own diagram • Agriculture: In particular, emissions of nitrous The participation process oxide due to excess fertilisation are to be reduced significantly. A total reduction of 31 to 34 per cent The Federal Government has fostered the production compared with 1990 is targeted by 2030. of the Climate Action Plan with a broad dialogue process. Over a one-year period, representatives from • Land use, land use change and forestry: The the Länder (German federal states), municipalities, sector is not included in the evaluation of target business associations, community associations and achievement. However, the Climate Action Plan still citizens developed proposals for measures in the emphasises measures to maintain and improve the following areas: the energy sector, buildings, mobility,

CO2 storage potential of forests. industry and commerce, agriculture as well as land use and forestry (Figure 10).

Dialogue with Länder, municipalities and associations In the first round of dialogue, representatives of the Länder, municipalities and associations came together to jointly develop strategic measures for the Climate Action Plan. In the second round of the dialogue forums and in the first delegate committee, the roughly SPOTLIGHT 2017 | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 23

Figure 10: Creation of the Climate Action Plan 2050

June – Septem- October 2015 – March 2016: April – November 2016: December ber 2015: Start, Consolidation; integration and Development of the 2016 – targets, frame- evaluation of the suggestions Climate Action Plan February 2017: work, paths by the stakeholders Conclusion

Depart- Pooling and evaluation Depart- Incen- mental of the recommenda- mental Cabinet Federal tive infor- tions under the leader- coordi- resolution Government paper mation ship of the BMUB nation

Public Online Citizens dialogues public in 5 cities dialogue

Committee Con- Handover of delegates: cluding of measure Coordination of confer- catalogue the measures ence

Launch Dialogue Committee of Dialogue confer- Committee Länder, forums delegates forums ence of delegates municipali- with BMUB ties, associa- State Secre- Committee tions tary of delegates

Source: Own diagram The participation process

The Federal Government has fostered the production of the Climate Action Plan with a broad dialogue process. Over a one-year period, representatives from the Länder (German federal states), municipalities, 400 proposed measures were discussed in greater detail from both dialogues met up to discuss the set of business associations, community associations and for specific sectors. measures. citizens developed proposals for measures in the following areas: the energy sector, buildings, mobility, Public dialogue Result industry and commerce, agriculture as well as land use and forestry (Figure 10). In November 2015, the public dialogue brought togeth- The participation process came to a close with the third er a total of 472 citizens in five German cities, putting meeting of the delegate committee in March 2016. The Dialogue with Länder, municipalities and forward 77 proposed measures. These were then placed catalogue of measures was finalised and handed over to online for public discussion. Federal Environment Minister Dr Barbara Hendricks. associations The catalogue of measures is a foundation for the In the first round of dialogue, representatives of the Consolidation of dialogue levels Climate Action Plan 2050, which was developed by Länder, municipalities and associations came together the Federal Government under the leadership of the to jointly develop strategic measures for the Climate During the participation processes, scientists con- BMUB. Action Plan. In the second round of the dialogue solidated the proposals in a set of measures. At the forums and in the first delegate committee, the roughly second meeting of the delegate committee, delegates 24 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | HOW ARE EMISSIONS IN GERMANY DEVELOPING?

4. How are emissions in Germany developing?in Germany developing?

4.1 Emissions in Germany – developments. There was an above-average decrease in emissions in 2009 due to the financial crisis. The past, present and future increase in emissions in 2016 was due in particular to rising road traffic, cooler weather and the additional Climate measures were instrumental in lowering leap day. greenhouse gas emissions by an estimated 27.6 per cent between 1990 and 2016 (and by 27.9 per cent between Excess capacities in the fossil-fuel-fired power stations, 1990 and 2015). For example, the greenhouse gas output and associated electricity exports make climate action

last year was estimated at 906 million tonnes of CO2 more difficult. In spite of the successful expansion equivalents compared with 1,251 million tonnes in 1990. of renewable energy sources, many emission-intensive power stations remain on the grid. Increasingly, Much of the decrease in emissions in the early 1990s the excess electricity is exported, as the operators of was based on the economic upheaval in former East fossil-based power stations (especially those burning Germany. Since the mid-1990s, the Federal Govern- lignite) can offer their electricity at comparatively low ment’s active climate action policy has had the effect prices on the European electricity market. Since 2009, of reducing emissions. Economic fluctuation and this has caused German electricity exports to rise 49 per heating demand due to the weather affect emission cent.12 In addition to the low coal prices on the global EMISSIONS IN GERMANY | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 25

i Greenhouse gases have different effects Nitrous oxide (N O) contributes 4.3 per cent to the Text box: Greenhouse gases have different ef- 2 on climate change greenhouse gas emissions. The average lifetime of fects on climate change thegas gas in inthe the atmosphere atmosphere is 114 is 114 years. years. While While there there are

areonly only traces traces of ofN2 ON 2inO thein the atmosphere, atmosphere, it is it 298 is 298 times as

At 87.9At 87.9 per percent cent of the of theGerman German greenhouse greenhouse gas output, timeseffective as effective as CO2 and as CO therefore2 and therefore accounts accounts for a dispro -

carbongas output, dioxide carbon (CO2) dominated dioxide (CO in2 2016.) dominated The average forportionate a disproportionate share of the share anthropogenic of the anthropogenic greenhouse

lifetimein 2016. of COThe2 inaverage the atmosphere lifetime of is CO 1202 in years. the CO2 is greenhouseeffect relative effect to therelative quantity. to the It quantity.enters the It atmosphere en-

producedatmosphere when is burning 120 years. fossil CO fuels2 is produced (coal, crude when oil tersdue the to atmospherenitrogen-based due fertiliser to nitrogen-based and livestock fertil farming,- andburning natural fossil gas), fuelsamong (coal, other crude things, oil andwhen natural generating iseras itand is producedlivestock whenfarming, micro-organisms as it is produced decompose when electricitygas), among and other heat, inthings, private when households, generating in transport micro-organismscompounds containing decompose nitrogen compounds in the soil. containing This is the andelectricity industrial and production. heat, in private households, in nitrogencase in industrial in the soil. chemical This is the processes case in (forindustrial example in transport and industrial production. chemicalfertiliser processes production (for and example the plastic in fertiliser industry). produc -

Methane (CH4) accounts for 6.1 per cent of the green- tion and the plastic industry).

houseMethane gases (CH released.4) accounts The foraverage 6.1 per lifetime cent of of the CH 4 in Fluorinated gases (HCFC, CFC, SF6, NF3) make up

greenhousethe atmosphere gases is released.9 to 15 years, The andaverage therefore life- far less Fluorinated1.7 per cent gasesof the (HCFC, greenhouse CFC, gasSF6 ,emissions NF3) make in up Ger -

timethan ofCO CH2. In4 in spite the ofatmosphere this, it makes is 9 up to a15 substantial years, part 1.7 permany. cent Compared of the greenhousewith methane gas and emissions nitrous inoxide,

andof the therefore anthropogenic far less thangreenhouse CO2. In effect,spite of as this, the gas is Germany.they stay Comparedin the atmosphere with methane even longer, and nitrous which means

it25 makes times up as aeffective substantial as CO part2. CH of4 theis produced anthropo wherever- oxide,they havethey astay major in the greenhouse atmosphere effect. even By longer, contrast to the genicorganic greenhouse material decomposeseffect, as the anaerobically, gas is 25 times that as is to whichother means greenhouse they havegases, a fluoro-hydrocarbonsmajor greenhouse ef- (F gases)

effectivesay in agriculture as CO2. CH and4 is producedforestry, and wherever in particular organic in live- fect.do notBy contrast occur in tonature. the other F-gases greenhouse are only produced gases, for materialstock farming. decomposes Sewage anaerobically, treatment plants that isand to landfillssay fluoro-hydrocarbonsuse as propellants, coolants (F gases) or extinguishingdo not occur in agents, nature. or

in areagriculture other sources. and forestry, and in particular in F-gasesas part are of soundonly produced insulation for windows use as propellants, (especially SF 6). livestock farming. Sewage treatment plants and coolants or extinguishing agents, or as part of sound landfillsNitrous are oxide other (N sources.2O) contributes 4.3 per cent to the insulation windows (especially SF6). greenhouse gas emissions. The average lifetime of the

market, this is due to the persistently low price for CO2 By the middle of the century, the Federal Government as part of emissions trading (EU-ETS). It is currently not aims to be largely greenhouse gas neutral. Based on sufficient to shift energy production to lower-emission the Climate Action Plan 2050, this is to be achieved in power stations. In addition to this, the phase-out of the the energy, industry, transport, household, commerce/ relatively low-emission but high-risk nuclear energy trade/services (CTS), agriculture and waste management has influenced the emission development. sectors, which each account for different proportions of overall emissions (Figure 11). In this brochure, the By 2020, German emissions are to decrease by 40 per emissions are reported based on their sector of origin cent compared with 1990. To reach this goal, the (source principle). In 2015, energy, industry and trans- Climate Action Programme 2020 was passed in 2014. port together emitted over 77 per cent of all greenhouse Almost 70 per cent of the measures passed in the action gases in Germany. Figure 12 also shows the emissions by programme have now been implemented completely. type of gas. However, the Federal Government expects a reduction of a maximum of 38 per cent by 2020 if all measures planned are implemented. Depending on more recent estimates, it will make specific adjustments from 2018 on, if necessary. 26 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | EMISSIONS IN GERMANY

Per capita emissions in Germany vary by region. These Figure 11: Emission developments by sector (without LULUCF)** differences are determined by the economic structure of a Federal State and the national importance 1990 total: 1,251 of specific sectors. For example, electricity generation Targets from lignite in the Lausitz contributes to supplying for 2050, 38 max. 250: power to all of Germany. This means that the emissions 1,200 132 2016 total: 906* -80 % in Brandenburg, at 26.1 tonnes of CO2 equivalents per 163 compared 11 capita, are almost twice the German average. Berlin is with 1990 equivalents 900 78 < 751 2 88 min. 62.5: dominated by the relatively low-emission CTS sector 283 166 < 563 -95 % and its per capita emissions (5.4 tonnes of CO equiva- 39 2 600 compared lents) are almost five times lower than in Brandenburg 90 188 < 375 with 1990 71 (Figure 13). 300 466 343 Million tonnes of CO 0 1990 2000 2005 2010 2016 2020 2030 2040 2050 Target Target Target Targets

Energy sector Agriculture Industry ** Breakdown of emissions deviates from Commerce/trade/services Waste manage- Transport UN reporting, the overall emissions are identical. Private households ment and other Targets Summation differences due to rounding Source: UBA (2017a); estimate 2016 commitment period 2008 to 2012 * Preliminary data, some estimates based on press release 09/2017

Figure 12: Emission developments by greenhouse gas**

1990 total: 1,251 Targets 13 for 2050, 1,200 65 2016 total: 906* max. 250: 120 -80 % compared with 1990 equivalents 900 15 < 751 2 39 min. 62.5: 55 < 563 -95 % 600 1,052 compared < 375 with 1990 796 300 Million tonnes of CO 0 1990 2000 2005 2010 2016 2020 2030 2040 2050 Target Target Target Targets

CH N O Other Targets CO2 4 2 * Estimate commitment period 2008 to 2012 ** Summation differences due to rounding

Source: UBA (2017a); estimate 2016 based on press release 09/2017 ENERGY SECTOR | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 27

Per capita emissions in Germany vary by region. These Figure 11: Emission developments by sector (without LULUCF)** differences are determined by the economic struc- 4.2 Energy sector ture of a Federal State and the national importance 1990 total: 1,251 of specific sectors. For example, electricity generation Emission developments Targets from lignite in the Lausitz contributes to supplying for 2050, 38 max. 250: power to all of Germany. This means that the emissions In 2015 again, the energy sector accounted for the 1,200 132 2016 total: 906* -80 % in Brandenburg, at 26.1 tonnes of CO2 equivalents per largest share of German greenhouse gas emissions, at 163 compared 11 capita, are almost twice the German average. Berlin is 39 per cent. This is in particular due to combustion with 1990 equivalents 900 78 < 751 2 88 min. 62.5: dominated by the relatively low-emission CTS sector of fossil fuels in power stations for public supply for 283 166 < 563 -95 % and its per capita emissions (5.4 tonnes of CO equiva- provision of electricity and heat. Almost four fifths of 39 2 600 compared lents) are almost five times lower than in Brandenburg the emissions in the energy sector occur when burning 90 188 < 375 with 1990 13 71 (Figure 13). lignite or hard coal (Figure 15). 300 466 343 Million tonnes of CO 0 1990 2000 2005 2010 2016 2020 2030 2040 2050 Figure 13: Breakdown of greenhouse gas emissions per capita by Federal State (2012) Target Target Target Targets

Energy sector Agriculture Industry ** Breakdown of emissions deviates from Tonnes of CO equivalents Commerce/trade/services Waste manage- Transport UN reporting, the overall emissions are 2 identical. Private households ment and other Targets 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Summation differences due to rounding Source: UBA (2017a); estimate 2016 26.1 Brandenburg commitment period 2008 to 2012 * Preliminary data, some estimates based on press release 09/2017 23.6 Saarland 20.8 Bremen 16.4 North-Rhine Westphalia Figure 12: Emission developments by greenhouse gas** 16.3 Saxony Anhalt 13.2 Saxony 1990 total: 1,251 11.5 Germany Targets 10.5 Lower Saxony 13 for 2050, 9.6 Schleswig-Holstein 1,200 65 2016 total: 906* max. 250: 120 -80 % 9.5 Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania compared 7.8 Rhineland-Palatinate with 1990 equivalents 900 15 < 751 2 7.6 Baden-Wuerttemberg 39 min. 62.5: 55 < 563 -95 % 7.4 Bavaria 600 1,052 compared 6.8 Hesse < 375 with 1990 796 6.2 Hamburg 300 6.1 Thuringia 5.4 Berlin Million tonnes of CO 0 1990 2000 2005 2010 2016 2020 2030 2040 2050 Target Target Target Targets Up to 10 10–20 >20 t CO2 equivalents CH N O Other Targets CO2 4 2 * Estimate commitment period 2008 to 2012 ** Summation differences due to rounding

Source: UBA (2017a); estimate 2016 based on press release 09/2017 28 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | ENERGY SECTOR

Sustainable energy policy remains at the heart of Ger- ing for 31.7 per cent. Of the total gross power genera- man climate policy. Expansion of renewable energy tion based on renewable energy sources in 2016, wind and promotion of energy efficiency on the consump- energy contributed 41 per cent, electricity from biomass tion side have already resulted in significant emission 24 per cent and photovoltaic systems 20 per cent (Figure reductions. In this way, greenhouse gas emissions 16). The lion’s share of the renewables in the electricity were reduced by an estimated 26.5 per cent by 2016 mix is due in particular to the Renewable Energy Sourc- (Figure 14) compared with 1990. Modernisation of the es Act (EEG), which has made Germany a pioneer in the energy and industry sector in most parts of former energy transition. East Germany made a significant contribution to this. According to German emissions reporting, the ener- Since the introduction of the EEG in 2000, solar energy gy sector plays a special role: In accordance with the has benefited especially from targeted promotion source principle, all emissions from electricity and heat with market-based economic incentives (see Glossary: production are attributed to it, even if the electricity or feed-in tariffs and direct marketing). The technology heat is used in the industry, private households or CTS has a steep learning curve, reducing the (support) costs sector, for example. As a result, reduced energy con- constantly. For example, solar module prices have been sumption in these sectors is reflected positively in the reduced by over 70 per cent in the last ten years.14 The climate balance of the energy sector. 2017 EEG amendment also includes the introduction of competitive tenders for onshore and offshore wind energy, photovoltaics (roof-mounted and freestanding) Current political measures and biomass. This is intended to reduce the costs of renewable energy and comply with the defined expan- Decarbonisation of the energy supply in Germany by sion target range with a wide variety of stakeholders, 2050 will be advanced by expanding renewable energy including civic energy projects. In 2016, the expansion sources and increasing energy efficiency. of renewable energy sources to date reduced greenhouse gas emissions in electricity generation by almost In 2016, renewable energy sources dominated the six times as much as in 1990, at over 118 million tonnes

gross electricity consumption in Germany, account- of CO2 equivalents (Figure 17).

Figure 14: Emission developments Figure 15: Emission sources in the energy in-

in the energy industry dustry in 2015 (excluding CO2 from biomass)

100 % 450 78.5 % Combustion of solid fuels 466 80 % 350 400 397 8.6 % Combustion of equivalents 385 380 377 2 369 366 359 60 % gases 347 250 343* 40 % 0.7 % Combustion of

150 biomass (excl. CO2 20 % from biomass) 50 4.2 % Combustion of 0 % Million tonnes of CO other fuels 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2016 3.1 % Diffuse * Estimate emissions Source: UBA (2017a); estimate 2016 based on press release 09/2017 4.9 % Combustion of liquid fuels Source: UBA (2017a, as of: March 2017) ENERGY SECTOR | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 29

Figure 16: Development of gross power generation by energy source

700 TWh 600

500

400

300

200

100

0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2016*

Renewables Oil Black coal Lignite Domestic waste 3 % Natural gas Nuclear power Others Hydropower 11 %

* Preliminary data, some estimates Photovoltaics 20 % Biomass 24 % Wind power 41 %

Source: AGEB (2017)

Renewable energy sources are increasingly competi- at a European level for greater effectiveness through tive on the electricity market. The shift in demand to stronger price signals in EU-ETS. electricity from renewable energy sources is primarily due to cost aspects. The use sequence of power stations to cover electricity demand is determined by their marginal costs, that is to say their variable costs for generating another unit of electricity (merit order). Renewable energy sources are at the very top of the merit order, as generating an additional unit of electricity from wind or solar energy does not incur any additional variable costs (for example for fuels).

By setting prices for CO2 emissions, the EU-ETS also increases the marginal costs for fossil fuel generation taking their external environmental costs into consideration (see Glossary). However, due to the currently low CO2 price, this has not had the full effect desired. As a result, the Federal Government lobbied 30 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | ENERGY SECTOR

and quickly controllable gas power stations can con- Figure 17: Avoided greenhouse gases in 2015 tribute to stabilising the electricity market in the medium term. They can be used flexibly and cause far lower emissions. Increased use of combined heat and power Electricity: -118.3 Heating: -36.2 Transport: -4.4 (CHP) plants, which produce electricity and heat simul- 0 taneously, is to reduce consumption of fossil fuels. -15.6 -32.8 -4.4 -20 Transitioning 13 per cent of the emission-intensive equivalents 2 lignite capacities to a “safety reserve” with subsequent -52.5 -1.3 final decommissioning will save up to 12.5 million -40 -2.0 tonnes of CO2 equivalents. That is equivalent to roughly half of the additional contribution of the energy sector -60 specified in Climate Action Plan 2020. On 1 October 2016, the Buschhaus lignite power station was the first Million tonnes of CO -80 -26.8 to be decommissioned temporarily for four years, and thus transitioned to safety reserve status. -100 Figure 18: Decoupling economic growth, greenhouse gas emissions and energy productivity -23.3 In the long term, use of climate-damaging electricity from coal must be phased out. The percentage of -120 -0.1 hard coal and lignite in the German electricity mix 200 was reduced by almost nine per cent and eight per Hydro Wind Biomass cent respectively between 1990 and 2016. In spite of 180 158 Photo- Geothermal Solar thermal this, electricity from coal still accounts for almost voltaics energy, energy 160

ambient heat two fifths of gross German power generation. This is 1990=100 Index 149.5 Source: AGEE-Stat (2017, as of: February 2017) due in particular to the long tradition of use of fossil 140 140.1 energy sources (hard coal mining in the Ruhrgebiet Target for region and lignite mining in the Rhine and Central 120 2020 German areas). Production of electricity from coal is to -20 % 100 compared Target for 90.1 be reduced while also avoiding structural breaks in the with 2008 2050 -50 % affected lignite regions and developing new industrial 80 72.4 compared policy perspectives for these regions. To ensure that Target with 2008 60 The optimised electricity market 2.0 is the key to a the energy transition remains a success in future, the for successful energy transition. Wind power and solar sector must turn away from coal-based electricity in a 2020 Target for 40 electricity depend on the wind strength and/or solar dialogue with the stakeholders involved from business, -40 % Target 2050 for -80 % irradiation. The new Electricity Market Act ensures regions and trade unions. 20 2030 (to -95 %) that power supply in Germany remains cost-effective -55 % and reliable even with increasing quantities of volatile At the same time, energy efficiency on the demand 0 renewable energy. In addition to this, renewable energy side must increase further. Energy productivity, that 1990 2000 2010 2016 2020 2030 2050 sources are to contribute increasingly to stabilising the is to say the ratio of gross domestic product (GDP) to electricity grid. To date, it is primarily the conventional primary energy consumption, serves as a measure of Greenhouse gas emissions power plants that add or remove power to or from the the macroeconomic energy efficiency. Decoupling eco- grid at short notice when unforeseen events occur, nomic growth and energy consumption by increasing energy consumption, including target of the Energy Strategy for 2020 GDPPrimary providing what is known as balancing power. Opening energy productivity is the key to sustainable growth. Primary energy productivity, including target of the Sustainability Strategy for 2020 Final energy the balancing energy markets for renewable energy In Germany, the economic output (GDP) has increased productivity Final energy productivity, development path according to Energy Concept sources is intended to integrate wind farm operators, over time as the energy required (primary energy for example, to reduce the use of fossil power plants. consumption) decreased (Figure 18). As a result of that, the energy productivity between 1990 and 2016 has Source: Own diagram based on UBA (2017b)

Low-CO2 gas power stations are a crucial interim increased more than 50 per cent. By 2050, the energy technology. While the use of fossil energy from lignite productivity is to increase 2.1 per cent per annum rela- and hard coal is to decrease, modern, high-efficiency tive to the final energy consumption (see Figure 08). ENERGY SECTOR | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 31

and quickly controllable gas power stations can con- The Climate Action Plan 2050 highlights the need Plan on Energy Efficiency (NAPE) have now largely been tribute to stabilising the electricity market in the medi- for an ambitious energy efficiency strategy.With the launched or implemented. As a result, additional savings um term. They can be used flexibly and cause far lower Energy Efficiency Green Book, the Federal Ministry of roughly 390 to 460 petajoules of primary energy con- emissions. Increased use of combined heat and power for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) initiated a sumption by 2020 can be achieved.15 This corresponds to (CHP) plants, which produce electricity and heat simul- discussion on the strategic orientation of the Federal approximate greenhouse gas savings of 25 to 30 million taneously, is to reduce consumption of fossil fuels. Government’s efficiency policy in summer 2016. The tonnes of CO2 equivalents. basic principle of “Efficiency First” applies for the Federal Transitioning 13 per cent of the emission-intensive Government, as this is the only way to sufficiently restrict lignite capacities to a “safety reserve” with subsequent demand and expand renewable energy sources while final decommissioning will save up to 12.5 million saving resources and preserving the environment. tonnes of CO2 equivalents. That is equivalent to roughly half of the additional contribution of the energy sector The central energy efficiency measures of the Climate specified in Climate Action Plan 2020. On 1 October Action Programme and the National National Action 2016, the Buschhaus lignite power station was the first to be decommissioned temporarily for four years, and thus transitioned to safety reserve status. Figure 18: Decoupling economic growth, greenhouse gas emissions and energy productivity In the long term, use of climate-damaging electricity from coal must be phased out. The percentage of hard coal and lignite in the German electricity mix 200 was reduced by almost nine per cent and eight per cent respectively between 1990 and 2016. In spite of 180 158 this, electricity from coal still accounts for almost 160 two fifths of gross German power generation. This is 1990=100 Index 149.5 due in particular to the long tradition of use of fossil 140 140.1 energy sources (hard coal mining in the Ruhrgebiet Target for region and lignite mining in the Rhine and Central 120 2020 German areas). Production of electricity from coal is to -20 % 100 compared Target for 90.1 be reduced while also avoiding structural breaks in the with 2008 2050 -50 % affected lignite regions and developing new industrial 80 72.4 compared policy perspectives for these regions. To ensure that Target with 2008 60 the energy transition remains a success in future, the for sector must turn away from coal-based electricity in a 2020 Target for 40 dialogue with the stakeholders involved from business, -40 % Target 2050 for -80 % regions and trade unions. 20 2030 (to -95 %) -55 % At the same time, energy efficiency on the demand 0 side must increase further. Energy productivity, that 1990 2000 2010 2016 2020 2030 2050 is to say the ratio of gross domestic product (GDP) to primary energy consumption, serves as a measure of Greenhouse gas emissions the macroeconomic energy efficiency. Decoupling economic growth and energy consumption by increasing Primary energy consumption, including target of the Energy Strategy for 2020 GDP energy productivity is the key to sustainable growth. Primary energy productivity, including target of the Sustainability Strategy for 2020 Final energy In Germany, the economic output (GDP) has increased productivity Final energy productivity, development path according to Energy Concept over time as the energy required (primary energy consumption) decreased (Figure 18). As a result of that, the energy productivity between 1990 and 2016 has Source: Own diagram based on UBA (2017b) increased more than 50 per cent. By 2050, the energy productivity is to increase 2.1 per cent per annum relative to the final energy consumption (see Figure 08). 32 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | ENERGY SECTOR

Figure 19: Sector coupling

Source: Own diagram

 InCore order topic to achieve box: Sector the goal coupling of long-term concept green- inThis the allows electricity the volatile system. electricity This allows generation the volatile house gas neutrality, the industry and transport electricityfrom wind generation and solar energyfrom wind to be and stored solar and energy fed sectorIn order in toparticular, achieve asthe well goal as of the long-term building sectorgreen- tointo be thestored electricity and fed grid into on the demand electricity or usedgrid onfor musthouse increasingly gas neutrality, be supplied the industry with and renewable transport demandheat provision. or used Alternatively, for heat provision. short-term Alternatively, sur- energiessector in (Figure particular, 19). Theas well key as is theto dovetail building the sector short-termplus quantities surplus of electricity quantities can of electricitybe converted can to be individualmust increasingly economic be sectors’ supplied energy with renewabledemand and convertedhydrogen toor hydrogenmethane (“Power-to-Gas”)or methane (“Power-to- and are theenergies supply (Figure available 19). optimally. The key is This to dovetail is referred the to in - Gas”)therefore and areused therefore in industrial used processesin industrial or storedprocesses asdividual sector coupling.economic It sectors’ encompasses energy all demand areas of and en- orin storedthe long in term.the long However, term. However, note that note conversion that ergythe supply conversion available and supply,optimally. like This combustibles is referred and conversioncan cause significant can cause significant energy losses. energy As a losses.result, As a fuels,to as sectorelectricity coupling. and heat. It encompasses The increasing all electrifiareas of- result,renewable renewable energy energy sources sources should should be used be directly used di - cationenergy of conversion sectors like and transport supply, or like heat combustibles supply will rectlywhere where technically technically and economically and economically possible. possible. changeand fuels, demand electricity in the and energy heat. sector: The increasing The demand StabilisationStabilisation of of the the power power supply supply and and integration integration forelectrification electricity from of sectors renewable like energytransport sources or heat ofof renewable renewable energy energy in in the the industrial industrial value value chain chain willsupply increase, will change as will demandthe need in to theincrease energy energy sector: contributecontribute to to an an economical economical and and sustainable sustainable power efficiencyThe demand significantly. for electricity However, from renewable the increasing supply.power supply. dovetailingenergy sources of the will sectors increase, also ascreates will the new need oppor to - tunities.increase For energy example, efficiency batteries significantly. of electric vehicles However, andthe increasing(efficiently dovetailing operated) heat/coldof the sectors reservoirs also cre- canates serve new opportunities.as controllable Forloads example, in the electricity batteries of system.electric vehicles and (efficiently operated) heat/ cold reservoirs can serve as controllable loads INDUSTRY | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 33

4.3 Industry Figure 20: Emission developments in industry

100 % Emission developments 250 283 80 % In 2015, industry accounted for just under 21 per cent 200 243 equivalents of German overall emissions. That makes the industry 2 60 % 150 207 191 189 188 188 184 188* sector the second-largest source of emissions, due in 182 183 40 % particular to the metal industry (for example iron and 100 steel), manufacturing of mineral products (for example 20 % cement) and the chemical industry due to the production 50 of basic chemicals.16 Roughly two thirds of emissions can 0 % Million tonnes of CO 0 be traced back to energy use (industrial furnaces) and 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2016 almost one third is caused by production processes in the raw materials industry (Figure 21). * Estimate Source: UBA (2017a); estimate 2016 based on press release 09/2017 Emissions in the industry sector have only decreased slightly in the last 15 years, with the exception of fluctua- Figure 21: Emission sources in industry in 2015 tions due to the economy (Figure 20). Emissions reached an interim high in 2007. Among other things, this was due to economic developments in energy-intensive in- 67.4 % Industrial furnaces* excluding CO2 from dustry. In turn, the emissions decreased relatively sharply burnt biomass in 2009, as the demand for products from energy-intensive industry dropped temporarily due to the economic 9.4 % Other processes & product use crisis. An inverse development can also be observed within the industry sector: refineries, the chemical industry 9.6 % Metal manufacturing and the mineral-processing industry reported emission decreases again. In paper, iron and steel as well as the 3.7 % Chemical industry non-ferrous metal industry, emissions increased again 9.9 % Manufacturing of in 2015 due to deteriorations in efficiency and due to an mineral products increase in aluminium manufacturing in the non-ferrous metal industry. Source: UBA (2017a, as of: March 2017) * Combustion processes, for example from In addition to direct greenhouse gas emissions, there are emissions due to sourcing of third-party electricity and district heating, balanced in the energy sector based on Figure 22: Final energy consumption in industry the source principle. Together with the energy produced and consumed internally by the industry sector, this 35.1 % Gas results in the final energy consumption broken down 3.3 % Other in Figure 22. Accordingly, energy savings in the industry 4.4 % Renewable have a positive effect on the emission balance in the energies 17 energy industry. 1.8 % Heating oil 2.7 % Lignite 13.9 % Hard coal 7.0 % District heating 31.9 % Electricity

Source: BMWi (2016b, as of: July 2016) 34 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | INDUSTRY

Current political measures  In the Climate Action Plan 2050, the Federal Example of sector coupling in Government decided to roughly halve the emissions Coreindustry: topic “Power-to-X” box: Example of sector cou- reported in the industry sector by 2030 compared pling in industry: “Power-to-X” with 1990. Among other things, this is to be achieved Sector coupling is extremely important for by making savings in energy use and investments in Sectoremission coupling savings is in extremely industry. important For example, for more efficient and innovative production processes. emissionthe Copernicus savings Project in industry. “Power-to-X” For example, the Production plants in industry, especially in the Copernicussupported by Project the Federal “Power-to-X” Ministry supported of by high-emission raw materials industries, generally theEducation Federal andMinistry Research of Education focuses on and Research have service lives of several decades. That means that focusesincreased on use increased of renewable use of renewableenergy sources energy timely action is required to avoid capital depreciation sourcesin the industry in the industry sector, by sector, putting by puttingthem into them and lock-in effects, and achieve emission reductions intoflexible flexible interim interim storage storage in basic in basic chemicals chemicals in energy use and production processes.18 oror asas heatheat forfor industrialindustrial production.production. TheThe aim isaim to minimiseis to minimise energy energy conversion conversion losses losses and Innovative processes and technologies can reduce permitand permit flexible flexible load loadprofiles. profiles. the useful energy demand in industry. More industrial waste heat is to be used in future, by using residual waste heat in residential areas and in industry in a wide range of ways, for example by feeding it into local and district heating networks and converting it to electricity. Renewable energy sources can also help meet the remaining energy demand in industry and reduce emissions further. Emission reductions in production processes are particularly challenging but there are several options. Some particularly high-emission processes, for example in lime or cement production, could be replaced by new technologies and processes. High-emission raw i materials must be used more efficiently along the value Cost-efficientText box: Cost-efficient promotion promotion of combined of chain, as increased material efficiency can make a vital heatcombined and power heat and power contribution to climate action. This is because of the significant quantities of greenhouse gases released in In low-CO combined heat and power (CHP) In low-CO2 combined heat and power (CHP) some cases during mining, transportation, preparation, generation,2 heat produced when generating generation, heat produced when generating use in production, use in goods and commodities and electricity or through industrial processes electricity or through industrial processes disposal and recycling of raw materials. To restrict is used as thermal energy. CHP has been is used as thermal energy. CHP has been these emissions, the raw material and material efficien- supported in Germany since 2002. To ensure supported in Germany since 2002. To ensure cy can also be increased by cross-sector dovetailing of that this highly efficient and climate-friendly that this highly efficient and climate-friendly material flows: Slag from iron and metal production technology will continue to play an impor- technology will continue to play an important can be used for building materials in the construction tant role, the support level is to be deter- role, the support level is to be determined sector, for example. Innovations in materials science mined via tenders in future. This will help via tenders in future. This will help focus on can also replace high-emission materials. In the long focus on particularly effcient projects and particularly efficient projects and can harness term, CO emissions could be reduced via further use can harness further cost-reduction potential 2 further cost-reduction potential if there is (Carbon Capture and Utilisation; CCU) or, if otherwise if there is sufficient competition.19 sufficient competition.19 inevitable, stored geologically (Carbon Capture and Storage; CCS), provided the risks involved are mini-

mised and the CO2 cannot be stored permanently.

Requirements: Industry must actively contribute to reaching the reduction goals. As in the energy sector, industrial companies subject to emissions trading as INDUSTRY | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 35

Figure 23: Emission developments inside and outside the emissions trading system

1,200 Emissions outside the emissions trading sys- 2016 tem in million tonnes of Total 1,000 ** CO2 equivalents equivalents

2 906 519 524 487 504 490 460* 482 475 478 * * 437* 442 450**** Emissions outside 800 the emissions trading system covered by effort sharing in million tonnes 600 of CO2 equivalents 751 Million tonnes of CO 487 Emissions in emissions 400 475 478 473 455 481 461 456 428 450 453 453 trading within Germany

in million tonnes of CO2 equivalents 200 2020 target 0 2005 2010 2016 2020

* 2013-2016 difference to the sum due to emissions outside emissions trading and effort sharing ** Shares of effort sharing 2015 and 2016 as well as total emissions 2016 based on estimation

Source: EEA (2016b); UBA (2017a); DEHSt (2017)

part of EU-ETS, which covers roughly half of all German which partially reimburses energy-intensive companies emissions (Figure 23), must report on their greenhouse from the manufacturing industry for the electricity and gas emissions and submit corresponding allowances. energy taxes paid if the producing company as a whole

With a sufficiently high CO2 price, this creates incentives fulfils requirements for energy-intensiveness develop- for greenhouse gas reductions in the industry sector. ments, is another exception. Outside the EU-ETS, companies from energy-intensive industries benefit from legal exemptions to restrict their At a European level, energy audits or the introduction energy costs. Reductions or compensation from the of certified energy management systems for large Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) and CHP levies, companies are mandatory. This was implemented in energy and electricity taxes and grid charges are intend- Germany in the amendment of the Energy Services ed to keep Germany attractive as an economic location Act. In addition, there are regulations in the industry even for energy-intensive industries. This is intended to sector like use bans, to reduce emissions of particu- avoid carbon leakage, that is to say transferring pro- larly climate-damaging fluorinated greenhouse gases duction and emissions overseas. The reduction of the (F-gases) by 2030 by 70 per cent compared with 1990. EEG levy, which finances the integration of renewable energy sources, is the most prominent example of this. Support: The Federal Government provides funding The costs are largely passed on to private consumers for climate action measures in industry. The KfW and medium-sized companies. The peak adjustment, support programmes and other German Government 36 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | INDUSTRY

funding guidelines provide incentives for investments (NKI) and, currently, the “Energy Efficiency Networks in higher energy productivity and increased use of Initiative” of NAPE. renewable energy. The funding is also used to reduce financial obstacles, such as long payback times. Since “Every company that participates in a LEEN

2016, the competitive electricity efficiency tender network reduces its CO2 emissions on av- (“STEPup!”) has served to harness additional reduction erage by 1,000 tonnes after three to four potential in companies. It motivates companies to take years, and reduces its energy costs twice as electricity efficiency measures with good cost-benefit fast as average German companies.” Rita ratios, but longer payback times (three years and more). Schwarzelühr-Sutter, Parliamentary State Expansion to the heating sector is to be considered in Secretary in the BMUB future. These initiatives are to form roughly 500 networks by As part of the “EnEff:Industrie” research initiative, 2020, which will set and reach specific energy-saving energy-efficient, innovative concepts, processes, meth- targets independently. At a corporate level, the imple- ods and technologies are developed and optimised for mentation of energy and environmental management industrial and commercial applications. The “Research, systems has been advanced for many years. In order development and market launch programme to min- to enhance forwarding and provision of information imise industrial process emissions” is being developed on resource-saving technologies to SMEs, the VDI by the Federal Government as a central measure of Resource Efficiency Centre has been charged with ex- the Climate Action Plan for industry. Furthermore, the panding corporate advice services for economical use German Research Ministry already supports innovative of natural resources since 2009.

research and development projects in the CO2 use area

as part of the “CO2Plus” measure.

With the German Resource Efficiency Programme (currently: ProgRess II), the Federal Government also promotes a climate-friendly and environmentally friendly resource use along the entire value chain.

The term “industry 4.0” was coined in the context of the Federal Government's high-tech strategy. It describes the digital networking of economic areas in order to optimise logistics and production processes. Among other things, products can be aligned to cus- tomer requirements and resources can be saved.

Information: Companies receive better advice to maximise potential savings. Especially in the area of commercial and industrial use of energy and resources, the available information on high-efficiency technologies is growing steadily. However, to date, companies have not used this knowledge sufficiently. The Federal Government therefore aims to accelerate the exchange and application of knowledge. One focus is on qualifying employees in small and medium-sized companies (SMEs). Increasing networking of companies with innovative projects and initiatives is to help eliminate non-financial obstacles like these. Ex- amples of this include the “Learning Energy Efficiency Networks” (LEEN) in the National Climate Initiative TRANSPORT | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 37

4.4 Transport Figure 24: Emission developments in the transport sector Emission developments 100 % 181 In 2015, the transport sector accounted for 17.7 per 150 177 163 166* 160 160 159 158 80 % 155 154 cent of greenhouse gas emissions. That makes trans- 153 equivalents

port the third-largest cause of emissions in Germany. Of 2 100 60 % all emissions in the transport sector, 96 per cent result from road traffic. Emissions from railway fuel combus- 40 % tion (for diesel locomotives), waterways and in domestic 50 air traffic are also measured (Figure 25).The electricity 20 % used in rail and road transport is included in the energy 0 % Million tonnes of CO 0 sector due to the source principle. If we only consider final energy consumption, the transport sector is actually 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2016 20 first, at 30 per cent. This is due in particular to the high * Estimate petroleum consumption (Figure 26). This dependency is Source: UBA (2017a); estimate 2016 also shown clearly based on the passenger car fleet: as of based on press release 09/2017 1 January 2017, 98.4 per cent of passenger cars registered in Germany had combustion engines.21 Figure 25: Emission sources in the transport

sector in 2015 (excluding CO2 from biofuels)

35.0 % Commercial road The energy consumption of transport in The energy consumption of transport in Germany has vehicles Germany has more than tripled since 1960. more than tripled since 1960. 0.9 % Other emissions 1.4 % National aviation

0. 6 % Diesel trains

While only relatively minor advances have been made in 1.1 % Coastal & inland shipping recent years in reducing the CO2 emissions per vehicle kilometre, the climate efficiency of passenger cars has already been improved significantly. Also, in 2016, 61.0 % Passenger road vehicles emissions of 4.4. million tonnes of CO2 equivalents were avoided by using biofuels in the transport sector. Com- Source: UBA (2017a, as of: March 2017) pared with 1990, the overall emissions in the transport sector only decreased minimally by a little more than two Figure 26: Structure of final energy use per cent and are stagnating at the level of 2005 (Figure in transport 2015* 24). Since 2012, there has even been a slight increase in transport emissions by almost four per cent, which can 94.0 % Mineral oil be traced back to the increasing traffic. products 0.3 % The different means of transport vary significantly in petroleum gases climate efficiency (Figure 27). Per person kilometre, a 1.6 % Electricity passenger car causes three to four times higher emissions than a long-distance train or coach in relation 4.2 % Renewable to the respective average use. Flying is even five to six energies times more harmful to the climate. * Preliminary data Source: AGEB (2016) 38 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | TRANSPORT

ually tightened exhaust limits for passenger cars and Figure 27: Average emissions in light commercial vehicles. From 2012 on, an increas- passenger transport ing percentage of the new car fleet produced by each manufacturer must not exceed average emissions of

Greenhouse gases as CO2 equivalents 130 grams CO2 per kilometre. A target of 95 grams of

Base year 2014 CO2 per kilometre on average was also defined for all g/pkm new cars registered from 2020. For light commercial vehicles, the targets are 175 grams of CO per kilo- 0 50 100 150 200 2 metre (2017) and 147 grams of CO2 per kilometre Coach* (2020). The Federal Government is also pushing to

Railway, long- pass CO2 caps at an EU level for heavy commercial vehicles. In 2016, the EU Commission announced Railway, that it would measure heavy goods vehicle (HGV) emissions with a new test procedure for the entire Tram, city vehicle to determine measures on this basis to mini- railway, subway mise the emissions. Public bus

Car The Federal Government is also focusing increasingly on supporting electric mobility. In addition to Plane climate-damaging CO2 emissions, using electric vehicles also avoids air pollutants which pose health risks. However, electrical vehicles are only as clean *Long-distance bus service and coach trips as the electricity they run on. To reach the emission Source: UBA (2016a) targets, more of the electricity used must come from renewable energy sources. However, an analysis by BMUB revealed that electric vehicles already caused significantly lower emissions of greenhouse gases than comparable vehicles with combustion engines in 2015, given the German electricity mix and incorporating the emissions caused by vehicle manufacturing (including Current political measures batteries).22 In order to map the overall emissions in the transport sector adequately, the electric mobility By 2020, the emissions in the transport sector will emissions incurred for electricity generation in the decrease by approximately one per cent compared with energy sector must also be incorporated. 1990 according to current estimates. Savings of six per cent would only be possible if the Climate Action Pro- By 2020, the Federal Government aims to have one gramme 2020 and NAPE are implemented in full. With million electric vehicles on German roads. By 2030, the Climate Action Plan 2050, the Federal Government the number is to rise to six million. The Federal Gov- decided to reduce transport emissions by 40 to 42 per ernment has been promoting electric mobility since cent compared with 1990 by 2030. Among other things, 2007. A new Electric Mobility Act was passed in 2014. the Federal Government is concentrating on increased For example, this allows parking fees to be waived for energy efficiency of passenger cars, alternative drives electric vehicles. However, it allows municipalities in and fuels, a shift to environmentally friendly means particular to mark parking spaces at charging sta- of transport as well as town and traffic planning that tions in a legally watertight manner. Since 2016, the avoids traffic. nationwide charging infrastructure in Germany has received funding of 300 million euros. From 2020 on, Passenger car emissions must also decrease further additional support for the automobile industry is to in the future to restrict the climate impacts of the bring the price of a plug-in hybrid (see Glossary) in road traffic that is likely to continue to increase. Since line with diesel car prices. In addition, manufacturers 1992, European regulations have specified and grad- and the Federal Government are already incentivising TRANSPORT | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 39

purchases of plug-in hybrids and fully electric vehicles with a purchase bonus for a limited period i (environmental bonus). Other examples include the TextReduction box: Reduction of subsidies of subsidiesharmful harm- “Electric mobility Showcase” support programme, fulto the to the climate climate which pools and promotes Germany’s expertise in the Subsidies harmful to the climate drain the fields of electric vehicles, power supply and transport Subsidiespublic coffers harmful with to reduced the climate income drain and the systems in large-scale regional demonstration and pi- publichigher cofferscosts for with eliminating reduced income damage and to the high - lot projects. The “Renewably Mobile” programme also erenvironment costs for eliminating and health damage in future. to theMuch envi ofpromotes projects which position electric vehicles as ronmentthe subsidies and thathealth are in harming future. Much the envi of -the marketable environmental innovations. subsidiesronment thatin Germany are harming involve the the environment transport insector. Germany As a result, involve in the future, transport an assessment sector. As a Use of renewable energy sources via electrification is result,is to be in made future, of howan assessment charges and is to levies be made in also being promoted for heavy goods traffic. Research ofthe how transport charges sector and levies can be in restructured the transport projects on overhead line HGVs are one example. sectorgradually can and be restructured without affecting gradually the traffic,and According to recent calculations, overhead lines on withoutso that choosing affecting the the means traffic, of so transport that choos - motorways could reduce pollution emissions by up to ingwith the the means lowest of greenhouse transport with gas emissionsthe lowest 95 per cent, provided the electricity comes from renew- greenhousegives citizens gas and emissions companies gives a tangible citizens and able energy sources. companiesfinancial advantage. a tangible23 financial advantage.23

“Of all greenhouse gas neutral solutions, electric mobility has the lowest macroeconomic costs.” Maria Krautzberger, President of UBA

competition. Electric bicycles will play an increasing In addition to this, research into producing gas or liquid role. According to current estimates, there are already fuels like power-to-gas methane or power-to-liquid, pro- more than 2.5 million pedelecs and e-bikes on German duced using electricity from renewable energy sources, roads today.24 In terms of traffic avoidance, urban and is to continue. They can be used in vehicles in which it zoning aspects, as well as the compact city and region would be very difficult to fit electric drives – that is to say concept will play a role in this. A scheduled, integrated in particular in air and sea freight. urban development can reduce distance between the apartment and central services (for example working, The expansion of rail transport will permit further learning, shopping) and cause a transition to walking emission reductions. For example, targeted investments and cycling. In 2015, the BMUB described a potential into the railroad network are to ensure that the forecast scenario for this in its “New coexistence in cities” growth in rail freight of 43 per cent between 2010 and programme. 2030 is exceeded.

Local public transport – and to an increasing extent cycling – contribute to climate action in cities. The significance of local public transport for low-emission transport can be enhanced by using more electricity. For example, the BMUB promotes the use of hybrid buses. Over short and medium distances, cycling and walking help reduce CO2 emissions. The Federal Government supports municipalities via the Nation- al Climate Initiative (NKI) in helping improve the cycling infrastructure and promotes model projects such as infrastructure measures for bicycle parking with the national “Climate action through cycling” 40 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | TRANSPORT

phase, which will transition to a mandatory phase  from 2027 on. Currently, 66 ICAO Member States have Multi-meansCore topic box: of Multi-meanstransport networking of trans- declared their willingness to participate in CORSIA from the start of the measure. This would compensate inport passenger networking transport in passenger transport roughly 80 per cent of growth of air traffic emissions Intermodal (multi-means of transport) between 2021 and 2035. Against the background of the servicesIntermodal and (multi-means new mobility ofconcepts transport) like ICAO decision on CORSIA, the EU must reconsider the car-sharingservices and and new rental mobility bikes concepts help make like question of incorporating aviation into EU-ETS from passengercar-sharing transport and rental more bikes climate help make friendly. pas - 2017. Thissenger includes transport reducing more climatebarriers friendly.to accessing This localincludes public reducing transport barriers and betterto accessing network local- ingpublic of means transport of transport. and better For networking example, of themeans Federal of transport. Government For example, promotes the the Federal introductionGovernment ofpromotes electronic the tickets introduction and of linkingelectronic with tickets digital and timetable linking withinformation. digital Togethertimetable with information. better networking Together withacross better statenetworking and transport across stateassociation and transport borders, asso - thisciation integration borders, canthis facilitateintegration low-emission, can facilitate nationwidelow-emission, travel nationwide planning. travel planning.

Sea and air transport is particularly dependent on fossil fuels. In the foreseeable future, both areas will remain dependent on combustion engines. That is why the Federal Government supports research pro-

jects on electricity-based fuels based on a CO2-neutral power supply. Emission reductions in marine and air transport can also be achieved by changing designs.

For marine traffic, the CO2 emissions from 2018 are to be recorded comprehensively for the first time in a European data tracking system, and from 2019 on, in an international data tracking system by the Interna- tional Maritime Organization (IMO).

Air traffic has already been part of EU-ETS since 2012. Originally, all flights starting and landing in the EU were to be incorporated; however, until 2016, only inner-European flights were incorporated. In addition to this, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) agreed on a global market-based measure for international air traffic in October 2016 (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation; CORSIA). On the basis of the target of carbon-neutral growth for international aviation agreed

in the ICAO from 2020, CO2 emissions which exceed the level of 2020 will be offset under CORSIA from 2021 to 2035. CORSIA starts with an initially voluntary PRIVATE HOUSEHOLDS | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 41

4.5 Private households Figure 28: Emission developments in households

100 % Emission developments 120 132 100 130 80 % In 2015, private households were responsible for almost 119 112 equivalents 2 80 107 ten per cent of the direct greenhouse gas emissions. 101 60 % 95 91 86 88* Compared to the previous year, emissions have risen 60 83 slightly due to the weather conditions (Figure 28). The 40 % 40 emissions in this sector are almost all due to burning 20 % fuels to heat buildings and hot water (Figure 29). If we 20

incorporate indirect emissions as well as direct emis- Million tonnes of CO 0 0 % sions (for example from electricity and heat production 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2016 from households), this percentage would more than double.25 Electricity consumption alone accounts for * Estimate Source: UBA (2017a); estimate 2016 21 per cent of the final energy consumption of private based on press release 09/2017 households (Figure 30). Figure 29: Emissions of energy sources in house-

holds in 2015 (excluding CO2 from biomass) Between 1990 and 2015, private house- Between 1990 and 2015, private households holds saved 34.5 per cent of emissions. 54.8 % Combustion of saved 34.5 per cent of emissions. gases

0.7 % Combustion of

biomass (excl. CO2 from biomass) Non-residential buildings, that is to say buildings for business, commercial and official purposes, as well as 41.4 % Combustion of industrial buildings, are largely considered separately liquid fuels in the CTS or industry sector.

3.0 % Combustion of As the provision of indoor heating is responsible for Source: UBA (2017a, solid fuels roughly two thirds of the greenhouse gas emissions in as of: March 2017) the buildings sector, weather conditions have a significant influence on the overall emissions in the sector. Figure 30: Structure of final energy For example, the remarkable decline in emissions in consumption in private households 2015* 2014 was partially due to the hot weather (Figure 28). In 2015, the colder weather compared with the previous 36.9 % year in turn led to an increase in consumption.26 petroleum gases 12.7 % Renewable energies Residential buildings are considered a significant potential for reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. 21.2 % Mineral oil Three quarters of residential buildings were built products before the first Thermal Insulation Ordinance of 1979 0.6 % Lignite and therefore have a relatively high energy demand. Substantial refurbishment measures to increase energy 0.5 % Hard coal efficiency are possible and necessary in many of these 7.4 % District heating buildings. 20.8 % Electricity * Preliminary data Source: AGEB (2016) 42 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | PRIVATE HOUSEHOLDS

Current political measures  A host of laws and regulations boost climate action ExampleCore topic of box: sector Example coupling of sectorvia cou- in the private household sector. Central regulatory electrificationpling via electrification of the heat of supplythe heat supply foundations in Germany for more energy efficiency and climate action in the entire building sector Heating in Germany is currently largely include the Energy Savings Act (EnEG), the Energy basedHeating on in fossil Germany energy is sources currently like largely oil and based Savings Ordinance (EnEV), the Renewable Energies gas.on fossil In future, energy renewable sources like energy oil and sources gas. In Heat Act (EEWärmeG) and the Small Furnace Ordi- arefuture, to play renewable a greater energy role here sources too. areIn to play nance. A current goal of the Federal Government is to high-a greaterefficiency role here buildings, too. In high-efficiency it makes sense to combine the EnEG, EnEV and EEWärmeG to form a supplybuildings, the it remaining makes sense heat to requirements supply the remain - new law. This is intended to create a coordinated set withing heat heat requirements pumps: they withare generally heat pumps: run they of regulations. onare electricity.generally run They on absorb electricity. existing They heat absorb fromexisting the heat environment from the environment(soil, air), condense (soil, air), In order to enhance climate action in the building itcondense and use it andto operate use it to the operate heating the system. heating sector, especially with regard to the climate targets Insystem. energy In refurbished energy refurbished buildings, buildings, good heat good set for 2020, the Federal Government has gotten pumpsheat pumps can generate can generate multiple multiple kilowatt kilowatt many other measures off the ground in the Climate hours of heat from one kilowatt hour of Action Programme 2020 and National Action Plan on electricity. If heat storage tanks are also used, Energy Efficiency (NAPE). The Federal Government used,the heating the heating can make can makeelectricity electricity demand more is relying in particular on economic incentives for demandflexible, morehelping flexible, to stabilise helping the toenergy stabi- system. this. Taxation on fuel cells for heating and consump- liseUsing the heat energy pumps system. (“Power-to-Heat” Using heat pumps technolo - tion-dependent heating cost billing for tenants and (“Power-to-Heat”gy) is one way to replace technology) fossil isfuels. one Theway more condominium owners in apartment buildings is toelectricity replace fossilcomes fuels. from The renewable more electricity energy, the designed to encourage economical use of energy. The comesmore successfully from renewable this technology energy, the contributes more KfW “Energy-efficient building and refurbishment” successfullyto protecting this the technology climate. Advances contributes in energy to programme also offers further financial incentives for protectingmodernisation the climate. of buildings Advances are also in energyneeded urban energy refurbishment and the market incen- modernisationto use future-proof of buildings heating aretechnologies. also needed tive programme does so for use of renewable energy toMoreover, use future-proof renewable heating energies technologies. can also be used sources on the heating and cooling market. The KfW Moreover,directly for renewable heat supply energies (for example can also via be solar support for energy-related renovations of old build- usedthermal directly energy, for hybridheat supply systems, (for CHP)example and ings is meant to improve the efficiency of the housing viaincorporated solar thermal in heating energy, networks. hybrid systems, stock. Further potential reductions are to be achieved CHP) and incorporated in heating net- through better consumer information, such as the works. energy efficiency label for heating systems.

The Federal Government aims to make Germany’s building stock virtually climate-neutral by 2050. In order to highlight the necessary steps for using renewable energy and energy efficiency to achieve a living” strategy. It also deals with fundamental aspects virtually climate-neutral building stock, the Federal of living, including affordability, district and urban Government passed the “Building energy efficiency development, development of rural areas and the chal- strategy” (ESG) in 2015. With a combination of energy lenges of demographic change. efficiency measures and the use of renewable energy sources, the primary energy demand of buildings is to decrease by roughly 80 per cent compared with 2008 by 2050.

As part of the Climate Action Plan 2050, the ESG will become part of the “Climate-friendly building and COMMERCE, TRADE AND SERVICES | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 43

4.6 Commerce, trade and Figure 31: Emission developments in commerce/trade/services (CTS) services (CTS) 80 100 % 78 Emission developments 60 80 % equivalents 2

In 2015, the CTS sector contributed almost four per cent 58 60 % 40 to the overall emissions, a relatively low level. However, 48

42 42 40 % 39 the sector accounts for almost three times as much of 39* 37 36 36 20 36 the final energy consumption in Germany at 15 per 20 % cent.27 Roughly half of the final energy consumption is

incurred for indoor heating in non-residential buildings Million tonnes of CO 0 0 % like companies, accommodation, bars and restaurants, 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2016 homes and retail outlets, which are not incorporated * Estimate 28 in the private household sector (Figures 32 and 33). Source: UBA (2017a); estimate 2016 Building cooling also becomes increasingly relevant based on press release 09/2017 for non-residential buildings, as more and more air conditioning systems are in use. Emissions from electricity Figure 32: Emissions of energy sources in CTS and district heat generation, for example for cooling in 2015 (excluding CO2 from biomass) and lighting or heating, are also attributed to the energy sector here based on the source principle. 60.4 % Combustion of gases

0.1 % Combustion of bio- The greenhouse gas emissions in the CTS sector mass (excluding CO The greenhouse gas emissions in the CTS 2 were reduced by almost 54.2 per cent between from biomass) sector were reduced by almost 54.2 per cent 1990 and 2015. between 1990 and 2015. 39.3 % Combustion of liquid fuels

0.3 % Combustion of solid fuels The emission reductions in the CTS sector were Source: UBA (2017a, achieved primarily due to rising energy efficiency. as of: March 2017) Between 1990 and 2015, they were improved by almost 2.2 per cent per annum on average.29 This was achieved Figure 33: Structure of final energy in particular through improved thermal insulation, consumption in CTS 2015* increasing automation and process optimisation as 28.4 % well as modernisation of machines and plants. The petroleum gases emission fluctuations shown in Figure 31 are largely 6.9 % Renewable energies due to fluctuating weather conditions – as was the case for private households. 0.1 % Hard coal

Due to the similar energy consumption structures, 21.7 % Mineral oil energy saving measures in the CTS sector overlap in products particular with the private household sector and industry (Figures 30 and 22). The electricity consumption 4.6 % District heating by the CTS sector increased from 24 per cent of final energy consumption in 1990 to 38 per cent in 2015. 38.4 % Electricity Due to increasing automation and sector coupling, this * Estimate trend is likely to continue. Source: AGEB (2016) 44 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | COMMERCE, TRADE AND SERVICES

Current political measures  CoreExample topic of box: sector Example coupling of sector via heating cou- As in the private households and industry sectors, plingnetworks via heating in the CTS networks sector in the CTS the Federal Government is also incentivising further sector increases in investments in energy efficiency and the In future, thermal storage will allow excess harnessing of additional greenhouse gas emission Inelectricity future, thermal produced storage in the will summer allow toexcess reduction potential. For example, BMUB is supporting electricitybe stored in produced large seasonal in the heatsummer storage to be stored the German Hotel and Catering Foundation energy infacilities. large seasonal The heat heat stored storage can thenfacilities. be used The heat saving campaign to achieve this goal. Support pro- storedin the wintercan then months be used to in heat the buildings. winter months grammes aim to promote the use of best available toThis heat storage buildings. is particularly This storage suitable is particularly near technologies. suitablelarge non-residential near large non-residential buildings, districts buildings, or districtsheating networks,or heating as networks, the larger as the the storage larger the The energy consumption of non-residential buildings storagefacility, facility,the less theheat less is lost. heat Heat is lost. pumps Heat canpumps is to be reduced to one fifth of the consumption in canbe used be used for storage.for storage. 2008 by 2050.30 As part of the Building Energy Efficien- cy strategy, previous savings are to be increased via tar- A low temperature level helps absorb a lot geted financial incentives to increase energy efficiency of heat. Good insulation in the building or of buildings, regulatory stipulations like the Energy heating network supplied is very important.impor- Savings Ordinance and targeted information. However,tant. However, compared compared with thewith current the current state of thestate art, of thethe storageart, the volumesstorage volumes must be must increased “We want to use the synergies between the significantly.be increased significantly. In this way, high-efficiencyIn this way, heat goals of ‘affordable living and building’ pumpshigh-efficiency allow the heat pumpsyield per allow kilowatt the heat hour of and ‘climate action’.” Dr Barbara Hendricks, electricityyield per kilowatt to remain hour high of inelectricity spite of theto storage Federal Environment Minister losses.remain high in spite of the storage losses.

To achieve energy saving potential, the Federal Government also relies on energy consulting and promotion for SMEs, such as the “Medium-size Com- pany Initiative for the Energy Transition and Climate Action”. Through the “Energy Consulting Service for Medium-Sized Companies” programme, 17,000 companies from the CTS and industry sector benefited from consultation between 2008 and 2013. Low-interest loans and repayment grants from KfW also offer funding options for new buildings and energy refurbishment of non-residential buildings and individual measures in the CTS sector.31 WASTE MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 45

4.7 Waste management Figure 34: Emission developments in waste management and other** and circular economy 40 100 % 38 38 80 % Emission developments 30 equivalents 2

At somewhat more than one per cent, waste manage- 29 60 % ment and circular economy once again accounts for a 20 relatively low percentage of the climate-relevant over- 21 40 %

all emissions in Germany in 2015. In 2015, they totalled 10 15 14

13 20 % 12 12 11 11* 11.2 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents (Figure 34). This

also includes emissions from wastewater treatment. Million tonnes of CO 0 0 % In 2015, emissions from landfill gases and wastewater 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2016 management together accounted for almost 90 per cent of total emissions in the sector (Figure 35). * Estimate ** Excluding credit from recycling and energy generation Since 1990, the emissions in the sector decreased at an Source: UBA (2017a); estimate 2016 based on press release 09/2017 above average level, at 70.5 per cent. This is primarily due to reduced methane emissions caused by the ban on landfilling biodegradable municipal waste. Energy Figure 35: Emission sources in waste manage- use of waste and increased recycling in particular of ment in 2015 (excl. CO2 from biomass) glass, paper and cardboard, as well as metal and plastics, facilitated further savings. 79.8 %

9.6 % Wastewater treatment Current political measures 9.8 % Biological In the years to come, the Federal Government aims treatment of to develop waste management and circular economy solid waste to a materials flow management system. With leading recovery and recycling rates worldwide in some 0.7 % Others materials, Germany is already a pioneer in implementing climate- and resource-friendly circular economy. This includes in particular recovering processed raw Source: UBA (2017a, materials via recycling and using waste to generate as of: March 2017) electricity and heat. In addition, energy recycling of waste makes a key ecological contribution to saving fossil fuels. In the long term, the Federal Government aims to use the materials and substances in waste for materials and energy, thereby further reducing landfilling of waste. However, landfills will continue to play an essential role for mineral waste. 46 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | AGRICULTURE

 4.8 Agriculture CoreEnvironmentally topic box: Environmentally friendly disposal of friendlywaste electrical disposal equipment of waste electrical Emission developments equipment Correct disposal of waste electrical equip- The percentage of overall emissions from the agri- ment avoids an environmental hazard and cultural sector increased further in 2015 to over eight Correctallows the disposal reusable of wastematerials electrical to be recycled.equip- per cent. Unlike other sectors, the key greenhouse

mentSince avoids2016, retailers an environmental must accept hazard returns and of gas emissions are not CO2 emissions, but in particular

allowswaste appliances the reusable free materials of charge to (Electricalbe recycled. methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission, which Sinceand Electronic 2016, retailers Equipment must accept Act). This returns applies of have extremely strong effects on the climate. Methane wasteboth for appliances stationary free and of online charge retail (Electrical with emissions are due in particular to dairy farming, as the andover Electronic 400 square Equipment metres of retail Act). Thisspace applies or gas is produced in the digestive tracts of ruminants. In

bothshipping for stationary and warehouse and online space retailfor electrical with agriculture, N2O is caused by nitrogen-based fertilisers overappliances. 400 square For large metres appliances, of retail space retailers or and animal husbandry. Also, organic soils used for

shippingare only obliged and warehouse to accept space the waste for electrical device farming emit significant quantities of CO2, which is appliances.when customers For large purchase appliances, a new retailers appliance attributed to land use in the emission balance, not to arethat only fulfils obliged the same to accept purpose. the waste For small device agriculture (see Section 4.9). whendevices customers like razors purchase or mobile a new phones, appliance the thatobligation fulfils appliesthe same regardless purpose. of Forwhether small the From 1990 to 2015, greenhouse gas emissions in agri- devicescustomer like bought razors them or mobile from phones,the retailer the or culture were reduced by almost 19 per cent (Figure 36). obligationnot. Moreover, applies public regardless sector disposalof whether com the- This is primarily due to the decrease in livestock as a customerpanies have bought long beenthem obliged from the to retailerestablish or result of the structural change in former East Germa- not.free Moreover,collecting pointspublic forsector waste disposal electrical com - ny, the environmental requirements of the common paniesequipment. have Consumerslong been obliged must return to establish waste EU agricultural policy and improvements in fertiliser freeelectrical collecting equipment points infor one waste of these electrical ways. management. However, there is a limit to the extent equipment. Consumers must return waste to which emissions in agriculture can be restricted electrical equipment in one of these ways. with technical measures, as most are caused by natural processes (Figure 37).

Current political measures Today already, more than half of the municipal and production waste is recovered. The recycling rates for The EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) will con- construction waste, packaging or batteries are even tribute increasingly to the Member States’ climate action over 80 per cent.32 efforts in future. Since 2014, 30 per cent of direct payments to farmers under the CAP are linked to compli- The amendment of the Packaging and Commercial ance with climate and environmentally friendly farming Waste Regulations aims to bolster recycling, harnessing methods (greening bonus). The CAP also includes spe- further reduction potential. In addition to this, second- cific support programmes for sustainable and environ- ary raw materials such as secondary aluminium are mentally friendly farming and rural development. The to be recovered from waste, to reduce the greenhouse “European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development”, gas emissions compared with the use of primary raw the second funding cornerstone of the CAP besides the materials. direct payments, supports voluntary agricultural environmental and climate action measures at a state level, Suitable measures are to be taken to reduce the release among other things.33 of methane emissions from old landfills. The Federal Government already supports the municipalities with Ecological farming is another important way to in- funding from the National Climate Initiative (NKI) as crease sustainability in agriculture. It avoids mineral part of the Municipal Guideline. fertilisers and synthetic chemical pesticides, reducing AGRICULTURE | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 47

the CO2 emissions per hectare by up to 50 per cent compared with conventional farming. In 2015, rough- Figure 36: Emission developments ly 6.5 per cent of agricultural land in Germany was in agriculture** farmed ecologically.34 The Federal Government has set a target of 20 per cent for the future. 100 % 80 90 80 % “Last year, organic products with a total 76 equivalents 74

60 73 73 2 71* 71 70 70 value of almost ten billion euros were sold 69 69 60 % in Germany […] and ecological production in 40 Germany still has significant growth poten- 40 % tial.” Christian Schmidt, Federal Minister of 20 20 % Food and Agriculture

Million tonnes of CO 0 0 % The switch to more ecological farming is supported 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2016 through the second cornerstone of the CAP at state level, as part of support measures in the Joint Task for the * Estimate ** Including agricultural transport “Improvement of Agricultural Structures and Coastal Source: UBA (2017a); estimate 2016 Protection” (GAK). Overall, GAK measures contribute based on press release 09/2017 to climate action directly via climate action measures and indirectly via measures to protect the environment Figure 37: Emission sources in agriculture in and nature and maintain the landscape. The “Federal 2015 (excluding CO from biomass) Programme for Ecological Farming and other Forms of 2 Sustainable Agriculture” also provides 17 million euros annually. 37.6 % Agricultural soil

Outside ecological farming, the German Fertiliser 3.0 % Liming Ordinance (DüV), a key part of the action programme 1.2 % Urea use for legal implementation of the EU nitrate directive, 2.1 % Others defines the requirements for good professional 8.5 % fertilisation practice in greater detail. However, surplus (stables, green- nitrogen from excessive use of fertilisers in agricultur- houses etc.) as well al soil in Germany remains far too high. The Federal as agricultural Government has amended the DüV comprehensively. transport Among other things, it aims to improve the nitrogen 33.9 % Animal husbandry use and reduction of excess nitrogen, and in this way 13.7 % Fertiliser management to contribute to the further necessary decrease in N2O emissions. At the end of 2015, the cabinet had reached a decision on the amended version. The DüV and the Source: UBA (2017a, Fertilisation Act are to be passed in the plenary assem- as of: March 2017) bly of the Bundesrat before the end of spring 2017. In spite of this, the EU Commission filed a complaint with the European Court of Justice against Germany at the end of October 2016 on the basis of the old DüV, due to insufficient implementation of DüV. agriculture, including greater support for ecological In August 2016, the Federal Government presented farming, measures for enhancing protection of bio- the “Integrated Environmental Programme 2030”. diversity (see core topic box), restriction for factory This was done in the context of the United Nations farms and development of a national nitrogen strate- passing Agenda 2030 for sustainable development. gy. Several measures are to be taken to reinforce sus- In it, BMUB also proposes targets and measures for tainable consumer behaviour. For example, a second 48 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | LAND USE, LAND USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY

price label will inform consumers of the environmental costs of particularly environmentally relevant 4.9 Land use, land use Figure 38: Emission developments products and services. Reducing the continued very in LULUCF (incl. sinks) high meat consumption in Germany, for instance, change and forestry Million tonnes of CO equivalents would be a key contribution to protecting the environ- 2 ment and nature and reducing health risks. (LULUCF) -40 -30 -20 -10 0 -31.3 1990

Emission developments -33.1 1995  The LULUCF sector succeeded in reducing the net -38.0 2000 emissions by 14.6 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents Biodiversity in 2015 (Figure 38). It acts as a sink, that is to say as -12.1 2005 Core topic box: Biodiversity CO storage. Overall, almost 60 million tonnes of CO Species and habitats are increasingly 2 2 -16.3 2010 equivalents were stored in 2015, in particular in forests under threat. This means that biodiversi- -15.7 Species and habitats are increasingly un- (96.5 per cent of the sink capacity) and also in wood ty is decreasing worldwide, including in -14.5 der threat. This means that biodiversity is products (3.5 per cent). Especially sustainable, natural Germany. The existence of almost every -14.3 decreasing worldwide, including in Germany. forestry management helps preserve forests as a sink. -14.9 third species of animal or plant in Germany The existence of almost every third species of However, stored CO is released again by intensive -14.6 2015 is endangered.35 Besides agriculture, which 2 animal or plant in Germany is endangered.35 agriculture and forestry use, emitting over 45 million is frequently not environmentally friendly, Besides agriculture, which is frequently not tonnes of CO equivalents in 2015. Over half of these Source: UBA (2017a, as of: March 2017) there are still too few areas in Germany 2 environmentally friendly, there are still too emissions were caused by converting grassland into where nature can develop without human few areas in Germany where nature can arable land (Figure 39). When permanent grassland disturbance. In general, the value and use of develop without human disturbance. In is ploughed, far more CO is released, and released Figure 39: Emissions and sinks LULUCF 2015 nature and its ecosystem contributions are 2 general, the value and use of nature and its faster than can be bound by creating new grassland. not appreciated sufficiently. Accordingly, ecosystem contributions are not appreciat- Soil-friendly farming methods when cultivating land 60 the “Integrated Environment Programme ed sufficiently. Accordingly, the “Integrated can reduce discharges of the stored CO emissions. 2030” includes a public debate on “sustain- 2 Difference: Environment Programme 2030” includes a Between 1991 and 2015, the extent of these areas in 50 14.6

able agriculture” and the development of equivalents public debate on “sustainable agriculture” Germany has already decreased by roughly 12 per 2 0.1 the legal framework for soil protection as 57.8 and the development of the legal framework cent. Agricultural use of arable land is responsible for 3.5 measures to promote biodiversity. Within 40 for soil protection as measures to promote another third of these greenhouse gas emissions in this 4.1 the EU, the Federal Government also cam- biodiversity. Within the EU, the Federal sector. paigns for eco-friendly implementation of Government also campaigns for eco-friendly 30 the common European fisheries policy. implementation of the common European Agricultural soils and forestry store less than half as 22.7 Million tonnes of CO fisheries policy. much greenhouse gas emissions as in 1990. Emissions 20 from the land use, land use change and forestry sector have not been incorporated in assessments on the achievement of national and European climate action 10 14.9 targets until now. On one hand, this is due to the 2.1 fact that balancing these emissions is methodologi 0 cally more difficult than for other sectors. Also, the Emissions 2015 Sinks 2015 storage capacity of soils and vegetation is susceptible Arable land Wetlands Others (0.1) to external dangers such as forest fires or insect attacks, Grassland Settlements which can reduce it unexpectedly. On the other hand, anthropogenic climate action due to forestry work is Timber products (sink) extremely difficult to distinguish from fluctuations in Forests (sink) natural storage effects. Source: UBA (2017a, as of: March 2017) LAND USE, LAND USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 49

4.9 Land use, land use Current political measures Figure 38: Emission developments in LULUCF (incl. sinks) change and forestry Harnessing the significant potential reductions in Million tonnes of CO equivalents the LULUCF sector is part of the Climate Action 2 (LULUCF) Programme 2020. Sustainable forestry in harmony -40 -30 -20 -10 0 with nature and extensive grassland use can reduce the -31.3 1990 release of stored CO . Especially forests rich in species Emission developments 2 -33.1 1995 and structure, as well as wet forest areas, offer potential

The LULUCF sector succeeded in reducing the net reductions as CO2 stores. Preservation of permanent -38.0 2000 emissions by 14.6 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents grassland is another core element of the action pro- in 2015 (Figure 38). It acts as a sink, that is to say as gramme. This will mainly be achieved through green- -12.1 2005 CO storage. Overall, almost 60 million tonnes of CO ing as part of the EU CAP, that is to say linking part of 2 2 -16.3 2010 equivalents were stored in 2015, in particular in forests the direct payments to specific climate action and envi- -15.7 (96.5 per cent of the sink capacity) and also in wood ronmental targets. This is also taken into consideration -14.5 products (3.5 per cent). Especially sustainable, natural when designing the voluntary agricultural environ- -14.3 forestry management helps preserve forests as a sink. mental and climate action measures (see Section 4.8). -14.9 -14.6 2015 However, stored CO2 is released again by intensive agriculture and forestry use, emitting over 45 million Protecting peatland is an explicit goal of the Federal tonnes of CO2 equivalents in 2015. Over half of these Government. Although peatland only accounts for six Source: UBA (2017a, as of: March 2017) emissions were caused by converting grassland into per cent of all agricultural land, it is responsible for arable land (Figure 39). When permanent grassland roughly 80 per cent of emissions from farmland. As a Figure 39: Emissions and sinks LULUCF 2015 is ploughed, far more CO2 is released, and released result, it makes up roughly four per cent of nationwide faster than can be bound by creating new grassland. greenhouse gas emissions. To reduce this relatively Soil-friendly farming methods when cultivating land high percentage, initiatives are being promoted, in- 60 can reduce discharges of the stored CO2 emissions. cluding measures to increase the water level in dried Difference: Between 1991 and 2015, the extent of these areas in peatland. 50 14.6 equivalents Germany has already decreased by roughly 12 per 2 0.1 57.8 cent. Agricultural use of arable land is responsible for 3.5 40 another third of these greenhouse gas emissions in this 4.1 sector. 30 Agricultural soils and forestry store less than half as 22.7 Million tonnes of CO much greenhouse gas emissions as in 1990. Emissions 20 from the land use, land use change and forestry sector have not been incorporated in assessments on the achievement of national and European climate action 10 14.9 targets until now. On one hand, this is due to the 2.1 fact that balancing these emissions is methodologi 0 cally more difficult than for other sectors. Also, the Emissions 2015 Sinks 2015 storage capacity of soils and vegetation is susceptible Arable land Wetlands Others (0.1) to external dangers such as forest fires or insect attacks, Grassland Settlements which can reduce it unexpectedly. On the other hand, anthropogenic climate action due to forestry work is Timber products (sink) extremely difficult to distinguish from fluctuations in Forests (sink) natural storage effects. Source: UBA (2017a, as of: March 2017) 50 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | WHAT DOES CLIMATE ACTION MEAN FOR THE ECONOMY AND SOCIETY?

Figure 40: Development of gross employment due to renewable energy sources in Germany

9.4

2006 82.1 32.0 40.2 4.3 2006 82,1 4.2 7.6

2010 201095.195,1 122.0 120.9 7.5

13.3 6.7 2015 2015 142.9 113.2 42.2 7.7

17.3 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 in thousands

Wind energy Biomass Solar energy Hydropower Geothermal Publicly ernergy funded research/ administration 5. What does climate action mean for the Source: BMWi (2016a) economy for the andeconomy society? and society?

Implementation of the Federal Government’s 5.1 Jobs Climate Action Programme 2020 will create 430,000 additional jobs in the next few years. The economic Climate action is more than avoiding greenhouse gas evaluation shows that the macroeconomic benefit emissions. Expanding renewable energy sources shows significantly exceeds the costs of the planned climate that climate action also creates jobs in Germany. There action measures. Private households in particular were roughly 330,000 jobs in the renewable energy could save a total of 26 billion euros in energy costs via sector in 2015. This is almost three times as much as the measures in the action programme. These savings in conventional power supply (approximately 117,000, can compensate the costs of expanding the electricity excluding heating supply, coal mining, et cetera). The grid, which are partially passed on to end consumers. employment figures in the wind power sector alone exceed this figure at almost 143,000 in 2015. As a result, “Investments in energy efficiency save us the renewable energy sector remains an important money, modernise the country, create jobs and driver for the German economy, in spite of a slight enhance our ability to innovate and compete.” decrease in recent years (Figure 40). Sigmar Gabriel, Federal Minister of Economic Affairs and Energy JOBS | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 51

Figure 40: Development of gross employment due to renewable energy sources in Germany

9.4

2006 82.1 32.0 40.2 4.3 2006 82,1 4.2 7.6

2010 201095.195,1 122.0 120.9 7.5

13.3 6.7 2015 2015 142.9 113.2 42.2 7.7

17.3 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 in thousands

Wind energy Biomass Solar energy Hydropower Geothermal Publicly ernergy funded research/ administration Source: BMWi (2016a)

Besides renewable energy sources, efficiency measures The structural change is a challenge for the conven- 5.1 Jobs also create jobs, especially in the construction trade tional energy sector. Gradually reducing coal-based with energy-efficient new buildings and renovations. electricity generation to achieve climate action targets, Climate action is more than avoiding greenhouse gas Experts expect efficiency measures to create up to could lead to structural upheaval in some regions of emissions. Expanding renewable energy sources shows 190,000 jobs by 2020. Germany. As a result, clear political frameworks and that climate action also creates jobs in Germany. There targets are important to ensure an orderly change and were roughly 330,000 jobs in the renewable energy The number of jobs in climate-friendly energy supply offer the affected regions new opportunities. Incor- sector in 2015. This is almost three times as much as is also increasing globally. In 2015, roughly 8.1 mil- porating all stakeholders involved is also important. in conventional power supply (approximately 117,000, lion people were employed in the renewable energy That is why a decision was made with the Climate excluding heating supply, coal mining, et cetera). The sources sector, approximately five per cent more than Action Plan 2050 to establish a commission for growth, employment figures in the wind power sector alone in the previous year. Of these, most are in China, where structural change and regional development. In this exceed this figure at almost 143,000 in 2015. As a result, approximately 3.5 million people work in this sector. way, measures are to be developed by the end of 2018 the renewable energy sector remains an important in coordination with all stakeholders, to combine driver for the German economy, in spite of a slight the economic development, structural change, social decrease in recent years (Figure 40). acceptability and climate action. 52 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | INVESTMENTS

matters with other areas of politics. As in the high- 5.2 Investments tech strategy (see Section 5.4), the focus will be on an environment- and climate-friendly energy industry, Figure 41: Selected investments in climate and environmental action New investments in low-carbon technologies strength- healthy living conditions and sustainable mobility. en the economy. Investments in climate-friendly solu- In addition to this, there is the area of sustainable 25 1.0 tions like photovoltaics or wind turbines and efficiency agriculture and the international dimension. In all measures, for example in the building sector, are key areas of action, demonstration projects for new en- 2.6 for the implementation of climate policy. Such invest- vironmentally friendly technologies are a particular 1.2 1.1 ments also boost the economy, as most of the value focus of support. 20 chain is located in Germany, for refurbishment projects 3.0 3.1 1.1 Billions of euros in particular. There are many support programmes in • In the departmental research plan (previously UFO 1.0 related areas, which support sustainable investments. plan), the BMUB defines relevant research ques- 15 19.4 3.9 For example, low-interest loans from KfW incentivise tions which the Federal Environment Agency (UBA) 15.0 investments by commercial companies in improving finances as tendered research projects. 1.2 1.1 13.6 1.0 resource efficiency. 1.1 2.5 10 • The sixth energy research programme of the Federal 6.6 12.3 Once again in 2015, investments in energy building Government supported research projects with a 11.2 9.7 refurbishment remained at a high level. Roughly 36.4 total of 3.4 billion euros between 2013 and 2016 – 9.2 billion euros were invested in refurbishing existing 863 million euros in 2015 alone. 8.0 4.9 5.2 5 4.7 4,8 residential buildings and a further 16.8 billion euros 4.4 4.0 4,2 4.2 were invested in refurbishing non-residential buildings. • The Federal Government’s National Climate 0.5 2.3 0.3 0.3 Accordingly, investments in buildings have risen by 700 Initiative (NKI) has already subsidised more than 0.3 0.3 2.6 0.1 2.7 1.6 0.3 2.5 2.3 2.4 2,5 0.03 1.6 0.03 1.2 1.6 1.6 2.0 1,9 1.6 1.4 1.3 million euros compared with the previous year. Energy 10,000 projects in roughly 3,500 municipalities 0 0.5 0.3 refurbishment of buildings remains one of the most since 2008. In total, NKI has supported over 25,000 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 effective ways of increasing energy efficiency. projects with more than 750 million euros between 2008 and 2016 in the municipalities, companies Investments by manufacturing industry in environmental action Investments by manufacturing industry in The costs of renewable energy sources have decreased and private households target groups. Within the (excluding climate action) climate and environmental action constantly in recent years. In 2016, more than 12 billion scope of the International Climate Initiative (IKI) Investments by manufacturing industry in climate action euros were invested in expanding renewable energies. more than 500 projects around the world have In 2010, this figure was approximately 25 billion euros. been funded since 2008 with a volume of around Total investments in geothermal energy Although 2015 was the second-strongest wind expan- 2.3 billion euros. Since 2017, the European Climate Total investments in wind energy Investments in renewable energy sources sion year, investments in wind turbines decreased by Initiative has also been providing funds for internal Total investments in photovoltaic energy nationwide two billion euros (Figure 41) compared with the previous European cooperation in climate action. Total investments in hydroelectric power year. A similar decline in costs was apparent in the de- Total investments in biomass electricity velopment of photovoltaic systems in 2011. At 9.2 billion The Federal Government has created clear political euros (onshore and offshore), wind power accounted for signals for sustainable future planning. The Climate the highest level of investments in 2016, and now makes Action Plan 2050 offers a long-term political frame- up two thirds of all investments in renewable energies in work and thus planning certainty for investment Germany. decisions. The sector targets of the plan (see also the Spotlight on page 21) outline the climate policy path Climate-friendly investments are promoted. Support for the upcoming decades. In this way, companies programmes of the Federal Government make invest- which base their investment decisions on this and opt ments in climate-friendly projects easier. The KfW for climate-friendly technologies, can avoid costs for programmes for energy building refurbishment and subsequent adaptations. energy-efficient new buildings are now a world-famous success story. The Federal Government is also investing in climate-friendly innovations in research:

• The Integrated Environmental Programme 2030 (IUP) combines environmental and climate action INVESTMENTS | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 53

5.2 Investments Figure 41: Selected investments in climate and environmental action New investments in low-carbon technologies strength- en the economy. Investments in climate-friendly solu- 25 1.0 tions like photovoltaics or wind turbines and efficiency measures, for example in the building sector, are key 2.6 for the implementation of climate policy. Such invest- 1.2

of euros 1.1 ments also boost the economy, as most of the value 20 chain is located in Germany, for refurbishment projects 3.0 3.1 1.1 Billions in particular. There are many support programmes in 1.0 related areas, which support sustainable investments. 15 19.4 3.9 For example, low-interest loans from KfW incentivise 15.0 investments by commercial companies in improving 1.2 1.1 13.6 1.0 resource efficiency. 1.1 2.5 10 6.6 12.3 Once again in 2015, investments in energy building 11.2 9.7 refurbishment remained at a high level. Roughly 36.4 9.2 billion euros were invested in refurbishing existing 8.0 4.9 5.2 5 4.7 4,8 residential buildings and a further 16.8 billion euros 4.4 4.0 4,2 4.2 were invested in refurbishing non-residential buildings. 0.5 2.3 0.3 0.3 Accordingly, investments in buildings have risen by 700 0.3 0.3 2.6 0.1 2.7 1.6 0.3 2.5 2.3 2.4 2,5 0.03 1.6 0.03 1.2 1.6 1.6 2.0 1,9 1.6 1.4 1.3 million euros compared with the previous year. Energy 0 0.5 0.3 refurbishment of buildings remains one of the most 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 effective ways of increasing energy efficiency.

Investments by manufacturing industry in environmental action Investments by manufacturing industry in The costs of renewable energy sources have decreased (excluding climate action) climate and environmental action constantly in recent years. In 2016, more than 12 billion Investments by manufacturing industry in climate action euros were invested in expanding renewable energies. In 2010, this figure was approximately 25 billion euros. Total investments in geothermal energy Although 2015 was the second-strongest wind expan- Total investments in wind energy Investments in renewable energy sources sion year, investments in wind turbines decreased by Total investments in photovoltaic energy nationwide two billion euros (Figure 41) compared with the previous Total investments in hydroelectric power year. A similar decline in costs was apparent in the de- Total investments in biomass electricity velopment of photovoltaic systems in 2011. At 9.2 billion euros (onshore and offshore), wind power accounted for the highest level of investments in 2016, and now makes up two thirds of all investments in renewable energies in Germany.

Climate-friendly investments are promoted. Support programmes of the Federal Government make investments in climate-friendly projects easier. The KfW programmes for energy building refurbishment and energy-efficient new buildings are now a world-famous success story. The Federal Government is also investing in climate-friendly innovations in research:

• The Integrated Environmental Programme 2030 (IUP) combines environmental and climate action 54 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | INNOVATION

reduce heat consumption; optimised delivery process- 5.3 Innovation es avoid empty runs and reduce fuel consumption in the logistics sector (see schematic diagram in Figure Germany and the EU have proven immense techno- 42). By implementing the “Digital Agenda 2014–2017”, logical innovativeness. Climate action has become an the government aims to advance digital change in the international competition factor and “Greentech made renewable energy sector and energy efficiency technol- in Germany” is a successful brand. The high invest- ogies in particular. ments of the recent years in renewable energies and efficient building services equipment (see Section 5.2) The Federal Government assumes that the market are based on the technical innovations of the recent volume of environmental and energy efficiency tech- decades. nologies by 2025 will increase to at least five billion euros. Ambitious climate action targets incentivise Digitisation offers further potential for innovation. companies to position themselves well on the global The global transition to electronically backed processes market for climate action products. While environ- triggers changes in all areas and offers opportunities mental technologies and resource efficiency only for greater climate action: telephone and video confer- accounted for three per cent of added value world- ences make it easier to work together from different wide in 2013, this figure was already 13 per cent in locations; intelligent building services equipment can Germany.

Figure 42: Efficiency potential through digital networking

Mobility Logistics

Households Energy supply

Work environment Industry

Source: Own diagram ENERGY SECURITY | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 55

“Digital technologies can […] increase efficiency, save resources and thus contribute 5.4 Energy security significantly to climate action.” Bitkom Digital Association Climate-friendly electricity generation increases the reliability of supply. Constant availability, affordable The law on the digitisation of the energy transition prices and a sustainable procurement network are the passed in 2016 governs equipping consumers and cornerstones of a reliable energy supply. Renewable en- generators with intelligent measurement systems ergy sources can contribute to increased supply security known as smart meters. By providing precise con- insofar as they lead to a diversification of the energy mix sumption information and facilitating variable rates, and use local resources. This is particularly important in smart meters are intended to help increase energy Germany, which has hardly any national fossil energy efficiency. That steers the expansion of intelligent sources. Roughly two thirds of the fossil fuels used (oil, networks and measurement systems, and makes gas and hard coal) in Germany are imported. them secure with uniform standards and data privacy stipulations.

Various support schemes promote climate-friendly innovations. For example, the Federal Government’s i Text box: Energy security high-tech strategy supports innovations in sustaina- Definition: Energy security ble management and energy, as well as healthy living The economy and the population depend and intelligent mobility. To this end, the Federal onThe a economystable energy and thesupply, population as everyday depend Government invested 14 billion euros in innovation workflowson a stable energywould supply,be inconceivable as everyday oth - promotion in 2014 and 2015. erwise.workflows Energy would security be inconceivable is determined other by- fourwise. factors: Energy first,security energy is determined (sources) bymust four be Clean innovations are also supported at a European fundamentallyfactors: first, energy present (sources) and second, must theybe fun - level. The European framework programme “Horizon mustdamentally be available present or and usable. second, Third, they the must 2020”, subsidises research projects, that promise “safe, energybe available must or be usable. affordable, Third, and the fourth, energy the clean and efficient energy” without nuclear power, formmust ofbe energy affordable, generation and fourth, must the be form socially of between 2014 and 2020. It is the largest EU research acceptable.energy generation The concept must beof energysocially security accept- and innovation programme to date, with an overall grewable. Thein importance concept of duringenergy securitythe 1970s grew oil volume of almost 80 billion euros. In addition to this, crisisin importance and has become during thea key 1970s element oil crisis of the funding is intended to encourage further private nationaland has become policy since a key then. element of national investments, bringing new ideas out of the laboratory policy since then. into the shops. The programme incorporates a wide range of topics, from agriculture and water management, via telecommunication solutions, right up to humanities aspects related to demographics and behavioural changes. Expanding renewable energy sources reduces energy import costs. When renewable energy sources replace fossil-based power stations, the demand for fossil energy sources falls and so do the import quantities and costs. For example, in 2015 the import costs for fossil energy sources were reduced by almost nine billion euros.

In 2015, fossil fuels with a total value of roughly 57 billion euros were imported, compared with roughly 81 billion euros in the previous year. These savings are also due in part to the low oil price. The average crude 56 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | ENERGY SECURITY

oil price in 2016 was 279.66 euros per tonne, roughly Reduced demand for fossil energy sources reduces 20 per cent below the average price in 2015.36 geopolitical risks. Germany currently depends on energy imports for approximately 70 per cent of Energy efficiency contributes to energy security. primary energy consumption. One third of the oil Efficiency measures reduce the energy demand in gen- and gas resources consumed here and one quarter of eral, and thus reduce the dependency on oil and gas. If the hard coal come from Russia; another part of the companies convert to more efficient systems, they not oil imports is sourced from the Middle East, and thus only protect the climate and save energy costs, they from geopolitically unstable regions. also reduce economic uncertainties caused by fluctuating oil and gas prices. Resources can be planned more reliably. Increased energy efficiency also means that the energy demand decreases with constant economic activity at a macroeconomic level, saving import costs. For 2015, the energy costs avoided due to efficiency are estimated at roughly 16 billion euros (Figure 43).

Figure 43: Reduction in import costs of energy due to renewable energy sources and energy efficiency

26 25 25 24

Billions of euros 20 19

16 15

10 10 9 9 9 8 7 7 6 6 6

5 4 3 2 2 2 1 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Import costs saved due to renewable energy

Source: Own diagram based on BMWi (2016a) ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 57

of fossil fuels, also has positive effects on the air quality. 5.5 Environment Reducing particulate matter and ozone pollution also and health helps preserve health. Climate action preserves biodiversity. Climate action Climate action is an interdisciplinary task, which reduces the migration or extinction of animals and benefits human health, nature and biodiversity and the plants. In addition, climate action can help combat economy equally. the causes of extreme weather events like storms and floods, avoiding increasing destruction of habitats Climate action protects human health. In order to (Figure 44). Nature-based adaptation measures, such as avoid negative effects of climate change like heat urban trees or green façades or roofs boost the quality stress or changes in the occurrence of allergens like of life. They cool the air with shading, insulation and pollen (see Figure 01 and Section 2.1), the increasing evaporation effects, helping preserve urban biodiversity. rise in temperature must be counteracted. Measures against climate change, such as reducing combustion

Figure 44: Effects of climate change on the environment and health

Availability of groundwater

Change of biotopes/ habitats Flooding (all types)

Biological diversity Change in biodiversity Water balance and water management

Damage due to extreme weather Heat stress (for example: cardi- events (especially windthrow) ovascular problems, performance, heat-related deaths)

Change in tree populations and new growth Increase in the infection risk due to spread of germs and carriers (e.g. mosqui- toes, ticks) Agriculture and Human health forestry

Source: Own diagram based on UBA (2015c) 58 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | CLIMATE ACTION IN MUNICIPALITIES

5.6 Climate action  in municipalities InformationCore topic box: for Information cities for cities The Federal Institute for Research on Build- Climate policy combines environmental action with ing,ing, UrbanUrban AffairsAffairs andand SpatialSpatial DevelopmentDevelopment economic development and social participation. With (BBSR)(BBSR) providesprovides reliablereliable helphelp withwith thethe pracpractical- civic projects and dialogue, it supports the transforma- ticalimplementation implementation of climate of climate adaptation adaptation in cities tion to a sustainable society. inand cities regions and asregions well as as in well the as housing in the hous indus- - ingtry. industry.A web application A web application presents morepresents than 30 Municipalities now play a key role in climate action. moretopic-specific than 30 topic-specific short films atklimastadtraum.de short films at This is true especially in the cases of energy supply, klimastadtraum.de(only in German). (only in German). municipal buildings, transport and mobility, water, sewage and management of municipal enterprises. By The Federal EnvironmentEnvironment Ministry’sMinistry’s Cli Climate- investing in climate-friendly future solutions and sup- matePilot (Klimalotse)Pilot (Klimalotse) introduces introduces municipal munici repre- - porting political measures in these areas, municipalities palsentatives representatives to the impacts to the impactsof climate of changeclimate and can create groundbreaking framework conditions. Mu- changesuggests and ways suggests municipalities ways municipalities can adapt. In five nicipalities can also influence climate action actively canmodules, adapt. important In five modules, measures important are explained meas- with information, consultation and civic engagement uresstep areby step: explained step by step: opportunities. • • Module 1 “Understanding and describing Urban high-density population areas react particularly climate change” shows foreseeable effects of sensitively to the effects of climate change. Within the ofclimate climate change change framework of the progamme “Measures for adaptation • • Module 2 explains how cities can identify to the effects of climate change”, the Federal Environ- and assess their individual vulnerability ment Ministry promotes projects which respond to • • Module 3 looks at possible protective the effects of global warming and reduce vulnerabil- measures ities locally. Promotion programmes, informational • • Module 4 explains the legal framework con- events and competitions enable tailor-made municipal conditionsditions for specificfor specific steps steps climate action measures. The competition “Climate • • Module 5 presents options for tracking and Active Municipality 2017” organised by the Federal En- andevaluation evaluation vironment Ministry and the German Institute of Urban Affairs awards prizes for successful projects, for exam- The European Environment Agency (EEA) also ple in building refurbishment or in climate-friendly alsooffers offers a comprehensive a comprehensive guide guide for cities for cities on the mobility. The winning projects can inspire other mu- onClimate-ADAPT the Climate-ADAPT website. website. nicipalities to take similar measures and facilitate the exchange among themselves.

Education helps protect the climate. With the Federal Government’s National Climate Initiative (NKI) (see also Section 5.2), the BMUB has also been initiating The online portal Klimaschutzschulenatlas.de (only and promoting specific climate projects in schools in German) now shows over 3,550 schools which are and other educational institutions since 2008. The committed to climate action. projects boost awareness of climate action among children, young people and young adults, and promote participation opportunities in climate action. The projects encourage schools to come up with concrete ideas for climate action: in addition to mobile learning services, energy saving measures in school buildings and bicycle-powered cinemas have been implemented. SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 59

5.7 Sustainable Figure 45: Greenhouse gas emissions of a German average citizen (in CO equivalents) consumption 2 4.4 t Other With their purchase decisions, consumers can consumption* contribute to climate action. The environmental and health consciousness of German consumers has greatly 2.2 t Mobility boosted the production and sales of green products in recent years. Buying organic and regional products 1.8 t Food can help shorten transport distances, reduce refrigera- tion times and save emissions. Heating and electricity consumption make up the lion’s share of the average 1.8 t Heating

German citizen’s CO2 footprint, followed by transport and food. Figure 45 shows further details. 0.8 t Electricity

The EU ecodesign and energy consumption labelling *This includes, among other things, clothing, shoes, furniture, household appliances as well as leisure and guidelines promote sustainable consumption. Energy recreation services and holiday activities. consumption of products is rendered visible for users. Criteria for environmental compatibility and service Source: UBA (2016b) life were taken into account in the evaluation. Labels in accordance with the EU directive immediately show

minimum standards that help users make purchase i decisions. Together with the voluntary environmental Text box: Environmental costs Environmental costs label, these instruments promote market penetration of the most environmentally friendly and most resource- PricesPrices andand costscosts influence influence ourour consumerconsumer be- and/or energy-efficient technology in a certain product behaviour:haviour: In In recent recent decades, decades, flying flying has has become group (top runner approach). The Federal Government becomemuch cheaper. much cheaper. That is why That there is why are there more are than also supports climate-friendly consumption with a range moretwice thanas many twice airline as many passengers airline passengers in Germany of initiatives. The “National Programme for Sustainable inthan Germany in 2000. than37 Airline in 2000. tickets37 Airline do not tickets include do Consumption” is intended to encourage consumers to notthe includeenvironmental the environmental costs. However, costs. airline How- increasingly choose environmentally friendly products ever,passengers airline canpassengers pay voluntary can pay compensation voluntary to and services and thus to spread sustainable consumption. compensationoffset their emissions. to offset This their concept emissions. is based This on conceptemissions is basedtrading. on emissions trading. Various labels support sustainable consumer behaviour, by identifying environmentally friendly RoadRoad traffictraffic alsoalso hashas highhigh environmentalenvironmental costs. products. One of the best-known labels in Germany is costs.According According to a study to a study by the by Federal the Federal Environ - the “Blauer Engel” (Blue Angel), the Federal Govern- Environmentment Agency Agency(UBA),38 (UBA), road traffic38 road trafficcost the ment’s environmental label to protect people and the costenvironment the environment over 52 overbillion 52 euros billion in euros 2014. The environment that recognises over 12,000 environment- inloss 2014. of biodiversity The loss of biodiversitydue to the use due of to pesticides the and climate-friendly products and services in areas like usein agriculture of pesticides is alsoin agriculture a form of iscosts also which a form are households, offices and gardens. ofnot costs reflected which inare the not price reflected of foods. in the price of foods. 60 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | GLOSSARY

6. Glossary Effort sharing Binding emission targets in the individual Member States for sectors which are not covered under EU emissions trading, in particular trans- Biofuels port, households, commerce/trade/services and Liquid or gaseous fuels produced from biomass. agriculture. Examples include biodiesel, bioethanol and biogas. Electricity Market White Paper / Electricity Market 2.0 Carbon dioxide (CO2) Colourless and odourless gas that is a natu- Publication by the Federal Ministry for Economic ral part of the atmosphere. As a by-product Affairs and Energy (BMWi) on changes in the of energy generation, carbon dioxide occurs electricity market design. primarily when burning fuels containing carbon. Carbon dioxide is the most important of the Emission certificate climate-relevant atmospheric trace gases. Certified right to emit a certain quantity of a pollutant in a specific period. The Kyoto Protocol Carbon leakage defines emission certificate trading as a tool to Due to additional costs from emissions trading, restrict the output of greenhouse gases. The EU industrial production is outsourced to countries emissions trading system implements emission where no climate action requirements or low certificate trading. requirements apply. This also outsources the associated (climate gas) emissions. Energy efficiency Ratio of benefit to the energy required.

CO2 equivalents Unit for the greenhouse warming potential of a Energy productivity

gas. CO2 equivalents show the quantity of a gas Ratio of the overall macroeconomic performance

that would have the same effect as CO2 over a to the energy used (inverse of energy intensity). 100-year period.

European emissions trading system (EU-ETS) Cogeneration (CHP, combined heat and power Since 2005, emissions trading has been the central generation) EU-wide instrument for reducing CO2 emissions, Simultaneous generation of electricity and heat making it the main instrument for implementing in one power generation plant. the EU’s climate goals. It incorporates emitters in the energy and industry sectors, which can trade Decarbonisation emission allowances among one another. Increasing use of low-carbon sources of energy for economic action. External environmental costs Costs (in particular from environmental damage), Direct marketing which are incurred when producing economic Sale of electricity from renewable energy sources assets, but are not borne by the producer. to wholesale buyers or on the electricity exchange (for example on the electricity exchange in F gases Leipzig). With subsidised direct marketing, plant Fluorinated greenhouse gases used as refriger- operators also receive a market bonus in addition ants in cooling and air conditioning systems, as to the sales revenue. propellants in sprays, as propellants in foams and insulation and as a fire extinguishing agent. GLOSSARY | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 61

Feed-in tariff Market Stability Reserve (MSR) Remuneration for electricity from renewable An instrument designed by the EU Commission energy sources defined by the government and to reform the EU-ETS. The stability reserve is in- embedded in the Renewable Energy Sources Act tended to counteract the continuing price drops (EEG). in emission certificates, by reducing the number of certificates traded on the market. Final energy Part of primary energy that reaches the consumer Methane (CH4) after deduction of transfer and conversion losses, Non-toxic, colourless and odourless gas. After for example district heating, electricity, petrol, carbon dioxide (CO2), it is the second- most heating oil, natural gas, biogas and hydrogen. significant greenhouse gas emitted by humans.

Fossil fuels National Climate Initiative (NKI) Energy fuels that have been produced over Support programme of the Federal Environment millions of years from biomass and consist of Ministry for climate action. different carbon compounds: oils, coals, gases.

Plug-in hybrid Green technologies (GreenTech) All vehicles that use two different drives (gener- Environmentally friendly, sustainable, resource- ally combustion and electric motors) and can be and energy-saving technologies. charged by plugging them in.

Greenhouse gases Primary energy Atmospheric trace gases that contribute to the Mathematically useful energy content of a natu- greenhouse effect and can be both natural and rally occurring energy source, before it is convert- anthropogenic, for example carbon dioxide (CO2), ed into another form of energy. methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), sulphur hexafluoride (SF ), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and 6 Primary energy consumption perfluorinated hydrocarbons (PFCs). Total of energy sources used, including changes in stock and the balance of purchases and deliveries. Greenhouse gas neutrality Total anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission (for Renewable energies example by burning fuels) and absorption (for Energy sources that, according to human meas- example by natural sinks, future technologies) of ures of time, are available for ever. The three human-made greenhouse gas emissions is zero. original sources are: solar radiation, geothermal energy and tidal energy. They can be used either Gross electricity consumption directly or indirectly in the form of biomass, wind, Total of domestic electricity generation and flows hydropower, ambient heat and wave energy. of electricity from overseas, less flows of electricity to other countries.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) An intergovernmental committee of experts on climate matters, that has been operating under the patronage of the United Nations since 1988. 62 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | GLOSSARY

Renewable Energies Heat Act (Erneuerbare- Energien- Wärmegesetz, EEWärmeG) The “Act on the Promotion of Renewable Ener- gies in the Heat Sector” (short version: Renewable Energies Heat Act, EEWärmeG) dates back to 2009. It obliges the owners of new buildings to meet part of their heating and cooling needs from renewable energy sources. The first amendment of the act entered into force in 2011.

Renewable Energy Sources Act (Erneuerbare- Energien-Gesetz, EEG) The 2000 Act Prioritising Renewable Energy Sources contains the priority purchase obligation of renewable energy sources by grid operators. It also governs the (decreasing) remuneration rates for individual generation types and the process of allocating the resulting additional costs to all electricity buyers. Amendments to the Act entered into force in 2004, 2009, 2012 and 2017. Since 2017, the remuneration amounts for electricity under the EEG are no longer defined by the government, they are determined by tenders on the market.

Sink Reduction of emissions by absorbing and storing

CO2 in plants and soil.

Source principle Allocation of emissions to the point of origin.

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) First international agreement that refers to climate change as a serious problem and obliges the community of states to take action. The Climate Framework Convention was adopted at the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, and has been ratified by 194 states since then. It entered into force in 1994. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 63

7. List of abbreviations

AGEB Working Group on Energy Balances (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen) AGEE Working Group on Renewable Energy (Arbeitsgruppe Erneuerbare Energien) APA Adaptation Action Plan (Aktionsplan Anpassung) BBSR Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development (Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung) BMEL Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft) BMUB Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit) BMWi Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie) CAP EU Common Agricultural Policy CAT Climate Action Tracker CCS Carbon Capture and Storage CCU Carbon Capture and Utilisation

CH4 Methane CHP Combined Heat and Power

CO2 Carbon dioxide CORSIA Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation CTS Commerce, Trade and Services sector (Gewerbe / Handel / Dienstleistungs- Sektor) DAS German Adaptation Strategy (Deutsche Anpassungsstrategie) DEG German Investment and Development Society (Deutschen Investitions- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft) DEHSt German Emissions Trading Authority (Deutsche Emissionshandelsstelle) DüV Fertiliser Ordinance (Düngeverordnung) EDGAR Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research EEA European Environment Agency EEG Renewable Energy Sources Act (Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz) EEWärmeG Renewable Energies Heat Act (Erneuerbare-Energien-Wärmegesetz) ELER European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (Europäischer Landwirtschaftsfonds für die Entwicklung des ländlichen Raums) EnEG Energy Savings Act (Energieeinsparungsgesetz) EnEV Energy Savings Ordinance (Energieeinsparverordnung) ESG Building Energy Efficiency Strategy (Energieeffizienzstrategie Gebäude) EU28 28 Member States of the European Union EU-ETS EU Emission Trading System F-gas Fluorinated greenhouse gas g Gram(s) GAK Joint Task for the “Improvement of Agricultural Structures and Coastal Protection” (Gemeinschaftsaufgabe Agrarstruktur und Küstenschutz) GDP Gross Domestic Product GDV German Insurance Association (Gesamtverband der Deutschen Versicherungswirtschaft) GHG Greenhouse gas GJ Gigajoule Gt Gigatonne HFC Fluorinated hydrocarbon HGV Heavy Goods Vehicle ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization IMO International Maritime Organization IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 64 CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | ENDNOTES

KfW German National Development Bank (Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau) kWh Kilowatt hour LEEN Learning energy efficiency networks (Lernende Energieeffizienz-Netzwerke) LULUCF Land use, land use change and forestry Mill. Million MJ Megajoule

N2O Nitrous oxide NAPE National Action Plan on Energy Efficiency (Nationaler Aktionsplan Energieeffizienz) NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NKI National Climate Initiative (Nationale Klimaschutzinitiative) OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development PFC Perfluorinated hydrocarbon PJ Petajoule Pkm Passenger kilometre ppm Parts per million

SF6 Sulphur hexafluoride SME Small and Medium-sized Enterprise t Tonne TWh Terawatt hour UBA Federal Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt) UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change WMO World Meteorological Organization

8. Endnotes

1. Fischer, E.M., Knutti, R. (2015); WMO (2017); IPCC (2013) 2. UNEP, GRID Europe (2004); UBA (2014); GDV (2016); BBK (2013) 3. UBA (2015a), WARNSIGNAL KLIMA (CLIMATE WARNING SIGNAL) (2014); UBA (2015b) 4. UNEP, GRID Europe (2004) 5. GDV (2012) 6. For further information: Bundesregierung (2015) 7. Matthews, D. et al. (2014) 8. OECD (2015) 9. UBA (2017c) 10. AGEE-Stat (2017) 11. Statistisches Bundesamt (2016b); BMWi (2017a) 12. AGEB (2016) 13. A very small percentage is caused by the combustion facilities for gas transport 14. Fraunhofer ISE (2015) 15. BMWi (2015a) 16. UBA (2016c) 17. DEHSt (2016) 18. Bundesregierung (2016) 19. Bundesrat (2016) 20. AGEB (2016) 21. Kraftfahrtbundesamt (2017) 22. BMUB (2015) BIBLIOGRAPHY | CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES 65

23. Bundesregierung (2016) 24. ZIV (2016) 25. Bundesregierung (2016) 26. AGEB (2016) 27. Fraunhofer ISI (2015) 28. BMUB (2014) 29. AGEB (2016) 30. BMWi (2015b) 31. BMWi (2016c) 32. BMUB (2012) 33. BMEL (2016) 34. UBA (2016d) 35. BFN (2015) 36. BMWi (2017a) 37. Statistisches Bundesamt (2017) 38. UBA (2016e)

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CLIMATE ACTION IN FIGURES | 5.4 ENERGY SECURITY