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The Economic Pathways of Female Vietnamese American Refugees and Migrants

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The Economic Pathways of Female Vietnamese American Refugees and Migrants THE ECONOMIC PATHWAYS OF FEMALE VIETNAMESE AMERICAN REFUGEES AND MIGRANTS By Elizabeth K. Brandeberry Submitted to the Faculty of the School of International Service of American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts In International Development Chair: ______________________________ Vidymali Samarasinghe, Ph.D. _________________________________ Erin Collins, Ph.D. ___________________________________ Dean of the School of International Service ___________________________________08/28/2020 Date 2020 American University Washington, D.C. 20017 © COPYRIGHT by Elizabeth K. Brandeberry 2020 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to the people who made it possible: Frank A. Brandeberry James H. V. To Kim Chi Ho And to: Penny S. Brandeberry who, though she’ll never see it, believed in it. iii THE ECONOMIC PATHWAYS OF FEMALE VIETNAMESE AMERICAN REFUGEES AND MIGRANTS By Elizabeth K. Brandeberry ABSTRACT Between 1975 and 2017, nearly two million members of the Vietnamese diaspora settled in the United States after fleeing war, the Vietnamese Communist regime, and seeking increased freedom and economic opportunities. More than half of these were women. This thesis fills a gap in the literature by viewing female Vietnamese American refugees through a lens of self-agency and by describing their economic pathways in both Vietnam and the United States. Nineteen semi-structured interviews and two group interactions were conducted in 2019 by the author in Houston, Texas. A qualitative review was conducted of the emergent themes from the narratives. Important facets of personal economic development in female Vietnamese American refugees and migrants appeared to be education/training, coping with discrimination, availability of an ethnic niche, and family support. These results may prove useful in both NGOs and government agencies working towards improving the economic outcomes of adult, female refugees. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS COPYRIGHT .................................................................................................................................. ii DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................ v LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER 1: “THE VIETNAMESE LADIES” (INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND) ......................................................................................................... 1 A Personal Interest .................................................................................................. 1 A Brief History ....................................................................................................... 3 The Vietnam War .................................................................................................... 5 Waves of Refugees ................................................................................................. 7 State of the Literature.............................................................................................. 9 CHAPTER 2: “TO WRITE INTO BEING THE SEETHING PRESENCE OF THINGS THAT APPEAR TO NOT BE THERE” (METHODOLOGY) .................. 12 Literature Search and Review ............................................................................... 12 Field Study Design ................................................................................................ 14 Discussion of Field Study ..................................................................................... 20 Data Analysis ........................................................................................................ 22 Demographics of the Sample ................................................................................ 24 CHAPTER 3: “IF A LAMP POST HA[D] LEGS, IT WOULD MOVE, TOO” (PRE-IMMIGRATION ECONOMIC PATHWAYS) ................................................ 28 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 28 Getting By in Post-1975 Vietnam ......................................................................... 30 Bartering and Selling in Refugee Camps .............................................................. 36 Long-Term Implications ....................................................................................... 40 CHAPTER 4: “THEY’VE ALREADY GIVEN UP EVERYTHNG…WHAT DO THEY HAVE TO LOSE?” (AMERICAN ECONOMIC PATHWAYS) .................. 44 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 44 Poverty and Early Work........................................................................................ 46 Career Establishment ............................................................................................ 52 Women as Entrepreneurs ...................................................................................... 56 The Nail Industry .................................................................................................. 60 v CHAPTER 5: “GO BACK TO VIETNAM!” (EMPLOYMENT AND DISCRIMINATION) .................................................................................................. 65 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 65 Anglo American Racism and Discrimination ....................................................... 68 Inter-Minority Racism and Discrimination ........................................................... 74 Intra-Group Discrimination Among Vietnamese Refugees and Migrants ........... 76 Gender-Based Discrimination ............................................................................... 78 CHAPTER 6: “WITHOUT A TEACHER, YOU CAN DO NOTHING” (EDUCATION AND GOVERNMENT AID) ............................................................ 83 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 83 Education .............................................................................................................. 86 Government Aid and Welfare ............................................................................... 93 CHAPTER 7: “TO SHARE [SUCCESS] WITH ALL THE REFUGEES AND MIGRANTS” (CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS) ......................... 101 Contributions to the Field ................................................................................... 101 Study Limitations ................................................................................................ 102 Areas for Future Research .................................................................................. 103 Policy Implications ............................................................................................. 104 APPENDIX A: INTERVIEW GUIDE ........................................................................... 112 APPENDIX B: SAMPLE STAKEHOLDER LETTER ................................................. 127 English ................................................................................................................ 127 Vietnamese .......................................................................................................... 129 APPENDIX C: CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE IN RESEARCH ................................ 131 English ................................................................................................................ 131 Vietnamese .......................................................................................................... 134 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 136 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: BOOLEAN SEARCH TERMS………………………………………..……………..13 Table 2.2: WEB OF CONTACTS…………………………………...…………………………..18 Table 2.3: THEMATIC NODES IN NARRATIVE DATA……………………………………..23 Table 2.4: PARENTS’ OCCUPATIONS………………………………………………………..26 Table 3.1: PRE- AND POST-1975 VOLUNTARY EMPLOYMENT………………………….36 Table 4.1: ALL FACTORY WAGES AT START AND AT DECEMBER 2019 EQUIVALENT…………………………………………………………………………………..49 Table 4.2: INITIAL SERVICE INDUSTRY WAGES AT START AND AT DECEMBER 2019 EQUIVALENT…………………………………………………………………………….50 Table 4.3: REASONS FOR LEAVING EMPLOYMENT BY PARTICIPANT AND JOB NUMBER………………………………………………………………………………………..55 Table 6.1: STUDY PARTICIPANTS BY EDUCATION AND FUNDING…………….……...93 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ARVN Army of the Republic of Vietnam AU American University DRV Democratic Republic of Vietnam H-O Homecoming Operation NEZ New Economic Zone NGO Non-Governmental Organization NVA North Vietnamese Army ODP Orderly Departure Program RVN Republic of Vietnam U.S. United States UNHCR United Nations High Commission on Refugees WRLC Washington Research Library Consortium viii CHAPTER 1 “THE VIETNAMESE LADIES” (INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND) A Personal Interest In a way that I could never have foreseen as a child, Vietnamese
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