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Information to Users The Rampart, Manley Hot Springs, And Fort Gibbon Mining Districts Of Alaska. Item Type Thesis Authors L'Ecuyer, Rosalie E. Download date 07/10/2021 17:21:56 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/11122/8516 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE RAMPART, MANLEY HOT SPRINGS, AND FORT GIBBON MINING DISTRICTS OF ALASKA A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the University of Alaska Fairbanks in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree in MASTER OF ARTS IN PROFESSIONAL WRITING By © 1995 Rosalie E. L’Ecuyer, B.A., M.A. Fairbanks, Alaska May 1995 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 1376240 Copyright 1995 by L'Ecuyer, Rosalie E. All rights reserved. UMI Microform 1376240 Copyright 1995, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE RAMPART, MANLEY HOT SPRINGS, AND FORT GIBBON MINING DISTRICTS OF ALASKA . By Rosalie E L’Ecuyer RECOMMENDED fluid /€ \.u A -v- Advisory Commi tteeLhair Department Head APPROVED: do i- iy ^ Dean, College of Liberal Arts / 9 ' Dean of the Graduate School /if f J a y, Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Abstract This thesis on the Rampart, Manley Hot Springs, and Fort Gibbon mining districts of Alaska provides the first comprehensive public history of prospecting and mining activity in these three districts within the gold belt of Interior Alaska. Spanning almost one hundred years, the history begins in 1894 and extracts material from early recorders’ books, old newspapers, correspondence of miners whose dreams drew them to the gold fields, and U.S. Geological Survey reports which analyzed Alaska’s natural resources and mining economy. It surveys mining development from stampedes during the boom years of the tum-into-the-twentieth-century through periods of decline and on into the modem, mechanized, open-pit operations near the beginning of the twenty-first century. It concludes with an extensive annotated bibliography designed to assist other researchers in finding specialized, in-depth information about the three districts. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table of Contents Page List of Photographs 5 Preface 7 Acknowledgements 10 Introduction 12 Chapter 1-Discovery Period, 1894-1899 18 Chapter 2-Federal Government Oversight, 1900-1905 70 Chapter 3-Growth of the Hot Springs and Fort Gibbon Districts, 111 1906-1918 Chapter 4-Between the Two World Wars, 1919-1941 137 Chapter 5-Into the Present Era, 1946-1994 155 Appendix 1-Estimated Gross Production of Racer Gold in the Rampart, 171 Manley Hot Springs, and Fort Gibbon Districts, 1896-1940 Appendix 2-U.S. Geological Survey Acknowledgements, 1906-1940 176 Appendix 3-Coal Lands 180 Appendix 4-Lodes 183 Appendix 5-Photographic Resources of the Rampart, Manley Hot 191 Springs, and Fort Gibbon Districts Appendix 6-Place Names in the Rampart, Manley Hot Springs, and 194 Fort Gibbon Districts Notes 266 Annotated Bibliography 332 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. List of Photographs All photographs listed below and included in the text are in collections held by the Alaska Archives and Manuscripts, Alaska and Polar Regions Department, Elmer E. Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks. Page 1. Building boom in Rampart, 1897, Vertical File. 23 2. George Mel Reed and John C. Powell in mosquito gear during breakup 41 in Rampart, 1898, George B. MacGowan Collection. 3. Unidentified Rampart miners sluicing winter tailings, 1898, 42 George B. MacGowan Collection. 4. Sluice attached to theArctic Boy which wintered in Mike Hess 48 Creek, 1898-1899, Merritt N. Murphy Collection. 5. A typical Alaskan dog, hard-working companion for the prospectors 54 in Rampart in 1898, William B. Ballou Collection. 6. Coal bunkers at the Pioneer coal mine, 1899, Merritt N. Murphy 61 Collection. 7. Unidentified workers in the shaft house, Pioneer coal mine, 1899, 62 Merritt N. Murphy Collection. 8. Unidentified miners at Weare (Tanana), November 1899, C. S. 65 Farnsworth Collection. 9. Tent home of the miners at Weare (Tanana), November 1899, C. S. 66 Farnsworth Collection. 10. Freighter Sam Heeter in front of the Rex Beach cabin in Rampart, 68 29 June 1909, Francis Pope Collection. 11. The so-called $3,000 ditching gang, Glen Gulch, 21 May 1902, 82 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6 Herbert Heller Collection. 12. Unidentified miners, Glen Gulch, 21 May 1902, Herbert Heller 83 Collection. 13. Rampart Camp No. 15, Arctic Brotherhood, send-off for the 97 senatorial party, 23 July 1903, Herbert Heller Collection. 14. John Mi nook and his family, Rampart, circa 1900, Vertical File. 100 15. Hydraulicking on Hunter Creek, circa 1908, William B. Ballou 119 Collection. 16. Shoveling in on What Cheer Bar, 1909, Falcon Joslin Collection. 120 17. Lower end of Eureka Creek near the settlement of Eureka, 1909, 121 Falcon Joslin Collection. 18. Cabin at the entrance to Sullivan Creek, circa 1910, Wilson F. 122 Erskine Collection. 19. American Creek dredge, 1938, Earl Beistline Collection. 142 20. Unidentified workers at American Creek, 1938, Earl Beistline 143 Collection. 21. Bull gang at American Creek, 1938, Earl Beistline Collection. 144 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Preface I chose to write my thesis on the contiguous mining districts of Rampart, Manley Hot Springs, and Fort Gibbon in Interior Alaska after I finished a shorter public history on the Ruby-Poorman mining districts. I recognized that the histories of the smaller mining districts of Alaska have, for the most part, been overlooked, even discounted, in the emphasis on the larger, more productive districts like Nome and Fairbanks. Yet Rampart, where formal location of claims began in April 1896, later than at Circle City but four months before George Washington Carmack’s strike in the Klondike, became a jumping- off place for gold prospecting elsewhere in Alaska’s Interior. Although many who reached Rampart in 1897 and 1898 left Alaska after only a year or two, several who called themselves Ramparters contributed to the rapid growth of Alaska at the turn of the twentieth century. Men like Lynn Smith, Wally Laboski, his brother Mike, and Joe Kaminski-all early residents of Rampart, later of Ruby and elsewhere in Alaska-made Alaska their permanent home. During my research, I found myself comparing and contrasting the development of Rampart and Ruby. The first Rampart miners located single claims of twenty or less acres, only one claim per creek, and seldom sank a shaft deeper than fifteen feet. In 1897, Ramparters struggled to set up their town according to United States principles, longed for mail from Outside, and established patterns followed later in other mining towns of the Interior. Over the succeeding fourteen years, Alaska and Alaska mining changed very extensively. Ruby boomed into being in 1911 after the strike at Long Creek. Ruby miners joined several 160-acre associations, sometimes on the same creek, and dug shafts to eighty or more feet Through the Organic Act of 1912, Alaska became a territory, and Ruby elected Dan Sutherland and Henry Roden-both former Rampart miners-as their Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 8 district’s first territorial senators. By then mail and freight delivery had improved, and the telegraph brought daily news. The creek recorders in early Rampart kept the first recorders’ books as the miners considered each creek a separate mining district In late 1900, the then newly appointed U.S. commissioner and recorder, Andrew J. Balliet, consolidated the records at Rampart. About that same time, someone reorganized and copied the earlier creek records and made errors in dates and possibly also in names. For several years the Rampart office served as the primary, although not exclusive, recording office for much of the Interior. With the opening of the commissioner’s office at Hot Springs, now Manley Hot Springs, the recording scope of the Rampart office was reduced, and records applicable to the Hot Springs district were copied and transferred there.
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