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FES Zaragoza BIOLOGÍA DEL DORADO Coryphaena Hippurus

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FES Zaragoza BIOLOGÍA DEL DORADO Coryphaena Hippurus UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO POSGRADO EN CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS FES Zaragoza BIOLOGÍA DEL DORADO Coryphaena hippurus (LINNAEUS, 1758) Y SUS IMPLICACIONES PARA LA PESQUERÍA ARTESANAL DEL PACÍFICO SUR DE MÉXICO T E S I S QUE PARA OBTENER EL GRADO ACADÉMICO DE DOCTORA EN CIENCIAS P R E S E N T A MARÍA DEL CARMEN ALEJO PLATA TUTOR PRINCIPAL: Dr. ISAÍAS HAZARMABETH SALGADO UGARTE COMITÉ TUTOR: DRA. LAURA SAN VICENTE AÑORVE DR. PÍNDARO DÍAZ JAIMES Agradecimientos Al posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM. El financiamiento de los proyectos: Biología del dorado Coryphaena hippurus en el Golfo de Tehuantepec (SAGARPA-CONACYT, clave 225) y Evaluación biológica pesquera del dorado Coryphaena hippurus en el Océano Pacífico región 2 (Gobierno del Estado de Oaxaca–CONAPESCA, 2IR0502), hizo posible cubrir los objetivos planteados en este estudio. La Universidad del Mar brindó todas las facilidades y apoyo durante el desarrollo de este trabajo. Al Programa de mejoramiento del profesorado (PROMEP). Al comité tutoral: Dra. Laura San Vicente Añorve, Dr. Pindrao Díaz Jaimes y Dr. Isaías Salgado Ugarte, se agradece la paciencia, apoyo y comprensión durante el desarrollo de éste trabajo. La ayuda de los pescadores artesanales de Oaxaca y Chiapas a la hora de proporcionar muestras fue decisiva. Samuel Ramos, Gabriela González y Genoveva Cerdenares, colegas de la UMAR por el trabajo conjunto en campo y por las discusiones académicas. Ada Núñez, Susana Jiménez, Daniel Palacios, Martha Elva Rodríguez, Edith Ávila y Germán Romero, su apoyo fue invaluable en la recopilación de datos biométricos y para la obtención de gónadas. Samuel Ramos proporcionó los dibujos de los artes de pesca. Sac- nicté Herrera realizó el trabajo de limpieza y montaje de escamas. Isaías Salgado Ugarte, mi director de tesis, por el apoyo incondicional, por la confianza, su paciencia y por la amistad que me ha brindado desde siempre. Así mismo se agradece a Laura San Vicente por sus atinadas observaciones al enfoque del trabajo y por realizar una exhaustiva corrección al primer borrador de esta tesis. Píndaro Díaz sugirió incluir nuevos elementos en el capítulo sobre propuestas de manejo y reviso detalladamente el capítulo sobre reproducción, además de su apoyo logístico para el desarrollo de los tutorales Elaine Espino Barr y Heriberto Santana revisaron y discutieron el borrador del capítulo sobre variación en la composición de las capturas artesanales. Pedro Cervantes apoyó en la obtención e interpretación de las imágenes satelitales y a Edgar Robles por sus comentarios al Capítulo 7. José Luis Gómez Márquez fue una pieza importante en este trabajo. Tuve el privilegio de contar con su amistad, sus enseñanzas y conocimientos sobre edad y crecimiento. Se agradece a Bertha Peña, Píndaro Díaz, Luis Amado Ayala, José L. Gómez y Manuel Casillo por su participación y orientación en el examen de candidatura Sac se encargó de alimentarme y se aseguro de que terminará la tesis. Mientra yo concluía la escritura de este trabajo, las estudiantes del grupo de cefalólopodos: Dulce, Lorena, Tania, Alejandra y Sairi me aligeraron la chamba de laboratorio y campo. Finalmente a la estudiante Erika Pinzon por su ayuda en la entrega de documentos, y a Germán Calva y Armando Rodríguez Reyes por su apoyo y paciencia en los trámites para obtención de grado. A Sac y Jorge Por todo A los pescadores artesanales de Oaxaca y Chiapas ÍNDICE Capítulos Resumen………………………………………………………………………………………. iii Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………………. v 1. Capítulo 1. Introducción y antecedentes 1.1. Introducción general.…………………………………………………………………….. 1 1.2. Sinopsis biológica de la especie ………………………………………………………… 4 1.3. Distribución……………………………………………………………………………… 6 1.4. Importancia económica………………………………………………………………….. 7 1.5. Antecedentes……………………………………………………………………………... 11 1.6. Área de estudio ………………………………………………………………………….. 18 1.7. Estructura de la tesis ……………………………………………………………………... 25 2. Capítulo 2. Relaciones biométricas y tallas 2.1. Introducción………………………………………………………………………………. 28 2.2. Material y Métodos………………………………………………………………………. 31 2.3. Resultados ………………………………………………………………………………. 36 2.3.1. Colecciones…………………………………………………………………………….. 36 2.3.2. Biometrías……………………………………………………………………………… 36 2.3.3. Dimorfismo sexual……………………………………………………………….......... 42 2.3.4. Relación talla-peso……………………………………………………………….......... 42 2.3.5. Estimadores de densidad por Kernel y evaluación de multimodalidad……………… 46 2.4. Discusión………………………………………………………………………………..... 53 2.4.1. Biometrías y relación talla – peso ………………………………………………......... 53 2.4.2 Estimadores de densidad por Kernel y evaluación de multimodalidad…………............ 54 3. Capítulo 3. Edad y crecimiento 3.1. Introducción…………………………………………………………………………….... 56 3.2. Material y Métodos………………………………………………………………………. 58 3.3. Resultados ……………………………………………………………………………….. 69 3.3.1. Análisis de precisión de las lecturas…………………………………………………… 69 3.3.2. Incremento marginal (IM)………………………………………………………............ 71 3.3.3. Estructura de edades …………………………………………………………………… 73 3.3.4. Retrocálculo de longitudes……………………………………………………. 74 3.3.5. Crecimiento en longitud………………………………………………………. 79 3.3.6. Estimadores de densidad por Kernel (EDKs)………………………………... 79 3.3.7 ELEFAN I (Electronic Length Frequency Analysis) …………………………. 86 3.3.8. Mortalidad y longevidad………………………………………………………. 89 3.4. Discusión……………………………………………………………………………… 92 3.4.1. Análisis de precisión de las lecturas…………………………………………... 92 3.4.2. Incremento marginal…………………………………………………………… 93 3.4.3. Estructura de edades …………………………………………………………... 95 3.4.4 Retrocálculo de longitudes……………………………………………………… 96 3.4.5. Estimadores de densidad por Kernel (EDKs) ………………………………… 97 3.4.6. ELEFAN I………………………………………………………………………. 98 3.4.7. Modelo crecimiento…………………………………………………………….. 100 3.4.8. Mortalidad y longevidad……………………………………………………….. 102 4. Capítulo 4. Biología reproductiva 4.1. Introducción……………………………………………………………………………. 107 4.2. Materiales y métodos………………………………………………………………….. 109 4.3. Resultados …………………………………………………………………………….. 114 4.3.1. Distribución de tallas y proporción de sexos………………………………….. 114 4.3.2. Clasificación de madurez y desarrollo de ovocitos …………………………… 116 4.3.3. Estación de desove …………………………………………………………….. 121 4.3.4. Talla a la madurez………………………………………………………………. 126 4.3.5. Estimación de la fecundidad por camada y frecuencia del desove…………….. 128 4.4. Discusión……………………………………………………………………………….. 130 4.4.1. Distribución de talla y proporción de sexos…………………………………… 130 4.4.2. Clasificación de madurez y desarrollo de ovocitos ……………………………. 132 4.4.3. Estación de desove ……………………………………………………………… 135 4.4.4. Talla a la madurez……………………………………………………………….. 138 4.4.5. Estimación de la fecundidad por camada y frecuencia del desove…………….. 139 5 Capítulo 5. Variación de las capturas artesanales 5.1. Introducción…………………………………………………………………………….. 144 5.2. Material y métodos……………………………………………………………………... 145 5.3. Resultados ……………………………………………………………………………… 149 5.3.1 Aspectos de la pesquería………………………………………………………… 149 5.3.2. Análisis de la captura y su relación con la TSM y la concentración de Cl a …. 158 5.4. Discusión………………………………………………………………………………... 162 5.4.1. Aspectos pesqueros……………………………………………………………… 162 5.4.2. Análisis de la captura y su relación con la TSM y la concentración de Cl a ….. 164 6. Capítulo 6. Pesca deportiva 6.1. Introducción…………………………………………………………………………….. 169 6.2. Material y métodos……………………………………………………………………... 171 6.3. Resultados ……………………………………………………………………………… 173 6.4. Discusión………………………………………………………………………………... 177 7. Capítulo 7. Implicaciones para su manejo 7.1. Ecología trófica ...........……………………………………………………………….... 181 7.2. Evaluación de las pesquerías artesanales……………………………………………… 184 7.3. Consideraciones sociales, económicas y de subsistencia……………………………… 186 7.4. Pesca deportiva vs pesca artesanal…………………………………………………….. 190 7.5. Migración……………………………………………………………………………….. 194 7.6. Análisis de los parámetros poblacionales y manejo de la pesquería…………………. 200 7.7. Propuesta de recomendaciones para la explotación, manejo y conservación del dorado en el Pacífico Sur de México …...………………………………………….. 206 8. Capítulo 8. Conclusiones y Recomendaciones 8.1. Conclusiones……………………………………………………………………………. 210 8.2. Recomendaciones……………………………………………………………………….. 214 9. Literatura citada ………………………………………………………………………….. 216 10. Apéndice…………………………………………………………………………………… 236 Resumen Resumen El dorado Coryphaena hippurus es un pez epipelágico oceánico, se distribuye en aguas tropicales y subtropicales. Son peces con alta capacidad de dispersión por su migración a gran escala, es la especie objetivo de pesquerías comerciales y deportivas. En México es una especie reservada por ley a la pesca deportiva dentro de una franja de 50 millas de la costa, sin embargo se registra como parte importante de la captura incidental en las pesquerías artesanales del Pacífico mexicano. La información sobre los parámetros de historia de vida a lo largo de las zonas de captura constituye información útil para la elaboración de un plan de manejo del recurso. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron determinar la biología reproductiva, estimar los parámetros poblacionales y describir la pesquería del dorado capturado en el Pacífico Sur de México. Los resultados están basados en el análisis de datos de 3,494 hembras y 3,877 machos capturados por pesca artesanal en 6 localidades pesqueras en el periodo comprendido entre 2004 y 2007. La longitud furcal
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