The Emergence of Pacific Urban Villages Urbanization Trends in the Pacific Islands
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The Emergence of Pacific Urban Villages Urbanization Trends in the Pacific Islands This book seeks to explain the nature of settlements termed urban villages as set within the context of growing levels of urbanization in contemporary Pacific towns and cities. The book investigates the meaning and conceptualization of myriad forms of urban villages by examining the evolution of different types of settlement commonly known as native or traditional village, and more recently squatter and informal settlements. It views village like settlements such as squatter and informal settlements as a type of urban village, and examines the role these and other urban villages play in shaping and making the Pacific town and city and arguably, the Pacific village city. It presents key actions that Pacific countries and development partners need to consider as part of urban and national development plans when rethinking how to conceptualise the ongoing phenomena of urban villages, whilst achieving a more equitable distribution of the benefits of urbanization. About the Asian Development Bank ADB’s vision is an Asia and Pacific region free of poverty. Its mission is to help its developing member countries reduce poverty and improve the quality of life of their people. Despite the region’s many successes, it remains home to half of the world’s extreme poor. ADB is committed to reducing poverty through inclusive economic growth, environmentally sustainable growth, and regional integration. Based in Manila, ADB is owned by 67 members, including 48 from the region. Its main instruments for helping its developing member countries are policy dialogue, loans, equity investments, guarantees, grants, and technical assistance. PACIFIC STUDIES SERIES THE EMERGENCE OF PACIFIC URBAN VILLAGES URBANIZATION TRENDS IN THE PACIFIC ISLANDS ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK www.adb.org THE EMERGENCE OF PACIFIC URBAN VILLAGES URBANIZATION TRENDS IN THE PACIFIC ISLANDS ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) © 2016 Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 632 4444; Fax +63 2 636 2444 www.adb.org Some rights reserved. Published in 2016. Printed in the Philippines. ISBN 978-92-9257-609-7 (Print), 978-92-9257-610-3 (e-ISBN) Publication Stock No. RPT168446-2 Cataloging-In-Publication Data Asian Development Bank. The emergence of pacific urban villages: Urbanization trends in the Pacific islands. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2016. 1. Urban Villages. 2. Urbanization. 3. Pacific. I. Asian Development Bank. 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The English original of this work is the only official version. Adaptations—Any adaptations you create should carry the following disclaimer: This is an adaptation of an original work titled [title in italics]. © ADB. [URL or DOI][license]. The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of ADB or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not endorse this work or guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. Please contact [email protected] if you have questions or comments with respect to content, or if you wish to obtain copyright permission for your intended use that does not fall within these terms, or for permission to use the ADB logo. Cover photos are from Jude Kohlhase, Tuifaasisina L. Macquarie Mailo, and Paul Jones. Photos and figures images (except where otherwise indicated) are by the author. Notes: ADB recognizes “Hong Kong” as Hong Kong, China and “Fiji Islands” as Fiji. This report has been prepared by Paul Jones. The author would In this publication, “$” refers to US dollars. like to thank Jude Kohlhase, infrastructure specialist; Allison Corrigenda to ADB publications may be found at http://www.adb.org/ Woodruff, urban development specialist; and Cecilia C. Caparas, publications/corrigenda knowledge management analyst, Pacific Department, ADB, for coordinating and overseeing the publication. Contents Tables, Boxes, Figures, and Maps iv Foreword vi Abbreviations viii Acknowledgments ix Key Terminologies x Key Messages xiii Introduction 1 Revisiting Drivers and Responses to Pacific Urbanization 8 The Evolution of Settlement Types 31 Viewing Village‑Like Settlements as Urban Villages 54 Exploring the Notion of Village City 76 Managing the Diversity of People and Places in a Pacific Urban World 89 References 99 iii Tables, Boxes, Figures, and Maps Tables 1 Main Population Indicators for the Pacific Economies, 2013 12 2 Residents in Urban Informal and Squatter Settlements in Selected Pacific Economies 2015 41 3 Typology of Urban Villages in Pacific Towns and Cities 51 4 Evolution of Settlement and Urban Villages in the Pacific Economies 52 5 Proportion of Own Production in Food Consumption (Households in Lowest Income/Expenditure Decile) 71 6 Subsistence-Based Activities in Village-Like Settlements, Kiritimati Island, Kiribati 73 7 Concurrent Planning and Urban Development Processes Defining Pacific Towns and Cities 94 Boxes 1 The Concept of the “Rural Village in the City” 3 2 The Grand Modell of British Colonial Settlement 11 3 Urbanization Trends Pacific Economies: Defined by Diversity 15 4 Rural–Urban Migration to Port Vila 18 5 The National Urbanisation Policy for Papua New Guinea, 2010–2030 26 6 Squatters and Informal Settlements in Honiara 40 7 Pilot Fragility Assessment of an Informal Urban Settlement in Fiji 44 8 The Mota Koita People, Port Moresby 46 9 Informal Settlements in Fiji 49 10 Village Ways in the Towns and Cities of the Pacific 55 11 Heterogeneous Urban Villages—Kiritimati Island, Kiribati 58 12 Livelihood Strategies in the Settlements of Honiara 74 13 The Concept of Village Cities 76 Figures 1 Traditional Dancing in a Maneaba in South Tarawa 5 2 The Atoll of South Tarawa 14 3 Rural–Urban Migration as a Driver of Social, Economic, and Physical Changes 18 iv Tables, Boxes, Figures, and Maps 4 Government of Solomon Islands Decision to Prepare a National Urbanisation Policy 26 5 Sign Promoting the New Zealand Agency for International Development (NZAid) Sustainable Towns Program in South Tarawa, 2010 29 6 Encircled by Modern Development—the Native Village of Hanuabada, Port Moresby 33 7 Imposition of Order—‘Modern’ Village Planning and Architecture 35 8 The Native Village of Betio, South Tarawa 47 9 Land and Identity 56 10 The Multifunctionality of the Maneaba 57 11 Customary Land Practices Versus Plans of Modern Government 68 12 Cultural Permeation of Urban Areas: Tribesman Displaying their Identity and Strength at the launch of the PNG National Urbanisation Policy 85 13 Navigating the Form and Language of Modern Plans and Policies 86 14 Understanding the Making and Shaping of the Pacific Towns and Cities 95 15 Conceptual Approach to Analyzing Urban Villages 97 Maps 1 The Pacific’s Three Subregional Groupings: Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia 9 2 Major Pacific Towns and Cities by the Three Pacific Subregions 16 3 Indicative Land Tenure Pattern in Port Moresby 37 4 Native Villages and Squatter/Informal Settlements—Greater Suva Area, Fiji 82 5 Native Villages and Squatter/Informal Settlements—Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea 83 v Foreword In late 2012, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) launched a report on urbanization in the Pacific, The State of Pacific Towns and Cities: Urbanization in ADB’s Pacific Developing Member Countries. This report investigated urbanization trends across 14 Pacific developing member countries of ADB. It thoroughly examined the history of Pacific urbanization, the current state of infrastructure and service provision within urban areas, and systems of urban governance. It also presented key actions that Pacific economies needed to take to manage urban growth, meet the needs of their urban citizens, and benefit from the potential of the urban economy. Central to this assessment was the need by governments and development partners in the Pacific to meet the escalating demand for urban housing, land, and infrastructure on infill and edge lands.