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Macroinvertebrates of the Pacific Northwest

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Macroinvertebrates of the Pacific Northwest A FIELD GUIDE Companion to the CD-ROM Stream Bugs as Biomonitors: Guide to Pacific Northwest Macroinvertebrate Monitoring Jeff Adams and Mace Vaughan THE XERCES SOCIETY Ephemeroptera: Baetidae Ephemeroptera: Ameletidae Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae (small minnow mayflies) (ameletid minnow mayflies) (spiny crawler mayflies) (prong-gill mayflies) Habitat: flowing and still waters Habitat: rocks; flowing waters Habitat: rocks; flowing waters Habitat: flowing and still waters Behavior: swimmers Behavior: swimmers/clingers Behavior: clingers Behavior: swimmers/clingers Feeding: collector-gatherers Feeding: collector-gatherers Feeding: collector-gatherers Feeding: collector-gatherers Tolerance: tolerant Tolerance: moderate Tolerance: sensitive Tolerance: moderate The most common mayflies; Sometimes common in small, Diverse in number of species Very common; found in a variety have 2 or 3 tails and round, flat mountain streams; 3-tailed and appearance; when resting, of freshwater habitats; have 3 tails gills; the antennae are much mayflies with a striking color the gills may move rapidly; and usually have long, forked longer than the head is wide; in a pattern, a large head, and short gills are never present on the gills; may have tusks at lower sample tray, usually dart or swim antennae; have round, flat gills first and second abdominal elevations; undulate through the quickly, stop, float down with with a dark line on the outside; segments; usually crawl around water of a sample tray and often legs spread, then swim again. fast-swimming. the bottom of a sample tray. wave gills when resting. Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae Ephemeroptera: Leptohyphidae Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae Plecoptera: Peltoperlidae (flat-headed mayflies) (little stout crawler mayflies) (common burrower mayflies) (roach-like stoneflies) Habitat: rocks; flowing waters Habitat: warmer valley streams Habitat: pools and edges of Habitat: rocks, mosses, leaf Behavior: clingers and rivers valley streams and rivers packs; flowing water Feeding: scrapers Behavior: clingers Behavior: burrowers Behavior: clingers Tolerance: moderate Feeding: scrapers Feeding: collector-gatherers Feeding: shredders Mayflies with very flattened bod- Tolerance: tolerant Tolerance: tolerant Tolerance: sensitive ies and 2 or 3 tails; legs spread Stout-bodied mayflies; usually Large, soft-bodied, and usually Small stoneflies; shaped like to the sides; the head appears tan or beige with 3 tails; the pair yellowish to gray; the front of tear drops with very short tails; rounded with large eyes; some- of gills on the second abdominal the head has tusks; gills on the legs relatively short; the gills times swim in a sample tray by segment are large triangular abdomen are large and feather- are hidden under wingpads; undulating awkwardly, but usu- plates that cover the remaining like; burrow in mud and soft look like tiny roaches; slow and ally cling closely to the bottom. gills. sediments; rare in rocky riffles. camouflaged in a sample tray. Plecoptera: Pteronarcyidae Plecoptera: Perlidae Plecoptera: Perlodidae Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae (giant stoneflies) (golden stoneflies) (little yellow stoneflies) (little green stoneflies) Habitat: rocks, leaf packs; Habitat: rocks; flowing waters Habitat: rocks; flowing waters Habitat: rocks, leaf packs; flowing waters Behavior: clingers Behavior: clingers flowing water Behavior: clingers Feeding: predators Feeding: predators Behavior: clingers Feeding: shredders Tolerance: sensitive Tolerance: moderate Feeding: predators Tolerance: moderate Large, active stoneflies with Medium-sized, active, diverse Tolerance: moderate The largest stoneflies, with dark clusters of finger-like gills stoneflies; look similar to golden Common, small, tan stoneflies; bodies and short tails; slow and between their legs and some- stoneflies, but without clusters the abdomen is long, widest in the lumbering; clusters of white gills times between their tails; color of gills; may have one or two middle; tails are shorter than the cover the underside of the thorax; ranges from tan to black with finger-like gills between their length of the abdomen; they crawl the top of the first thoracic seg- light color patterns; gills are legs; may have light stripes near the bottom or sometimes wig- ment may have pointed corners. less obvious in earlier instars. running down the abdomen. gle in the water of a sample tray. Plecoptera: Nemouridae Plecoptera: Leuctridae Plecoptera: Capniidae Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae (little brown stoneflies) (rolled-winged stoneflies) (slender winter stoneflies) (net-spinner caddisflies) Habitat: rocks, organic debris; Habitat: rocks, leaf packs; Habitat: rocks, leaf packs; Habitat: rocks; flowing waters flowing water flowing water flowing water Behavior: clingers Behavior: clingers Behavior: sprawlers/clingers Behavior: sprawlers/clingers Feeding: collector-filterers Feeding: shredders Feeding: shredders Feeding: shredders Tolerance: tolerant Tolerance: moderate Tolerance: moderate Tolerance: sensitive Have solid plates on top of all Very common; small, hairy, red- Long, thin stoneflies; bodies Bodies are gray to tan; the ab- 3 thoracic segments and a tuft dish-brown stoneflies; the legs uniformly gray to reddish- domen is usually widest in the of hair on each of the 2 legs at are relatively long; most have brown; the entire abdomen is middle; the tails are long; very the end of the abdomen; build small gills beneath the neck or the same width; the tails are small in late summer or fall stationary shelters; in a sample head; crawl slowly and blend long, but break easily; may samples; may get caught in the tray, wiggle side-to-side or crawl into the debris in a sample tray. look very similar to a fir needle. surface tension of a sample tray. with body hunched up. Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae Trichoptera: Philopotamidae Trichoptera: Psychomyiidae Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae (free-living caddisflies) (finger-net caddisflies) (net-tube caddisflies) (tube-maker caddisflies) Habitat: rocks; flowing waters Habitat: under rocks; flowing Habitat: rocks; flowing waters Habitat: solid substrates; flowing Behavior: clingers waters Behavior: clingers or still water Feeding: predators Behavior: clingers Feeding: collector-gatherers Behavior: clingers Tolerance: moderate Feeding: collector-filterers Tolerance: moderate Feeding: predators The only caddisflies that do not Tolerance: moderate Similar to free-living and tube- Tolerance: moderate build shelters or cases; most are The bodies are usually yellowish maker caddisflies, but have no The heads usually have many bright green to greenish-brown; with tan heads; unlike others plate on the last abdominal dark spots; the long bodies are may or may not have gills; un- on this page, have a white fleshy segment and lack spots on the usually pinkish; have no plate like others on this page, have extension at the front of the head; have a hatchet-shaped ap- on top of the last abdominal a hard plate on top of the last head; build stationary shelters; pendage at the base of the front segment; build stationary abdominal segment. wiggle actively in a sample tray. legs; build stationary shelters. shelters. Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae Trichoptera: Leptoceridae (saddle-case-maker caddisflies) (purse-case-maker caddisflies) (snail-case-maker caddisflies) (longhorned case-maker Habitat: rocks; flowing waters Habitat: mostly slower waters Habitat: gravels; flowing waters caddisflies) Behavior: clingers Behavior: clingers/climbers Behavior: clingers/climbers Habitat: most fresh waters Feeding: scrapers Feeding: scrapers Feeding: scrapers Behavior: clingers/sprawlers Tolerance: moderate Tolerance: tolerant Tolerance: tolerant Feeding: predators/collector-gath- The body is distinctive with dark Mature larvae of these algae Unmistakable, coiled sand erers hard parts on the head, the legs, eaters build purse-like cases of cases are shaped like a snail; Tolerance: moderate and the top of the first thoracic silk with sand or algae; the body the body is also dramatically The cases are made of sand or segment; the body is slightly is usually distinctly flattened curved; found from cold springs organic debris; the hind leg is long curved, as is the unique tortoise- side-to-side, with hard plates on to warm rivers and from fast and curved behind the head; the shell-like case that these caddis- the top of each thoracic segment; streams to lake shores, but most only caddisflies with antennae flies build of sand and pebbles. small and difficult to see. common in large warm rivers. long enough to be noticeable. Trichoptera: Brachycentridae Trichoptera: Lepidostomatidae Trichoptera: Uenoidae Trichoptera: Limnephilidae (humpless case-maker (case-maker caddisflies) (case-maker caddisflies) (northern case-maker caddisflies) Habitat: slower current of Habitat: rocks; flowing waters caddisflies) Habitat: flowing waters smaller streams Behavior: clingers Habitat: most fresh waters Behavior: clingers/climbers Behavior: climbers/sprawlers Feeding: scrapers Behavior: climbers/sprawlers Feeding: shredders/collectors Feeding: shredders Tolerance: moderate Feeding: shredders Tolerance: moderate Tolerance: sensitive Relatively common case-maker Tolerance: moderate Diverse in appearance and The case can be spiraling pieces caddisflies; the case is either Diverse group of large caddisflies. feeding; the case is either round of plant matter,
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  • Life History and Production of Mayflies, Stoneflies, and Caddisflies (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera) in a Spring-Fe

    Life History and Production of Mayflies, Stoneflies, and Caddisflies (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera) in a Spring-Fe

    Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen 1083 Life history and production of mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera) in a spring-fed stream in Prince Edward Island, Canada: evidence for population asynchrony in spring habitats? Michelle Dobrin and Donna J. Giberson Abstract: We examined the life history and production of the Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) commu- nity along a 500-m stretch of a hydrologically stable cold springbrook in Prince Edward Island during 1997 and 1998. Six mayfly species (Ephemeroptera), 6 stonefly species (Plecoptera), and 11 caddisfly species (Trichoptera) were collected from benthic and emergence samples from five sites in Balsam Hollow Brook. Eleven species were abundant enough for life-history and production analysis: Baetis tricaudatus, Cinygmula subaequalis, Epeorus (Iron) fragilis,andEpeorus (Iron) pleuralis (Ephemeroptera), Paracapnia angulata, Sweltsa naica, Leuctra ferruginea, Amphinemura nigritta,and Nemoura trispinosa (Plecoptera), and Parapsyche apicalis and Rhyacophila brunnea (Trichoptera). Life-cycle timing of EPT taxa in Balsam Hollow Brook was generally similar to other literature reports, but several species showed extended emergence periods when compared with other studies, suggesting a reduction in synchronization of life-cycle timing, pos- sibly as a result of the thermal patterns in the stream. Total EPT secondary production (June 1997 to May 1998) was 2.74–2.80 g·m–2·year–1 dry mass (size-frequency method). Mayflies were dominant, with a production rate of 2.2 g·m–2·year–1 dry mass, followed by caddisflies at 0.41 g·m–2·year–1 dry mass, and stoneflies at 0.19 g·m–2·year–1 dry mass.