Kosovo Specialist Court: a New Way to Seek Justice for Unpunished Crimes and Human Rights Violations in Kosovo?

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Kosovo Specialist Court: a New Way to Seek Justice for Unpunished Crimes and Human Rights Violations in Kosovo? Master’s Degree in Comparative International Relations Final Thesis Kosovo Specialist Court: a new way to seek justice for unpunished crimes and human rights violations in Kosovo? A possible solution against the weakness of international and domestic systems Supervisor Chiar.ma Prof.ssa Sara De Vido Assistant supervisor Chiar.mo Prof. Fabrizio Marrella Graduand Annalisa Canova Matriculation number: 876622 Academic Year 2019 / 2020 I Ai miei genitori II III TABLE OF CONTENT ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY ................................................................................. 9 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 1 - Human rights abuses and humanitarian law violations in Kosovo ................... 19 1.1. A brief history of struggle for independence 20 1.1.1. Historical and political background of the 1998-1999 conflict and the role of ethnicity ............................... 20 1.1.2. Kosovo War and NATO’s intervention .......................................................................................................... 24 1.1.3. International administration and the reconstruction of the judicial system .................................................... 27 1.1.4. Kosovo’s unilateral declaration of independence and the reconfiguration of the international presence ...... 31 1.2. Human rights and humanitarian law violations during the Yugoslav and Kosovo wars 35 1.2.1. FRY obligations, application of relevant norms and violations of international instruments ........................ 35 1.2.2. OSCE-KVM’s reports and major war crimes during the conflict .................................................................. 41 1.2.3. Civilian causalities during NATO’s Operation Allied Force: a violation of humanitarian law? ................... 45 1.3. Human rights abuses and violations after the war: the KLA between suspicion and revenge 49 1.3.1. Violations of minority’s rights ........................................................................................................................ 50 1.3.2. Attacks on Ethnic Albanians ........................................................................................................................... 52 1.3.3. Violence in Serbian detention centres ............................................................................................................ 54 1.4. Fighting the stigma: civil Society, NGOs and Human Rights Activists supporting the victims 56 1.5. Conclusions 59 CHAPTER 2 - International and hybrid criminal courts prosecuting international crimes ... 61 2.1. Accountability for violations of international criminal law: from Nuremberg and Tokyo to the ICTR and ICTY 64 2.1.1. Individual responsibility for crimes under international law .......................................................................... 66 2.2. ICTY’s investigations and prosecutions for international crimes in Kosovo 67 2.2.1. ICTY mandate, structure and jurisdiction ....................................................................................................... 67 2.2.2. ICTY’s first investigations in Kosovo and FRY’s lack of cooperation .......................................................... 69 2.2.3. The Tribunal’s achievements and limitations ................................................................................................. 72 2.3. ICC: the first permanent international criminal court 77 2.3.1. ICC mandate, structure and jurisdiction ......................................................................................................... 77 2.3.2. Individuals indicted by the ICC ...................................................................................................................... 80 2.3.3. The limits of the ICC’s jurisdiction in the Kosovo war .................................................................................. 81 2.4. The emergence of new “hybrid” courts 83 2.4.1. International and hybrid criminal courts: how can they coexist? ................................................................... 85 2.4.2. Strengths and weaknesses of hybrid tribunals as a mechanism for justice in post-conflict societies ............. 88 2.5. Conclusions 91 IV CHAPTER 3 - Failure of domestic and international systems in prosecuting violations in Kosovo ............................................................................................................................................... 93 3.1. UNMIK and EULEX’s failure 94 3.1.1. UNMIK’s lack of protection and violations of human rights ......................................................................... 94 3.1.2. EULEX: from hope to disappointment ......................................................................................................... 103 3.2. The weakness of the Kosovar judiciary 110 3.2.1. Kosovar police and prosecutors’ failure in investigating human rights violations and lack of professionalism ....................................................................................................................................................... 111 3.2.2. Shortcomings of domestic courts and trials .................................................................................................. 116 3.3. Conclusions 120 CHAPTER 4 - Kosovo Specialist Chambers and Specialist Prosecutor’s Office: a new solution for justice? ....................................................................................................................... 123 4.1. Dick Marty’s report and the establishment of the KSC and SPO 126 4.1.1. The Tribunal’s mandate and structure .......................................................................................................... 129 4.1.2. KSC rules of procedure and evidence (RPE) and victims’ participation in the proceedings ....................... 130 4.1.3. KSC, ICTY and ICC: a comparison with respect to the case of Kosovo ..................................................... 133 4.2. An assessment of the potential impact of the KSC and SPO: opportunities and limits 138 4.2.1. Potential positive impacts and opportunities ................................................................................................ 138 4.2.2. Potential risks and mitigating solutions ........................................................................................................ 141 4.3. Public perception of the KSC and SPO 145 4.3.1. A strongly disputed tribunal: between hope and scepticism ......................................................................... 147 4.4. The first cases and President Thaçi’s war crimes indictment 151 4.5. Conclusions 157 CONCLUSIONS AND FINAL CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................... 159 BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................................... 165 WEBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................................... 173 LIST OF TREATIES, CONVENTIONS, AGREEMENTS AND CONSTITUTIONS .......... 187 RINGRAZIAMENTI .................................................................................................................... 191 V Credits for this image go to the talented Costanza Zaetta, who was able to seize the essence of my thesis and to visually bring to life the quote below. “We must fight uncompromisingly against impunity for the perpetrators of serious human rights violations. The fact that these were committed in the context of a violent conflict could never justify a decision to refrain from prosecuting anyone who has committed such acts. There cannot and must not be one justice for the winners and another for the losers.” Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights VI VII Source: Cleve Baldwin, “Minority Rights in Kosovo under International Rule”, Minority Rights Group International report, July 2006. VIII bianca IX ABSTRACT Tra il 1990 e il 1999, appena cinquant’anni dopo la fine del conflitto mondiale più sanguinoso nella storia dell’umanità in termini di perdite di vite umane, distruzione sistematica e pianificata di interi popoli, brutalità della violenza e utilizzo di armi di distruzione di massa sulla popolazione civile e inerme, il territorio dei Balcani venne insanguinato da nuovi violenti conflitti inter-etnici, fomentati dall’imperante nazionalismo riemerso a seguito della morte del Presidente della Repubblica Socialista Federale di Jugoslavia Josip Broz Tito. La violenza dei crimini e le violazioni dei diritti umani e del diritto internazionale umanitario commessi in questo decennio non si limitarono a destabilizzare gli equilibri nella regione e portare alla definitiva dissoluzione dell’ex Jugoslavia, ma attirarono l’interesse dell’intera comunità internazionale sul tema della giustizia e della responsabilità penale dell’individuo a livello internazionale: l’idea alla base di tali concetti è che le norme internazionali vòlte alla tutela di interessi e beni universali non vincolano né creano degli obblighi solo in capo agli Stati ma anche direttamente in capo ai singoli individui. Tale visione moderna della responsabilità penale per la commissione di crimini internazionali, ossia delle violazioni più gravi delle norme internazionali a tutela dei diritti umani e del diritto
Recommended publications
  • War Crimes Prosecution Watch, Vol. 14, Issue 09
    PILPG Logo Case School of Law Logo War Crimes Prosecution Watch Editor-in-Chief Alexandra Hassan FREDERICK K. COX Volume 14 - Issue 09 INTERNATIONAL LAW CENTER June 08, 2019 Technical Editor-in-Chief Kurt Harris Founder/Advisor Michael P. Scharf Managing Editors Gloria Neilson Faculty Advisor Mary Preston Jim Johnson War Crimes Prosecution Watch is a bi-weekly e-newsletter that compiles official documents and articles from major news sources detailing and analyzing salient issues pertaining to the investigation and prosecution of war crimes throughout the world. To subscribe, please email [email protected] and type "subscribe" in the subject line. Opinions expressed in the articles herein represent the views of their authors and are not necessarily those of the War Crimes Prosecution Watch staff, the Case Western Reserve University School of Law or Public International Law & Policy Group. Contents AFRICA NORTH AFRICA Libya Haftar’s forces kidnap women in Derna, eastern Libya (The Libya Observer) UNHCR secures release of 96 detainees from Libya’s Zintan detention centre (UNHCR) Lawyers sue EU for migrant deaths, atrocities at Libyan torture houses (Business Standard) CENTRAL AFRICA Central African Republic CAR’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission begins work (Journal du Cameroun) Armed group in C. Africa agrees to remove barricades (Journal du Cameroun) Sudan & South Sudan 35 Dead as Sudan Troops Move Against Democracy Protesters (The Associated Press) South Sudan: Government Forces Abusing Civilians (Human Rights Watch) Hemeti - the warlord who may control Sudan’s future (BBC) Democratic Republic of the Congo WEST AFRICA Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) Lake Chad Region — Chad, Nigeria, Niger, and Cameroon Cameroonian soldiers accused of killing baby as family flees (The Guardian) Mali UN report calls for maintaining Mali mission, bolstering Mopti deployment (TheDefensePost) Liberia Liberia: ‘General Mosquito’ Issues Disclaimer on Woewiyu U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Voices of Survivors of Conflict-Related Sexual Violence and Service-Providers
    1 IN THEIR OWN WORDSVOICES OF SURVIVORS OF CONFLICT-RELATED SEXUAL VIOLENCE AND SERVICE-PROVIDERS Artwork | Ilir Blakcori 2 IN THEIR OWN WORDS VOICES OF SURVIVORS OF CONFLICT-RELATED SEXUAL VIOLENCE AND SERVICE-PROVIDERS FOREWORD When the COVID-19 pandemic struck, I was immediately in New York, in the spirit of connecting frontline actors from confronted with the challenge of how to continue effectively theatres of war with donors, diplomats and political leaders delivering my mandate to prevent and address the scourge on the world stage. of conflict-related sexual violence. In particular, I grappled with the question of how to keep the voices and perspectives In that same spirit, the present Digital Book arises from a of survivors at the heart of these efforts. As travel commitment to be guided by “ground truths” and to keep restrictions, lockdowns and remote working arrangements the voices of survivors at the heart of global efforts, despite took effect, field missions were suspended, and resources COVID-related restrictions and constraints. This platform is a redirected, I became gravely concerned that the plight of new way of continuing our efforts to bring survivors together sexual violence survivors would be forgotten. Moreover, it across time and space, in order to foster dialogue, a sense soon became clear that this unprecedented public health of community, and solace in solidarity. It complements crisis would exacerbate the humanitarian effects of armed the Report of the Secretary-General on Conflict-Related conflict, population displacement, and structural gender- Sexual Violence, which is compiled annually by my Office, based inequality, slowing the pace of justice and disrupting illustrating that behind every statistic there is a mother, essential services, as courts and clinics were forced to close son, daughter, sister or friend, each one unique and their doors.
    [Show full text]
  • Rule of Law SEE 04 April 2021 Download
    Konrad-Adenauer Stiftung e.V. Rule of Law Programme South East Europe April 2021 www.kas.de/rlpsee Rule of Law - South East Europe Press Review April 2021 Disclaimer: This Press Review is issued for general information purpose only and is based on open media sources and those available through subscription. Articles selected for this review are shortened from the original or are reproduced as originally published. Inclusion of articles in this Press Review does not imply accuracy of the content or endorsement by Konrad Adenauer Stiftung e.V. (KAS) or its regional programme “KAS Rule of Law Programme South East Europe” Content Regional ..................................................................................................................... 4 Human Rights Worsened in Central, Southeast Europe, in Pandemic – Amnesty ... 4 Media Freedom Deteriorated in Europe amid Pandemic, Report Warns ................. 7 Albania ...................................................................................................................... 9 Parliament Simplifies Requirement for Appointment of Constitutional Court Members .......................................................................................................................... 9 Albania Prosecutors Investigate Socialists’ Big-Brother-Style Database ............... 10 Albanian Government Prevents Emigrants from Voting, Imposes Quarantine .... 12 Freedom House: Hybrid-Regime Albania Registers Eight-Year Democracy Low.... 13 Bosnia and Herzegovina .......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Kosovo's Wartime Victims: the Questforjustice" April 30Th, 2019
    KOSOVO’S WARTIME VICTIMS: THE QUEST FOR JUSTICE HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED SIXTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION April 30, 2019 Serial No. 116–28 Printed for the use of the Committee on Foreign Affairs ( Available: http://www.foreignaffairs.house.gov/, http://docs.house.gov, or http://www.govinfo.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 36–132PDF WASHINGTON : 2019 COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS ELIOT L. ENGEL, New York, Chairman BRAD SHERMAN, California MICHAEL T. MCCAUL, Texas, Ranking GREGORY W. MEEKS, New York Member ALBIO SIRES, New Jersey CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey GERALD E. CONNOLLY, Virginia STEVE CHABOT, Ohio THEODORE E. DEUTCH, Florida JOE WILSON, South Carolina KAREN BASS, California SCOTT PERRY, Pennsylvania WILLIAM KEATING, Massachusetts TED S. YOHO, Florida DAVID CICILLINE, Rhode Island ADAM KINZINGER, Illinois AMI BERA, California LEE ZELDIN, New York JOAQUIN CASTRO, Texas JIM SENSENBRENNER, Wisconsin DINA TITUS, Nevada ANN WAGNER, Missouri ADRIANO ESPAILLAT, New York BRIAN MAST, Florida TED LIEU, California FRANCIS ROONEY, Florida SUSAN WILD, Pennsylvania BRIAN FITZPATRICK, Pennsylvania DEAN PHILLIPS, Minnesota JOHN CURTIS, Utah ILHAN OMAR, Minnesota KEN BUCK, Colorado COLIN ALLRED, Texas RON WRIGHT, Texas ANDY LEVIN, Michigan GUY RESCHENTHALER, Pennsylvania ABIGAIL SPANBERGER, Virginia TIM BURCHETT, Tennessee CHRISSY HOULAHAN, Pennsylvania GREG PENCE, Indiana TOM MALINOWSKI, New Jersey STEVE WATKINS, Kansas DAVID TRONE, Maryland MIKE GUEST, Mississippi JIM COSTA, California JUAN VARGAS, California VICENTE GONZALEZ, Texas JASON STEINBAUM, Staff Director BRENDAN SHIELDS, Republican Staff Director (II) C O N T E N T S Page WITNESSES Jahjaga, Atifete, Former President, Republic of Kosovo ...................................... 8 Williams, Dr. Paul, Professor, Washington College of Law, American Univer- sity ........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Engineering an Ethnic Mosaic: the Institutionalization of Civic Nationalism in Kosovo, Israel, and the West Bank
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons CUREJ - College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal College of Arts and Sciences 2-2020 Engineering an Ethnic Mosaic: The Institutionalization of Civic Nationalism in Kosovo, Israel, and the West Bank Jordan L. Dewar University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/curej Part of the Comparative Politics Commons Recommended Citation Dewar, Jordan L., "Engineering an Ethnic Mosaic: The Institutionalization of Civic Nationalism in Kosovo, Israel, and the West Bank" 01 February 2020. CUREJ: College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal, University of Pennsylvania, https://repository.upenn.edu/curej/236. This is a revised version of the thesis previously published in 2019. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/curej/236 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Engineering an Ethnic Mosaic: The Institutionalization of Civic Nationalism in Kosovo, Israel, and the West Bank Abstract A perfect storm of ethnic-based violence is on the horizon, spurred on by increasing diversity, climate change, and the inability of many societies to handle these trends. This thesis examines the ways through which elites are incentivized to build institutions promoting a specific type of identity and how institutional structures use different means to promote the desired identity. It also addresses the ways through which state-based identity can be adapted to be inclusive while remaining salient. This will be done both through examinations of existing theory surrounding state structure and identity as well as two case studies where identity is a key factor. The first case study being development of identity in Kosovo, which embarked on an institutionally-based process of forming a civic-national identity after its independence in 2008.
    [Show full text]