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ANÁLISIS DE TRADUCCIÓN DE CRANFORD DE ELIZABETH GASKELL Marina Alonso Gómez

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ANÁLISIS DE TRADUCCIÓN DE CRANFORD DE ELIZABETH GASKELL Marina Alonso Gómez Máster Traducción Especializada Universidad de Córdoba ANÁLISIS DE TRADUCCIÓN DE CRANFORD DE ELIZABETH GASKELL Marina Alonso Gómez Trabajo Fin de Máster 2013-2014 Tutora: Dra. Ángeles García Calderón ÍNDICE 0. INTRODUCCIÓN … 3 Justificación … 3 Estructura … 5 1. LA NOVELA SOCIAL INGLESA EN EL SIGLO XIX: CHARLES DICKENS, BENJAMIN DISRAELI Y CHARLES KINGSLEY … 8 1.1 Charles Dickens: su figura y su obra … 12 1.2 Benjamin Disraeli: su figura y su obra … 31 1.3 Charles Kingsley: su figura y su obra … 42 2. ELIZABETH GASKELL … 54 2.1 Su figura y su producción literaria … 54 2.1.1 Cranford … 65 2.1.1.1 Recepción de la obra … 67 3. CRANFORD TRADUCIDA AL ESPAÑOL Y AL FRANCÉS … 76 3.1 Ediciones de la obra … 76 3.1.1 Traducción española y francesa: los traductores … 78 3.1.2 Presencia del traductor … 82 3.1.3 Aspectos culturales … 83 3.1.3.1 Antropónimos … 83 3.1.3.2 Topónimos … 84 3.1.3.3 Personajes … 87 3.1.3.4 Reino animal … 87 3.1.3.5 Gastronomía … 88 3.1.3.6 Indumentaria … 90 3.1.3.7 Esparcimiento … 92 3.1.3.8 Medios de transporte … 93 1 3.1.3.9 Hogar … 94 3.1.3.10 Tratamientos … 95 3.1.3.11 Unidades de media y peso … 97 3.1.4 Aspectos lingüísticos … 98 3.1.4.1 Interjecciones y onomatopeyas … 98 3.1.4.2 Elementos ortotipográficos … 98 3.1.4.3 Extranjerismos … 100 3.1.4.4 Idiolectos … 102 3.1.4.5 Metáforas … 105 3.1.4.6 Modismos … 106 3.1.5 Omisiones, adiciones y alteraciones … 108 3.1.5.1 Omisiones … 108 3.1.5.2 Adiciones … 108 3.1.5.3 Alteraciones … 109 3.1.5 Otros errores … 111 3.1.5.1 De sentido … 111 3.1.5.1.1 Términos aislados … 111 3.1.5.1.2 Estructuras complejas … 112 3.1.5.2 De sintaxis … 120 3.1.6 Traducción francesa … 123 CONCLUSIONES … 125 BIBLIOGRAFÍA … 129 Diccionarios utilizados … 135 2 0. INTRODUCCIÓN Justificación El presente trabajo consiste en el análisis de la traducción al español de una de las novelas cortas de la autora inglesa del siglo XIX Elizabeth Gaskell, titulada Cranford. Más concretamente, se analiza la traducción realizada por María Faidella Martí, publicada por la editorial Alba en 2012, utilizando como referente la edición de la obra original publicada por la editorial Penguin en 1986 y reimpresa en 2004 bajo la dirección de Peter Keating; esta elección está motivada por el hecho de que ambas, original y traducción, explicitan estar basadas en la edición de Cranford originalmente publicada en 1864. Esta edición, ilustrada por G. du Maurier, fue publicada por Smith & Elder y reimpresa en 1866, 1867 y 1870. Por otra parte, como apoyo comparativo de cara al análisis de traducción se utiliza la versión francesa de Béatrice Vierne, publicada por la editorial L’Herne en 2009 Elizabeth Gaskell (1810-1865), autora de obras como Mary Barton, Ruth, North and South, Cousin Phillis o Wives and Daughters, fue una de las escritoras más conocidas e influyentes de la época victoriana. A pesar de que en la actualidad sus obras no gocen de tanta popularidad como las de otros de sus contemporáneos, en el momento de su publicación gozaron de gran difusión y desde entonces han sido reeditadas en numerosas ocasiones y traducidas a varios idiomas. Sin embargo, hasta ahora no se ha prestado atención alguna al estudio de la traducción de su narrativa al español, ni en general, ni en el caso de obras concretas, como es el de Cranford en el presente trabajo. Cranford fue publicada originalmente por entregas entre 1851 y 1853 y en forma de libro el mismo año en que apareció su último capítulo. Esta novela corta constituye además un caso de especial interés dentro de la obra de Gaskell, tanto por tratarse de uno de sus trabajos más populares y por haber sido utilizado en ocasiones para tipificar su producción, como por sus características narrativas. Al igual que ocurre con el resto de las novelas de Gaskell, su traducción al español (se han localizado al menos otras 3 cuatro traducciones además de la de Faidella Martí) no ha sido objeto de estudios traductológicos. Los objetivos del presente trabajo serán, en primer lugar, tratar de identificar y analizar las dificultades de traducción presentes en la obra Cranford de Elizabeth Gaskell, fundamental, aunque no exclusivamente, de tipo léxico; en segundo lugar, estudiar tanto la naturaleza como el efecto de las soluciones propuestas por la traducción de Faidella Martí, utilizando como ayuda comparativa las opciones de traducción de la versión francesa de Vierne; y en tercer lugar, intentar determinar si la traducción de Faidella Martí presenta un estilo definido, principalmente, si puede adscribirse al polo de adecuación o al de aceptabilidad. El primer y el segundo objetivos, al estar interrelacionados, se abordaron de forma conjunta. En primer lugar, se llevó a cabo una cuidadosa lectura de la obra original en la que se tomó nota de todos aquellos términos, expresiones o estructuras que se consideraron a priori posiblemente problemáticos. Esta lectura se realizó en paralelo a la de las versiones española y francesa, en las que además de identificarse las traducciones de aquellos elementos que se habían considerado posiblemente problemáticos en la obra original, se tomó nota de otros que también podían resultar interesantes, ya fuera respecto al original inglés o por comparación entre ellas. A continuación se estudiaron las opciones de traducción al español de todos estos elementos, para así determinar tanto la estrategia que había decidido adoptar la traductora frente a ellos como lo efectivo de su resultado, utilizando como referencia comparativa la traducción francesa. De esta forma se comprobó también qué términos, expresiones y estructuras habían resultado efectivamente problemáticos de cara a su traducción. El tercer objetivo se abordó analizando una serie de características de la traducción española que, en su conjunto, permitieran determinar su estilo, como son las estrategias adoptadas frente a los problemas de traducción, pero también la presencia de la traductora en el texto, la formalidad del lenguaje o el léxico utilizado. 4 Por último, se ha procurado, asimismo, sugerir posibles líneas de investigación para el futuro basadas en los resultados obtenidos en el presente trabajo o relacionadas con estos. Estructura El presente trabajo está dividido en tres grandes capítulos, además de la presente introducción, las conclusiones y las referencias bibliográficas. En el primer capítulo se analiza el movimiento literario al que se afilia generalmente la obra de Elizabeth Gaskell, esto es, la novela social inglesa de mediados del siglo XIX. Este capítulo comienza con una introducción acerca de las circunstancias históricas, sociales y políticas cuya conjunción en la Inglaterra victoriana tuvo como resultado el apogeo de la llamada novela social. A continuación, se menciona a tres autores que suelen considerarse claves para entender este género literario: el novelista Charles Dickens, el político Benjamin Disraeli y el clérigo Charles Kingsley. Las secciones dedicadas a cada uno de estos autores se organizan siguiendo el mismo patrón; en primer lugar se resumen sus biografías en tanto novelistas y/u hombres de Estado o de la Iglesia, en segundo lugar se analiza su papel específico dentro del movimiento de la novela social y por último se incluye un resumen comentado de sus principales obras, especialmente aquellas más relevantes para el tema que nos ocupa. El segundo capítulo está dedicado en su totalidad a la vida y la obra de Elizabeth Gaskell. La primera sección se organiza siguiendo el mismo esquema empleado en el caso de sus contemporáneos Dickens, Disraeli y Kingsley: en primer lugar se exponen los principales hechos biográficos de la vida de Gaskell, a continuación se analiza su faceta como escritora de novela social y finalmente se recogen las sinopsis de sus obras más importantes, así como comentarios de críticos tanto contemporáneos como actuales acerca de las mismas. La última sección de este capítulo está íntegramente dedicada a la obra de Gaskell Cranford. En primer lugar se resume el argumento de la novela y, a continuación, se comenta la recepción de la misma, lo que incluye tanto las opiniones de los críticos literarios en el momento de su publicación, en el siglo XIX, como toda una serie de artículos publicados a lo largo de los siglos XX y XXI en los que se 5 tratan muy diversos aspectos de la misma, desde la estructura hasta la voz narrativa, pasando por la progresión de la historia y su análisis feminista o económico. El tercer capítulo se centra en analizar la traducción de Cranford al español (y, en menor medida, al francés), para lo cual se utilizan tanto diccionarios monolingües como plurilingües en español y en inglés, así como las notas del editor a la versión inglesa de Cranford. El capítulo comienza resumiendo la historia editorial de Cranford y presentando la versión original empleada en el análisis (a saber, la de Penguin, publicada por primera vez en 1986, reimpresa en 2004 y basada en la edición de 1864), así como las traducciones de la obra existentes en español y en francés y las versiones concretas utilizadas en el presente trabajo (a saber, la de María Faidella Martí para Alba y la de Béatrice Vierne para L’Herne, respectivamente). A continuación se analizan las opciones y estrategias de traducción empleadas en la traducción española, utilizando puntualmente la traducción francesa de forma auxiliar o comparativa. El análisis se divide en dos grandes secciones, la de las cuestiones de índole fundamentalmente cultural y la de las cuestiones de naturaleza más lingüística. En el primer caso se comentan aspectos culturales como los nombres propios, la gastronomía, la moda, los medios de transporte, los juegos de cartas, las unidades de medida o las fórmulas de tratamiento.
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