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Queer Politics of Memory: Undisciplined Sexualities As Glimpses and Fragments in Finnish and Estonian Pasts

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Queer Politics of Memory: Undisciplined Sexualities As Glimpses and Fragments in Finnish and Estonian Pasts Faculty of Social Sciences University of Helsinki Finland QUEER POLITICS OF MEMORY: UNDISCIPLINED SEXUALITIES AS GLIMPSES AND FRAGMENTS IN FINNISH AND ESTONIAN PASTS Riikka Taavetti ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be presented, with the permission of the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Helsinki, for public examination in lecture room 12, University main building, on 5 October 2018, at 12 o’clock. Helsinki 2018 Valtiotieteellisen tiedekunnan julkaisuja 87 (2018) Publications of the Faculty of Social Sciences 87 (2018) Political History © Riikka Taavetti Cover layout: Riikka Hyypiä and Hanna Sario Cover photo: Työväenmuseo Werstas ISSN 2343-273X (print) ISSN 2343-2748 (online) ISBN 978-951-51-3329-8 (pbk.) ISBN 978-951-51-3330-4 (PDF) Unigrafia Helsinki 2018 Unet. Sukupuoli. Kuolema. Mikä on yksityisintä se on kaikille yhteistä. (Leena Krohn 1977, 51) To live in the present is indeed to inhabit simultaneously a multitude of historical worlds. (David Halperin 2002, 21) Abstract This study analyses the construction of queer and undisciplined sexualities in Finnish and Estonian personal and cultural memories from the 1990s to the present. The study makes a theoretical contribution to the understanding of queer as historical and localised concept by focusing on geographical areas regarded as the semiperiphery, that is, Finland and Estonia, and combining the discussion on queer historical research with the elaborations on cultural memory. The methodological contribution of the study address the Finnish and Estonian research traditions that have combined oral history methodologies with the study of memories in written form and links these with discussions on sources in queer historical research. In the spirit of Joan Scott and Laura Doan, the study adopts the concept queer as a category of historical analysis and enquires how memories can be analysed by using queer as a methodological tool. Furthermore, the study searches for queerness where ostensibly it does not exist, in the margins of queer. By adopting Michel Foucault’s concept of genealogy, the study addresses the connection between the past and present in both historical research and cultural memory studies and discusses how the intertwined cultural understandings of the past and individual accounts of one’s own sexuality produce the current understandings of sexuality. The concepts of glimpse and fragment are developed in the study to analyse how the queer and undisciplined sexualities are constructed in the present understandings of the pasts. Glimpse refers to memories of desires and identifications or cultural references of queerness that the narrators have used to understand their own desires and, on the other hand, to the recollections of others in the narrations by seemingly non-queer narrators. Fragment refers to all types of documents and material that have been preserved of the past. The fragments can even be fabricated as queer pasts are imagined in the arts. The study develops a three-layered understanding of time in memories and analyses Time Remembered, Time of Remembering and Time of Researching in these glimpses and fragments of queer pasts. The dissertation consists of three published research articles, two yet unpublished article manuscripts and a comprehensive introductory and summarising section. The individual research articles in the study focus on archives, life stories, collections of them and public discussion on queer past in the arts and media. As a collection, these five articles offer a versatile perspective on how memories are produced and utilised both by those who identify as queer and those who use “others” to construct their own suitable heterosexuality. Moreover, the articles analyse how present understandings of queer are projected onto the past. This study demonstrates how the personal and cultural memories are intertwined and produce one another in the queer politics of memory. On the 4 one hand, some glimpses and fragments of queer pasts can be understood in terms of the available queer labels, identifications and identifiable practices. On the other, only through these glimpses and fragments of personal queer memories it is possible to understand the type of queer possibilities there are and have been. Thus, the focus on glimpses and fragments in addition to the proud movements and individuals helps to broaden and historicise the concept of queer. In the conclusion, this study reaches beyond queer pasts to address queer in the present as a politics of memory as well as the possibilities offered by perceiving the past as glimpse-like and fragmented in historical research in general. Keywords: queer; oral history; cultural memory; history; politics of memory; Estonia; Finland 5 Tiivistelmä (Abstract in Finnish) Kuriton muistin politiikka: Queer-seksuaalisuus suomalaisten ja virolaisten menneisyyksien välähdyksissä ja fragmenteissa Väitöstutkimus käsittelee kurittoman, eli queerin, seksuaalisuuden rakentumista suomalaisten ja virolaisten henkilökohtaisissa ja kulttuurisissa muistoissa 1990-luvulta nykypäivään. Tutkimuksen teoreettiset tulokset keskittyvät queer-käsitteen historiallistamiseen ja paikantamiseen Suomen ja Viron, puoliperifeerisellä alueella, ja queer-historian tutkimuksen sekä kulttuurisen muistin tutkimuksen yhtymäkohtien etsimiseen. Tutkimuksen metodologiset tulokset yhdistävät muistitietotutkimuksen suomalaisia ja virolaisia kirjoitetun muistamisen tutkimuksen traditioita queer- historialliseen keskusteluun tutkimuksen lähteistä ja niiden merkityksestä tutkimukselle. Tutkimus käyttää queer-käsitettä historiallisen analyysin kategoriana yhdistämällä Joan Scottin ja Laura Doanin teoretisointia ja kysyy, miten muistoja tutkittaessa voidaan hyödyntää queerin käsitettä teoreettisena työkaluna. Tutkimus etsii queer-kokemuksia myös sellaisista lähteistä, jotka eivät ensisilmäykseltä vaikuta lainkaan kuvaavan kuritonta seksuaalisuutta ja pyrkii näin tavoittamaan queerin marginaaleja. Michel Foucault’n genealogian käsitettä hyödyntäen tutkimus käsittelee nykyisyyden ja menneisyyden suhdetta historiallisessa tutkimuksessa sekä kulttuurisen muistin tutkimuksessa. Tutkimus analysoi, miten kulttuuriset käsitykset menneisyydestä sekä henkilökohtaiset seksuaalisia kokemuksia ja tunteita koskevat muistot kietoutuvat yhteen ja tuottavat seksuaalisuutta koskevia käsityksiä. Tutkimuksessa kehitetyt välähdyksen (glimpse) ja fragmentin (fragment) käsitteet auttavat ymmärtämään, miten menneisyyttä hyödynnetään nykyisten kurittomien seksuaalisuuksien rakentumisessa. Välähdyksen käsite kattaa yhtäältä identifikaatioihin, haluihin ja kulttuurisiin queer- seksuaalisuutta koskeviin käsityksiin liittyviä muistoja, joita muistitietolähteiden kertojat käyttävät oman seksuaalisuutensa ymmärtämiseen. Toisaalta käsite kattaa välähdykset kurittomista seksuaalisuuksista sellaisten kertojien muistoissa, jotka ovat ainakin näennäisesti eläneet seksuaalisuutta rajaavien normien mukaisesti. Fragmentin käsite viittaa dokumentteihin ja materiaalisiin jäämistöihin, joita on säilynyt nykyisyyteen queer-menneisyydestä. Toisaalta fragmentteja voidaan tuottaa nykyajassa, kun queer-menneisyyttä kuvitellaan taiteen piirissä. Tutkimus kehittää kolmikerroksista ajan ymmärtämisen tapaa ja analysoi välähdyksiä ja fragmentteja muistellun ajan (Time Remembered), muistelemisen ajan (Time of Remembering) ja tutkimuksen ajan (Time of Researching) näkökulmista. 6 Väitöstutkimus koostuu kolmesta julkaistusta tutkimusartikkelista, kahdesta vielä julkaisemattomasta artikkelikäsikirjoituksesta sekä laajasta johdanto- ja yhteenveto-osiosta. Tutkimusartikkelit käsittelevät arkistoja, elämäntarinoita, elämäntarinakokoelmia sekä julkista keskustelua queer- menneisyydestä taiteessa ja mediassa. Yhdessä nämä viisi artikkelia valottavat moninaisia näkökulmia muistojen tuottamiseen ja käyttämiseen niin queer- seksuaalisuuksiin identifioituvien ihmisen kuin myös niiden osalta, jotka käyttävät queereja ”toisia” oman soveliaan heteroseksuaalisuutensa tuottamiseen. Samalla artikkelit analysoivat, miten nykyisiä queeria koskevia käsityksiä heijastetaan menneisyyteen. Väitöstutkimus osoittaa, miten henkilökohtaiset ja kulttuuriset muistot ovat yhteenkietoutuneita ja tuottavat toisiaan. Yhtäältä queer-menneisyyden välähdykset ja fragmentit ovat ymmärrettäviä ainoastaan nykyisten nimitysten, identifikaatioiden ja kulttuurisesti tunnistettavien queer- käytäntöjen avulla. Toisaalta vain näiden menneisyyden välähdysten ja fragmenttien avulla on mahdollista ymmärtää, millaisia queer-elämän mahdollisuuksia voi olla nykyisyydessä ja on voinut olla menneisyydessä. Tätä yhdistelmää tutkimus kutsuu queer-muistin politiikaksi. Tutkimus väittää, että menneisyyden välähdysten ja fragmenttien tutkimus identiteettiylpeiden liikkeiden ja yksilöiden historioiden kirjoittamisen ohella monipuolistaa ja historiallistaa queerin käsitettä. Loppupäätelmissä tutkimus kurottaa queer- menneisyyksiä laajemmalle ja tarkastelee queer-menneisyyden käyttämistä nykyisessä muistin politiikassa sekä arvioi välähdyksen ja fragmentin käsitteiden käyttökelpoisuutta historiantutkimuksessa yleisesti. Asiasanat: queer; muistitieto; kulttuurinen muisti; historia; muistin politiikka; Viro; Suomi 7 Acknowledgements The process of writing a doctoral dissertation involves moments of loneliness and despair, but much more frequently, joys of discovery and wonderful encounters with incredible people. The most essential lesson I have learned during this process has been the importance of engaging with communities of other researchers.
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