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Downloaded from the Humanities Digital Library Open Access Books Made Available by the University of London Press Downloaded from the Humanities Digital Library http://www.humanities-digital-library.org Open Access books made available by the University of London Press ***** Publication details: A Return to the Village: Community Ethnographies and the Study of Andean Culture in Retrospective edited by Francisco Ferreira with Billie Jean Isbell https://humanities-digital-library.org/index.php/hdl/catalog/book/a- return-to-the-village DOI - 10.14296/0520.9781908857842 ***** This edition published 2020 by UNIVERSITY OF LONDON PRESS SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTE OF LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES Senate House, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HU, United Kingdom ISBN 978-1-908857-84-2 (PDF edition) This work is published under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. More information regarding CC licenses is available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses This edited volume brings together several scholars who have produced outstanding ethnographies of Andean communities, mostly in Peru but also in neighbouring countries. These ethnographies were published between the 1970s and 2000s, following different theoretical and thematic approaches, and they often transcended the boundaries of case studies to become important reference works on key aspects of Andean culture: for example, the symbolism and A RETURN TO THE VILLAGE ritual uses of coca in the case of Catherine J. Allen; agricultural rituals and internal social divisions in the case of Peter Gose; social organisation and Community ethnographies and the study kinship in the case of Billie Jean Isbell; the use of khipus and concepts of literacy in the case of of Andean culture in retrospective Frank Salomon; and the management and ritual Cover image: The peasant community of Taulli dimensions of water and irrigation in the case of (Ayacucho, Peru) in the foreground. Photo by Ricardo Valderrama and Carmen Escalante. Francisco Ferreira, 2008. In their chapters the authors revisit their original edited by Francisco Ferreira with Billie Jean Isbell works in the light of contemporary anthropology, focusing on different academic and personal aspects of their ethnographies. For example, they explain how they chose the communities they worked in; the personal relations they established there during fieldwork; the kind of links they have maintained; and how these communities have changed over time. They also review their original methodological and theoretical approaches and findings, reassessing their validity and explaining how their views have evolved or changed since they originally conducted their fieldwork and published their studies. This book also offers a review of the evolution and role of community ethnographies in the context of Andean anthropology. These ethnographies had a significant influence between the 1940s and 1980s, when they could be roughly divided – following Olivia Harris – between ‘long-termist’ and ‘short- termist’ approaches, depending on predominant focuses on historical continuities or social change respectively. However, by the 1990s these works came to be widely considered as too limited and subjective in the context of wider academic changes, such as the emergence of postmodern trends, and reflective and literary turns in anthropology. Overall, the book aims to reflect on this evolution of community ethnographies in the Andes, and on their contribution to the study of Andean culture. INSTITUTE OF LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES A Return to the Village: Community Ethnographies and the Study of Andean Culture in Retrospective edited by Francisco Ferreira with Billie Jean Isbell © Institute of Latin American Studies, School of Advanced Study, University of London, 2016 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-1-908857-24-8 (paperback) ISBN: 978-1-908857-84-2 (PDF) Institute of Latin American Studies School of Advanced Study University of London Senate House London WC1E 7HU Telephone: 020 7862 8844 Email: [email protected] Web: http://ilas.sas.ac.uk Contents List of illustrations v List of acronyms and abbreviations ix Notes on contributors xi Acknowledgments xvii Introduction: Community ethnographies and the study of Andean culture 1 Francisco Ferreira 1. Reflections on fieldwork in Chuschi 45 Billie Jean Isbell (in collaboration with Marino Barrios Micuylla) 2. Losing my heart 69 Catherine J. Allen 3. Deadly waters, decades later 93 Peter Gose 4. Yanque Urinsaya: ethnography of an Andean community (a tribute to Billie Jean Isbell) 125 Carmen Escalante and Ricardo Valderrama 5. Recordkeeping: ethnography and the uncertainty of contemporary community studies 149 Rudi Colloredo-Mansfeld 6. Long lines of continuity: field ethnohistory and customary conservation in the Sierra de Lima 169 Frank Salomon 7. Avoiding ‘community studies’: the historical turn in Bolivian and South Andean anthropology 199 Tristan Platt 8. In love with comunidades 233 Enrique Mayer References 265 Index 295 List of illustrations Figure 0.1 The peasant community of Taulli (Ayacucho, Peru). Photo: F. Ferreira. 2 0.2 Taulli’s central village. Photo: F. Ferreira 2 0.3 A communal assembly at Taulli’s central village, 2008. Photo: F. Ferreira. 10 0.4 Meeting at Taulli’s medical centre, built in the 1990s. Photo: F. Ferreira. 11 0.5 Taulli’s Carnival celebrations in the central village, March 2008. Photo: F. Ferreira. 12 2.1 Sectorial fallowing in Sonqo. Created by C.J. Allen. 83 6.1 In Tupicocha, newly invested presidents of parcialidades (ayllus) visit the community office in 2010 to form the new directorate. Photo: F. Salomon. 176 6.2 Tupicocha comuneros examining the author’s work table. Photo: F. Salomon. 179 6.3 One stress factor that causes damage to the Tupicocha quipocamayos is the practice of twisting them into a single cable prior to transport and display. Photo: F. Salomon. 181 6.4 The ‘simulacrum’ or replacement quipocamayo displayed by parcialidad Centro Guangre in Tupicocha, 2007. Photo: F. Salomon. 181 6.5 In 2016, a display case inside the community meeting hall held a quipocamayo of ayllu Segunda Allauca. Photo: F. Salomon. 184 6.6 In Rapaz, the late Moisés Flores attends night-time balternos ceremonial inside Kaha Wayi, and in the presence of suspended khipu collection, New Year, 2004. He wears the formal dress of a balterno. Photo: F. Salomon. 189 6.7 Museologist Renata Peters (right, seated) in a 2005 working meeting inside the precinct with some balterno officers. Photo: F. Salomon. 190 6 RETURN TO THE VILLAGE 6.8 Vendelhombre [ceremonialist] Melecio Montes (left) lifts the upper altar-cloth of Kaha Wayi’s mountain altar, revealing a lower altar-cloth severely damaged by fungus. The lower cloth remains were repaired in 2005 by interweaving them with a fungus-proof synthetic fibre. Photo: F. Salomon. 190 6.9 Vice-president and Kamachikuq Víctor Gallardo examines khipu cords during conservation work inside the temporary site lab. Photo: F. Salomon. 194 6.10 Comunidad Rapaz allows visits inside Kaha Wayi in the daytime, but on rare occasions crowding can be a problem. This mass visit was organised by an NGO in 2005. Photo: F. Salomon. 194 7.1 San Marcos, 1970. Photo: T. Platt. 205 7.2 The alferez [ritual sponsors] and company coming up to San Marcos for Corpus Christi, 1971. Photo: T. Platt. 207 7.3 Tinku in San Marcos for Corpus Christi, 1971. Photo: T. Platt. 208 7.4 Liconi Pampa, 2013. Photo: Fortunato Laura. 210 7.5 Carbajal patriclan members, 1971: Curaca Agustín Carbajal (extreme right), Gregorio and Santiago Carbajal (at centre, seated). Photo: T. Platt. 211 7.6 Map of the great ayllus of Northern Potosí. Drawn by Esteban Renzo Aruquipa Merino (after Mendoza and Patzi, 1997; Harris and Platt, 1978). 214 7.7 Map of Macha territory, with moieties and cabildos (Mendoza and Patzi, 1997). 229 8.1 Tangor carguyoj with his servant and friends carrying chicha to the plaza for distribution to the whole comuna, 1969. Photo: E. Mayer. 239 8.2 Map of Cañete Valley (Lima, Peru) agricultural zones (Mayer and Fonseca, 1979; 1988, no page number) 242 8.3 Diagram of land management by production zones, Cañete Valley (Mayer, 1985; 2002, p. 389). 244 8.4 Maize terraces in Laraos (Lima, Peru). Photo: E. Mayer. 245 List of acronyms and abbreviations AAA American Anthropological Association AFASEP Association of Families of the Assassinated, Kidnapped, Detained and Disappeared (in Ayacucho) AI Amnesty International ANASEP National Organisation of Kidnapped and Disappeared Persons APRODEH Asociación pro Derechos Humanos (the Peruvian human rights organisation) CCP Confederación Campesina del Perú CCPC Closed Corporate Peasant Community CIP Centro Internacional de la Papa (International Potato Center) CNRS Centre national de la recherche scientifique CONIAE Confederación de Nacionalidades Indígenas del Ecuador CORA Chilean Agrarian Reform COSUDE Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation DESCO Centro de Estudios de Promoción y Desarrollo (Promotion and Development Study Centre) EC European Commission ESRC Economic and Social Research Council FADA Federación Agraria Departamental de Ayacucho (Agrarian Federation of Ayacucho) FAO Food and Agriculture Organization (of the UN) FICI Federación Indígenas y Campesina de Imbabura (major peasant organisation in Ecuador’s Ariasucu province) FLACSO Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales FUNHABIT Fundación Ecuatoriana del Hábitat GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (German Corporation for International Cooperation)
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