Kung Fu Moves in American Movies A Category for Kung Fu Movies Xiaxin Chen Kung Fu Moves in America Movies A comparative visual study of the three most representative American Kung Fu movies and Chinese Kung Fu

Thesis Presented

By

Xiaxin Chen

The Department of Art + Design

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Fine Arts In Information Design and Visualization

Northeastern University

Boston, Massachusetts

May, 2016

Abstract of Thesis This project investigates how Chinese Kung Fu has influenced American movies, and how we read a Kung Fu movie from the information of its Kung Fu moves. This project examines the different representations of Chinese Kung Fu in American and Chinese films through a comparative visual analysis. Based on the observed differences, I discuss possible reasons why specific Chinese Kung Fu moves might have been chosen in different movies. I believe that each Kung Fu move contains its own information. Every Kung Fu move is carefully designed by action directors to help a movie tell a story and build its characters. I believe that considering the meaning of each move is a way to help people understand both Chinese Kung Fu and Kung Fu movies. 2

Acknowledgements This project would not have been possible without the help of so many people. I thank for my advisor Dietmar Offenhuber, assistant professor, who provide a lot of research relevant resources, suggestions and experience to all part of this project, which do the greatly support to the project. And also I'm very appreciate to get so many helps from the stuff of information design department in Northeastern University. Thank you to Paul Kahn and Douglass Scott, who provide sufficient suggestion to my web project and exhibition posters. And also appreciate to Thomas Starr, who help me a lot on my project thesis text, layout, grammar and so on. In addition, thank you to Nathan Felde, Kristian Koleckl and Ann McDonald, who provide very precious suggestions to this project.

Furthermore, thank to Xuan Zhang, Skye Moret, Mahima Pushkarna, Xiangyi Fu, Jin Wang, Yangdong ye, Jessica Hopkins and all of my classmates who offer me valuable suggestions. Their assist help me build this project, and change it become better and better.

In addition, I would like thank to my Kung Fu sifu Bob Rosen and all the other sifu in Wah Lum Kung Fu school, who provide me a lot of important knowledge of Kung Fu. And also thank to Param Ajmera who work in Northeastern University writing center, he presents me numerous useful suggestions on my text work of this project.

4

Table of Content

Abstract 1

Acknowledgements 3

Table of Contents 5

Introduction 7

Chapter 1: Different Perspective of Chinese Kung Fu 11 Chinese Kung Fu in Hollywood 12 Chinese Kung Fu in America 16 Chinese Kung Fu in China 19 The characteristics of Chinese Kung Fu 21

Chapter 2: Relevant Kung Fu Background 28 Chinese Kung Fu styles 30 Kung Fu History in America 38 Kung Fu influence in America 40

Chapter 3: Kung Fu moves in three Kinds of Kung Fu Movies 42 Tragedy Kung Fu 44 Comedy Kung Fu 60 Visual Kung Fu 72

Chapter 4: Conclusion 82

Appendix 86

Bibliography 122 6 7

Introduction Chinese Kung Fu has become increasingly famous, transported from China to the rest of the world through Kung Fu movies. Film scholars categorize Chinese Kung Fu movies in different ways such as “tragedy, ” “comedy, ” “visual effect, ” “Northern style, ” and “Southern style. ” However, American and Chinese scholars have different ways of categorizing Kung Fu movies, choosing the category based on the theme of the movie and how it relates to Kung Fu, or based simply on the Kung Fu styles that are portrayed. Based on those categories alone, viewers might not be able to understand the function or meaning of the Kung Fu moves, as the categories focus on the characteristics of the plot or the historical context of the Kung Fu style used in the movie. It may be difficult to understand why action directors design a specific Kung Fu move or use it in a movie, although this knowledge could help answer the question of why Kung Fu movies look so similar today. Actually, a wide range of different Kung Fu styles exists in China, all of which differ significantly. Thus, I offer the following research, which I hope will help readers understand more about Kung Fu.

According to Peichi Chung's paper, Hollywood is at the forefront of the global movie market—and Kung Fu movies hold a lofty position in Hollywood cinema (Chung, 2007). David Desser considers Kung Fu movies to be a miracle, and catches the office box unprecedented (Yuan, 2003). Stuart Kaminsky argues that Kung Fu movies translate violence into an elegant art so that viewers can more easily accept it (Kaminsky,1974). Kaminsky’s primary research is on Bruce Lee's Kung Fu movies and Lee’s efforts to create the term Kung Fu. Stuart examines the reasons behind the popularity of Bruce Lee's movies in America. Lee changed the way violence was depicted on screen. Yuan Yuan observes that Bruce Lee’s movies sought to build a new impression of a Chinese man in America (Yuan, 2003). Lee wanted to show the strength and masculinity of Chinese men in his movies. Thus, he often used plots in which Chinese individuals suffered from unfair treatment because they were seen as weak and easy to bully. Lee fought back with his Kung Fu, defeating his oppressors and revealing his strength—and by extension representing all Chinese men. Stuart believes such plots reflected the feelings of many citizens of that time, who loved to see someone fighting for fair treatment on the big screen. This is probably a fundamental reason that Kung Fu movies became so popular at that time. Yuan refers to this kind of movie as tragedy Kung Fu due to its theme and the way Kung Fu is used. 8 9

Tragedy Kung Fu movies dominated the genre until 1996, when Jackie Chan, who The three Kung Fu movie styles are based on the theme of the movie, and they is one of the most famous Kung Fu movie stars in the world today, introduced his each use Kung Fu in different ways (Yuan, 2003). In Lee's films, we find more brand of comedy Kung Fu. In place of Lee's idolized hero, Chan presents himself moves intended to show the strength of his body, whereas Chan performs Kung as a good regular person in his movies. While he also showcases impressive Fu almost as a self-sacrifice. Although tragedy and comedy movies have totally Kung Fu, he can get hit or hurt himself. Rather than showing the power and different stories and themes, Kung Fu is strongly connected with their stories and strength of Kung Fu, Chan portrays Kung Fu in a funny and humorous way. He helps build the character of those movies. However, the third type, which I call punches his enemies but can be hit in return. He appears humorous and maybe visual Kung Fu, utilizes Chinese Kung Fu as a subordinate element. That is, if we a little clumsy, never elegant like Lee. In an interview, Chan said that he tried removed Kung Fu from those movies, they would still tell a complete story. The to imitate Lee’s style for a long time, but now he prefers his own style, which is Matrix exemplifies the visual effect Kung Fu movie style. opposite of Lee's (Logan, 1995). I believe we can also distinguish those three kinds of Kung Fu movies by their Before 1996, there was always at least on Chinese actor in movies related to meanings and the function of their Kung Fu moves, as well as the time those Kung Fu. However, in 1996 the Matrix broke this mold. Utilizing several months of movies dedicate to Kung Fu. My purpose is to help movie viewers without intense training and combining computerized visual effects, even an actor who knowledge of Kung Fu to better understand the Kung Fu system by understanding had never learned any Kung Fu was able to perform like a master on the screen. the meaning of the moves that are portrayed. The Matrix was a milestone that introduced a new genre: the visual effect Kung Fu movie. In this genre, Kung Fu is a subordinate element. As spices are added The first chapter of my book will discuss the different perspective on Chinese to food to improve its taste, Kung Fu is added to make the movie amazing. As a Kung Fu, offering my view on how to interpret the Kung Fu moves in Kung Fu result, however, Chinese Kung Fu on the screen looks increasingly similar. From movies. I will visualize those moves to talk about their purpose, providing greater Chung's paper, we can see that Kung Fu enhances box office success (Chung, understanding of the information they contain. The second chapter of my book 2007). So I doubt for some Kung Fu movies, it is enough for them to use only will talk about the Chinese Kung Fu culture and its influence in America today. My some of the Kung Fu moves to let their viewers to know that they are showing the sifu told me that studying Kung Fu is not only about learning actions or moves. Chinese Kung Fu. Chinese Kung Fu has its own culture, and the more we know about that culture, the more Chinese Kung Fu we may learn. The third chapter will introduce how I In China, the role of visual effect Kung Fu is controversial. Some papers debate analyze Kung Fu moves in Kung Fu movies. I will describe three kinds of Kung Fu whether effect Kung Fu or actual Kung Fu is better for the screen. For the movies and offer three examples of each. I will examine the design of the Kung Chinese, Kung Fu is not only a type of martial art; it is also a culture treasure. Fu moves in those movies as well as how the design works to help the movies Chinese people enjoy talking about the styles of Kung Fu movies and the styles tell their stories. of Kung Fu. However, it is hard to differentiate among the many Kung Fu styles, as many appear very similar and each has a complicated relationship with the Admittedly, a single example of each Kung Fu movie style may not be enough to others. Hence, I will attempt to differentiate Kung Fu moves in terms of their define a pattern. Even so, based on the research I have done so far, I believe the meaning, which allows me to more easily distinguish between Kung Fu movies three movies are the most representative examples for each style. In the future, if and categorize them so that movie viewers without knowledge of Kung Fu can it is possible, I would like to add more examples to support my argument. better understand Kung Fu on the screen. I hope this analysis of Kung Fu moves will provide a new perspective on tragedy, comedy, and visual effect Kung Fu. Generally, I am writing this thesis in the hope that my perspective on how to interpret the Kung Fu in Kung Fu movies will help movie viewers better understand the different moves and understand the reason that the action designers or movie directors designed the moves for their movies. 10 11

Chapter 1

Different Perspective of Chinese Kung Fu Chinese Kung Fu in Hollywood 12 13

Chinese Kung Fu When thinking about Chinese Kung Fu, what comes to your mind? Bruce Lee? Jackie Chan? Jet Lee? Kung Fu Panda? You may recall even more Kung Fu stars. in Hollywood What they all have in common is that they are part of the Hollywood film industry. Hollywood movies have brought Kung Fu to the world, and Hollywood itself has benefitted from Kung Fu. In 2008, Peichi Chung investigated the relationship between Kung Fu and Hollywood movies in her paper “Hollywood Domination of the Chinese Kung Fu Market.” Chung teaches in the Communications and New Media Programme at the National University of Singapore. Her research interests include Hollywood film studies, the new media industry in Asia, and popular culture in online games (Chung).

Dominate 14 15

In her paper, Chung observes that Kung Fu movies enjoy great box office Not all Kung Fu movies will be popular in US, and this shows that moviegoers success even with limited budgets, comparing the famous movies Titanic and from different countries may have their own opinions. This seems to relate to Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon. She mentions that Titanic had the largest the different culture in different countries of Kung Fu. Even so, based on the production budget at that time (US$ 200 million), and its worldwide gross data and my previous discussion, it is clear that Kung Fu has had a positive earnings were 11 times its huge budget, US$ 2207 million. Meanwhile, Crouching effect on Hollywood, and this is the reason Kung Fu is often viewed as a box Tiger, Hidden Dragon earned more than 14 times its budget: it cost only US$ 15 office success maker. While Kung Fu movies work well in both China and the million but earned US$ 213 million. The ability to earn money is a big reason US, scholars from the two countries investigate the success of those movies in Kung Fu has had such an important influence in Hollywood. However, not all different ways. In the US, it seems that scholars care more about how Kung Fu Kung Fu movies have enjoyed the same success. While Crouching Tiger, Hidden relates to the movie theme as well as its influence on American society. In China, Dragon performed well in the US (over US$ 128 million, and nearly US$ 85 the focus is more on how the Kung Fu on screen relates to the Chinese Kung Fu million overseas), the Hero, another Kung Fu movie, earned only US$ 18 million culture (Zhao, 2007). However, I believe we may learn from the Kung Fu in movies in the US and US$ 27 million overseas (The Numbers - Movie Budgets, 2016). without focusing on the culture or social meaning. Different people will have varying opinions on culture and social aspects. Kung Fu is an ancient martial art, and in my opinion, each move contains a different meaning. Considering the meaning of each move could allow us to form a united viewpoint of Kung Fu, and I believe this would also help us interpret the Kung Fu in Kung Fu movies better. First, however, I will show how Kung Fu became different in China and the US. Worldwide Income Titanic Budget 11

Worldwide Income Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon 14 Budget 16 17

Chinese Kung Fu There seems to be considerable interest in why Kung Fu movies have become so Lee's movies are representative of the tragedy Kung Fu genre, and this tragedy successful. David Desser is the Dean of the Anaheim University Akira Kurosawa comes from the content of the movie. For example, The Big Boss is one of Lee's in America School of Film, and he has conducted a great deal of research on Hong Kong most famous works, and its story is an absolutely tragedy. The protagonist, Chen, and Japanese history. One of his books, The Cinema of Hong Kong: History, played by Bruce Lee, suffers through a series of unfair events, and nearly all Arts, Identity, reveals his opinion of Kung Fu movies (Desser, 2002). When talking his friends are killed by his black-hearted boss. Chen ultimately fights against about Kung Fu movies, Desser argues, it is not possible to avoid the importance his bad boss. He displays amazing Kung Fu skills, finally exacting his revenge. of Hong Kong movies. Before Kung Fu movies were transported to the US, Hong However, the end of the story reminds us that the movie is a tragedy as Chen is Kong already had its own Kung Fu movie production line: “Although Hong Kong arrested for his violence by the local police. Stuart believes that viewers accept cinema would never again dominate U.S ticket sales as it did in the summer and the violence in this movie because the tragedy supports and justifies the revolt. fall of 1973, for a number of years after dubbed action films from Hong Kong Moreover, Lee performs in an elegant way, leading viewers to focus on the maintained a powerful presence on U.S screen (Desser, 2002). beautiful moves rather than on the violence.

Bruce Lee successfully introduced Kung Fu culture to the US, so he is often associated with Kung Fu. Stuart M. Kaminsky, the American mystery writer and film professor, examines the secret of Lee's success in his article “Kung Fu Film as Ghetto Myth.” For Kaminsky, traditional television battles are not particularly graceful, whereas Chinese Kung Fu changes them into a dance in Kung Fu movies. Audiences accept these battles as performances, responding to the agility and grace of the performers ( Kaminsky, 1974). Lee's Kung Fu films are thus elegant and beautiful, but this is due to the action, and we could call such action Kung Fu moves. 18 19

Comedy Kung Fu is another genre. The representative star for this type of movie Chinese Kung Fu When talking about Chinese Kung Fu in China, we may not relate it immediately is Jackie Chan. In Chan’s movies, comedy comes not only from the Kung Fu to movies. Chinese Kung Fu has been basically separated into two forms based but also from the story. In New Police Story, Chan uses his Kung Fu to fight in China on geography. These two forms are called the Northern and Southern styles, and against his enemies, but he also gets hurt and sometimes even cries out for his there is indeed a large difference between the North and South of China. The punches performed by himself. Lee would also get hurt, but instead of crying out, Qinling Mountains act as the boundary between the North and South, and the he preferred to show his strength. In a famous scene, Lee licks his own blood different environments build different people. Different levels of physical fitness and acts as if nothing has happened, demonstrating his great strength. On the result in different Kung Fu styles. Moreover, movies using the Northern and contrary, Chan effectively utilizes his facial expressions to create a funny and Southern styles have different meanings. humorous environment. This is how Chan's comedy Kung Fu works.

Until 1999, Chinese Kung Fu had been the province of Chinese actors; that is, in every movie related to Chinese Kung Fu, there was at least one Chinese actor performing the Kung Fu. Blitz notes this change: “If the characters in The Matrix can have information instantaneously downloaded into their heads, they should, for example, be able to be as good a Kung Fu master as Jackie Chan, ” says Larry Wachowski(Blitz, 1999).

Kung Fu movies are thus classified based on their theme and how Kung Fu is used. Research indicates a number of reasons that Kung Fu movies have become popular, pointing to the relationship between Kung Fu and American culture and between Kung Fu and the story of the Kung Fu movies. However, there is a question I could not find an answer for in the literature. In China, there are many different styles of Chinese Kung Fu; in fact, it is hard even for the Chinese to count the number of Kung Fu styles in China. Nowadays, however, Qingling Mountains Chinese Kung Fu on the screen all looks largely the same. Is it possible that Chinese Kung Fu is used simply as a tool to improve box office earnings? Is that why US movies do not bother to show different styles of Chinese Kung Fu but simply remind viewers that Chinese Kung Fu is being performed? It is hard to judge this idea. Meanwhile, in China, people view Kung Fu in a totally different way. 20 21

Weifang Zhao, who works at the China Art Research Institute, is the secondary Based on Zhao's definition of Southern and Northern styles, we could consider leader of the Department of Researching the Art in the Movie and Television. the Southern style as the opposite of the Northern style. However, those who In Zhao's book The History of Hong Kong Movies (1897--2006), Northern style explore Kung Fu look beyond those two general styles. Chinese people like Kung Fu movies refer to the Peking Opera and other acrobatic moves that are to investigate various Kung Fu styles more precisely as well as the culture popular in the Northern area of China. On the other hand, Southern style Kung underlying Kung Fu movies. Two blogs serve as examples. The first, a blog Fu movies are action shows that combine the punching and martial arts that named feihonghuang, chronicles the detailed history of Kung Fu movies in China are popular in the South of China. At first, Kung Fu movies in China were more (Huang), pointing out that the founder of Northern style Kung Fu movies was portrayals of the Peking Opera on screen. The famous Hong Kong director Peng a master of Hung Ga. Hung Ga is a kind of Chinese Kung Fu that is popular in Hu, who directed the Once Upon a Time series in 1949, said, “Those movies the Guangdong province (Huang, 2015). In the other blog, the author chooses performed without realism (Huang, 2015).” Thus, movie viewers soon became the eight most famous Kung Fu moves, providing a detailed explanation of his bored. In order to change this situation, some directors such as Hu started to choices. While these blogs are not academic, the point is that Chinese people design Kung Fu movies in a completely different way. They began to put real really like to discuss Kung Fu styles and culture. fights and Southern style Kung Fu on the screen around 1949 (Huang, 2015). Discussing the culture of Chinese Kung Fu and trying to distinguish the different styles of Chinese Kung Fu requires considerable knowledge. Thus, in order to learn more, I decided to take a Kung Fu class for several months. While I learned a lot from the class, I was still unable to distinguish between the different styles of Chinese Kung Fu. Therefore, I began to consider whether there was a way to simply discuss the Kung Fu moves separately, to consider the design of each move and see what information it could provide about the movie. 22 23

The Characteristics Kung Fu movies can provide us with some understanding of Chinese Kung Fu. I learned at the Wah-Lum Kung Fu school, which is a In addition, the movies have some cultural influence. However, they do not teach traditional Kung Fu school in Boston. My sifu, Bob Rosen, of us to perform Chinese Kung Fu or understand its place in the martial arts. Such and some other teachers helped me greatly. The images on Chinese Kung Fu information does appear in some martial arts magazines, but they do not relate the left will help me explain what I learned from the Wah- Kung Fu knowledge with the performance of Kung Fu in movies. Does that mean Lum school. we cannot learn Chinese Kung Fu from Kung Fu movies? The answer is no, as someone has already done this. Rodolphe Guenoden, the action director of the L The first is a preparing position, a stand position. In this Kung Fu Panda series, never studied Chinese Kung Fu, but he did an excellent position, we use our left leg to remain in place and the job of designing Kung Fu moves for the cute animated pandas. His knowledge muscle of our right thigh to lift our right leg up. The purpose of Chinese Kung Fu came from watching Bruce Lee and other Kung Fu movies in doing this is to protect our left knee and to prepare for the (McShane - Baike). Similarly, Panna Rittikrai is a famous action movie director in next move. We can refer to such a move as a preparatory Thailand who learned Chinese Kung Fu from Bruce Lee and Jackie Chan movies. R move because it shows that someone is preparing for an He often combines Kung Fu with Muay Thai when designing and choreographing upcoming fight. We are unable to gain more information one preparing position his movies (Rittikrai - Baike). from this action since it does not immediately indicate offense or defense; well-trained people could use this As evidenced by the success of McShane and Rittikrai, it is possible to learn to position to organize an attack or a defense. Thus, the perform Kung Fu by watching Kung Fu movies over and over, particularly with a meaning of such a move is that the person is preparing, background in other kinds of martial arts such as karate and Taekwondo (both control his breath, and so on. directors had such backgrounds). People who have some training in martial arts can get more information about Kung Fu from movies, and that can help them to understand and learn Kung Fu. In order to prove this idea, I began my Kung Fu training in Boston.

L R

one prepare Kung Fu moves 24 25

The second kind of move is representative of defense: the The final kind of move is the offensive move, such as block. punches or kicks, which are used to hit enemies. I draw the gesture for the hand because this gesture is very important You must be careful when blocking. You use your arm rather in Chinese Kung Fu. The term punch means that you will than your hand to block an enemy’s attack, and you are hurt your enemy by some flat force, while tiger hand means trying to hit the enemy’s arm, not his punch. This kind of you will attempt to puncture your enemy or grip his hand. L move is often seen in Kung Fu movies. The hero performs L this action quickly and precisely to prevent the bad guys from doing damage. R R

Capture and punches Block position

Closely related to blocking is evasion, where the character attempts to protect himself by evading the enemy’s attack. Both the block and evade moves require a high level of neurokinetics. The martial artist needs to precisely judge the L direction and speed of the enemy’s attack to successfully L L perform such moves. The blue marks show where the character is trying to protect himself with the moves. R R R

Evade position Tiger Hand Capture Capture and punches II 26 27

These elementary types of Kung Fu moves are found in almost all Kung Fu moves, although not all forms of those moves are found in all movies. Sometimes, the moves are designed to allow the protagonist to get hurt. This can be important as a way to build a character, to show how he can be hurt and how he responds to such pain. Thus, I will also add a forth type of move: one that causes pain. These four types of moves allow us to understand the basic meaning of the action in Kung Fu movies. Moreover, I will use them to categorize the Kung Fu moves in movies into different groups. Then, I will analyze how those different moves could help the movie build its stories and characters. Before doing this, however, I would like to introduce some history of Chinese Kung Fu movies in China and the US. This will provide a greater understanding of how the different styles of Kung Fu movies came into being and the meaning behind the moves that are used in different types of Kung Fu movies. Moves causing pain

One prepare but different kicking 28 29

Chapter 2

Relevant Kung Fu Background

From Peking Opera to Kung Fu movies 30 31

Chinese There are many types of Kung Fu in China. However, we see only a few in It does not seem right to refer to the Peking Opera a movie, but the point here movies. This leads to misunderstanding on the part of viewers that the only kind is that Northern sect Kung Fu movies were based on the Peking Opera show. Kung Fu Styles of Kung Fu is what they see on screen, such as the famous Shaolin Kung Fu The most significant difference between Northern and Southern movies is that and Tai Chi Kung Fu. This is not true. In China, Kung Fu is divided into two forms, Southern movies portray Kung Fu in real fights while Northern movies tend to the “Southern” and “Northern” sects. The Qinling Mountains separate China show the moves in a more acrobatic or elegant way. When referring to Kung Fu into North and South. Kung Fu is divided in the same way. Generally, most Kung in China, the distinction between Southern and Northern sects is important, and Fu we see in movies belongs to the Southern sect. However, in the movies, the this caused me some difficulty while performing this research. Southern sect is somewhat different from the Southern sect of Kung Fu. Based on Zhao's book, Northern style Kung Fu movies feature the Peking Opera and other acrobatic moves that are popular in the Northern part of China. Southern style Kung Fu movies, on the other hand, are action shows that combine the punching and martial arts that are popular in the South (Zhao,2007).

Northern Sect Kung Fu

Southern Northern Sect Movie Southern Sect Movie Sect Kung Fu 32 33

I would like to first discuss the different Kung Fu sects. Chinese people like to Chinese Kung Fu is a cultural treasure, and the many different styles serve as discuss the Kung Fu styles in movies, and when they talk about Kung Fu sects, evidence of this. According to Hoare, Kung Fu has a special place in the martial they also discuss the style. The Northern and Southern sects represent the arts (Hoare, 2013). The differences in the Southern and Northern sects are largest distribution of Kung Fu styles. based on geography. In China, the North is characterized by more plains, and people from the North are often taller and stronger than those from the South. In China we have very detailed styles. Some have claimed that there may be Hence, Northern Kung Fu places more emphasis on strength and stretching to over 300 kinds of Kung Fu styles in China, but this is hard to confirm, as the help them show their advantage, and this leads to stronger kicking and jumping relevant documents are not well organized. However, for the most famous styles skills. In the South of China, there are more lakes and mountain. The people such as Shaolin and Tai Chi, plenty of information is available. focus more on dexterity than strength, believing this will help them minimize Northern Style any disadvantage due to strength and size. Thus, in the South there are more 1.Shaolin punching styles and skills.

2.Praying The most famous Northern style is the Shaolin style, but like many other styles Mantis of Kung Fu, it is not practiced only in its place of origin. While Shaolin Kung Fu is the representative Kung Fu of the Northern style, it is popular both in the North 3.Bajiquan and South of China. Tai Chi, which is representative of the South, is also famous in Northern China (e.g. Beijing).

4.Plumpile

5.Long Fist

Southern Style

1.Taichi

2.Wing Chun

3.Drunk Fist

4.Hung Ga Show the probably distribution of Kung Fu style in China today. Choose 11 of the most famous style. The Yellow number with shadow circle represent the Northern Style, and the number link with the Kung Fu style. 5.Southern The Black number with white circle represent the Southern Style, Shaolin and the number link with the Kung Fu style. The position of circle means this kind of Kung Fu popular and a lot of people practice it in this province. 6.Ground The circle dose not have any range means, just show which Fist province have the record that a lot of people practice this kind of Kung Fu in there. 34 35

Although Kung Fu is very popular in China, Kung Fu movies have long struggled Peking Opera in China. The Peking Opera in the 1920s is considered to be the ancestor of Kung Fu movies, and because of this Kung Fu movies first looked very similar to the Peking Opera show. The lion dance has also traditionally been a part of Kung Fu movies, and such elements are reflective of the Northern style. As a result of this kind of Kung Fu, the show on the screen did not look like a real fight, and thus new ways of creating Kung Fu movies became more popular in China. We refer to this more realistic portrayal as Southern style. However, after the establishment of the People's Republic of China, all Kung Fu movies were forbidden in Mainland China. Those people whose livelihoods depended on creating Kung Fu movies had to move to Hong Kong to continue their careers. In my opinion, this is another reason the Northern Style maintained its influence on the Chinese mainland. The Northern Style dominated China until the 1970s.

Lion Dance Early Kung Fu Movies 36 37

The first Southern style Kung Fu movies were created during the 1950s and The First of Once 1960s. The first was the famous series “Once Upon a Time in China, ” which Upon a time in China expressed the Chinese desire to watch real fights on the screen rather than just series a show. In the 1970s, Bruce Lee became an international star, and he made Kung Fu popular throughout the world. In fact, Lee never declared whether his movies belonged to the Northern or Southern styles, but he did try to portray real fights, so we consider his movies to fit the Southern style. At this same time, Southern style Kung Fu movies began to dominate the market. This was not only because of Lee but also because of many Kung Fu masters such as Cheh Chang and Chia-Liang Liu, who created their own movies during that time.

In the 1980s, Kung Fu movies were finally allowed in Mainland China, and many of the people who were working on movies in Hong Kong returned to China. All of these factors have led to the domination of Southern style Kung Fu movies since the 1970s.

As a result of all of this, Southern style Kung Fu movies also became popular in Hollywood, largely due to Lee, who wanted to show real fights and the strength of Kung Fu on screen (Yuan,2003).

Nowadays of Once Upon a time in China series 38 39

The History In fact, before Bruce Lee became a giant star in Hollywood, Chinese Kung The Big Boss which Rumble in the Bronx Fu had already spread to the US. Lee is generally credited with providing the made Bruce Lee and which made Jackie of Kung Fu greatest contribution to the Kung Fu field, and while this is undoubtedly true, he Kung Fu become Chan and his Comedy in the US did not begin the spread of Kung Fu in the US, as pointed out in the US History famous Kung Fu become of Kung Fu: famous

“In 1922, the first Kung Fu club established in America, but it is forbidden for non-Chinese to practice it. And it seems like from 1860s Chinese Kung Fu has already logged in America but the Chinese Kung Fu could be practiced by Chinese only during that time. 1957, Tlnn Chan Lee, a master of Chinese Kung Fu, and we call them sifu, open his Chinese Kung Fu classes to the general public. And 1964, Kung Fu has been opened in the U.S mainland. Ark Y. Wong of Los Angeles, who born in China broke the tradition Kung Fu 'color line' by accepting students of all races at Wah Que Studio Los Angeles(U.S History of Kung Fu, 2016). ”

The peak of Kung Fu movies soon followed, and this was also the peak time when Kung Fu culture spread throughout the world. In 1970, Lee found great success with The Big Brother, a kind of Kung Fu that is called tragedy Kung Fu today. But after Bruce Lee passed away so suddenly, there was a blank period for Kung Fu movies in the world. In 1990, the first animated Kung Fu movie was released, with action sequences designed by Chinese action director Chia- Liang Liu. Then in 1995, Jackie Chan and his comedy Kung Fu brought Kung Fu movies back into the mainstream. A few year later, in 1999, The Matrix broke new ground, showing that actors could be combined with computer effects to perform Kung Fu on the screen; that is, Kung Fu could be performed without Chinese The first America The first America actors. movie use Chinese movie perform Kung Fu action Chinese Kung Fu I believe this represents progress both for Kung Fu and Kung Fu movies, as the director without Chinese Kung movies, art, and culture are seen and accepted by an ever-increasing number of Fu actors people. In fact, Chinese Kung Fu culture has a strong place in America society. Kaminsky (130) mentions that Chinese Kung Fu has become a symbol of the fight against unfairness and oppression. It is a kind of violence, but like Lee, Chinese Kung Fu movies portray this violence elegantly, so that people may more easily accept it (Kaminsky, 1974). 40 41

Kung Fu Influence Due to popularity of Kung Fu movies, more people have the chance to learn Kung Fu Show about Chinese Kung Fu. Those movies do a good job of making people see performer waiting for in the US Kung Fu in a positive light: “They are performing Kung Fu!” and “Kung Fu is starring awesome! ” My own sifu Bob said that when he watches good Kung Fu shows Include non-orientals or movies he has the desire to perform Kung Fu himself. Kung Fu movies have a performer strong appeal to the viewers, who often want to join in the action, and this is how the portrayal of Kung Fu attracts people to participate in the field.

Kung Fu culture has already had a great effect in the US. For example, in Boston there is an event called the Lantern Festival. Many Kung Fu schools join this festival and perform traditional Chinese Kung Fu. I was surprised to see that a lot of the performers were non-oriental. I believe this shows that Kung Fu is not only a martial art but also a culture that connects different people from throughout the world.

Lantern Festival in Boston 2015 42 43

Chapter 3

Kung Fu Moves in Three Kinds of Kung Fu Movies 44 45

Tragedy Kung Fu So far, I have introduced the different perspectives with which to view Kung Fu culture, as well as some history on that culture. Now I will start to connect those ideas with the Kung Fu moves seen in Kung Fu movies. I will focus on Yuan's category of Kung Fu movies since her research is from Bruce Lee to Jackie Chan (Yuan,2003), although I would like to add one more category to describe the Kung Fu movies that have been created after Jackie Chan, and they have their own styles, which are different from Lee's and Chan's. I will introduce those styles later, but first I will discuss tragedy Kung Fu movies, which are represented

One move means one or some action cotain by the work of Bruce Lee. only one information. Like the images showing. To analyze those movies, I will examine the Kung Fu moves in those movies. A L single move here refers to one or some actions that contain only one piece of information. For instance, one kick shows one piece of information (offensive), R but it may require two or more actions to complete (first lift your leg then release it). This kick, however, is only one move, regardless of how many actions it requires, because it only expresses its meaning (offensive) one time. According to Yuan, Kung Fu movies may be divided into two periods, and both are based on two giant Kung Fu stars. The first is Bruce Lee's period, which she defined as tragedy Kung Fu (Yuan,2003). This kind of portrayal is very different from the One Move Chinese way of showing Kung Fu, but it reveals how Americans think about Kung Fu (Yuan,2003).

What is tragedy Kung Fu? Generally, I think it is based on the theme that Kung Fu is used as a tool to fight against bullying. In this kind of movie, the story will contain two parts: how the protagonist has been bullied and how he will fight against that bullying. Tragedy Kung Fu movies also contain the theme of revenge. In Lee's movies, he sought to praise Kung Fu—or his Kung Fu—with the purpose of showing the strength of Kung Fu and creating a super hero. This strength could be shown in different ways, not only in the power of punches or kicking (Yuan,2003).

One Move

One Move 46 47

I will use The Big Boss as an example to argue this point. In this movie, our protagonist is a young man who is very good at fighting, but he has promised that he will never participate in a fight. Someone else has to fight on Lee’s behalf. Thus, Lee is forced to bear a lot, to suffer until one of his enemies breaks his promise, until the ones who fight for him and his friends are all gone; then Lee fights back, showing his amazing Kung Fu to the viewers. This is a story about suffering and revenge, just as Stuart suggests in his paper “Kung Fu Film as Ghetto Myth.” In The Big Boss, there is an atmosphere of constraint and suffering everywhere, not only from the plot, in which children and women often suffer unfairly, but also in each fight scene (Kaminsky, 1974).

villains bully the children and women

Bruce Lee can not fight for some reason, his uncle is reminding him the promise Someone will substitute Bruce Lee to fight, at the first of The Big Boss 48 49

Almost all fight scenes in The Big Boss are situations in which Lee must fight against many enemies with only a few friends or alone. We know that this is not a superhero movie, and so our heroes may get hurt or even die. But as Yuan observed—and I agree—all of this plot and atmosphere was built for a reason: so Lee could use his power in the right way (Yuan,2003). Thus, I think that tragedy here refers not only to the story itself but also to the way he uses his Kung Fu— and how he could use it.

Fight against a lot of enemies one time I

Fight against a lot of enemies one time II 50 51

I counted almost all the Kung Fu moves in The Big Boss, 529 moves in total. I Based on watching the three movies a number of times, I doubt that bleeding counted those moves on the hero side and attempted to avoid duplicating my is used to convey the meaning of serious pain. Generally, the movie hero is count. Hence, in The Big Boss, I use “offensive” and “defensive” when talking seldom hurt, and it is hard to make him bleed because he is strong and powerful. about the Kung Fu performed by Lee and his friends. For example, when a fight Sometimes, the Kung Fu scenes focused only on the heroes or only on the begins, Lee punches his enemy's face one time, and at the same time the enemy enemies, showing how they practice Kung Fu. In such cases, I considered some tries to punch back. Whether or not the enemy is successful, there is only one of the enemies as heroes in that scene and divided the people into two sides so punch to the head. Defensive moves are when the protagonists successfully that I could continue counting the Kung Fu moves. protect themselves from their enemies' attacks, such as by blocking or evading to protect their heads or bodies. In addition, when they fail to protect themselves, I also created a visual website to show my data, which I collected from the three I refer to those moves as “causing pain.” The other types of moves include some Kung Fu movies. Generally speaking, the website shows the number of moves I preparing and jumping moves, which may not show a strong meaning (offensive counted in the example movies, the amount of moves in the different categories, or defensive); the meaning of preparing or jumping moves is to get ready for a and a comparison between the stars and all actors. For example, in The Big Boss, battle, to control breathing, or in hopes of making a movement. For the preparing I compared the number of moves performed by Lee and the number of moves and jumping moves, I counted the moves performed from both sides because performed by all the other actors. Because I believe that the different distribution such moves could be observed separately. I could not do this with offensive or of Kung Fu moves will create different characters in the movies, I counted those defensive moves. If I counted those moves on both sides, one punch would also numbers and put them into the category I mentioned above. The different colors be defined as defensive or pain, and this kind of overlap would influence my on this page indicate the different categories of Kung Fu moves. The width of understanding of how the moves were designed to build the character and the the stroke relates to the number of moves. The number on the left bottom is the story. Hence, I did not count the offensive moves, defensive moves, or moves total number of Kung Fu moves in the movie. If you move your mouse along the causing pain in this way. However, the preparing and jumping moves do not path, this number will change to show the number of moves at the point where lead to this overlap, so I treated them a little differently (as mentioned above). your mouse is resting. In addition, if you click on the path, relevant movie clips Basically, I divided the Kung Fu moves in four ways: offensive moves, defensive will be shown on the left black part of the screen. It is also possible to access the moves, preparing and jumping moves, and moves causing pain. website by scanning the QR code on this page, or by simply using the web link on this page. I also created a further category to describe how these moves work. For example, a punch or kick could land on the head, body, or on a joint. Based on my experience from learning Kung Fu, aiming for the head means that the Kung Fu performer is hoping to take his enemies down immediately. In other words, a hit on the head is the most effective way to damage your enemies. Observing the three movie examples, I discovered that when the fighters received blows to their heads they sometimes lost consciousness, and it looked very painful. When Page Link: a hit occurred on the body, it caused some pain, but the fighters were still able http://mu009009.github.io/Kung-Fu-Movie-Moves/Exhibition.html to continue with their movements. Sometimes, the protagonists would try to hit or grab their enemies’ joints. These moves were intended to stop their enemies' actions, so they caused pain. I categorized hits on the head, body, joints, or grabs. Moreover, I observed whether the painful hitting caused the protagonist to bleed. 52 53

Kung Fu moves in Three Kinds of Kung Fu Movies How they fight Where they hit Tragedy Kung Fu movies mainly to show the power of the Kung Fu, Bruce Lee who performed to create a Kung Fu hero in this kind of movie. 209 moves in this movie The Big Boss Punches A example of the Tragedy Kung Fu movies. Click the path on the right to see movie clips. Tragedy 100.0% of all moves

Comedy Kicking 100.0% of all moves

Blocking

Visual 100.0% Evading of all moves

Bleeding

Offensive Kung Fu Moves Preparing Deffensive Kung Fu Moves

Moves causing pain

Jumping Other Kung Fu Moves

My visual design of the movie data(More precisely data could see in the appendix) Count the moves and category the moves The time perform Kung Fu in The Big Boss is 987s, 16min 27s The time perform Kung Fu in Bruce Lee perform Kung Fu is 660s, 11min The time perform Preparing or Jumping moves is 162s, 2min 42s 54 55

Based on the data (Table I The Big Boss), I came to understand The Big Boss in the same way as Yuan and Stuart: Lee's Kung Fu movie shows his powerful Kung Fu. The offensive moves in this movie caught my attention for two reasons. First, Lee and his friends performed 118 moves trying to hit their enemies’ heads. There were 299 offensive moves in the movie, so that means that almost 40% of the offensive moves were aimed at the enemies' heads. I also found that in the movie, when Lee and his friend succeeded in hitting their enemies' heads, their enemies were usually defeated or knocked down. Based on this, many enemies were beaten by Lee and his friends. I think this is one way Bruce Lee shows the power of Kung Fu in his movies. The second thing I noticed is that Lee Kick on the head Kick on the head performed a lot of kicks, which were also usually aimed at his enemies' heads. There were 44 kick moves aimed at enemies’ heads in this movie, 30 of which were performed by Lee. When I studied Kung Fu, I learned that a kick to the head is one of the most difficult moves to perform, requiring both strength and speed. Thus, I think Lee performed so many kicks to demonstrate his technique and strength.

The Big Boss contains 529 Kung Fu moves, 299 of which contain the meaning of offense. Of these offensive moves, the number performed by hand, such as using weapons or punches, was 172. The remaining 127 offensive moves were kicking moves. There were 118 moves directed at enemies' heads, 74 by hand and 44 by kick. As for defense, Lee performed 15 blocking moves and 26 evading moves. In the movie, there were 110 total defensive moves, and Lee only performed 41 of them. Lee attacked a lot but needed little defense because he defeated most of his enemies before they could attack him. To be sure, Lee was seldom hurt. Only 6 moves hurt him without causing bleeding while 4 moves caused him to bleed. Jump kick on the head There were 78 hurt moves in the movie, which means that Lee's friends were much easier to hurt than Lee, and I think this is another way that Lee is portrayed as strong and heroic. Three consistent kick on the head 56 57

Next we will talk more about the defensive moves. Evading and blocking are A series of scene Realized that he show the response of get hurt and start two main elements of defensive moves, but the difference is that blocking Bruce Lee when he bleeding. seems more powerful. When blocking, it is necessary to touch your opponent, got hurt in his movies. which requires more risk than evading. Evading moves sometimes make it appear that the character is trying to run away, and this is a point we will stress in the following movie examples. In The Big Boss, there were 49 block moves and 61 evading moves as well as 78 hurt moves without bleeding and 9 that caused bleeding. Hence, the enemies make 197 attacks in this movie. I should emphasize the idea again that in Lee's movies, his enemies do not attack less often because they are too weak; it is because Lee is built as a super hero who Bleeding will not weaken him but will make him stronger seldom gives his enemies the opportunity to hurt him. Also of note is that in The Big Boss, unlike in other movies, the bleeding of the hero only makes him stronger. Change his eyes sight and try to know how serious this wound is.

Prepare to show his anger.

Spit his blood, show his anger and he doesn't care this wound. 58 59

Lee’s disdain for bleeding is not the only deep impression from The Big Boss. Lee is also famous for his gestures and some of his fancy tricks. Like Yuan, I agree that those things shatter the stereotype of the Chinese man, and this is how Bruce Lee tried to change the impression of the Chinese man in the US.

Another thing that caught my eye is how Kung Fu information is caught by viewers and how this works in movies. While The Big Boss has a running length of over 99 minutes, only 16 minutes and 27 seconds are dedicated to the performance of Kung Fu. Based on this, the average time for performing a single Kung Fu move was 1.9 seconds. I think this is a very short time, and indeed, for most of the Kung Fu moves in the movie, the time was even shorter. Thus, while I think the impression viewers receive is that the Kung Fu is awesome, it is hard for them to remember what Lee actually did. However, the gestures and preparing positions before the fights, which I divided into the positional move category, took an average of 5.8 seconds to perform. This is much longer than the other moves, and I believe this means that these kinds of moves are much easier for viewers to remember. Perhaps this could help to answer the question of why the Chinese Representative Gesture Kung Fu on the screen today looks so similar. Lee's Kung Fu movies were the milestone of the genre, and because the preparing positions and jumping skills of Chinese Kung Fu take a long time in his movies, they leave a deep impression on viewers.

One additional impressive thing is that of the 16 minutes and 27 seconds of Kung Fu in this movie, Lee performed for 11 minutes—almost all the time. However, in The Big Boss, Lee first receives a promise and is unable to participate in any fights. Thus, the viewers need to wait nearly 44 minutes to watch his first real fight in the movie. But, faced with the data, I agree that Bruce Lee's tragedy Kung Fu movies create a lot of prerequisites to build anticipation and help him showcase his Kung Fu later.

L R

Bruce Lee's Prepare moves 60 61

Comedy Kung Fu What is comedy Kung Fu? In contrast to Bruce Lee's style, Jackie Chan built a The time Jackie different style of Kung Fu movies, and his style created a new trend in Hollywood. Chan leave his Chan struggled for a long time to emulate Lee—and he felt he failed in his package cart. attempt—so he ultimately decided to perform Kung Fu in a totally opposite way (Logan,1995). I choose the movie Rumble in the Bronx as an example to study Chan's style. This movie is the one that helped Chan make his mark on Hollywood, and it is a milestone of his career. Rumble in the Bronx makes it clear that Chan is totally different from Bruce Lee. The element of humor is everywhere in this movie. At the start of the movie, Chan wants to hug with his uncle and forgets to hold onto his package cart, and the sounds of a crash and car horns tell the viewers what results. This kind of obscure humor is a sharp contrast to Lee's movie atmosphere, which is characterized by pressure and revolution. In Chan's comedy Kung Fu movies, he lets his viewers know that the movie will be Start to make a hug fun. with his uncle, but totally forget his package cart.

Package cart continue run away.

A car crash sound, and the response of the people show what happen on that pool package cart. 62 63

Chan shows this humor in his Kung Fu. In the beginning of his movies, he does Help his friend and not try to establish a complicated plot or build a reason to show his Kung Fu. fighting with the The reason for fighting could be anything related to justice. In Rumble in the villain. Bronx, some villains bully his friends in their supermarket and Chan fights for them. In fact, this same plot device is used in Lee's The Big Boss, but this alone is not enough of a reason for Lee to fight. Why? I think it may be because Lee represents the highest Kung Fu master in his movies. Once he shows his Kung Fu, he is never defeated, regardless of how many enemies he faces or how strong they are. Lee will always find a way to beat his enemies, demonstrating his Kung Fu and building a new impression of the Chinese man as very strong. Chan does not have such grand intentions in his movies. In Rumble in the Bronx, he is simply a normal good guy who is good at Kung Fu. He helps his friends, but he also gets hurt. In Chan’s case, the wounds are real. Where Bruce Lee is trying But he will also get to build a hero, Jackie Chan just wants to show the story of a good normal guy. hurt and bleeding.

And sometimes show his powerless.

Jackie Chan hurt seriously, almost died 64 65

Kung Fu moves in Three Kinds of Kung Fu Movies How they fight Where they hit Comedy Kung Fu movies mainly to show the sacrifice of the protagonist, Jackie Chan who performed to create a good people who will try his best to help his friend, even himself will be painful 320 moves in this movie Rumble in the Bronx Punches A example of the Comedy Kung Fu movies. Click the path on the right to see movie clips Tragedy 100.0%

Comedy 100.0% Kicking

Blocking

Visual 100.0%

Evading

Offensive Kung Fu Moves Preparing Deffensive Kung Fu Moves

Moves causing pain

Jumping Other Kung Fu Moves

My visual design of the movie data(More precisely data could see in the appendix) Count the moves and category the moves The time performed Kung Fu in The Rumble in the Bronx is 657s, 10min 57s The time performed Kung Fu by Jackie Chan: 654s, 10min 54s The time performed the preparing and jamping moves is 34s, 0min 34s 66 67

Looking at the data, there are a number of differences. In Rumble in the Bronx, A lot of villains there are 322 Kung Fu moves, far fewer than the 529 in The Big Boss, and a low surrounded Jackie number for Kung Fu movies. Moreover, nearly all the moves are performed by Chan. Chan himself. I think this is because in Lee's tragedy movies, he hopes to use a comparison between his Kung Fu and that of others to show that his is stronger. In The Big Boss, one of Lee's friends is very strong, and the movie builds this character well. However, this friend is beaten so Lee takes his position in this movie to exact revenge. This process leaves viewers with the impression that Bruce Lee is the strongest fighter. Chan, on the other hand, just performs Kung Fu for self-defense and does not place much emphasis on competition, so we see little of his Chinese Kung Fu in this movie.

Where Lee's style is to show his powerful force and revenge, Chan prefers to He is alone and looks use Kung Fu to show his sacrifice. In Rumble in the Bronx, Chan faces the same like no way to run situation in which he must fight a number of enemies at the same time. Unlike away. Lee, Chan does not take them all down. Often, Chan just tries to run fast, and he is so clever that he always finds some way to escape danger. However, he still receives a lot of pain in Rumble in the Bronx. He is often hurt, being hit on the head 9 times, including 5 that lead to bleeding, on his body 21 times, including 5 that lead to bleeding, and 6 times on his joints or where he is grabbed by his enemies. Many of these moves make him look very difficult to move in the movie. In other types of Kung Fu movies, the hero does not get hurt so often. In “The Matrix, ”Keanu Reeves does get hurt, but most of this occurs during Kung Fu practice with Laurence Fishburne, another hero and one of the protagonists in the movie; the hurt is from practice, not real fights, as in Chan’s movies. Chan also showcases a lot of defensive moves to protect himself, although he is still He chose to use an the fighter most likely to be wounded. unique way to go upstairs. 68 69

Since Chan is often the one to get hurt and try to run away, his movies may not immediately sound like comedies. In my opinion however, I think this is a clever method Chan uses to create his comedy Kung Fu, adding humorous elements to reduce the tense atmosphere of being chased or attacked. For example, sometimes he will suddenly fight in a funny way when being chased by his enemies, and the responses of his enemies provide the comedy relief.

Then, Jackie Chan change a big punch, and the 5 Punches his head again. 6 enemy looks so scared.

His enemy shows an attitude that he does not 1 Jackie Chan punches the enemy's head want to 2 care what Jackie Chan's saying give him a lesson. It looks work well. 7 But the enemy still does not yield. 8

And also punches the enemy's body. 3 But the enemy still looks like he doesn't regret. 4 And then, Jackie Chan changes his equipment 9 This time, the enemy give up before Jackie 10 again. Chan attack him. 70 71

Chan uses humor to reduce the tense atmosphere and show Kung Fu in a totally Block the enemy's attack on his head. different way from Lee. Moreover, Chan shows sacrifice. He gets hurt and feels pain, but he still helps his friends, even some who are not real friends at the time. Chan knows that he will get hurt and that he is not assured of success, but he will not give up. Rather than trying to create a hero like in Lee's movies, Chan focuses on telling some funny stories that happen to a normal guy, and L the Kung Fu in his movies is also designed for this purpose, to show his humor and, occasionally, his powerlessness and sacrifice. Sometimes Chan also shows R some real Kung Fu because his movies are still about Kung Fu movie, not only comedy.

Hit the enemy's hand joint and let Jackie Chan has time to pay the enemy back.

L R

Punch the enemy's body.

L R 72 73

Visual Kung Fu Now, I will discuss the last style of Kung Fu movies: visual effect. This type of Combine Kung Fu movie did not appear in Yuan's paper as she focused on American movies from with visual effect Bruce Lee to Jackie Chan. However, many other documents, both in China and the US, argue that after the birth of The Matrix, Kung Fu movies also transformed for a new century. This is the first movie that did not invite any Chinese actors to perform Kung Fu, demonstrating the ability to combine people with computerized visual effects to create wonderful Kung Fu moves. Even the actors had no prior training in Chinese Kung Fu. In the past, the challenge in making a Kung Fu movie was to make every action appear real while minimizing injuries to the actors. Visual effects can solve this problem.

Combine Kung Fu with visual effect

Combine Kung Fu with visual effect 74 75

It still seems odd to place “tragedy” and “comedy” together with “visual effect. ” However, let us look at The Matrix. Does the hero, “the one, ” really need Chinese The first two words appear to be talking about the theme or atmosphere of the Kung Fu to fight against agent Smith? In the scene in The Matrix where Keanu Kung Fu while the other is talking about the technique by which it is represented. Reeves practices with Laurence Fishburne, Chinese Kung Fu is shown in a very What must be understood is that in this kind of Kung Fu movie, Kung Fu is not consistent and wonderful way; it is cool, and it left a deep impression on me. But the content but rather a tool. In both tragedy and comedy movies, I think we just as Mouse (a character in the movie) says, that scene is intended to show could consider Kung Fu as a part of the content. Especially in “tragedy” Kung that Reeves is somehow different and his neurokinetics are somehow better Fu movies, we cannot remove the Chinese Kung Fu because the movie itself than normal. I believe there are other choices to convey this information. While is an advertisement for Kung Fu. Lee admitted that his purpose was to portray performing Chinese Kung Fu is one way, it is hard to say this it is the best way. the masculinity of the Chinese people in his movies, and in order to achieve this he had no choice but to show Chinese Kung Fu. If he tried to show Chinese Generally, the idea here is that in visual effect Kung Fu movies, Chinese Kung Fu masculinity only through his muscle or strength, it would be not be as convincing. may not be necessary. The movies combine a number of computerized visual Rather, Lee would look like a man who is good at exercise, and that would not effects with Chinese Kung Fu. Some of the moves in this kind of movie may even relate specifically to Chinese people; anyone could love to exercise. By showing be impossible to perform in the real world, such as in the last part of The Matrix, his strength through Chinese Kung Fu, which is a unique part of Chinese culture, when a lot of agents try to shoot Reeves but he stops all the bullets with a single Lee’s movies relate to Chinese people more easily. Would Jackie Chan's comedy palm. Kung Fu movies be the same without Kung Fu? Because his movies do not intend to show the power of Kung Fu or to spread Kung Fu culture, it seems that the most important thing is the comedy, so why could he not just choose some other type of action to demonstrate his humor?

I believe Chinese Kung Fu itself is also necessary for Chan’s movies. For example, in Rumble in the Bronx, Chan is just a normal good man. If he did not know Chinese Kung Fu, how could he fight against four or more enemies at once? Moreover, Bruce Lee already created the impression of Chinese Kung Fu as a powerful and amazing art, so while there may have been some other choices for Chan to show his fighting ability, Chinese Kung Fu is still the best choice.

Do not need the Kung Fu to kill the agent Smith. 76 77

Kung Fu Moves in Three Kinds of Kung Fu Movies How they fight Where they hit Keanu Reeves Visual Kung Fu movies mainly to show the elegant and the beauty of the Kung Fu, performed to leave a strong impression of their Kung Fu to the movie viewers. 244 moves in this movie The Matrix Punches A example of the Visual Kung Fu movies. Click the path on the right to see movie clips Tragedy 100.0%

Kicking

Comedy 100.0%

Blocking

Evading Visual 100.0%

Bleeding

Preparing Offensive Kung Fu Moves

Deffensive Kung Fu Moves

Moves causing pain Jumping Other Kung Fu Moves

My visual design of the movie data(More precisely data could see in the appendix) Count the moves and category the moves The time performed Kung Fu in The Matrix is 493s, 8min 13s The time performed Kung Fu by Jackie Chan: 376s, 6min 16s The time performed preparing and jumping moves: 125s, 2min 5s 78 79

What difference does the data reveal in visual effect Kung Fu moves compared Prepare moves I with other kinds of Kung Fu moves? The Matrix contains 315 Kung Fu moves, which is similar to the comedy example above. Of that number, Reeves performed 244 moves. Notably, the other moves make up a higher percentage of the Kung Fu time in this kind of movie than they do in tragedy and comedy Kung Fu movies. In addition, the total time given to performing Kung Fu is also much lower than in the other two examples. This leads me to believe that in this kind of Kung Fu movie, a lot time is spent showing preparing positions or jumping skills. While these Kung Fu moves may not contain a strong meaning (offensive or defensive), they are the most representative moves to let the viewers recognize that this is Chinese Kung Fu. In Lee's Kung Fu movies, if we consider the number of moves, the preparing and jumping moves do not take an important position.

Prepare moves II

Prepare moves III

Each of them need 3 or more seconds, and leave a strong impression to the viewers. 80 81

I feel that this means these kinds of moves are more likely to be remembered by viewers because each time they appear in Kung Fu movies they have another chance to leave an impact. Often, many Kung Fu moves will be shown in a single scene and in a short time, as in The Matrix, where Keanu Reeves performed 4 kicks in 3 seconds. During those 3 seconds, Carrie-Anne Moss, who played the female protagonist in the movie, also performed 2 punches, meaning that 0.5 seconds were given to each move in this scene. How could viewers possibly remember those moves occurring in such a short time? Some preparing moves, on the other hand, were shown for as long as 7 seconds. I think the director chose to add so many preparing and jumping moves to help the viewers realize that the characters were performing Chinese Kung Fu.

Tragedy and comedy Kung Fu movies cannot separate Kung Fu from their stories. If Kung Fu is left out of those movies, the stories would be incomplete or irreparably changed. Such movies have the responsibility to share Kung Fu culture. The difference between tragedy and comedy Kung Fu is that the purpose of the tragedy movie is mainly to show the strength and power of the Kung Fu by building an invincible hero. Comedy Kung Fu is completely different in its intent, seeking to show sacrifice and to portray a regular person, a good guy, who sometimes may also be a hero, who will fight for his friends but still feel pain. Visual Kung Fu movies contain Kung Fu elements, but only as a subordinate element, and they could easily be replaced by other elements, such as other martial arts.

5 seconds for this jump and kick Kung Fu move 82 83

Chapter 4

Conclusion 84 85

Conclusion The purpose of this book is to help the reader and Kung Fu movie viewers I have categorized these three Kung Fu movie styles according to Yuan's paper discover a new way to watch Kung Fu movies. I believe that every move and (Yuan,2003) and my personal understanding of Kung Fu and Kung Fu movies. action in Kung Fu movies has its own meaning, and from those moves we can Yuan introduced two styles of Kung Fu movies, the tragedy and the comedy, Yuan understand the movie’s theme. Bruce Lee wanted to show the power of Chinese based on the theme and topic the movies cover. I view these movies as having Kung Fu, so he seldom got hurt. He demonstrated highly skilled offensive moves a main purpose to showcase Kung Fu. That is, Kung Fu is an inseparable part of such as kicks, particularly to enemies’ heads, which are harder and require more the story in these movies. Bruce Lee's and Jackie Chan's Kung Fu movies simply strength and technique to perform. In addition, showing such impressive kicking could not exist without Kung Fu. I include visual effect Kung Fu movies with the skills could leave more of an impression on movie viewers. Jackie Chan chose other types for several reasons. First, visual effects represent a milestone for a defensive style to show his sacrifice. He struggles in his movies as a regular Kung Fu movies. Scholars and moviemakers debate whether computer-generated good guy, not a super hero. Chan is skilled and able to fight against his enemies, images could replace the actors who actually perform Kung Fu. Visual effect but he also generally receives pain in the process. Furthermore, computerized movies can generally be regarded as either tragedies or comedies. However, visual effects make it possible for everyone to perform Kung Fu in movies while the key point is that Kung Fu is not vital for the story. It could be replaced by still allowing moviegoers to feel the charm of Kung Fu. Punches on the head something else, but maybe Kung Fu was believed to be the best choice. Thus, are awesome; kicks to the head are amazing. But why is one punch shown in the visual style here refers to movies containing Kung Fu, but Kung Fu is not vital a particular way, and why does a movie sometimes linger on just one jumping to those movies. I define these three types of movies in the following general action? I believe that action design has a meaning. Action directors take a long way: tragedy movies show a tragedy story with Kung Fu fighting, comedy movies time to design those moves, even though their names do not always appear show a comedy story using Kung Fu fighting, and visual effect movies include in the credits at the end of the movie. I believe if people paid more attention to Kung Fu, but it is not essential to the story. these meanings, they would learn more about Chinese Kung Fu and Chinese Kung Fu movies. 86 87

Appendix Mainly to show the data of Kung Fu moves, where and how many I got from each clips of the movie examples. For different movie resource, the time data maybe somehow different. 04:30 - 04:48 04:54 - 05:00 05:10 - 05:35 13:25 - 14:00 24:38 - 24:42 25:45 - 25:55 26:10 - 26:35 88 Total Bruce Lee Total Bruce Lee Total Bruce Lee Total Bruce Lee Total Bruce Lee Total Bruce Lee Total Bruce Lee Appendix Punches on Head 5 1 2 7 1 2

Table I Punches on Body 2 1 1 2 The Big Punches on Joint 3 3 3 2 3 Boss Kicking on Head 1 1 2 2

Kicking on Body 1 2 3 3 1 1

Kicking on Joint 1 1

Blocking on Head 1 2

Blocking on Body 2 2 4

Evading on Head 1 1

Evading on Body 1

Hurt No Bleeding On Head

Hurt No Bleeding 2 2 On Body

Hurt No Bleeding 1 1 On Joint

Hurt Bleeding On Head

Hurt Bleeding On Body

Hurt Bleeding On Joint

Preparing 1 1 1

Jumping 1 1 1 1 31:25 - 31:35 31:35 - 31:38 31:52 - 32:26 32:28 - 33:00 33:01 - 33:24 40:40 - 40:45 90 Total Bruce Lee Total Bruce Lee 31:39 - 31:50 Total Bruce Lee Total Bruce Lee Total Bruce Lee Total Bruce Lee Punches on Head 1 Total Bruce Lee 5 2 1 1

Punches on Body 4 1 Punches on Joint 2 2 1

Kicking on Head 1 1 1 1

Kicking on Body 2 4 1 3 1 1 Kicking on Joint 1 1

Blocking on Head 2 3 1 2 Blocking on Body 2 1 6 Evading on Head 2 6 1

Evading on Body 5 1 2 1

Hurt No Bleeding 1 4 1 On Head

Hurt No Bleeding 3 1 1 On Body 1

Hurt No Bleeding 1 1 1 On Joint

Hurt Bleeding 1 On Head

Hurt Bleeding 4 2 On Body

Hurt Bleeding On Joint

Preparing 2

Jumping 1 1 40:45 - 40:48 40:48 - 40:56 40:58 - 41:16 41:19 - 41:23 42:30 - 42:33 42:35 - 43:02 43:02 - 43:04 92 Total Bruce Lee Total Bruce Lee Total Bruce Lee Total Bruce Lee Total Bruce Lee Total Bruce Lee Total Bruce Lee Punches on Head 1 1 3 1 4 3 2

Punches on Body 2 8 7 1

Punches on Joint 1 3 2 1 1

Kicking on Head

Kicking on Body 1 2 3

Kicking on Joint 3

Blocking on Head 1 1

Blocking on Body

Evading on Head 1 3

Evading on Body

Hurt No Bleeding 1 1 2 1 1 On Head

Hurt No Bleeding 3 1 4 2 3 1 On Body

Hurt No Bleeding 2 1 1 On Joint

Hurt Bleeding On Head

Hurt Bleeding On Body

Hurt Bleeding On Joint

Preparing

Jumping 43:20 - 43:24 43:24- 43:31 43:35 - 43:48 43:48 - 43:52 43:58 - 44:31 44:31 - 44:40 01:04:11 - 01:04:40 94 Total Bruce Lee Total Bruce Lee Total Bruce Lee Total Bruce Lee Total Bruce Lee Total Bruce Lee Total Bruce Lee Punches on Head 3

Punches on Body 1

Punches on Joint 1 1 1

Kicking on Head 1 2 2 1 1

Kicking on Body 1 2 2

Kicking on Joint 1 1

Blocking on Head 1

Blocking on Body

Evading on Head 1 2

Evading on Body 3 3

Hurt No Bleeding 4 5 1 On Head

Hurt No Bleeding 3 4 1 1 1 On Body

Hurt No Bleeding 1 1 On Joint

Hurt Bleeding On Head

Hurt Bleeding 1 On Body

Hurt Bleeding On Joint

Preparing 1 1 1 1

Jumping 4 4 01:17:45 - 01:19:46 01:19:48 - 01:20:29 01:20:29- 01:21:09 01:27:40 - 01:28:30 01:29:20 - 01:31:39 01:31:41 - 01:34:15 00:00:00 - 01:36:00 96 Total Bruce Lee Total Bruce Lee Total Bruce Lee Total Bruce Lee Total Bruce Lee Total Bruce Lee Total Bruce Lee Punches on Head 6 6 1 1 3 3 1 1 5 5 9 9 74 27

Punches on Body 10 10 4 4 6 6 3 3 1 1 55 26

Punches on Joint 3 3 0 0 1 1 4 4 2 2 41 11

Kicking on Head 2 2 4 4 2 2 11 11 4 4 44 30

Kicking on Body 4 4 6 6 5 5 52 19

Kicking on Joint 4 4 3 3 1 1 10 10 5 5 31 24

Blocking on Head 1 1 4 4 1 1 19 6

Blocking on Body 1 1 1 1 2 2 5 5 1 1 30 10

Evading on Head 7 7 2 2 1 1 4 4 4 4 33 12

Evading on Body 1 1 3 3 3 3 28 14

Hurt No Bleeding 1 1 1 1 24 3 On Head

Hurt No Bleeding 1 1 41 2 On Body

Hurt No Bleeding 1 1 13 1 On Joint

Hurt Bleeding 1 0 On Head

Hurt Bleeding 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 2 On Body

Hurt Bleeding 0 0 On Joint

Preparing 4 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 3 21 15

Jumping 1 1 1 1 12 7 03:22 - 03:23 03:30 - 03:32 03:36 - 03:54 03:57 - 03:58 17:48 - 17:51 18:14 - 19:30 22:10 - 23:18 98 Total Jackie C Total Jackie C Total Jackie C Total Jackie C Total Jackie C Total Jackie C Total Jackie C Appendix Punches on Head 1 1 28 28 4 4 1 1 15 15

Table II Punches on Body 2 2 3 3 The Punches on Joint 1 1 1 1 9 9 1 1 7 7 Rumble in the Bronx Kicking on Head 3 3

Kicking on Body 2 2 3 3 1 1

Kicking on Joint 1 1 1 1

Blocking on Head 2 2

Blocking on Body 2 2

Evading on Head 1 1 3 3

Evading on Body 6 6

Hurt No Bleeding On Head

Hurt No Bleeding On Body

Hurt No Bleeding 1 1 1 1 On Joint

Hurt Bleeding On Head

Hurt Bleeding On Body

Hurt Bleeding On Joint

Preparing

Jumping 2 2 24:43 - 25:40 30:23 - 30:25 30:32 - 30:36 31:59 - 32:01 31:30 - 31:37 31:52 - 32:12 34:25 - 34:27 100 Total Bruce Lee Total Jackie C Total Jackie C Total Jackie C Total Jackie C Total Jackie C Total Jackie C Punches on Head 1 1 2 2

Punches on Body 1 1 1 1

Punches on Joint 1 1

Kicking on Head

Kicking on Body

Kicking on Joint

Blocking on Head 2 2

Blocking on Body

Evading on Head 4 4 1 1

Evading on Body 1 1 6 6

Hurt No Bleeding 1 1 On Head

Hurt No Bleeding 1 1 1 1 On Body

Hurt No Bleeding 1 1 On Joint

Hurt Bleeding 5 5 On Head

Hurt Bleeding 4 4 On Body

Hurt Bleeding On Joint

Preparing 1 1

Jumping 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 34:36 - 34:44 52:05 - 52:10 52:41 - 55:22 53:25 - 55:30 55:32 - 55:33 57:56 - 57:57 58:26 - 58:29 102 Total Jackie C Total Jackie C Total Bruce Lee Total Jackie C Total Jackie C Total Jackie C Total Jackie C Punches on Head 6 6 20 19

Punches on Body 4 4 13 13

Punches on Joint 5 5 19 19

Kicking on Head 1 1 2 2 6 6

Kicking on Body 5 5

Kicking on Joint 1 1 4 4

Blocking on Head 4 4 4 4

Blocking on Body 2 2 2 2

Evading on Head 1 1 5 5 14 14

Evading on Body 2 2 15 15

Hurt No Bleeding 1 1 1 1 On Head

Hurt No Bleeding 3 3 6 6 1 1 On Body

Hurt No Bleeding 1 1 On Joint

Hurt Bleeding On Head

Hurt Bleeding 1 1 On Body

Hurt Bleeding On Joint

Preparing 2 1 1 1 1 1

Jumping 1 1 2 2 55:32 - 55:33 57:56 - 57:57 58:26 - 58:29 58:42 - 58:44 58:55 - 58:58 59:48 - 59:57 01:00:08 - 01:00:15 104 Total Jackie C Total Jackie C Total Jackie C Total Jackie C Total Jackie C Total Jackie C Total Jackie C Punches on Head 2 2 2 2

Punches on Body 1 1

Punches on Joint 1 1

Kicking on Head

Kicking on Body

Kicking on Joint

Blocking on Head

Blocking on Body

Evading on Head

Evading on Body

Hurt No Bleeding 1 1 1 1 On Head

Hurt No Bleeding 1 1 1 1 On Body

Hurt No Bleeding 1 1 1 1 On Joint

Hurt Bleeding On Head

Hurt Bleeding On Body

Hurt Bleeding On Joint

Preparing 1 1 1 1

Jumping 55:32 - 55:33 57:56 - 57:57 58:26 - 58:29 58:42 - 58:44 58:55 - 58:58 59:48 - 59:57 01:00:08 - 01:00:15 106 Total Jackie C Total Jackie C Total Jackie C Total Jackie C Total Jackie C Total Jackie C Total Jackie C Punches on Head 2 2 2 2

Punches on Body 1 1

Punches on Joint 1 1

Kicking on Head

Kicking on Body

Kicking on Joint

Blocking on Head

Blocking on Body

Evading on Head

Evading on Body

Hurt No Bleeding 1 1 1 1 On Head

Hurt No Bleeding 1 1 1 1 On Body

Hurt No Bleeding 1 1 1 1 On Joint

Hurt Bleeding On Head

Hurt Bleeding On Body

Hurt Bleeding On Joint

Preparing 1 1 1 1

Jumping 01:00:19 - 01:00:21 01:00:17 - 01:00:18 01:00:36 - 01:00:38 01:11:09 - 01:11:14 01:13:43 - 01:13:46 01:13:50 - 01:13:51 01:13:53 - 01:13:54 108 Total Bruce Lee Total Jackie C Total Jackie C Total Jackie C Total Jackie C Total Jackie C Total Jackie C Punches on Head 1 1 1 1

Punches on Body

Punches on Joint 2 2

Kicking on Head

Kicking on Body

Kicking on Joint

Blocking on Head

Blocking on Body

Evading on Head

Evading on Body 1 1 1 1 1 1

Hurt No Bleeding On Head

Hurt No Bleeding 1 1 On Body

Hurt No Bleeding 1 1 On Joint

Hurt Bleeding On Head

Hurt Bleeding On Body

Hurt Bleeding On Joint

Preparing

Jumping 1 1 01:16:33 - 01:16:34 01:16:56 - 01:16:57 01:17:08 - 01:17:09 01:17:48 - 01:17:50 01:20:14 - 01:20:15 00:00:00 - 01:22:18 110 Total Jackie C Total Jackie C Total Bruce Lee Total Jackie C Total Jackie C Total Jackie C Punches on Head 84 83

Punches on Body 28 28

Punches on Joint 47 47

Kicking on Head 1 1 13 13

Kicking on Body 11 11

Kicking on Joint 7 7

Blocking on Head 12 12

Blocking on Body 6 6

Evading on Head 29 29

Evading on Body 1 1 1 1 35 35

Hurt No Bleeding 4 4 On Head

Hurt No Bleeding 1 1 1 1 16 16 On Body

Hurt No Bleeding 6 6 On Joint

Hurt Bleeding 5 5 On Head

Hurt Bleeding 5 5 On Body

Hurt Bleeding On Joint

Preparing 6 6

Jumping 11 11 02:58 - 03:22 04:39 - 04:40 05:05 - 05:09 05:10 - 05:12 49:35 - 50:46 50:47 - 51:04 51:07 - 51:38 112 Total Keanu R Total Keanu R Total Keanu R Total Keanu R Total Keanu R Total Keanu R Total Keanu R Appendix Punches on Head 1 7 7 2 2

Table III Punches on Body 1 5 5 1 1 The Martix Punches on Joint 3 1 1 1 1 1 1

Kicking on Head 1 6 6

Kicking on Body 1 12 12

Kicking on Joint 2 2

Blocking on Head 2 2 3 3

Blocking on Body 2 2 1 1

Evading on Head 1 1

Evading on Body 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Hurt No Bleeding On Head

Hurt No Bleeding 3 3 1 1 2 2 On Body

Hurt No Bleeding 3 3 2 2 1 1 On Joint

Hurt Bleeding On Head

Hurt Bleeding On Body

Hurt Bleeding On Joint

Preparing 8 4 1 1 2 1

Jumping 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 52:26 - 52:32 52:38 - 52:42 52:42 - 53:09 53:10 - 53:15 01:24:14 - 01:24:46 01:24:58 - 01:25:03 01:41:30 - 01:41:34 114 Total Keanu R Total Keanu R Total Keanu R Total Keanu R Total Keanu R Total Keanu R Total Keanu R Punches on Head 1 1 5 5 8 8 3

Punches on Body 2 2 2 2 5 5 1 1 2 1 1 1

Punches on Joint 3 3

Kicking on Head

Kicking on Body 1 1 4

Kicking on Joint 1

Blocking on Head 3 3 1 1 3 3 1 1 7 1

Blocking on Body 2 2 1 1 1 1 2

Evading on Head 1 1 3

Evading on Body 1 1 1 1

Hurt No Bleeding 1 1 3 On Head

Hurt No Bleeding 3 3 3 1 On Body

Hurt No Bleeding 2 2 2 On Joint

Hurt Bleeding 1 On Head

Hurt Bleeding 4 On Body

Hurt Bleeding On Joint

Preparing 2 1 3 2

Jumping 01:42:27 - 01:42:33 01:42:38 - 01:42:41 01:43:06 - 01:43:07 01:43:24 - 01:43:30 01:43:33 - 01:43:41 01:43:55 - 01:43:58 01:45:54 - 01:45:59 116 Total Keanu R Total Keanu R Total Keanu R Total Keanu R Total Keanu R Total Keanu R Total Keanu R Punches on Head 2

Punches on Body

Punches on Joint 4 1

Kicking on Head 1 1 1 2 2

Kicking on Body 2 2 2

Kicking on Joint 1

Blocking on Head

Blocking on Body

Evading on Head

Evading on Body 1 1

Hurt No Bleeding On Head

Hurt No Bleeding On Body

Hurt No Bleeding On Joint

Hurt Bleeding On Head

Hurt Bleeding On Body

Hurt Bleeding On Joint

Preparing

Jumping 1 1 1 1 1 01:46:28 - 01:46:42 01:54:55 - 01:55:05 01:55:23 - 01:55:37 01:55:46 - 01:56:25 01:56:41 - 01:57:28 01:57:33 - 01:58:27 02:00:47 - 02:00:51 118 Total Keanu R Total Keanu R Total Keanu R Total Keanu R Total Keanu R Total Keanu R Total Keanu R Punches on Head 3 3 4 4 7 7

Punches on Body 2 2 10 10 1 1

Punches on Joint 1 1 3 3

Kicking on Head 2 2 1 1 1 1

Kicking on Body 5 5 4 4 6 6

Kicking on Joint 1 1

Blocking on Head 3 3 1 1

Blocking on Body 1 1 1 1

Evading on Head 2 2 2 2

Evading on Body 1 1

Hurt No Bleeding 2 2 On Head

Hurt No Bleeding 1 1 6 6 6 6 On Body

Hurt No Bleeding 1 1 5 5 3 3 2 2 On Joint

Hurt Bleeding On Head

Hurt Bleeding 1 1 1 1 On Body

Hurt Bleeding On Joint

Preparing 1 1 1

Jumping 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 02:05:06 - 02:05:18 02:05:48 - 02:06:03 00:00:00 - 02:09:30 120 Total Keanu R Total Keanu R Total Keanu R Punches on Head 43 37

Punches on Body 34 30

Punches on Joint 1 1 18 12

Kicking on Head 15 13

Kicking on Body 1 1 38 31

Kicking on Joint 5 3

Blocking on Head 9 9 34 26

Blocking on Body 7 7 18 16

Evading on Head 10 7

Evading on Body 9 4

Hurt No Bleeding 6 3 On Head

Hurt No Bleeding 26 22 On Body

Hurt No Bleeding 21 19 On Joint

Hurt Bleeding 1 On Head

Hurt Bleeding 6 2 On Body

Hurt Bleeding On Joint

Preparing 1 1 19 11

Jumping 12 8 122 123

1. Aus Blitz 1999, June THE MARTIAL ARTS MOVES BEHIND 5. Stuart M. Kaminsky Kung fu film as ghetto myth[J]. Journal of 8. Logan, Bey. Hong Kong Action Cinema. New York Overlook, 1995 Bibliography MATRIX. Retrieved January 18, 2016, from http://www. Popular Film, 1974, 3(2): 129-138. whoaisnotme.net/articles/1999_06xx_mar.htm The author of this paper was an American mystery writer and film 9. Zhao, Weifang. The History of Hong Kong Movies (1897-2006)[A]. This article analyzes the Kung Fu in the famous movie The Matrix. professor. He wrote this paper to analyze why Bruce Lee's Kung Fu China Radio Film & TV Press, June, 2007. The author mainly introduces Kung Fu training in the movie to show movie became so famous. He believes that Bruce Lee's Kung Fu is how he thinks about Kung Fu. He relates Kung Fu with fighting and in fact a kind of violent art, but Lee portrays this violence in a elegant guns and seems to consider Kung Fu as a violent art. According to his way that is more easily accepted by viewers. Kaminsky also thinks that 10.The Numbers - Movie Budgets, 2016, The Numbers, Movie research, actors need several months of training to learn Kung Fu. This Bruce Lee's Kung Fu represents revenge and the fight for fairness and Budgets, Retrieved February 08, 2016, from http://www.the- is a long time for actors, who could use that time to finish other movies. justice, themes that were well suited to the racial movement during that numbers.com/movie/budgets/all However, this seems to be the work they must do to make a good Kung time. Lee's Kung Fu could help the viewer recall beauty, and this may 11.Stuart M. Kaminsky - Wikipedia. 31, 08, 2015. Stuart M. Kaminsky. Fu movie. be a reason that his movies have become so famous. Wikipedia. Retrieved February 01, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Stuart_M._Kaminsky

2. GB/T 7714 12.PeiChi Chung - Home. Dr. Peichi Chung. Weebly. Retrieved Chung P. Hollywood domination of the Chinese kung fu market[J]. 6. Shu Yuan Reading the kung fu film in an American context: February 08, 2016, from http://www.peichichung.net/ Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, 2007, 8(3): 414-424. from Bruce Lee to Jackie Chan[J]. Journal of Popular Film and Television, 2003, 31(2): 50-59. This paper examines the cultural significance of three emerging 13.Huang. The story and creator of Kung Fu movies - Briefly Chinese Kung Fu films and their box office success in the global film description of "Northern Styles" and "Southern Styles". Sina. This paper introduces two important periods for Kung Fu movies in market, and it has offers tables of data as an example. This paper Retrieved February 08, 2016, from http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/ America. The author argues that Bruce Lee's Kung Fu movies define shows that success in Kung Fu movies is defined by the box office blog_4b33c43b0102vkcs.html a new genre, tragedy Kung Fu, and build a new impression of Chinese percentage in Hollywood. We can see that Kung Fu movies performed people. Tragedy Kung Fu movies are based on simple themes such amazingly well during that time., around 2000. as revenge and the fight for justice. This also became the theme of all 14.Song. Let me show you how to analyze 8 of the most Kung Fu movies until Jackie Chan appeared with a new style. Yuan representative and popular moves in Kung Fu movies. Sohu. believes Jackie Chan created a new kind of Kung Fu movie style and Retrieved February 08, 2016, from http://mkal.blog.sohu. became the Hollywood giant Bruce Lee always dreamed of being. com/22177884.html 3. Fu P, Desser D. The cinema of Hong Kong: History, arts, identity[M]. Cambridge University Press, 2002. 15.Ian McShane - Baike. Ian McShane. Baidu. Retrieved February 08, This book mainly discusses Hong Kong movies, analyzing the status 2016, from http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=imNUOMeZaLZnBv1 of Hong Kong movies in terms of Kung Fu movies overall, talking GB/T 7714 6yd85JcW6UncxAE4q0Sn_JVCZuc3oYiIKy98DEgDDgrzRvz6P- about the history of Hong Kong movies, how they have developed and 7. Szeto K Y. The Martial Arts Cinema of the Chinese Diaspora: Ang XTfpz3MTUNCmifthxMocq spread, and detailing their use of Chinese martial arts as the most Lee, John Woo, and Jackie Chan in Hollywood[M]. SIU Press, representative element to achieve global success. 2011. 16.Panna Rittikrai - Baike. Panna Rittikrai. Baidu. Retrieved February This book discusses Kung Fu movies through their directors. 08, 2016, from http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=Lhw3vPKKJMa0uO 4. Hoare J E. Chinese Martial Arts: From Antiquity to the Twenty- The author regards Kung Fu movies as a form of action movie. fvVxbDmkf9jL3dzmz3_bA_wj3ovhZLhhzcInDmfHGwl6a5hC4deFs First Century[J]. Asian Affairs, 2013, 44(1): 158-160. He chose those directors based on their current success. In this gmxiFz0xo-IrfTi9Oja book, the author examines how certain film talents work in Asia This book details the history of Chinese martial arts from ancient to and America and how Hong Kong martial arts movies already U.S History of Kung Fu. Angelfire. Retrieved March 01, 2016, from modern times. It considers Chinese Kung Fu as an advanced martial play an important role in Hollywood. The author thinks that Hong 17. http://www.angelfire.com/wrestling3/teddyjudo/Kung-Fu.html arts skill and argues that ancient Chinese training was a military skill. Kong movies will become increasingly important. Now, however, Chinese Kung Fu is considered more as a form of exercise.